An Overview of Recent Trends in Parametric Modeling S.S

An overview of recent trends in parametric modeling S.S. Wawre 1 and kabadeDK 2 1,2 Asst. Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering SRES COE Kopargaon, India

Abstract- In this review paper parametric modeling advances are discussed. Parametric data exchange, feature based parametric discussed. In first section parametric modeling case studies are elaborated. Various case study discusses parametric modeling as a tool for easy update of existing model called master model to various new derived models. For parametric modeling various tools like embedded excel, API, programming language are discussed.3D CAD methodology for developing parametric system involves integration of built in module of CAD software. Part design module is used to model, parameterize and constrain design. API module is used to provide decision constraint. Parametric modeling includes two design variables namely primary or independent variable and dependent variable. In second section problems in parametric modeling is discussed. Typical problem associated with parametric modeling are topology &design intent loss. These problems are discussed which are addressed by various researchers. In last section parametric cad data exchange discussed whichisbackbone of collaborative CAD systems. Earlier CAD data exchanged between different CAD platforms share only shape information.In some research papers CAD data likeconstruction history, parameters, constraints, features and other elements of ‘design intent’ present in the model to be transferred across different CAD platforms are discussed. Keywords - Parametric cad, associative cad, feature based modeling, design automation, topology, constraint based modeling, design intent.

I. Introduction

Parametric modeling is well developed technology to utilize previous design to develop new design by varying parameters. It is design reuse technique. Parametric modeling has made product development phase quick and efficient.CAD feature command i.e. extrude, revolve,slotetc are itself parametric entity which accelerated design process. History based parametric cad records history of creation of part model which is called design tree showing parent-child relationship of features.Constraints are the mathematical requirements placed on the geometric elements in a 3D solid model. Constraintbased modeling uses feature definitions (extrude, revolve, fillet, etc.), dimensional and geometric constraints (equal, parallel, concentric, etc.), and a feature tree (how the features are arranged) to define 3D solid models. They control the geometric behavior of a dynamic solid model.Parametric modeling involves variation of parameters. Parameter variation for simple object does not pose problem, but as model becomes complex it responds irrationally with parameter change. Parametric interaction that makes a feature nonfunctional,feature parameters rendered obsoletepart geometry and nonstandard topology of part model.For accelerating design process all design activities are performed on different CAD softwares so the CAD data exchange is prime concern for having efficient design process.

II. Literature review

The term parametric design associated with parametric systems is defined by Shah [13] as "a process of designing with parametric models in a virtual surrounding where geometrical and parameter variation are natural". Parametric CAD models, if well parameterized, allow for the definition of new configurations of products just by changing the values of some parameters. Wang[1] made design change automation possible by parametric sketching and design associability for bottle design by interfacing 3D CAD model and dimension database. Parametric changes are done through text file or

