MORAVIAN GEOGRAPHICAL REPORTS

VOLUME 13 NUMBER ISSN 1210 - 8812 2 2005

Fig. 2: Categorization of industrial areas in the region (Klusáček, Šotnar, 2004) Legend: 1 – Boundaries of the area under study; 2 – Boundaries of the municipal cadastral area; 3 – First–class road; 4 – Second–class road; 5 – Third–class road; 6 – Other roads; 7 – Railway; 8 – Watercourse; 9 – Water surface; 10 – Housing area; 11 – Service facilities; 12 – Other intravillan areas 13 – Other areas outside the intravillan Types of manufacturing sites and industrial areas: 14 – Production of coke and fuels (including extraction of raw materials); 15 – Engineering (including manufacture of vehicles); 16 – Metal working; 17 – Chemistry and rubber industries; 18 – Power engineering; 19 – Eletrotechnical industry; 20 – Timber processing and paper mills; 21 – Textiles and leather products; 22 – Food industry; 23 – Glass, ceramics and construction materials production; 24 – Other (not mentioned elsewhere); 25 – Industrial zones; 26 – Business premises; 27 – Agricultural areas; 28 – Transportation areas

Illustration to P. Klusáček´s Paper Mine ČSM Karviná Corp. and area recultivation in the space of Karviná Louky. Landscape recultivation in the area of Karviná (Space of the Church of St. Peter from Lakantgara). Photo O. Mikulík Photo O. Mikulík

Nová Huť Corp. Garden colonies can be seen even in the immediate vicinity of coal mines.

Photo O. Mikulík Photo O. Mikulík Vol. 13, 2/2005 Moravian geographical Reports

MORAVIAN GEOGRAPHICAL REPORTS

EDITORIAL BOARD Articles Bryn GREER-WOOTTEN, York University, Toronto Fritz W. HOENSCH, Leipzig Andrzej T. JANKOWSKI, Silesian University, Sosnowiec Petr KLUSÁČEK Ivan KUPČÍK, University of Munich DOWNSIZING OF BITUMINOUS COAL MINING Henrik LIGMAJER, Göteborg AND THE RESTRUCTURING OF STEEL WORKS Petr MARTINEC, Institute of Geonics, Ostrava AND HEAVY MACHINE ENGINEERING IN THE OSTRAVA REGION...... 3 Oldřich MIKULÍK, Institute of Geonics, Brno (Útlum těžby černého uhlí, restrukturalizace ocelářských výrob Jozef MLÁDEK, Comenius University, Bratislava a těžkého strojírenství na Ostravsku) Jan MUNZAR, Institute of Geonics, Brno Metka ŠPES, University of Ljubljana Milan TRIZNA, Comenius University, Bratislava Petr MARTINEC, Božena SCHEJBALOVÁ, Karel HORTVÍK, Pavel TRNKA, Mendel University, Brno Jiří MANÍČEK Antonín VAISHAR, Institute of Geonics, Brno THE EFFECTS OF COAL MINING ON THE LANDSCAPES Miroslav VYSOUDIL, Palacký University, Olomouc OF THE OSTRAVA REGION...... 13 Arnošt WAHLA, University of Ostrava (Krajina Ostravska a její ovlivnění těžbou uhlí) Jana ZAPLETALOVÁ (editor-in chief), Institute of Geonics, Brno Stanislav ONDRÁČEK DOWNSIZING OF DEEP COAL MINING EDITORIAL STAFF IN THE OSTRAVA-KARVINÁ COALFIELD, Bohumil FRANTÁL, technical editor THE DRAINING OF MINE AND WASTE WATERS, Alžběta KLÍMOVÁ, executive editor AND WATER QUALITY IN WATERCOURSES...... 27 Zdeněk NOVOTNÝ, technical arrangement (Útlum hlubinného hornictví v Ostravsko-karvinském revíru, Martina Z. SVOBODOVÁ, linguistic editor vypouštění důlních a odpadních vod a jakost vody ve vodních tocích) Two numbers per year

PRICE Jan LACINA, Tomáš KOUTECKÝ BIOGEOGRAPHICAL AND GEOBIOCOENOLOGICAL 9 EUR (excluding VAT) ASPECTS OF DEEP COAL MINING per copy plus the postage AND ITS IMPACTS ON NATURE AND LANDSCAPE 18 EUR (excluding VAT) IN THE OSTRAVA REGION...... 34 per volume (two numbers per year) (Biogeografické a geobiocenologické aspekty vlivů hlubinného hornictví na přírodu a krajinu Ostravska) PUBLISHER Czech Academy of Sciences Barbara VOJVODÍKOVÁ Institute of Geonics, Branch Brno COLLIERY BROWNFIELDS AND THE MASTER Drobného 28, CZ-602 00 Brno PLAN OF OSTRAVA...... 49 IČO: 68145535 (Colliery brownfields a územní plán města Ostravy)

MAILING ADDRESS MGR, Institute of Geonics, ASCR István FODOR Drobného 28, 602 00 Brno DOWNSIZING OF MINING IN PÉCS...... 57 (Útlum těžební činnosti v Pécsi) (fax) 420 545 422 710 (e-mail) [email protected] (home page) http://www.geonika.cz Reports

Brno, November 2005 Antonín VAISHAR GEOGRAPHY IN EUROPE OF REGIONS PRINT (The 6th Moravian Geographical Conference CONGEO ‘05)...... 62 Ing. Jan Kunčík, Úvoz 82, 602 00 Brno (Geografie v Evropě regionů – © INSTITUTE OF GEONICS 2005 6. Moravská geografická konference CONGEO´05) ISSN 1210-8812

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A Foreword by Editorial Board

The period after 1990 can be characterized by changing economies and by the restructuring of industrial operations in the entire “eastern block” with the changes concerning particularly the areas with dominating heavy industries and coal mining. These industrial branches formed a specific demographic structure with an untypical development of seats while markedly reshaping the face of landscape and environment conditions.

Industrial agglomerations have been paid attention by research teams of various professional orientation already for several decades. There are studies in which the geographers make among other things long-term assessments of the impact of economic activities on the landscape and environment.

It is not only the Czech Republic that has to struggle with the problems of restructuring in Central Europe but also (e.g. the Katowice region), the former German Democratic Republic (e.g. the Halle-Leipzig-Dresden region), Hungary (e.g. the coal mining area near Pécs), Slovakia, etc.

In the Czech Republic, the region of Ostrava (Fig. 1) was one of areas in which industrialization (heavy industries, deep bituminous coal mining) severely changed the face of the landscape and deteriorated the environment. In 2004, a research project was accomplished within the ASCR Programme of targeted research and development “downsizing deep coal mining and its impacts on processes in lithosphere and environment”, and the ASCR Programme of Research Development in the key scientific areas “Impact of climatic and anthropogenic factors on live and inanimate environments” focused exactly on the Ostrava region.

Results from research studies in the Ostrava region were summarized in final and partial reports and a set of maps was prepared that was published in the periodical Documenta Geonica 2004.

This number of Moravian Geographical Reports is devoted to selected new pieces of knowledge from the research programmes on the transformation of the Ostrava landscape and environment after 1990. The studied territory was defined so that the belt of minefields would encircle the space which forms a certain transition zone between the area affected by the mining activities and the wider hinterland of the Ostrava agglomeration in which the adverse influence of economic activities on the landscape and environment is gradually fading.

In order to compare the impacts of restructuring industries on the landscape and environment, the Editorial Board invited colleagues from other post-socialist countries to send results from similar studies. This number includes a contribution from Hungary concerning the situation in Pécs which is affected by coal mining activities in the nearby Mecsek Mts.

Area under study

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DOWNSIZING OF BITUMINOUS COAL MINING AND THE RESTRUCTURING OF STEEL WORKS AND HEAVY MACHINE ENGINEERING IN THE OSTRAVA REGION

Petr KLUSÁČEK

Abstract

Relations between the downsizing of bituminous coal mining and the restructuring of steel works and heavy machine engineering in the Ostrava region in the period after 1989, are at issue in this paper. The complexity of the transitional processes is documented by the development of three major corporations in the region of interest: OKD, Corp. (Ostrava-Karviná Coal Mines), Vítkovice, Corp., and Mittal Steel Ostrava, Corp. (formerly Nová huť, Corp.). Attention is also paid to the impacts of transitional change, primarily with respect to the increased unemployment rate and the improvement in environmental conditions. The study is based not only on secondary sources but also on extensive detailed fieldwork data, obtained from the project of targeted research: “Downsizing deep coal mining and its impacts on processes in lithosphere and environment”.

