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The Challenges of Parametric Design in Architecture Today: Mapping the Design Practice

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The Challenges of Parametric Design in Architecture Today: Mapping the Design Practice The Challenges of Parametric Design in Architecture Today: Mapping the Design Practice A thesis submitted to The University of Manchester for the degree of Master of Philosophy (MPhil) in the Faculty of Humanities 2012 Yasser Zarei School of Environment and Development Table ooofof Contents CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Introduction to the Research ....................................................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER 2: THE POSITION OF PARAMETRICS 2.1. The State of Knowledge on Parametrics ............................................................................................. 12 2.2. The Ambivalent Nature of Parametric Design ..................................................................................... 17 2.3. Parametric Design and the Ambiguity of Taxonomy ........................................................................... 24 CHAPTER 3: THE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1. The Research Methodology ................................................................................................................ 29 3.2. The Strategies of Data Analysis ........................................................................................................... 35 CHAPTER 4: PARAMETRIC DESIGN AND THE STATUS OF PRIMARY DRIVERS The Question of Drivers (Outside to Inside) ............................................................................................... 39 CHAPTER 5: MAPPING THE ROLES IN THE PROCESS OF PARAMETRIC DESIGN 5.1. The Question Of Roles (Inside to Outside) .......................................................................................... 48 5.1.1. The Role of Designer ......................................................................................................................................48 5.1.2. The Role of Sketching and Physical Modelling ...............................................................................................56 5.1.3. The Role of Computer Programs ....................................................................................................................59 5.2. Concluding the Roles in the Parametric Realm ................................................................................... 67 CHAPTER 6: PARAMETRIC DESIGN: IS IT STYLE OR A SET OF TECHNIQUES? The Question of Style ................................................................................................................................. 70 CHAPTER 7: THE UP AND DOWN SIDES OF PARAMETRIC DESIGN 7.1. The Up and Down Sides of Parametric Design .................................................................................... 80 7.1.1. The Advantages of Parametric Design ..........................................................................................................81 7.1.2. The Disadvantages of Parametric Design ......................................................................................................85 7.1.3. The Distinctions of Parametric Design ..........................................................................................................90 CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 8.1. Conclusions of the Research ............................................................................................................... 96 8.2. Recommendations for Further Research ............................................................................................ 98 [Word Count: 45974] 2 List ooofof Tables Table 1: The companies and people who were contacted to request interviews ...................... 30 Table 2: Research themes and coding system for data analysis ................................................. 36 Table 3: Coding an interview transcript ...................................................................................... 36 Table 4: Coding a secondary source ........................................................................................... 37 Table 5: Classification of styles according to Patrik Schumacher (redrawn based on Schumacher, The Autopoiesis of Architecture: A New Framework for Architecture , p. 253) ........................... 75 List ooofof Figures Figure 1: An abstract model of computation (drawn based on Kotnik’s model) ........................ 25 Figure 2: Diversity of the use of CAD programs among the interviewees .................................. 62 Figure 3: Sagrada Familia Church ................................................................................................ 65 Figure 4: Sagrada Familia Church (Entrance) .............................................................................. 65 Figure 5: The assessment of parametric design based on five categories: finance, data management, learning time, usage problems and changes in approaches towards design. The comparison is established on a five-point Likert Scale. .............................................................. 80 Figure 6: A statistical comparison between traditional CAD and parametric design. ................ 90 3 Abstract The thesis entitled ‘The Challenges of Parametric Design in Architecture Today: Mapping the Design Practice’, submitted by Yasser Zarei in 2012 to the University of Manchester for the Degree of Master of Philosophy in Architecture. Parametric design is a new approach to architectural design based on the concept of parameters. It utilises parameters to set relations between design elements in order to define a range of formal alternatives. In this sense, parametric design provides great opportunities for architects to engineer the design process more efficiently; yet its novelty generates some challenges for architectural practitioners. The aim of this research is to explore the position of parametric design in contemporary architectural practices, identifying its advantages and disadvantages in comparison with traditional computer-aided design (CAD). Specifically, the research will compare the theoretical knowledge and the statements made by theorists and scholars of parametric design to the statements of practicing architects benefitting from the parametric approach. This aim is achieved through three thematic parts. The first part investigates the design process through two points of view, focusing on the notions of ‘role’ and ‘driver’. The second part identifies the position of parametric design in practice, specifically focusing on whether it is a style or just a set of techniques. Finally, the third part explores the advantages and disadvantages of parametric design and its distinctions in comparison to traditional CAD and Building Information Modelling (BIM). The research uses the qualitative method based on semi-structured interviews with practicing architects. It also benefits from a two-page questionnaire, which is carried out to get some detailed and specific data regarding the parametric realm. The outcome of this research shows that, in spite of theoretical statements suggesting otherwise, parametric design can be undertaken without the use of computer programs. Software packages facilitate the process of design. Furthermore, the interviews conducted with architects in practice show that they believe in parametric design as a set of techniques. They do not recognise the new style ‘parametricism’. 4 Declaration No portion of the work referred to in this thesis has been submitted in support of an application for another degree of qualification of this or any other university or other institute of learning. Copyright Statement The author of this thesis (including any appendices and/or schedules to this thesis) owns certain copyright or related rights in it (the “Copyright”) and he has given The University of Manchester certain rights to use such Copyright, including for administrative purposes. Copies of this thesis, either in full or in extracts and whether in hard or electronic copy, may be made only in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (as amended) and regulations issued under it or, where appropriate, in accordance with licensing agreements which the University has from time to time. This page must form part of any such copies made. The ownership of certain Copyright, patents, designs, trade marks and other intellectual property (the “Intellectual Property”) and any reproductions of copyright works in the thesis, for example graphs and tables (“Reproductions”), which may be described in this thesis, may not be owned by the author and may be owned by third parties. Such Intellectual Property and Reproductions cannot and must not be made available for use without the prior written permission of the owner(s) of the relevant Intellectual Property and/or Reproductions. Further information on the conditions under which disclosure, publication and commercialisation of this thesis, the Copyright and any Intellectual Property and/or Reproductions described in it may take place is available in the University IP Policy (see http://www.campus.manchester.ac.uk/medialibrary/policies/intellectual-property.pdf ), in any relevant Thesis restriction declarations deposited in the University Library, The University Library’s regulations (see http://www.manchester.ac.uk/library/aboutus/regulations ) and in The University’s policy on presentation of Theses 5 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisors at the University of Manchester, Dr. Albena Yaneva and Dr. Isabelle Doucet for their dedicated guidance towards the research. Appreciation must be shown to the interviewees of this research and also the following
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