@IJMTER-2016, All rights Reserved 381 International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research (IJMTER) Volume 03, Issue 04, [April– 2016] ISSN (Online):2349–9745; ISSN (Print):2393-8161 database software.Thakkar and patel[2]defined parametric technique by interfacing through MS EXCEL and C language for pulley design.Ongkodjojo and gunawan[3] discussed flatbed conveyor design variation through template design. The technique offered on this paper is how to get a full control of the model by managing and driving parameters attached on it. With the aid of Solid Works 2004 as 3D Solid Modelling Software with the parametric capability, parameters are built by utilising constraints, relations, shared values, equations, and assembly mates features while driving and managing the parameter values are done with the help of design table and configuration.Zheng and Cheng[4] described spur gear design through parameter, relations between parameters and Pro-PROGRAM. Jason [5] describedPro-PROGRAM for secondary design modifications. Fan[6] has automated part library by Family table interfaced by visual C++ and Pro/Toolkit. Kuang[7] built standard part library with UG- NX and MS-Excel by Visual C++.Wawre[55] discussed parametric modeling for valve components to generate part families of it. In hid research article single design variable is used which has mathematical relation with all design parameter so that parametric updates are simplified. 3D Parametric Modeling for Product Variants Using Case Study on Inner Ring of Spherical Roller Bearing Ruchik D. Trivedi, Dhaval B. Shah, Kaushik M. Patel[31] presented paper, In this paper an attempt has been made to integrate the commercially available package Pro/E with Microsoft Excel spreadsheet for 3D parametric modeling. Various product variants of the inner ring of spherical roller bearing have been executed by parametric designing concept in Pro/Engineer Wildfire. Pro/Program is a powerful secondary generation tool to validate parametric design of the component. Pro/Program reflects all parameters and geometric data of the part in a text data form. This data can be modified to add new feature, delete existing feature, suppress the feature and change the dimension of the feature. A proper user interface (API) can directly modify the Pro/Program and the part model can be driven according to the user input in user interfacing. Here Microsoft Excel and pro/E are integrated by Excel Analysis tool which acts as an interfacing media. Excel Analysis tool transfers the spreadsheet data to the Pro/E database. The high potential of this technology for routine design has been fully recognized and highlighted in the research community for more than a decade by Anderl and Mendgen [14] and Hoffman [15,16].However, to obtain a valid and functional CAD model, the preliminary task is to identify the right functional parameters from the requirements and to build the appropriate parametric structure. Several research studies propose practical or integrated methods for the identiﬁcation of functional parameters [17] and for structuring information and entities in parametric CAD models [18,19]. Existing methods for parametric CAD systems embedded in CAD methodologies and guidelines mainly work at assembly level to ensure a product-centric development (top-down design approach) rather than a part-centric development (bottom-up approach). YannickBodein, Bertrand Rose, Emmanuel Caillaud[54] presented a paper entitled as “A roadmap for parametric CAD efficiency in the automotive industry”, The novelty of this work is therefore to propose a general strategy for utilizing the advantages of parametric CAD in the automotive industry in the form of a roadmap. The main stages of the roadmap are illustrated by means of industrial use cases. The roadmap is composed of five key phases:1. Standardization 2.Methodology3.Generic modeling.4.Expert rules.5.Automation.Standardization phase involves Define a common CAD environment and practices for all designers, Define CAD data quality minimum criteria, Ensure the compatibility of CAD data structure with the PLM system (CAD integration capability).Advanced methodology involves Optimize modeling practices based on each component’s characteristics, Improve interoperability and exchange between other tools from the design chain and PLM environment (i.e. simulation tools).Knowledge-based design involves Integrate knowledge inside CAD models, Create generic 3D features embedding know-how. Create generative design models/product expert models. Expert rules checks involves Check design rules, companies’ expert rules and data quality on the

International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research (IJMTER) Volume 03, Issue 04, [April– 2016] ISSN (Online):2349–9745; ISSN (Print):2393-8161 product, Ensure compliance of the design with standards and norms Automation involves Accelerate low value added tasks/automate repetitive tasks/create new functions. Jorge D. Camb, Manuel Contero , Pedro Company[30] presented a paper titled as “Parametric CAD modeling: An analysis of strategies for design reusability”. In this paper, we present ananalysis of formal CAD modeling strategies and best practices for history-based parametric design: Delphi’s horizontal modeling, explicit reference modeling, and resilient modeling. Horizontal modeling starts part modeling with only datum plane as parent feature. In explicit referencing focus is on minimizing constraints linked to existing geometry and align constraint to datum plane. Child feature are created near parent feature to group localized model tree. In resilient modeling [developed by Gebhard], methodology is based on design tree for proper sequence and structure of it. Aspects considered in our study include the rationale to avoid the creation of unnecessary feature interdependencies, the sequence and selection criteria for those features, and the effects of parent/child relations on model alteration. We provide a comparative evaluation of these strategies in the form of a series of experiments using three industrial CAD models with different levels of complexity. We analyze the internal structure of the models and compare their robustness and flexibility when the geometry is modified. The results reveal significant advantages of formal modeling methodologies, particularly resilient techniques, over non- structured approaches as well as the unexpected problems of the horizontal strategy in numerous modeling situations. Paper presented by GaoShuming[8] discuss a new geometric constraint model which is hierarchical and suitable for parametric feature based modeling. In this model, different levels of geometric information are represented to support various stages of design process. Gossard et al.[9]introduced relative-position operator (RPO) to represent explicitly the dimension constraints into the form feature model consisting of a hybrid CSG/B-reps representation and RPO. With the help of RPO and Boolean Operations, the geometry can be modified automatically when the dimensions are changed. Dixon et al.[10] adopted joint face structure to represent a specific type of location constraint of form features, and set up directly the relationships between the basis coordinate system and reference coordinate system of the form feature to support variational design. Shah et al.[11]built a form feature modeling shell. The top level of their featuremodel is a feature relationship graph, which records both the adjacency and parent-child dependency of form features. The nominal part geometryand cognitionrules are created and stored in a frame-based data structure. The solid shape of a feature is defined by a CSG primitive or a CSG tree, whose position and orientation are completely determined by a set of parameters and expressions. By invoking parametric expressions, parametric design isachieved to some extent. Sheu etal. [12] presented a scheme in which a single form feature is represented by five basic constituents, B-rep solid components, measure entities, size, location and constraints, and all form features are linked together by feature-position operators forming a feature dependency graph. The dimension-driven geometry is realized based on feature position operators. The foundationsof modern parametric and constraint-based CAD tools, laid by Roller [20] presented an advanced method for the generation of parametric models in computer-aided design systems is presented. The method uses automatic storage of geometric constraints during the design input, and the support of topology parameters. Together with a record of the construction sequence, important information about the designer's intent is captured, and a more comprehensive description of a design is thereby achieved. A variants processor is used to perform the evaluation of the model shapes according to actual dimensional and structural parameters, based on the stored general model. Solano [21] discusses solutions for constraint- based modeling, with special emphasis on constructive approaches. A new constructive scheme is proposed that is based on a nonevaluated, constructive solid model. The model definition language is presented and discussed, with the general architecture of the system and the structure of the internal model representation. The proposed approach supports the