Shrnutí

Útlum těžby černého uhlí, restrukturalizace ocelářských výrob a těžkého strojírenství na Ostravsku Příspěvek se zabývá problematikou útlumu těžby černého uhlí a restrukturalizací ocelářských výrob a těžkého strojírenství na Ostravsku v období po roce 1989, přičemž složitost celého procesu je dokumentována na transformačním vývoji tří největších společností zájmového území: Ostravsko-Karvinských dolů, a.s., Vítkovic, a.s. a Mittal Steel Ostrava a.s. (dříve Nová Huť, Corp.). Velká pozornost je současně zaměřena i na dopady transformačních změn, především na zvýšení míry nezaměstnanosti a na zlepšení stavu životního prostředí. Předkládaný článek se opírá nejen o studium literatury, ale i o detailní údaje z terénního výzkumu, který byl realizován v rámci práce na projektu „Vliv útlumu hlubinného hornictví na děje v litosféře a životní prostředí“.

Keywords: Ostrava region, restructuring, steelmaking and heavy machine engineering, downsizing of coal mining, unemployment, labour productivity, environmental protection

1. Introduction – especially to regions with a high concentration of one- The downsizing of bituminous coal mining and sided industrial operations of which one is the Ostrava the restructuring of related industrial operations industrial agglomerations. The today’s appearance and (metallurgy, heavy engineering) can be considered an metamorphoses of the Ostrava landscape have been to a important topic that is paid global attention also within considerable extent influenced by the past development the framework of geographical research. The research of industrial manufacture. Thanks to rich deposits of carried out for industrial geography is usually focused bituminous coal the Ostrava region recorded a great on regions with a large concentration of industrial boom of coal mining and metallurgy already at the times activities such as for example American Manufacturing of the Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy. The one-sided Belt, Midlands in Great Britain or the Ruhrgebiet in orientation of the region was later markedly fostered in Germany. H. D. Watts sees the “central question of the period of socialist building activities when the entire industrial geography as to why industrial activities Czechoslovak economy concentrated on heavy industry. grow/decline in particular places” (Watts, 1987). The so called socialist type of industrialization even had its main and most important centre in metallurgy The theme of restructuring industrial operations is (Mikulík, 1982). One of the very first steps made by rather frequented also in the Czech Republic with the the centrally controlled economy was a so called “steel attention being paid – similarly as elsewhere in the world concept of the country” announced after the February

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upheaval in 1948, which among other things put engineering, with the changes being documented namely emphasis on a necessity of increasing the production of on the example of three largest corporation in the region: heavy industries in the Ostrava agglomeration. OKD, Corp., Vítkovice, Corp. and Mittal Steel Ostrava, Corp. (former Nová Huť, Corp.). The one-track orientation on coal mining and heavy industries in the Ostrava region showed its negative The Ostrava research area of interest was investigated effect in the development after 1989 when changes within the grant project No. IBS3086005 “Downsizing occurred in the structure of manufacturing activities deep coal mining and its impacts on processes in with the processes of transformation, privatization litosphere and environment”. One of important outputs and restitution. Adaptation to the new conditions from the project in the field of studying industrial of market economy brought about the phenomenon activities has become without any doubts the map of unemployment and wider social impacts on the “Categorization of industrial areas in the Ostrava population in general, particularly so in areas with region” (Klusáček, Šotnar, 2004) which captures the one-sided manufacturing activities of which one was in situation in the region under study at the end of 2003 the Czech Republic the Ostrava region. The significance on the basis of a detailed field research (Fig. 2 – see of over-dimensioned manufacturing operations in the cover p. 4). The so far conclusive importance of industrial Ostrava region – mainly oriented to bituminous coal activities for employment in the Ostrava region follows mining, metallurgy and heavy engineering – was put out from Fig. 11. into question after 1989. Changes in the structure and extent of manufacturing activities in the area of study 2. Downsizing of bituminous coal mining reflected also in other spheres of life. This paper attempts in the Ostrava region at a documentation of the complexity and impacts of the whole transformation process by means of analyzing The tradition of coal mining in the Ostrava region is over the developing situation in heavy industries and in two hundred years during which the mining activities the closely related industries of metallurgy and heavy considerably affected landscape formation in the area

Fig. 1: The share of industrial workers in the Ostrava region in 2001 (Author: S. Martinát)

1 For purposes of simplification, the Figure includes only the names of cadastral areas with extreme values of the studied phenomenon.

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under study. Coal mines are currently operated mainly by did not induce the development of other industries such OKD, Corp. (member of Karbon Invest, Corp.). Owner of as the processing or consumer industries. Mine ČSM is the corporation of Českomoravské doly, Corp. (another member of Karbon Invest, Corp.). The critical voices from the end of the 1960s were not Active collieries are today namely occurring in the listen to, though and no major steps were made to deal Karviná district: ČSA (area of colliery premises on the with the situation in 1970 – 1989. On the contrary, ground surface of about 26.1 km2), (25.9 km2), the development of coal mining and heavy industries ČSM (22.1 km2) and Lazy (17.5 km2). Other active areas continued (although at a milder pace) to result in the of bituminous coal mining outside the Karviná district further worsening of environment in the Ostrava are represented by the -Staříč colliery (40.4 km2) region. The Czechoslovak record amount of bituminous situated NW of Frýdek-Místek. Passive collieries in coal in history (24.6 mil. tons) was extracted in 1980. which the coal mining activities were closed down occur At that time, the share of the OKR (Ostrava-Karviná namely in the territory of Ostrava-City or in its closest Coal Mining District) district in the national black hinterland. Examples of down-scaled mining areas can coal mining and in the national supply of coking be František, Odra or Žofie collieries. coal was 87 % and 100 %, respectively. Coal mining in OKR covered all requirements of metallurgical The above mentioned actual layout of active mining industry of the then state. The proper downsizing of districts in the Ostrava region resulted from a long-term coal mining and restructuring date back to the period process of restructuring that was launched after 1989. after 1989. As compared with other countries (Federal Republic of Germany, Great Britain), the downsizing of coal mining The restructuring of coal mining showed in the in the Czech territory started later this relating to the field of production mainly by (Trávníček, 2001): above mentioned fact of support given to coal mining • conspicuous downsizing of bituminous coal mining activities by the centrally controlled economy. with the extraction volume in 2004 falling by more than 50 % as compared with 1989 Nevertheless, first opinions criticizing the existing • increased efficiency of coal mining with the system, emphasizing the need of restructuring and contribution of advanced technologies and with coal warning against the hitherto way of development in the extraction concentrated into productive coal-beds Ostrava region appeared in the then • strengthening of new enterprises already before 1989, namely among scientists. One of these critical opinions was for example expressed by Economic and organizational changes during the Jiří Kern in his article from 1969: “Coal mining and downsizing of coal mining were as follows: metallurgy represent a foundation of the economic • 1 January 1991 is the day of foundation of the base in the Ostrava industrial agglomeration both Ostravsko-karvinské doly Corporation (OKD) which with respect to the historical development and with was at 100 % owned by the Fund of National Property respect to the intensity of incidence. Assessed from until the end of 1994. The OKD structure of owners the viewpoint of conditions and prerequisites for the was changed in 1998 with the state losing its majority ensurance of the future permanent economic growth, stock share and the majority owner becoming the it is the industry of coal mining in particular that is company of KARBON INVEST, Corp. considered to have passed the culmination point of its • Branch collieries merged into group mines development. Areas in whose manufacturing structure • The Mine of ČSM in Stonava became independent on coal mining occupies an important position are losing 1 January 1990 and in 1993 it became a part of the their developmental dynamics. What was progressive company Českomoravské doly Kladno (Bohemian- at the end of the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th Moravian Mines Kladno). OKD was considerably century, is changing into the regressive now. The Ostrava weakened since the Mine of ČSM in Stonava was industrial agglomeration must search for ways of how to a new productive colliery with very good economic substitute the formerly progressive industrial branches results. with new ones so that the future growth of the region • Some organizational units and activities capable of would not stop” (Kern, 1969). In the same period of selling their produce also outside OKD singled out time, there are efforts showing within the framework from OKD. of scientific investigation to learn new lessons from the development of similar mainly one-side oriented Measures adopted during the restructuring period regions in western countries. For example, Petr Šindler in the field of human resources were as follows: (1969) compares economic conditions of the Ostrava and • As compared with the situation in 1989, the number of Ruhrgebiet industrial agglomerations mentioning as persons employed in OKD fell by 2004 to less than a fifth one of possible problems in Ostrava the fact that unlike – this is well documented by employment development in the Ruhrgebiet, coal mining and steel manufacture data presented in Fig. 3.

