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Scientific and Technical Staff of the Geological Survey

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Scientific and Technical Staff of the Geological Survey SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL STAFF OF THE - GEOLOGICAL SURVEY JOHN B. PATrON, State Geologist MAURICE E. BIGGS, Assistant State Geologist MARY BETH FOX. Mineral Statistician COAL AND INDUSTRIAL MINERALS SECTION GEOLOGY SECTION DONALD D. CARR, Geologist and Head ROBERT H. SHAVER, Paleontologist and Head CURTIS H. AULT, Geologist and Associate Head HENRY H. GRAY, Head Stratigrapher DONALD L. EGGERT, Geologist N. K. BLEUER, Glacial Geologist GORDON S. FRASER, Geologist EDWIN J. HARTKE, Environmental Geologist DENVER HARPER, Geologist JOHN R. HILL, Glacial Geologist NANCY R. HASENMUELLER, Geologist CARL B. REXROAD, Paleontologist WALTER A. HASENMUELLER, Geologist NELSON R. SHAFFER, Geologist GEOPHYSICS SECTION PAUL IRWIN, Geological Assistant MAURICE E. BIGGS, Geophysicist and Head ROBERT F. BLAKELY, Geophysicist JOSEPH F. WHALEY, Geophysicist DRAFTING AND PHOTOGRAPHY SECTION SAMUEL L. RIDDLE, Driller WILLIAM H. MORAN, Chief Draftsman and Head THOMAS CHITWOOD, Geophysical Assistant RICHARD T. HILL, Geological Draftsman ROOER L. PURCELL, Senior Geological Draftsman PETROLEUM SECTION GEORGE R. RINGER, Photographer G. L. CARPENTER, Geologist and Head WILBUR E. STALIONS, Artist·Draftsman ANDREW J. HREHA, Geologist BRIAN D. KEITH, Geologist EDUCATIONAL SERVICES SECTION STANLEY J. KELLER, Geologist R. DEE RARICK, Geologist and Head DAN M. SULLIVAN, Geologist JAMES T. CAZEE, Geological Assistant GEOCHEMISTRY SECTION SHERRY CAZEE, Geological Assistant R. K. LEININGER, Geochemist and Head DONALD R. WILDS, Geological Assistant LOUIS V. MILLER, Coal Chemist MARGARET V. GOLDE, Instrumental Analyst PUBLICATIONS SECTION JOSEPH G. HAILER, Geochemist/Analyst GERALD S. WOODARD, Editor and Head JESSE A. HARDIN, Electronics Technician PAT GERTH, Sales and Records Clerk Some Environmental Geologic Factors - as Aids to Planning in Cass County, Indiana By JOHN R. HILL ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY 16 DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY SPECIAL REPORT 22 PRINTED BY AUTHORITY OF THE STATE OF INDIANA BLOOMINGTON, INDIANA: 1981 STATE OF INDIANA - Robert D. Orr, Governor DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES James M. Ridenour, Director GEOLOGICAL SURVEY John B. Patton, State Geologist For sale by Geological Survey, Bloomington, Ind. 47405 Price $2.50 Contents Page Introduction . .1 Bedrock geology .1 Stratigraphy . 1 Structure .5 Bedrock topography .6 Surficial geology . 7 Distribution of glacial deposits .7 Drift thickness . .9 Physical properties of glacial tills 11 Geologic resources . 22 Limestone and dolomite resources 22 Oil and gas resources ...... 24 Sand and gravel resources .. 25 Suitability of land for sanitary landfills 25 Ground-water resources 27 Literature cited 30 Illustra tions Page Figure 1 Map showing distribution of bedrock formations on outcrop and beneath glacial drift in Cass County . 2 2 Generalized bedrock stratigraphic column for Cass County . 3 3 Well log of bedrock units from the Wabash Formation down to the Mount Simon Sandstone . 4 4 Map of Indiana showing major bedrock structural features . 5 5 Map showing the Teays Valley in Indiana . .6 6 Map showing bedrock topography of Cass County . 7 7 Map showing distribution of unconsolidated deposits in Cass County . 8 8 Map showing drift thickness in Cass County ............. 10 9 Map showing locations of auger-boring sites in Cass County ..... 11 10 Ternary diagrams illustrating textural variation in the upper tills of Cass County 21 11 Map showing quarries and limestone and dolomite production in Cass County 23 12 Map showing locations of gas storage and abandoned oil wells in Cass County 24 13 Map showing active and abandoned sand and gravel operations and pro­ duction potential in Cass County .................. 26 14 Map showing suitability of land for sanitary landfills in Cass County . 28 15 Map showing potential for ground-water contamination in Cass County 29 Tables - Page Table 1 Geologic data for auger-boring samples .12-20 2 Rock formations and their thicknesses at three active limestone quarries in Cass County .............................. 22 --------------~..