International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research (IJMTER) Volume 03, Issue 04, [April– 2016] ISSN (Online):2349–9745; ISSN (Print):2393-8161 instantiation of predefined models, parametric geometric operations 1D, 2D and 3D, variable topologies, and operations with structural constraints and Shah [13] remain unchanged despite all the progress made on the technology by CAD editors for many years. Feature-based modeling techniques were initiated by Shah and promoted by Anderl and Mendgen [14] who demonstrate how constraint-based CAD tools allow for the addition of design semantics through the different phases ofproduct design. Ma et al. [22] explore associative feature modeling for the integration that concerning the concurrent engineering. They demonstrate the benefits of associative (constraint-based) technology but do not consider the modeling strategy in termsof sequencesof operations and choice of the references to be carried out by the designer during the design of a component. By considering the modeling methods, Aleixos et al. [23] propose an integrated modeling approach with a top-down that enables the addition of high semantic/pragmatic quality inside the CAD models (also known as design intent). They propose a generic methodology as a frame to help the subsidiary industries in the creation of modeling guide. However, they consider the information ways and their associative to be implemented inside the CAD model but do not take into account the modeling procedures that to build the components parts. McMahon and Salehi [18, 19] highlight the difficulty of designersto structure the design information inside CAD models, and to find the relevant parameterization associated to the product development process. They did not consider the modeling strategy of designers during the design of parts, but their method is nevertheless ensure that can be more powerful to identify the references and the functional elements, which consider as an essential input in the modeling strategy definition. Jinggao Li, ByungChul Kim, Soonhung Han[28] presented a paper entitled as “Parametric exchange of round shapes between a mechanical CAD system and a ship CAD system”, This paper introduces a method for design data exchange between shipyards and equipment suppliers. These parties usually use different CAD systems, because they want to select the most suitable one for their jobs. CAD systems provide modeling functionality that is based on distinct modeling units. Therefore, to exchange design data, one must map between these two distinct sets of modeling units. Some modeling units can be directly mapped and converted, and other modeling units that cannot be directly mapped (such as the fillet feature in a mechanical CAD system) are converted by the indirect mapping procedure proposed in this paper. The proposed method is demonstrated with case studies between TransCAD and the AVEVA Marine system. DuhwanMuna, Soonhung Hana, JunhwanKima, YouchonOhb[24] presented paper,in this paper a set of standard commands are defined and explains the process of developing the command set.There are two approaches for the exchange of design intents such as parameters, features, and constraints. The first is an explicit approach based on constraints between predefined parameters and features. The second is a procedural approach based on the sequence of operations issued to construct the models. The macro-parametric approach allows the exchange of design models based on commands history. It is a history-based or implicit parametric approach. The authors find some direction in this approach from the database recovery procedure, where the transaction log file is used to recover the database after a crash. Structured query language (SQL) queries are recorded in the database log file. Similarly a set of user commands used by a CAD designer during the design session is recorded as the modeling history, which implicitly includes the designer intent. The translated macro file regenerates the same modelinside the receiving CAD system. To translate CAD models between heterogeneous CAD systems using the macro-parametric approach, we need two translations, pre- and post-processing. The translation from a macro file generated by a commercial CAD system into a standard macro file is the pre-processing, and the other