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Fig. 3: Development of OKD employee numbers in 1989-2004

• In 1990, the work in underground was prohibited for CZK on 31 December 1992. To the date, the Fund of persons below 21 years of age, and the prohibition due National Property of the Czech Republic held 96 % to which the vocational training of apprentices in fact of the stock. In November 1996, Vítkovice, Corp. was ceased to exist was cancelled again in 1998. approved for managerial privatization. A contract was • The highest exposition to dust was made more signed between the government and Rafis Trading in stringent, i.e. the number of shifts after which the which the latter committed to carry out enterprise miner must be moved up to the ground surface was restructuring. The company however run out of funds reduced. soon due to which Vítkovice started falling in debts • Preferential regulations for recruitment and with their economic efficiency gradually decreasing. In stabilization of workers in OKD were cancelled. this period of time a global recession was recorded on the steel market and the engineering production of the In 1990 – 1991, a total number of 17 000 mine workers enterprise marked a similar decline. were transferred to less hazardous or surface work by the Mine Commission for Social and Health Issues due The company’s economic situation further worsened and to health reasons. in 1999 Vítkovice had to face a serious economic crisis which resulted in red numbers at the turn of 1999 / 2000. 3. Transformation of metallurgy and heavy At that time, Vítkovice did not pay for pig iron (debt of engineering in the Ostrava region 1.5 mld. CZK), electric energy (0.8 mld. CZK) and gas, the company owed 1 mld. CZK to OKD, 6 mld. CZK to 3.1. Transformation of Vítkovice after 1989 employees and banks. A total debt of the enterprise amounted to 13 mld. CZK. The produce of Vítkovice is mainly of metallurgical character. Other products made by Vítkovice are Thanks to the government subsidy a compensation crankshafts and steel works equipment (heavy with creditors was made possible in 2000 through the engineering), equipment for power plants, boiler bodies court, which averted a danger of bankruptcy. Moreover, (power engineering), and environmental engineering a daughter company was founded to the Fund of products such as sewage water treatment plants. National Property (Osinek, Corp.), which signed to a Vítkovice represented the largest closed-production credit of 1.8 mld. CZK with Konsolidační banka to fund cycle metallurgical and engineering complex in the the metallurgical production in Vítkovice. Another credit Czech Republic until 1998 when the production of pig of 1.8 mld. CZK was meant to finance the engineering iron was closed there. production.

A very beginning of the Vítkovice state enterprise The rescue plan transformed Vítkovice into a holding transformation was coming to existence of a joint-stock structure which split the original corporation into company with the authorized capital of 13.3 milliard separate production daughter units which among

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other include Vítkovice strojírenství, a.s. (Vítkovice- Vítkovice daughter companies. The shares of Vítkovice, Engineering, Corp), Vítkovice-export (Vítkovice-Export Corp. (68.31 %) were transferred onto Lahvárna Ostrava, Department, Corp), a.s., Vítkovice CAD/CAM systémy, Corp. by which act the process of privatization of the spol. s r.o. (Vítkovice CAD/CAM systems, Ltd),Vítkovice company was successfully accomplished. A question - realizácia projektov Košice, spol. s r.o. (Vítkovice remains however whether it will be possible to improve - Implementation of the Projects Košice, Ltd.), Vítkovice- the company’s economic results in the conditions of zkušebny a laboratoře, spol. s r.o (Vítkovice - Test Rooms, economic globalization. Ltd), Vítkovice - údržba, spol. s r.o. (Vítkovice - Service Department, Ltd.), Vítkovice doprava, a.s. (Vítkovice 3.2. Transformation of Nová Huť in the period after 1989 - Transport Department, Corp), Vítkovice lisovna, spol. s r.o. (Vítkovice - Pressing Plant, Corp), Vítkovice Mittal Steel Ostrava, Corp. (former Nová Huť, Corp.) ozubárna, a.s. (Vítkovice - Machinery Department, Corp), is one of the largest metallurgical corporations in Vítkovice - stamont, spol. s r.o. (Vítkovice - Building and Czech Republic. Its production programme contains a Construction Department, Ltd.) and Lang Fang Panwei wide range of products from coke to final engineering Environmental Engineering, spol. s r.o. (Lang Fang products, it is therefore a so called integrated production Panwei Environmental Engineering, Ltd.). cycle. The corporate organizational structure includes ten manufacturing units as follows: Koksovna (Coking The number of employees in the Vítkovice Holding plant), Ocelárna (Steel Works), Válcovny (Rolling Mill), had to be reduced from 12 000 to a half in 2001 – 2002 Rourovny (Piping plant), Minihuť pásová (Belt Mini- but the saving measures aimed at the improvement Smelter), Strojírenský závod (Engineering Works), of competitiveness of the company failed. In the first Výroba a montáže (Manufacture and Assemblies), half-a-year of 2003, the loss reported by 12 daughter Energetika (Power Engineering Plant), Automatizace companies of the Vítkovice Holding was nearly a quarter (Automation), Doprava (Transport). of milliard Czech crowns with the most serious problems being faced by the daughter company of Vítkovice The beginning of changes in this industrial giant date Strojírenství, Corp. which had to dismiss other 800 back to 1989 when the original name of the company employees. (Nová huť Klementa Gottwalda, n.p.) was changed to Nová Huť, State Enterprise. In 1992, the state enterprise In this situation, the government decided to carry was transformed into a joint-stock-company with the out an expedited privatization of the state share in majority share of the state and the new corporation Vítkovice. Winner of the public tender was Lahvárna was given the name Nová Huť, Corp. In the process Ostrava, Corp. – a company that came to existence in of privatization, some plants and operations that were 1999 through managerial privatization of one of the then formerly belonging in the enterprise singled out into

Fig. 4: Aerial view of the so called Dolní oblast in Vítkovice (Source: www.dolnioblast.cz)

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separate trading companies – either daughter companies 3.3. Impacts of transformation changes or associated companies (e.g. Jäkl Karviná, Corp., Nová huť Zábřeh, Corp., Vysoké pece Ostrava-Blast Furnaces The transformation of big metallurgical corporations Ostrava,) and/or companies established with foreign reflected in many fields of region’s life with the most partners (e.g. MG Odra Gas, Ltd.). demonstrable effects being as follows: a) Reduced environment pollution The financial situation of Nová Huť, Corp. began b) Increased unemployment to worsen in 1999 and in the first half of 2000. The business loss reported in 1999 was 3.4 mld. CZK and ad a) The reduced environment pollution resulted from the company’s turnover fell to 25.6 mld. CZK. Similarly several factors. The first of them was a pronounced as Vítkovice, Nová Huť, Corp. had to face insolvency and decrease of production as compared with the period of the lack of working capital. And again – similarly as in centrally controlled economy. Also, the metallurgical the case of Vítkovice – the enterprise was rescued thanks industry itself went through several crises since 1989 to the government intervention. Nová Huť, Corp. signed of which the first one developed after the extinction of a contract with the Konsolidační banka about a loan for COMECON markets after 1989 and the second one operations to finance the manufacture. related to the global crisis of steel market that began in 1997. But the economic results of the company were deteriorating in 2001 – 2002 in spite of the state The second factor that affected the condition of intervention and Nová Huť, Corp. was falling into debts. environment consisted in advanced technologies. Its main creditor, a daughter company of International Annual costs of environmental engineering structures Finance Corporation, warned to take all possible in Nová Huť, Corp. represented for example some 20 steps leading to the bankruptcy of Nová Huť, Corp. – 30 % of total investment costs in the 1990s. Between The response of the Czech government was to adopt 1992 – 1997, emissions of solid particles were reduced a resolution on the privatization of the company. The five times – namely due to the construction of dust privatization tender had two applicants – the Dutch- separator in the heat generation plant and thanks to a Indian LNM and Třinecké železárny Iron Works. In June reconstruction of dedusting in the two agglomerations 2002, a contract was approved by the government on the – and represent at the present time just 2 % of the sales of 67.2 % of the stock of Nová Huť, Corp. discharged amount recorded at the beginning of the 1960s. Some from debts to the Dutch corporation LNM. other financially demanding investments are in progress, e.g. a reconstruction of dust removal from The decision on the sales of Nová Huť, Corp. to the steel-making tandem furnaces, ecologization of coking Dutch company LNM was protested against by Třinecké batteries and desulphurization and ammonia removal železárny, Corp. as this company felt considerably harmed from coke-oven gas. by the privatization. Owners of Třinecké železárny, Corp. argumented that their two Ostrava competitors were The third important factor was the displacement of financially supported by the government while the manufacturing operations from unfavourable locations. company of Třinecké železárny, Corp. did not get any For example in January 1996, the managements of Nová subsidy from the state (Třinecké železárny, Corp. was Huť, Corp. and Vítkovice, Corp. concluded an agreement fully privatized already in 1996). Třinecké železárny, on the foundation of a separate legal entity – Vysoké Corp. requested a compensation of 2 mld. CZK from the pece Ostrava, Corp. as a supplier of pig iron to both government for the violation of the conditions of fair founder companies, which enabled a downsizing of economic competition. The Czech Ministry of Industry the coking plant and blast furnace manufacture in tried to meet the requirement but the transaction failed Vítkovice. The main benefit of this agreement was in the end due to the adverse attitude of EU institutions therefore the enforcement of metallurgical operations as the European regulations do not allow to provide a of primary production out from the immediate centre of government subsidy to private entities enterprising in Ostrava city, which significantly contributed to improve this industrial branch. environment in the so called Dolní oblast in Vítkovice. The Czech government promised 5 mld. CZK for the The new majority owner Mittal Steel Ostrava, Corp., decontamination of the Dolní oblast. It is expected the Dutch-Indian LNM is the second largest world’s that the area will be used to build a technological park producer of steel and the steel division of Ispat – industrial zone which should attract new investments. International is its part. The present owner plans to Another part of the area will be used as a technical continue in the restructuring. Mittal Steel Ostrava, outdoor museum since the Ministry of Culture declared Corp. is for example to reduce the number of employees the area of blast furnaces and coking plant in Vítkovice from the current staff of 11 300 to about 8 800 until the including the adjacent Hlubina colliery a cultural end of 2005. monument in March 1997.