-----.. ------~ Some Environmental Geologic Factors as Aids to Planning - in Cass County, Indiana By JOHN R. HILL Introduction Bedrock Geology Named for General Lewis Cass in 1828, Cass STRATIGRAPHY County has a rich heritage, having grown from Lying beneath the cover of glacial drift and its frontier days when the Miami Indians cropping out at various localities along the roamed the forested hills and valleys to its Wabash. River is a layered sequence consisting contemporary role as a predominantly agricul­ mostly of limestones and dolomites that range tural area. The county embraces 265,600 in age from Middle Devonian to Late Silurian. acres, of which 213,216 are croplands; the The youngest bedrock in Cass County consists remaining 52,384 acres are urban, forested, of limestones of the Traverse Formation, small water, and other kinds of areas (1967 which are assigned to the middle part of the figures). Devonian System. Best exposed at the Most of the county is blanketed by glacial abandoned France Stone Co. quarry, east of sediments that form the gently rolling upland Logansport, the Traverse consists of light­ and that were deposited during the Ice Age medium-gray to tan finely crystalline dolo­ and subsequently modified by erosion. The mitic limestone. It is massive to irregularly bluffs along the Wabash River afford the bedded and contains abundant stromatopo­ greatest topographic relief; their bedrock roids and colonial corals. The Devonian rocks cores are exposed at many localities along the have been eroded from the northern two­ river's course. Industrial minerals. such as thirds of the county except for isolated crushed stone and sand and gravel, are derived patches illustrated in figure 1. from the bedrock and the glacial drift. Underlying the Devonian strata and sepa­ Although mineral production represents only rated from them by a regional unconformity a minor part of the county income, many is the Salina Formation, which in Cass County aspects of daily life in urban and rural is assigned to the upper part of the Silurian communities are influenced by the local System. Most of the rocks exposed either in geology. Crops are grown in soils that formed outcrop or in quarry operations belong to two on glacial drift. Most of the fresh water is members of the Salina: the Kenneth Lime­ pumped from buried geologic formations. stone Member and the Kokomo Limestone Refuse is isolated in sanitary landfills located Member. At the Louisville Cement Co. in glacial deposits. Construction of nearly quarry, the Kenneth is dark-gray micritic every variety involves excavating or boring limestone that has sparry zones and contains into earth materials. Consequently, a knowl­ much white nodular chert. The subjacent edge of the local geology is desirable for most Kokomo is gray to tan micritic limestone that facets of planning. is essentially massive in the upper few feet but This report is intended to provide a for its greater part exhibits fine laminae, background for the character and distribution especially on weathered surfaces. The Koko­ of geologic materials, both at the surface and mo is dolomitic in places, lacks fossils and in the subsurface, throughout the county. On chert, and only rarely contains secondary the basis of this information, limestone calcite. resources, sand and gravel resources, sanitary The Salina Formation in Cass County both landfills, oil and gas production and storage, overlies and is in lateral facies relationship and water wells are discussed. with the upper part of the Wabash Formation 1 2 SOME ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGIC FACTORS AS AIDS TO PLANNING IN CASS COUNTY, INDIANA PULASKI co FULTON CO - o (,) w I­ CARROLL CO EXPLANATION Traverse Formation Limestone and some dolomite Salina Formation Limestone and dolomite HOWARD CO Wabash Formation Limestone, dolomite, and calcareous siltstone. LC, base of Liston Crae/( Limestone Member; IN. base of Waldron Formation 5 o 5 Miles 5 o 10 Km I Areas of bedrock outcrop Figure 1. Map showing distribution of bedrock formations on outcrop and beneath glacial drift in Cass County. Modified from Wayne and others, 1966. BEDROCK GEOLOGY 3 SYSTEM SERIES GROUP I FORMATION OR MEMBER DEVONIAN Erian 1M uscatatuck I Traverse Formation Wabash Formation Salina Formation c Vl Cayugan Kenneth Limestone Member t;C'oo '" Liston Creek Limestone Member Kokomo Limestone Member cJ'? ~oc.J:; Mississinewa Shale Member :l:l: :I:...J Louisville Limestone z <C Waldron Formation CE => Niagaran -' Limberlost Dolomite en I i Salamonie Dolomite i i Alexandrian Sexton Creek Limestone Brainard Shale Cincinnatian\ Maquoketa Fart Atkinson Limestone Scales Shale z .. ... <C _--_ <:) :> 0 Trenton Limestone 0 c a:: 0 ·c'" I2 Black River Limestone c. E ro Joachim Dolomite .J:: U St. Peter Sandstone I i Canadian ..__. Knox Dolomite Franconia Formation z Ironton Sandstone <C CE co S1. Croixan I ! Galesville Sandstone :::;: <C () Eau Claire Formation Mount Simon Sandstone i I Figure 2. Generalized bedrock stratigraphic column for Cass County. (fig. 2). For example, well logs indicate that thickening glacial drift north of the Wabash the Kenneth and Kokomo Limestone Mem­ River. bers in northwestern Cass County are lateral In northern Indiana, the Huntington equivalents of the Liston Creek Limestone Lithofacies, which crops out along the Member of the Wabash Formation. The Wabash River west of Logansport (sec. 36, T. Liston Creek, however. does not crop out in 27 N., R. 1 W., and NIh sec. 32), consists
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