International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research (IJMTER) Volume 03, Issue 04, [April– 2016] ISSN (Online):2349–9745; ISSN (Print):2393-8161 translation from a standard macro file to a macro file of the receiving CAD system is the post- processing. M.W. Fu, S.K. Ong, W.F. Lu, I.B.H. Lee, A.Y.C. Nee [25] presented a paper , In this research paper, a multi-level feature taxonomy is proposed based on the feature geometry and topological characteristics. The lowest level features in the feature taxonomy hierarchy are equivalent to the features defined in STEPAP224.The other levels of features are defined such that the entire feature identification approach can be easily elaborated and implemented. In addition, the geometric reasoning approach is adopted for the identification of the design and machining features from a part CAD model in the dataex change f o r m a t . The entire approach isimplemented in the CAS.CADEsolid modeling object library. Michael J. Pratta, Bill D. Andersonb, Tony Ranger[26] presented a paper, The paper describes the status of work aimed at extending the international standard ISO 10303 (STEP) to permit the exchange of parameterized feature-based models between different CAD systems, in terms of the constructional history of the models concerned. Such procedural models have the advantage of being easy to edit following an exchange, by contrast with the models that can be exchanged using current STEP methodology, which prove to be difficult or impossible to edit in the receiving system.ISO 10303-108 is a new STEPresource providing representations of parameters, explicit constraints, and explicit 2D sketches or profiles. YannickBodein, Bertrand Rose, Emmanuel Caillaud[29]Presented paper titled as “Explicit reference modeling methodology in parametric CAD system”, Our objective in thisarticle is to propose a practical method for complex parts modeling in parametric CAD system.This paperproposes modeling procedure for complexparts in constraint-based CAD tools. We ﬁrst present the inputs and questions that led us to build our procedure and then describe the explicit integrated modeling approach. We thenlook at the main events that create constraints during modeling activity, in order to integrate them into our explicit modeling approach. GaoShuming and PengQunshen[33]has presented a paper titled as “Implementation of persistent identiﬁcation of topological entities based on macro-parametric approach”, in this paper a new geometric constraint model is described, which is hierarchical andsuitable for parametric feature based modeling. In this model, different levels of geometric information are representedto supportvarious stages of a design process. An efficient approach to parametric feature based modeling is also presented, adopting the high level geometric constraint model. The low level geometric model such as B-reps can be derived automatically from the high level geometric constraint model, enabling designers to perform their task ofdetailed design. GAO Shumin, WAN Huagenand PENGQunsheng[34] presented paper titled as “Constraint-Based Virtual Solid Modeling”, This paper presents a novel approachfor interactive constraint-basedsolid modelingin a virtual reality environment. The approach allows the designer to construct and edit a constraint-based solid model by direct 3D manipulations, and ensures the created solid model to be precise by recognizing and solving geometric constraints. To effectivelysupport 3D manipulations and change propagation, a new constraint-based solid model is adopted. In the model, besides the normal constituents of the typical constraint-based solid model, some new attributes like shape control points, location pattern and explicit shape constraints of a primitive are defined. Guided by the location pattern, our algorithmsfor recognizing andsolving location constraints are real-time. This paper presents an approach to interactive constraint-based solid modeling in virtualenvironment. Using this approach the designer can create, edit and visualize the designby direct 3D manipulations in a virtual environment. Meanwhile, the created solid modelis ensured to be precise by recognizing and solving geometric constraints. Therefore, our approach can support both early stage design and detailed design.