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ad b) The restructuring of heavy industry caused a Gottwalda, TŽ VŘSR Třinec, Železárny a drátovny marked increase of unemployment in the Ostrava region. Bohumín, Válcovny plechu) amounted to more than The situation can be well illustrated also on the case of 90 000 persons at the end of 1989. In 2002, the number Vítkovice, Corp. and Nová Huť, Corp. The two corporations of employees in the successor organizations was about a recorded a severe decrease in the number of workers, third. The target number of workers in the metallurgical which is shown in the following graph (Fig. 5). operations occurring in the region (after the end of restructuring) is likely to be less than 20 000 persons. The number of employees working in the largest metallurgical complexes in the Ostrava region (Vítkovické Important for the development of employment in železárny Klementa Gottwalda, Nová huť Klementa the region is also a so called cascading failure which

Fig. 5: Development of employment rate in Vítkovice and Nová Huť in 1989 – 2002

Fig. 6: Rate of unemployment in the Ostrava region to 31 December 2004 (Author: S. Martinát)2

2 For purposes of simplification, the Figure includes only the names of cadastral areas with extreme values of the studied phenomenon.

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means that there are approximately two to three decreasing production but also by the parallel pressure workers of subcontracting firms per one employee of on increased labour productivity which was growing metallurgical works in Ostrava. At the same time, the in all above mentioned manufacturing companies. rate of unemployment in the Moravian-Silesian Region Another important role in the process of transformation reached alarming figures in April 2005 as reported was that of the state without the help of which both by the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs (http: Vítkovice, Corp. and Nová Huť, Corp. would have been //www.mpsv.cz/scripts/nezamestnanost/okresy.asp): likely to declare bankruptcy. At the present time, all Bruntál (16.2 %), Frýdek-Místek (13.4 %), Karviná three companies are privatized and the main movers (19.1 %), Nový Jičín (11.3 %), Opava (11.1 %), Ostrava of future transformation steps will be their majority (15.7 %). Districts of the area under study were and still private owners. are districts of the highest unemployment rate in the Czech Republic together with the districts of Northern It is expected however that the industrial giants will Bohemia. Rates of unemployment in cadastral areas of have to face further redundancies in line with global the Ostrava region are presented in Fig. 6 which shows trends. German bituminous coal mines employed for that cadastral units with the developed mining activities example nearly 130 000 workers in 1990 while in 2000 (Karviná, Orlová) are one of the most affected areas. the number of employees was less than a half – 59 000 workers (Wehling, 2004). The region of Ostrava showed 4. Conclusion similar trends in the period from 1991 – 2001 in which the number of employees was markedly reduced with the The downsizing of bituminous coal mining and the change index for the whole area being -37.9 % (the total restructuring of large steel corporations affected the number of industrial workers in 1991 and in 2001 was studied Ostrava region after 1989 by a conspicuous 173 167 and 107 587, respectively), i.e. employment rate way. One of negative impacts is a marked increase of in industry decreased by nearly 38 %. The hitherto course unemployment rate which was undoubtedly primarily of restructuring and increase of unemployment induced influenced by the reduced numbers of employees in changes in the social environment and in the life style of coal mines and in related industries. In the decrease population in the area of interest (Mikulík, Kolibová, 2003; of employees a certain role was played not only by the Kolibová, Mikulík, 2003).

Fig. 7: The index of industrial employment rate in the Ostrava region in 1991 – 2001 by cadastral areas (Author: S. Martinát)3

3 For purposes of simplification, the Figure includes only the names of cadastral areas with extreme values of the studied phenomenon. Some smaller municipalities reached a great relative change, which relates to the low number of members in the statistic sample.

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There were also some positive effects of restructuring heavy engineering. This is why the government and the giant industrial corporations. One of them is non-governmental authorities focus on strategies for example a marked improvement of environment that would attract developers from more perspective quality, which resulted not only from the mere decrease industrial branches (e.g. modern technologies) into the of manufacturing but also from the introduction of newly created industrial zones. advanced (and environment-friendly) technologies. A good indicator of improved environment quality can Acknowledgement: be considered the pronounced decrease of air pollution by dust aerosols and by sulphur dioxide in the Ostrava The paper was prepared within the grant project region in the period from 1980 – 2000 (Quitt, 2004). No. IBS3086005 Downsizing deep coal mining and its It seems logical from the hitherto transformation impacts on processes in lithosphere and environment. development that a new prosperity of the Ostrava The author would like to express his thanks to region cannot be achieved only by developing traditional Mgr. Stanislav Martinát for the provision of three industries such as extraction of bituminous coal and cartographs.

References: KERN, J. (1969): Nástroje analýzy ekonomické báze oblasti. In: Problémy rozvoje ostravské aglomerace. Sborník přednášek ze semináře o průmyslových oblastech konaném v Ostravě 23. a 24. září 1969, Ústav pro výzkum rozvoje měst, Ostrava 1969, p. 87 – 93. KLUSÁČEK, P., ŠOTNAR, P. (2004): Kategorizace průmyslových ploch Ostravska. In: Mikulík, O. a kol.: Soubor map vlivu útlumu hlubinné těžby černého uhlí na krajinu a životní prostředí Ostravska. Documenta Geonica 2004, Brno, ISBN 80- 86407-03-9, p. 81 – 84. KOLIBOVÁ, B., MIKULÍK, O. (2003): Changes of social climate in the Ostrava region. In: Vaishar, A. a kol.: Regional Geography and its Applications. Papers of the 5th Moravian Geographical conference Congeo 2003, Regiograph 2003, ISBN 80-86377- 09-1, p.83 – 90. KOLIBOVÁ, B., MIKULÍK, O. (2003): Percepce transformačních změn životního stylu zaměstnanců v hornictví po roce 1990. Sborník mezinárodní konference Landecká Venuše, 11. Hornická Ostrava 2003, II. Díl, Moravská hornická společnost ČSVTS Ostrava, p. 275 – 283. MIKULÍK, O. (1982): Vliv industrializace na změny životního prostředí Ostravska. Kandidátská disertační práce. Geografický ústav ČSAV, Brno, 152 pp. MIKULÍK, O., KOLIBOVÁ, B. (2003): An evaluation of changes in life style for residents for residents of the Ostrava region. In: Moravian Geographical report, Vol. 11, No. 2, ISSN 1210-8812, p. 18 – 23. QUITT, E. (2004): Znečištění ovzduší Ostravska prašným aerosolem a hlavní zdroje znečištění. In: Mikulík, O. a kol.: Soubor map vlivu útlumu hlubinné těžby černého uhlí na krajinu a životní prostředí Ostravska, Documenta Geonica 2004, Brno, ISBN 80-86407-03-9, p. 56 – 68. ŠINDLER, P. (1969): Srovnávací studie přírodních a ekonomických podmínek porúrské a ostravské aglomerace. Ústav pro výzkum rozvoje měst, Ostrava 1969, 82 pp. Stafford, H. A. (2003): Industrial Geography in the United States, the past half century, The Industrial Geographer, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 3 – 15. TRÁVNÍČEK, B. (2001): Proměny ostravské krajiny, průmyslová činnost, restrukturalizace výrob. Ústav Geoniky AV ČR, Brno, 52 pp. MS. WATTS, H. D. (1987): Industrial Geography. London: Longman Scientific & Technical, 184 pp. WEHLING, H.W. (2004): Bergbaureviere und Strukturwandel. In: Nationalatlas Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Band 8 – Unternehmen und Märkte, ISBN 3-8274-0959-4, p.110 – 111. http://www.mittalsteelostrava.com/index.html http://www.mpsv.cz/scripts/nezamestanost/okresy.asp http://www.novahut.cz/ http://www.okd.cz http://www.vitkovice.cz/ www.dolnioblast.cz