International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research (IJMTER) Volume 03, Issue 04, [April– 2016] ISSN (Online):2349–9745; ISSN (Print):2393-8161

Qing-Hui,Wang, Jing-Rong Li, Bao-Li Wu and Xiao-Ming Zhang[35] presented a paper titled as “Live parametric design modifications in CAD-linked virtual environment”, This paper presents a solution to support parametric design modification in a virtual reality (VR) environment. It builds upon a novel computer-aided design (CAD) and VR integration framework namely, CAD- linked virtual reality environment. With this framework, semantic information in CAD models, such as constraints, design features, and parametric settings can be automatically extracted during the creation of VR environment and be integrated into the virtual assembly (VA) models. Moreover, the persistent naming mechanism originating from feature-based modeling technology is introduced into the CAD–VR integration, based on which a persistent linkage between VA models and their CAD counterparts can be established. Users are able to visualize design features and to access the associated parametric info in VR environment and also to change the parametric settings online whenever necessary. The modified parametric settings are then sent back to the linked CAD models so that parts can be re- evaluated. The modified CAD part can then be reloaded into the VA model under an automated mechanism. Such communications between CAD and VR applications are supported in a live mode utilizing the COM interfaces provided by CAD server. With this solution, a quick return loop from VR to CAD is achieved. Therefore, it provides the possibility to support quick design change review and “what-if” evaluationsfor applications such as collaborative system design and immersive project reviewin VR. This constitutes the major contribution of the workto product development process. A paper presented by M.E. Botkin[36] discusses structural optimization for light weight automobile body components using parametric modeling. Here parametric modeling is found useful for building models quicker by modifying sketch dimensions and location dimension parameters.Structural optimization input data can then beseamlessly and quickly created from the parametric-model- based finite element model to begin the tradeoff studies. This integrated process in which parametric modeling was coupled with structural optimization was used to carry out design studies on the lightweight body front structure. David Potocnik, BojanDolsak, MiranUlbin[37] presented a paper to eliminate some of drawbacks and upgrade the capabilities of conventional 3D CAD software, this paper proposes a new methodology for the development of a parametric system capable of automatically performing a (re)modeling process of compound washer dies’ cutting-components. The presented methodology integrates CATIA V5 built- in modules, including Part Design, Assembly Design and Knowledge Advisor, publication mechanism, and compound cutting die-design knowledge. The system developed by this methodology represents an ‘intelligent’ assembly template composed of two modules GAJA1 and GAJA2, respectively. GAJA1 is responsible for the direct input of the die-design problem regarding the shape, dimensions and material of the stamping part, its extraction in the form of geometric features, and the transferring of relevant design parameters and features to the module GAJA2. GAJA2 interprets the current values for the input parameters and automatically performs the modeling process of cutting die-components, using die- design knowledge and the company’s internal design and manufacturing standards. According to pynne and Gaughran[38]effective use of CAD system require strategic knowledge like selection of solid modeling alternatives and proper use of modeling constraints to capture design intent.Aleixos et al[39] suggest a top down assembly modeling methodology based on the integration of semantic elements with CAD models. HUI et.[40] also use semantic lements to develop an “assembly Semantic modeling” . Software using Graph based discussed by Patalano et al [41]have developed to assist users and partially automate some of the aspects involved in the design of constraint based mechanical systems. Junhwan Kim a, Michael J. Pratt b, Raj G. Iyer c, Ram D.et al [27] discussed intelligent CAD data exchange . CAD data exchange protocol ISO 10303 is presented to exchange model to different CAD platforms keeping its design intent. ”, This paper suggests an implementation foundation for CAD data exchange with the preservation of design intent, based on the use of newly published parts of the

International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research (IJMTER) Volume 03, Issue 04, [April– 2016] ISSN (Online):2349–9745; ISSN (Print):2393-8161

International Standard ISO 10303 (STEP). Case studies are presented which employ a hypothetical STEP application protocol (AP) using Parts 55, 108 and 111 of ISO 10303. A prototype translator based on this AP has been implemented and tested. The paper reports on the experience gained in ‘intelligent’ data exchange. Kripac[42] proposed a topological system of API ( application programming interface) that introduces faceID Graph describing naming and name matching mechanism when the table is updated every time once the model is modified.Chen[43] proposed a topological system of vertices are matched to define constraints, construct datum plane and modifying features.Agbodan[44] presented a persistent naming mechanism based on Shell Graph which is similar to KripacfaceID Graph excluding shell and subshell information. His approach involves hierarchical architecture of the graph.Wu[45] introduced a geometry based ambiguity solving method based on parametric space information (PSI) systems. Parametric space information is calculated from u, v values based on the original names of faces that can generate ambiguity.Mun [46, 47, 48, 49, 50] proposed topology based basic naming system and name matching system calculated from object space information. Face names are dependent on basic name of the feature where edge and vertex are named depending on that face. But in the case of name matching, Mun considered an ambiguity problem that arises from topology splitting and topology merging case.Song [51] introduces a hybrid method (topology and geometry)to persistently identify the entities associated with a feature in case of modeling with an xml based neutral macro file.Capoyles [52] described a topology based naming mechanism that involves feature specific information like profile, path but this method is dependent on features it’s not a generic one. Also edges and vertices are named directly without referencing their adjacent face names.Raghothama and Shapiro [53] proposed a topological framework for part families depending on its mathematicalrepresentation. ShahjadiHisanFarjana, Soonhung Han, DuhwanMun [32] presented paper to address problem of topological discontinuity after parametric modification. Topology loss after parametric modification is called as persistent identification problem. This problem can be addressed by successful CAD data translation of all referenced entities every time after they are modified. Here, a method is proposed where no geometry comparison is necessary for topology merging. The present research is focused on the enhancement of the persistent identification schema for the support of ambiguity problem especially of topology splitting problem and topology merging problem. It also focused on basic naming of pattern features.

III. Conclusion

This review paper present various aspects of parametric modeling. It includes parametric modeling application case studies which gives idea about its use in mechanical design.Parametric feature based modeling provide lot of scope to parametric modeling concept. Feature which itself parametric entitygives robustness to parametric CAD technology. Feature based parametric modeling preserve design intent of model as they also carry manufacturing information and design creation history information. Constraint based CAD parametric modeling is suited for bidirectional associativity between CAD modules. Constraint based CAD modeling preserve design intent, parent child relationship so that parametric updates are efficient and accurate. Parametric modeling problemaddressed in research papers are topology loss, topology splitting and topology merging.Parametric cad data exchange discussed in papers addresses standard like STEP to provide basis for concurrent design process. References

1. Wang S., Melendez S. and Tsai C., “ Application of parametric sketching and associability in 3D CAD”, Taiwan: Computer- Aided Design & Applications, 2008,pp: 822-830 2. Thakkar A. and Patel Y., “Integration of PRO/E with Excel and C language for design automation”, India: IJERT, 2012. pp. 1-4

International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research (IJMTER) Volume 03, Issue 04, [April– 2016] ISSN (Online):2349–9745; ISSN (Print):2393-8161