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Author´s address:

Mgr. Petr KLUSÁČEK Academy of Sciencies of the Czech Republic Institute of Geonics, Branch Brno Drobného 28, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic e-mail: [email protected]

Reviewer:

Assoc. Prof. RNDr. Petr ŠINDLER, CSc.

12 Vol. 13, 2/2005 Moravian geographical Reports

THE EFFECTS OF COAL MINING ON THE LANDSCAPES OF THE OSTRAVA REGION

Petr MARTINEC, Božena SCHEJBALOVÁ, Karel HORTVÍK, Jiří MANÍČEK

Abstract

The geological history of the Carboniferous era, surface deposits, including the Quaternary, and surface changes brought about by anthropogenic activities, have influenced the formation of landscapes in the Ostrava region in a direct manner. The deep mining of coal seams resulted in terrain subsidence and in the creation of mine overburden tailings and settling pits, which are new morphological formations in the landscape, often having the effect of a long-term ecological burden. In this paper, attention is given to methane emissions at ground surface levels, to changes in the hydrological system of the region, and to some situations of pumped and discharged mine waters.

Shrnutí

Krajina Ostravska a její ovlivnění těžbou uhlí Geologická historie karbonu, pokryvných útvarů včetně kvartéru a změny povrchu vyvolané činností člověka, měly zásadní vliv na utváření krajiny Ostravska. Výrazným způsobem se projevila hlubinná těžba uhelných slojí, která byla příčinou poklesů terénu a vzniku odvalů hlušin a odkališť, které jsou novým morfologickým útvarem v krajině a mnohdy působí jako dlouhodobá ekologická zátěž. Pozornost je věnována emisím metanu na povrch, změnám v hydrologické situaci regionu a některým okolnostem čerpaných a vypouštěných důlních vod.

Keywords: Ostrava region, coal mining, subsidences, mine waste depositions, methane, mine waters, watercourses

Introduction 1. Geological development and its impact The region of Ostrava – situated in the industrial area on the landscape of Horní Slezsko (Upper ) – was of agricultural The Czech part of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin with character with the scarce settlement before the boom of a segment used for coal mining and known as the heavy industries. In the last 200 years it was converted Ostrava-Karviná Coal Mining District (OKR) belongs in into a densely populated industrial region changed not the Podbeskydská pahorkatina Hilly Land and Ostrava only by the very existence of heavy industrial works Basin. In geographical terms it is demarcated by the and their impact on environment, but also due to territory situated between the Polish and Czech state considerable changes in landscape morphology induced borders in the north, by the piedmont of the Beskids by deep mining of bituminous coal. The morphological Mts. in the east and by the Odra River in the west. relief changes to be mentioned are namely surface In geological terms, the autochton with the Paleozoic subsidences and hence changes in groundwater tables, sedimentary layer (Devonian, Carboniferous) with the watercourses and water reservoirs, mine waste disposal sediments of Eggenburgian, Carpathian and Lower sites and depositories of products from coal treatment. Badenian belongs in the Bohemian Massif. Nappes The circumstances are discussed in this work. Deep thrusted over the autochton belong in the Neogene mining of coal seams relates to a number of other structure of the West Carpathians. The geological phenomena such as induced seismicity, pumping and development of the region was affected by the extensive discharge of mine water into surface watercourses, denudation and erosion of the Paleozoic fundament recultivation, etc. The period after the close-down of connected with the weathering of Carboniferous group of coal mines after 1990 has specific features, too, such strata (so called red-beds alteration), brown wheathered as uncontrolled coal bed methane exits on the ground crust of the Carboniferous, and deep-reaching and long- surface, development of abandoned areas on the lasting degasation of the Carboniferous massif. The premises of mine establishments – so called colliery denudation and erosion of the Carboniferous mountain brownfields, social impacts such as unemployment, range was started already prior to the sedimentation migration, etc. of the Kwaczla arkose (Stephanien) as it is known from

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the Polish part of the Basin. The process lasted from the were ventilated, which were gradually linked due to end of the Carboniferous (ca. 300 mil. years) until the the extension of mining spaces not only by means of coverage by younger sediments in the Triasic, Jurasic, mine works by also by means of irregular communication Cretaceous sediments and Neogene sediments in Poland. through worked-out areas and cave fields and also The overcovering by younger autochthonous sediments through the Carboniferous massif with alterations of proceeded from SE; its pace was uneven and the extent red-beds type. is known in the territory of the Czech part of the Upper Silesian Basin only from denudations remnants in the The mining activities in the Ostrava coal mines (from basement of the West Carpathian nappes. 1776 to the end of coal mining in 1992) gave rise to an underground space of several hundred million cubic meters A detailed description of the geological structure of in volume which has been reduced to about 50 mil m3 due surface deposits, i.e. filling of the Outer Carpathian to gradual flooding and caving consolidation (Takla, Král, Foredeep (Lower Badenian), nappes of the Outer West 1999). The space is now filled with a blend of mine and Carpathians and Paleozoic can be found in monographs coal bed gases rich of methane which leaks to the ground (Menšík et al., 1983; Dopita et al., 1997; Eliáš, 2001) surface through pits and wells, Carboniferous windows and presenting results from the geological research in the disturbed massif at places of lower crust thickness. region of our interest.

Fig. : Situation of the Upper Silesian Bituminous Coal Basin in relation to the Czech territory

Methane emissions A methodology was prepared by OKD -Důlní průzkum a bezpečnost a.s. Paskov within the framework of The migrating gas from the Paleozoic (Carboniferous), Project No. 1/99 of the Czech Mining Authority on secondarily accumulated in permeable strata of the crust. the “Elimination of threats from methane leakages The Quaternary glacial erosion (namely the Estercian to surface from underground after the end of mining glacial 0.8 – 0.4 mil. years ago) eroded the Miocene activities” (1999 – 2001) for the classification of areas Lower Badenian sediments down to the Carboniferous with respect to a possible methane exit together with fundament, giving rise to so called Carboniferous a map of territorial categorization for the Ostrava- windows on the Ostrava-Karviná Ridge. Although the Karviná Coal Mining District (OKR). The categorization outcrops are covered by Quaternary sediments now, dwells both on the knowledge of geological structure, mainly by loess of Wurm /Saal/ glaciation, slope loams hydrogeology of the Carboniferous and surface deposits, or make-up grounds, the natural processes connected and on the known localizations of older and existing with the degasation of the Carboniferous massif have mine works, wells, extent and depth of underground been restored and in some cases even intensified due to extraction and undermining. It also contains the coal mining effects. hitherto results from methane measurements in soil atmosphere (atmogeochemistry). The “Map of OKR The occurrence of methane in coal mines was given territory categorization” represents a fundamental attention after the first severe accident in the Trojice document for area development planning. Contours Coal Mine in 1884 when the monitoring of methane of territorial categories were taken over for 1:50 000 occurrence in OKR coal mines was prescribed by law. maps published in the “Atlas of maps to document the Large minefields in the entire coal mining district impact of down-scaled deep mining of bituminous coal

1 Ostrava-Karviná Coal Mines

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in the Czech part of the Upper Silesian Basin onto the OKR (2003). Mining activities are focused on the ground surface and environment” (Martinec et al., extraction of coal and/or gas. Other components such 2003). The map depicts the surface area development, as rock waste and water are accompanying and often distinguishing by colours individual localities with undesirable products, in some cases even directly demonstrated and potential uncontrolled leakages of limiting agents for mining and occupational safety. methane and coal-bed gases on the ground surface. The Hard hydrogeological conditions for example prevented territory was categorized as follows: putting into operation of some localities in the past • Areas with demonstrated uncontrolled methane (e.g. pit Bedřich in OKR). leakages to ground surface • Areas dangerous by uncontrolled methane leakages Withdrawal of material from the massif induces surface to ground surface movements, subsidences, horizontal displacement, • Areas endangered by uncontrolled methane leakages damage of line and other structures, activation of land to ground surface slides etc. The measure of these manifestations is a • Areas with possible occasional uncontrolled methane function of deposition depth, number and thickness leakages to ground surface of coal seams, character of accompanying rocks of the • Areas without a danger of uncontrolled methane Carboniferous, surface deposits and structure of the leakages to ground surface. massif in question.