3. Ongkodjojo S. and Gunawan H., “3D parametric modeling for product variants with case study on flatbed conveyor”, AplikasiIndustriProses ,Manufaktur and Energi, Yogyakarta, 2006. pp. 25-32 4. Zheng Y. and Chen Z., “Parametric Design of Straight Spur Gears Based on Pro/E”, China: Electronic and Mechanical Engineering and Information Technology (EMEIT), 2011. pp. 4585 – 4589 5. Turk Jason, “Basic design automation with Pro/PROGRAM: MCAD central”, 2002. 6. Fan O., LIU G. and Wang W., “Development of die sets standard part library based on Pro/E”, China: Procedia Engineering (CEIS), 2011. pp. 3802-3807 7. Kuang W. Development of parametric part family system based on UG and Excel parameter form, China: Computer- Aided Industrial Design & Conceptual Design, 2009. pp. 758 -761 8. GaoShumingand PengQunsheng, “Hierarchical Geometric Constraint Model forParametric Feature Based Modeling”, J. of Comput. Sci. &Technol, Vol.l2 No.3, May 1997 9. Gossard D C, Zuffante R P, Sakurai H.,“Representing dimensions, tolerance, and features inMCAE systems”, IEEE CG &A, 1988, 18(2): 51-59. 10. Luby S C, Dixon J R, Simmon M K.,“Designing with features: Creating and using a feature database for evaluation of manufacturability of castings”, In Proc. ASME Computers in EngineeringConference, 1986. 11. Shah JJ, Rogers M T.,“ Expert form feature modeling shell. Computer-Aided Design”, 1988,20(9): 515-524. 12. Sheu L C, Lin J T.,“Representation scheme for defining and operating form features. Computer Aided Design”, 1993, 25(6): 333-347. 13. J.J. Shah, “Assessment of features technology”, Computer Aided Design 23 (5) (1991) 331–343. 14. R. Anderl, R. Mendgen, “Modeling with constraints: theoretical foundation and application”, Computer Aided Design 28 (3) (1996) 155–168. 15. C.M. Hoffmann, R. Joan-Arinyo, “On user-defined features”, Computer Aided Design 30 (5) (1998) 321–332. 16. C.M. Hoffmann, K.J. Kim, “Towards valid parametric CAD models”, Computer Aided Design 33 (1) (2001) 81–90. 17. J.B. Bluntzer, S. Gomes, J.C. Sagot, “Definition of a knowledge representation based on functional CAD models”, Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Engineering Design (ICED’09), 2009. 18. V. Salehi, C. McMahon, “Development of a generic integrated approach for parametric associative CAD systems”, in: M.G. NorellBergendahl, M. Leifer, L. Skogstad, P. Lindemann U (Eds.), Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Engineering Design (ICED’09), 2009, pp. 145–156. 19. V. Salehi, C. McMahon, “Development and application of an integrated approach for parametric associative CAD design in an industrial context”, Computer-Aided Design and Applications 8 (2) (2011) 225–236. 20. D. Roller, “ An approach to computer-aided parametric design”, Computer-Aided Design 23 (5) (1991) 385–391 21. L. Solano, P. Brunet,“Constructive constraint-based model for parametric CAD systems”, Computer-Aided Design 26 (8) (1994) 614–621. 22. Y.S. Ma, T. Tong,“Associative feature modeling for concurrent engineering integration”, Computers in Industry 51 (1) (2003) 51–71. 23. Aleixos N, P. Company, M. Contero, “Integrated modeling with top-down approach in subsidiary industries”, Computers in Industry 53 (1) (2004) 97–116. 24. DuhwanMuna, Soonhung Hana, JunhwanKima, Youchon Oh, “A set of standard modeling commands for the history- based parametric approach”, Computer-Aided Design 35 (2003) 1171–1179 25. M.W. Fu, S.K. Ong, W.F. Lu, I.B.H. Lee, A.Y.C. Nee, “An approach to identify design and manufacturing features from a data exchanged part model”, Computer-Aided Design 35 (2003) 979–993 26. Michael J. Pratta, Bill D. Andersonb, Tony Ranger, “Towards the standardized exchange of parameterized feature-based CAD models”, Computer-Aided Design 37 (2005) 1251–1265. 27. Junhwan Kim, Michael J. Pratt b, Raj G. Iyer, Ram D. Sriram, “Standardized data exchange of CAD models with design intent”, Computer-Aided Design 40 (2008) 760–777. 28. Jinggao Li, ByungChul Kim, Soonhung Han, “Parametric exchange of round shapes between a mechanical CAD system and a ship CAD system”, Computer-Aided Design, Volume 44, Issue 2, February 2012, Pages 154-161. 29. YannickBodein, Bertrand Rose, Emmanuel Caillaud, “Explicit reference modeling methodology in parametric CAD system”, Computers in Industry 65 (2014) 136–147. 30. Jorge D. Camba, Manuel Contero, Pedro Company, “Parametric CAD modeling: An analysis of strategies for design reusability”, Computer-Aided Design 74 (2016) 18–31 31. RuchikD.Trivedi,DhavalB.Shah,KaushikM.Patel, “ 3D Parametric Modeling for Product Variants Using Case Study on Inner Ring of Spherical Roller Bearing ”, Procedia Engineering 51 (2013) 709 – 714 32. ShahjadiHisanFarjanaa, Soonhung Hana, DuhwanMun, “Implementation of persistent identiﬁcation of topological entities based on macro-parametrics approach”, Journal of Computational Design and Engineering 3 (2016) 161–177 33. Gao S, Wan H, Peng Q, “ An approach to solid modeling in a semi-immersive virtual environment”, Comput Graph, 2000, 24:191–202

International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research (IJMTER) Volume 03, Issue 04, [April– 2016] ISSN (Online):2349–9745; ISSN (Print):2393-8161

34. GAO Shuming, WAN Huagen and PENG Qunsheng, “Constraint-Based Virtual Solid Modeling”, J. Comput. Sci. & Technol., Vol.15 No.1, Jan. 2000 35. Qing-Hui Wang & Jing-Rong Li &Bao-Li Wu & Xiao-Ming Zhang, “Live parametric design modifications in CAD- linked virtual environment”, Int J AdvManufTechnol (2010) 50:859–869 36. M. E. Botkin, “Structural Optimization of Automotive Body Components Based onParametric Solid Modeling”, Engineering with Computers (2002) 18: 109–115 37. David Potocnik, BojanDolsak, MiranUlbin, “GAJA: 3D CAD methodology for developing a parametric system for the automatic (re)modeling of the cutting components of compound washer dies”,Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A (Applied Physics & Engineering) ISSN 1673-565X (Print); ISSN 1862-1775. pp. 327-340 38. Rynne A, Gaughran W., “Cognitive modeling strategies for optimum design intent in parametric modeling (PM)”, ComputEduc Journal 2008;18(3):55–68. 39. Aleixos N, Company P, Contero M, “Integrated modeling with top-down approach in subsidiary industries”, ComputInd 2004;53(1):97–116. 40. Hui W, Dong X, Guanghong D, Linxuan Z, “Assembly planning based on semantic modeling approach”, ComputInd 2007;58(3):227–39. 41. Patalano S, Vitolo F, Lanzotti A., “A graph-based software tool for the CAD modeling of mechanical assemblies”, In Proceedings of the international conference on computer graphics theory and applications, GRAPP 2013; 2013.p. 60–69. 42. Kripac J., “A mechanism for persistently naming topological entitiesin history basedparametricsolid models” Prague,UniversityofCzech Technical;1993. 43. YannickBodein, Bertrand Rose, Emmanuel Caillaud, “A roadmap for parametric CAD efficiency in the automotive industry”, Computer-Aided Design 45 (2013) 1198–1214 44. Agbodan D, Marcheix D, Pierra, “ persistent naming for parametric models”, Proceedings of the eighth International Conference in Central Europe on Computer Graphics, Visualization and Interactive Digital Media'2000, Czech Republic: University of West Bohemia, Campus Bory, Plzen-Bory; 2000 . 45. Wu J, Zhang T, Zhang, “ A face based mechanism for naming, recordingand retrieving topological entities”, Computer Aided Design 2001;33(10)687–98. 46. Mun D,,HanS., “Identification of topological entities and naming mapping based on IGM for parametric CAD model exchanges”, Int. J.CAD/CAM 2005;5(1)69–81. 47. Cheon SU,MunD,HanS,Kim BC, “Name matching method using topology merging and splitting history for exchange of feature-based CAD models”, Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 2012;26 (10)3201–12. 48. Choi GH,MunD,Han S, “ExchangeofCADpartmodelsbasedon the macro-parametricapproach”, InternationalJournalofCAD/CAM 2002;2 (1)13–21. 49. MunD,HanS,KimJ,OhY. “ASetofStandardModelingCommandsfor the History-BasedParametricApproach”, ComputerAidedDesign 2003;35(13)1171–9. 50. Mun D, Han S, “Persistent Naming Method Using OSI (Object Space Information) and SN(Secondary Name)” , Korea CADCAM Conference ;2006. 51. Song I, Han S, “Parametric CAD Data Exchange Using Geometry-Based Neutral Macro File”, Cooperative Design, Visualization, and Engineering, in: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference, Mallorca, Spain, CDVE 2010 Calvia, September 19–22, 2010 . 52. CapoyleasV,ChenX,HoffmannC, “Genericnaming ingenerative constraint baseddesign”, Computer AidedDesign 1996;28(1)17–26. 53. SrinivasRaghothama, Vadim Shapiro, “Topological Framework for Part Families”, J. Comput. Inf. Sci. Eng 2(4), 246- 255 (Mar 26, 2003) 54. YannickBodein, Bertrand Rose, Emmanuel Caillaud, “A roadmap for parametric CAD efficiency in the automotive industry”, Computer-Aided Design 45 (2013) 1198–1214 55. Wawre s., “Parametric Modeling For Mechanical Components”,IJAPME,ISSN(PRINT):2394-6202,(ONLINE):2394- 6210,VOLUME-1,ISSUE-4,2015, pp.10-15