Area categories km2 % of the OKR mining spaces

OKR mining spaces 318.5 100

with possible occasional exits of mine gases 240.8 75.60

endangered by exits of mine gases 15.2 4.78

with dangerous exits of mine gases 14.1 4.43

Tab. 1: The shares of categorized areas in the integrated OKR mining spaces

The hazard of gas leakages on the ground surface, their Rock waste, i.e. accompanying rocks with coal possible concentration and development of explosive remainders and construction debris from the mine, is atmosphere when blended with air is eliminated by the product of development, mining technologies and technical measures according to the actual situation treatment processes, which is used either directly in the in the respective mine. Dragon (2003) specifies these mine as a filling material, or on the ground surface for measures as follows: the construction purposes. The remaining tailings (ca. • ventilation of mining spaces by main fans – which in 30 %) are deposited on waste banks. fact does not come into consideration in the case of totally closed mines with the liquidation of surface Pumped water can more or less improve the quality of equipments surface watercourses in dependence on their chemical • active method of protection by degasation, which properties, increasing in any case their channel consists in the controlled exhaustion of gas with capacity. an increased content of methane, accumulated behind permanent stoppings and in worked-out Mass volumes withdrawn from the rock massif and a brief underground spaces and disintegrated massif. This history of coal mining in the Ostrava-Karviná Coal-Mining procedure has several options in dependence on the District current – or accomplished mine scale-down and its relation to the existence of still possibly active mines Total volume of coal extracted in the period from 1782 in the neighbourhood. – 1945 can hardly be expressed in accurate figures. Some data are available from the above mentioned 2. Surface changes due to coal mining monograph (Carboniferous mines of the Ostrava- in the last 200 years Karviná Coal Mining District in 1929). The data describe the significance of the construction of Vítkovice Steel History of coal mining is explained in monographs Works in 1829 (production increased from about 6 thous. Carboniferous mines of the Ostrava-Karviná tons in 1822 to 16 thous. tons in 1832) and namely Coal Mining District in 1929 and Coal mining in railways – the first section of the Northern Railway

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was put into operation in 1847 (extraction increased policy after 1990 resulted in the increase of investment from 60 thous. tons in 1842 to 168 thous. tons in 1852), costs, delays in the construction of Mine Frenštát, and and the importance of Mining Railway that was put a non-fulfilment of plans for the concentration of mines into operation in December 1862 (production of about as outlined by the 2nd General Development Plan of OKR 610 thous. tons in 1862 increased to ca. 1200 thous. Development prepared in 1980. tons in 1872). Total production of the mining district was then further increasing to reach 6 million tons at The period from 1992 – 2000 was characterized by the the beginning of the 20th century and over 10 mil. tons transformation of planned socialist economy to market in 1930. The crisis of the 1930s showed in a production economy and by the downsizing of coal extraction due to fall to less than 8 mil. tons in 1935. During World War the reduced demand of coal on the part of both domestic II, the total production of the district increased again companies and exports. In this period of time, all mines and reached over 20 million tons in 1943 – the volume of the Ostrava and Petřvald parts of the mining district that was achieved again as late as in 1959. were closed together with one mine (Mine František) in the Karviná part and one mine (Mine Paskov) in the The OKR development in the post-war period can be southern part of the district. characterized by several stages resulting both from the economic and political development of the country and Total amount of coal extracted in OKR from 1782 from the technical development of mining mechanisms – 1945 was more than 500 million tons and nearly 1100 and requirements of occupational safety. million tons of coal were extracted from 1945 – 2000. This indicates that a total amount of bituminous The period from 1945 – 1955 was marked by the coal extracted in OKR from 1782 to 2000 was 1.6 restoration of mining operations after the war economy. milliard tons – of these about 635 million tons in It was necessary to find new labour force, to replace the Ostrava part of the mining district, which is technical equipment taken away from the country now completely closed. by Germans, and to quickly prepare coal supplies for exploitation. Heavy industries were nationalized OKR production of waste rock was systematically and considerable organizational changes took place monitored only from 1963. For older periods of time including fusions of mine enterprises. The first General an approximate construction of the parameter had to Development Plan of OKR with a perspective plan of be made by using the data on raw extraction, volumes mining district development until 1965 was prepared of preparatory works driven and waste rock volumes in 1951 – 1953. from the investment construction – if the indicators were available. Years from 1956 – 1965 represented a period of intensive investment building of new mines and reconstruction of the The calculation of interpolation data until 1963 is existing ones. An engineering organization was founded missing the initial figures from 1945 or from the under the name of Báňské projekty (Mining projects), period of 1946 – 1950 when developments of new and there were other supportive enterprises (Báňské floors – delayed due to the war – were launched and/or strojírny, Ostroj) and research organizations (Scientific deepening along with the excavation of new pits. The and Technical Institute of Coal, Mining Research and calculation of waste production until 1956 was made Safety). Coal extraction was ensured by extensive methods, by extrapolation through extraction for sales increased steel reinforcement was introduced in working faces for by 20 % to raw extraction. The percentage corresponds the mechanization of which winning machines and cutter to the series when its value was 21.2 % in 1956, 23.9 % loaders were imported from the Soviet Union. in 1960, and then it gradually further increased up to more than 50 %. The value of 20 % until 1956 is The period from 1966 – 1975 was in the first three explained by a relatively cleaner method of extraction years affected by the economical concept focused on with individual support of working faces, by a better oil, accompanied by a slight decrease of production ratio of extracted coal supplies to waste production and by a return to the coal concept several years later. from developments and preparatory works, and by The stage can be characterized by an intensification the restricted construction of new floors and mines of mining processes and by a conspicuous growth of whose intensity developed on the basis of General labour productivity, introduction of sherers and powered Development Plan of OKD 1953. supports, scraper loaders for tunnelling long mine works and belt conveyors, high-performance overhead loaders The growing production of waste in raw extraction had an and roadheaders with boom cutting heads. unfavourable influence on a number of factors of which most important were capacities of mine equipments, After 1975, the performance parameters worsened due to outputs and coal treatment costs, mine equipment wear, political decisions of the management. A release of price performance parameters of coal extraction, ecological

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impacts of waste bank volumes on environment, costs The development of a finalcontour of the subsidence of coal mining and selling prices. basin at the end of mining results from long-term interferences of individual subsidence basins coming to Estimates of extracted waste in the period from existence in the extraction of individual working faces in the beginning of mining in OKR to 1900 are very different coal seams at different times. The result is an approximate. If we base them on an assumption that entirely uncontrollable disturbance of the massif both the amount of extracted waste rock was at about 20 % by subsidence and by a spreading subsidence wave on of coal extraction due to coal mining being in fact made the edge of local cuphole (sagging, strain displacement). by hand before World War II, then the volume of waste A reliable information on the character and intensity extracted in 1782 – 1900 can be estimated at 12 mil. tons. of massif disturbance in individual groups of cover Together with 638 million tons of waste rock since 1991 strata does not exist even today, this applying both until today a total amount of waste rock extracted the the autochthonous massif of the Lower Badenian in OKR at the time of coal mining activities can and at places with developed thick nappes of the West be estimated at nearly 0.65 milliard tons. Carpathians. The large territory affected by coal mining and demarcated by the marginal contour is also a space Availability of serious data on the amount of water that of existing and future building activities both on the flowed into the mine or was pumped out for the entire surface and in the underground. The disturbance of period of mining activities is very problematic even in the massif and even of the Quaternary cover calls for more recent years when the data were included in the a specific approach at the stage of engineering and OKR statistics. The difficulty is given by the fact that geological research. It can be justly assumed that the apart from the natural resources (in OKR Quaternary foundation mode was affected to a lesser or greater water, water from Badenian collectors, water from extent. The level of aquifer can be expected to rise to an aquifers on the contact point of the Carboniferous with elevation of +210 m a.s.l. in several tens of years after the surface deposit, and water of the Carboniferous) the end of coal mining in OKR and after the end of mine there is also technological water brought into the mine water pumping. This may affect even the geotechnical at a considerable amount (required for drilling, wetting properties of the massif due to the change in humidity, etc.), and by the fact that a considerable percentage of with all possible consequences for the foundation humidity is exhausted by mine air, not being measured engineering. The disturbance of massif with small at the mouth of the pumping system of pipes. cover thicknesses can be observed also sporadically at the points of firedamp exits onto the ground surface. It is estimated that an amount of water pumped out from mines of the Ostrava part of the OKR district since Ground surface subsidences and possibilities 1900 was 1644.2 mil. m3. Water amounts pumped out in of using mathematic models the Karviná part of the district and in the souther part of the OKR district from 1947 to 2000 are estimated at Ground surface protection against the impact of mining 248.5 mil. m3 and 13.14 mil. m3, respectively. activities is feasible if a knowledge exists about the shape of subsidence basin (subsidence basin depth – maximum A total amount of water pumped out in OKR mines subsidence, extent of subsidence cuphole and description in the period from 1900 – 2000 is estimated at 2 km3. of its marginal slopes), about the time course of the Dopita et al. (1997) estimate the amount of saline water movement and its reliable prediction. In legal terms, it pumped in the entire period of coal mining in OKR at is namely a determination of the beginning, extent and about 3 km3. end of the impacts of coal mining on the ground surface. In economic terms, it is a coexistence of mining activities 3. Terrain affection by subsidences as a consequence with other anthropogenic activities on the surface. of mass withdrawals from the massif In larger deposits similar to the Czech part of the From the general point of view, the effect of mass Upper-Silesian Basin it is impossible to carry out all withdrawn from the Carboniferous by mining activities measurements required for a detailed description of shows on the ground surface by means of surface deposits. the subsidence basin and its development in time. It is not only the effect of geotechnical properties but It is therefore not possible in the creation of a map also the cover thickness and the morphology of the of subsidences (isolines of subsidences – so called Carboniferous paleorelief that play a role. All these isocatabases, isoareas of subsidences) – with respect mutually complementary map documents are presented to the size of the area in question, undermined areas, in the atlas of maps on deep bituminous coal mining localization of observation points on the surface and downsizing in the Czech part of the Upper-Silesian period of observation – to work only with actually Basin on ground surface and environment (Martinec measured values. The points of terrestrial observatories et al., 2003). are situated in an irregular pattern, only at the places of

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built-up areas, and the determination of their elevations exploitation works were completely finished there (in is as a rule of a relatively short-term validity. 1994) which means that the surface movements diminish or cease to exist. On the other hand, the area of active This is why the ground surface subsidence at a given mines (the Karviná part of the district) may exhibit place or in a whole area of interest is calculated a certain extension of areas affected by subsidence according to a method developed by Budryk-Knothe manifestations as a result of exploitation reaching (in Neset, 1984). marginal parts of the Carboniferous deposit and also with the gradually increasing depth of coal extraction. According to OKD, a.s. IMGE o.z., a total area of all OKR mining spaces in 2000 was 320 km2. The area affected Table 3 presents area representations of four plotted by subsidences, calculated according to the above surface subsidence categories in three monitored time mentioned Knothe‘s method, is demarcated by a zero periods: 1961 – 1989, 1989 – 1999, 1961 – 1999. The 4 isoline of subsidences. This area – affected by surface subsidence categories correspond to the following values: movements (subsidence, horizontal displacement) and 0-0.1 m, 0.1-1.0 m, 1.0-10.0 m and more than 10 m. The subsequent surface deformations (back levelling, radius area pattern of these subsidences (categories) in the of curvature, unit longitudinal strain) as a consequence studied territory follows from Figs 2 and 3. of the manifestation of exploitation activities on the surface- amounted in OKR to a total of 255 km2 in 2000, The Tab. 2 illustrates very well the effect of downsized which represents 80 % of the affected surface within the mining activities in 1990 – 1999 with the category total space of minefields. of maximum subsidences (more than 10 m) being absent, the medium surface subsidence category (1 The area size affected by subsidences in the Ostrava - 10 m) exhibiting a very pronounced decrease (2.4x) part of the district will be reduced in the future since and with a slight decrease of the category of small

Legend 1 2 3 N terrain subsidence > 10

1 – 10

0.1 – 1.0 0 5 10 km

0 – 0.1

Fig. 2: Isoareas of subsidences from exploitation in 1961 – 1989

Legend: 1 – limits of mine areas; 2 – limits of mine areas with the closed-down mining; 3 – zero subsidence line

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Legend 1 2 N 3

terrain subsidence > 10

1 – 10

0.1 – 1.0 0 5 10 km

0 – 0.1

Fig. 3: Isoareas of subsidences from exploitation in 1990 – 1999 Legend: 1 - limits of mine areas; 2 - limits of mine areas with the closed-down mining; 3 - zero subsidence line subsidences (0.1 - 1.0 m). In contrast, the category of quantitative decrease of the burden on the area in question minimum subsidences (0 - 0.1 m) shows a consipicuous can be seen (1.4x loss in ground surface area with a certain increase (2.6x). subsidence) (Hortvík in Martinec et al., 2003).

Area representation in km2 of surface subsidence categories in the studied periods of time Period of time in years Subsidence in meters 1961 – 1989 1990 – 1999 1961 – 1999 0-0.1 43.3 79.2 48.7 0.1-1 115.5 73.1 119.0 1-10 91.5 27.1 100.5 >10 0.9 0.0 3.9 SUMA 251.3 179.4 272.1

Tab. 2: Areas of surface subsidence categories in the studied periods of time

Thus, it follows from the analysis that the decrease of The area representation of ground surface subsidence montane activities in 1990 – 1999 as compared with the categories in the periods under study gives a good picture period of 1961 – 1989 showed in a qualitatively lower of subsidence basin volume, or – more precisely – sum burden on the surface (in terms of the size of ground of the volumes of partial subsidences on the ground surface subsidences). In the same period of time, a surface (Tab. 3). The volume figures are demarcated

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from the horizontal plane fitted with a zero isocatabase of the calculation model. In the case of Budryk-Knothe‘s up to the body delineated within the space by individual method it can be claimed that the calculated vertical isocatabases. The Data in Tab. 3 are based on maps in movements in the internal part of the subsidence Figs. 2 and 3 (Isoareas of ground surface subsidences basin are greater as compared with actually measured from exploitation in 1961 – 1989 and 1990 – 1999). subsidences while the calculated subsidences on the

Time period under study 1961 – 1999 1961 – 1989 1990 – 1999

Size of subsidence basin (km3) 0.434 0.349 0.085

Open space in OKR rock massif developed due to coal mining 0.627 0.508 0.119 (km3)

Tab. 3: Subsidence basin size and extracted amounts in periods under study

A comparison of the share of subsidence basin size edge of the basin are lower than those measured in in the given period and the extracted amount of coal reality, i.e. that the calculated subsidence basin is in in the same period gives approximately an coefficient reality of a larger extent. The disproportion manifests of 0.7 which corresponds to the compaction of rock at places with the existing thick cover of Carboniferous massif after exploitation close-down in the affected deposits where ground surface subsidences measured body demarcated by the deepest exploited coal-bed by in practice often reach outside the contour line of the means of corresponding critical angles of the effect and calculated subsidence basin. One of such localities is the surface (Hortvík in Martinec et al., 2003). for example Mine Staříč.

As mentioned above, the calculated subsidences do not Exploitation in the mining space of Staříč started always answer to actual ones due to the generalization in 1970. This was also the period of the beginning

Parameter OKR – Ostrava part Coal beds 86 extractable in the Ostrava group of strata (Dopita et al., 1997)

Coal-bed thickness Av. 0.73 m (Seam Mohutný 2 – 4 m)

Depth of underground exploitation Av. over 700 m, Mine Ostrava in 1991 – 1088 m below surface

Accompanying rocks claystones, siltstones, sandstones, conglomerates

Risks in the course of operation blow-outs, water burst, CH4, vibrations Beginning of exploitation 1776 – award of first mining claims

End of exploitation 1992, 1993

Total amount of extracted coal 635 mil. tons

Waste rock ca. 230 mil. tons

Pumped water ca. 1644 mil. m3

Affected area 130 km2

Average terrain subsidence 3.96 m

Maximum terrain subsidence 10 m

Affected massif 91.0 km3 (affected area x av. depth, resp. x maximum depth) max. 141.4 km3 423 mil. m3 (coal); 92 mil. m3 (waste); 515 mil. m3 Extracted materials (coal + waste) = TOTAL ca. 0.5 km3 CH emissions, seismic effects, after effects of subsidences, Ground surface hazards after the end of mining 4 changes of superficial watercourses

Burdens waste banks, burning and burnt-out spoil heaps, settling pits

Tab. 4: Some parameters of the Ostrava part of the OKR district

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of repeated periodical levelling measurements of due to deep coal mining. It is usually not a single state levelling lines running across the area of the reason why the measures are required (flood protection, Staříč mining space. The control of actually measured increased flow profile capacity, ensurance of slope and subsidences and subsidences calculated from actually direction stability of the watercourse, change in the broken areas by methods of preliminary calculations layout of outflow channels, possibly also ensurance of revealed that the measured subsidences wer area drainage). An assessment of the urgency of reasons considerably smaller than the calculated ones – in to these measures after a lapse of time is usually very fact by about a half-size. The preliminary calculation difficult (Brosch, 2005). of undermining effects made use of data from working faces mined within the extraction space of the Mine A map of watercourses and water surfaces on a scale Staříč for 1970 – 2000, prepared by ODMG of Paskov of 1:50 000 with the designation of categories of Mine (Schenk, 2001). Table 4 presents some parameters their impact by undermining (I to III) and with the from the Ostrava part of the OKR district. differentiation of water surfaces according to their relation to OKD water management is together with 4. Impacts of mining activities on surface explanatory notes presented by Maníček (in Martinec watercourses and water reservoirs et al., 2003).

Stream regulation is sometimes motivated by a need to Figure 4 brings a differentiation of watercourse sections rectify flow changes induced by landscape subsidence according to the rate of interventions into their regime

Legend

N 1 2 3 4 5 6

0 5 10 km

Fig. 4: A map with the outlined sections of affected watercourses Legend:1 – limits of mine areas; 2 – limits of mine areaswith the closed down mining; 3 – watercourse sections of dominant influence; 4 – watercourse sections of accompanying influence; 5 – watercourse sections of marginal influence; 6 – zero subsidence line

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(including complementary facilities) due to coal mining. Economic development in the 19th and namely in the The categories are as follows: 20th century led in the OKR area to a very conspicuous I Sections of dominant influence – i.e. sections in which and dramatic reduction of water surfaces as compared the impact of coal mining and the requirement of with the former pre-industrial situation. At some places subsequent interventions into their regime or it also resulted in a change of the character and nature regulation of their runoff conditions (relaying of of these areas, sometimes even in the transformation channels, technical treatment of channel profile or of their purpose, function and appearance. New water even creation of new watercourses) were dominant surfaces came to existence for the purposes of coal and absolutely conclusive at the time of their treatment plants. Former ponds (e.g. Kuboň in the implementation Paskov exploitation space) were used as settling pits II Sections of accompanying influence – i.e. sections in and waste rock depositories. which the impact of coal mining was one of a range of relatively equal reasons for the implementation Deep coal mining gave rise to a range of internal of regulatory measures on watercourses and their drainage areas which formed a continuous flooding runoff mode of subsidence basins. These inundated areas are at a III Sections of marginal influence – i.e. sections in greater part recultivated with waste rock fillings. An which the coal mining activity had a low or even example is the village of Kunčičky on the confluence of negligible impact on runoff conditions, in which a the and Lučina Rivers in the minefield of Mine dominant reason for the regulatory measures was Zárubek, at the present time the area of Louky in the other than coal extraction, or sections that did not mining space of Mine ČSM. Some drainless basins are require any intervention at all. used as settling pits or left as water surfaces to play a role of landscaping elements.

Watercourse length affected by coal Watercourse 4.1. Impact of water from coal industry on environment mining activities (in km)

ODRA 15.1 Waste water produced by coal industry is an important Porubka 1.9 element affecting the region‘s environment. Waste Opava 0.9 waters consist of mine water, waste water from sewage Černý příkop 5.0 treatment plants, waste water from coking plants and other kinds of water. Ostravice 23.0 Olešná 9.5 Pollution of watercourses was not studied by anybody Lučina 4.8 until World War II. There was no legislative instrument Sušanka 7.0 requiring purification of discharged waters. In the 1950s, watercourses in the studied territory became mere Stružka 10.1 sewers with no sign of life. This applies to the Ostravice Olše 21.5 R. below the discharge from Vratimovské papírny Paper Stonávka 7.9 Mills, to the Odra R. from Zábřeh na Moravě up to the Karvinský potok 8.3 confluence with the Olše R., to the Lučina R. from the discharge opening from Nová huť, to the Olše R. below Celkem 115.0 Třinecké železárny Steel Works, to the Opava R. from Tab. 5: The length of affected watercourses Vávrovice during the sugar-beet campaign, and to some other smaller streams. The pollution by industrial waste water became considerably higher than the pollution by Water surfaces in the territory of the Ostrava-Karviná communal sewage (Brosch, 2005). coal mining district historically consisted of ponds as the terrain was very favourable for their establishment. Fish In 1955, the Water Management Act No. 11/1955 Gaz. ponds and pond systems existing before the industrial came to effect, which substituted the hitherto valid law boom in the region occurred in the following localities: of 1870. But the pollution of watercourses continued in • in the Odra River floodplain from Svinov to spite of protests from the Polish Republic until 1966 Heřmanice, when the Regulation on compensation payments for • on the Ostravice R. from Sviadnov to Kunčičky (up discharge of unpurified sewage waters No. 16/1966 to Moravská Ostrava), Gaz., the Water Act No. 138/1973 Gaz., and the setting • on the Stružka R. from Orlová to Vrbice, of indicators for permissible pollution from 1975 came • on the Olše R. from Louky n.O. to Věřňovice to effect. A visible improvement of water quality in • and partly also fish ponds in the Opava R. from rivers was observed as late as after new investments Děhylov to Hošťálkovice. into sewage water plants in 1985. There are two types

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of water produced by the coal mining industry – water Tabášek, 2002). Total amount of water discharged in from coal treatment and coking plants, and mine water 2002 surmounted 3 million m3. Water level in the pit pumped from coal mines. is maintained at about -388 m (according to Adriatic -2 Vertical Datum). The content of sulphate ions /SO4 / Waste water from the coal treatment plants is drained in 2002 amounted to an average of 300 mg.dm-3, the into three-stage purifying sedimentation tanks. The first content of chlorides was about 11550 mg.dm-3. In 2003, stage serves to store sludges, the second stage is for their the content of chlorides decreased to an average of purification. The third stage is used to withdraw pre- 7500 mg.dm-3. Pumped water is discharged directly into treated water which is introduced into water circulation the Ostravice River and the whole process is therefore of sewage treatment plants. monitored (water level in the pit including operating water level, amount of pumped water and concentrations In the 1960s, the production of sludges from the sewage of chlorides and sulphate ions). treatment plants amounted to 800 thousand tons a year. Clarifying basins started to be established to separate Water level in the Žofie water pit is maintained at fine and difficult-to-sediment sludges. Dried out coal – 480 m (according to Adriatic Vertical Datum). This level sludges were used as fuel in the Dětmarovice Power was chosen with respect to the elevation of a possible plant and in households. interconnection between the former Mine Fučík, now flooded, with mines in the Karviná part of the OKR Since the 1950s, phenols were removed from the waste district by means of red-bed bodies (Dvorský, 2000). water of coking plants by means of their adsorption on coal substance while the biological degradation took Anticipated amounts of residual inflows (60 dm3.s-1) place in the clarifying basins. From the 1970s, the waste were not corroborated and the actual residual inflows water from coking plants was purified in dephenolizing are at about 40 dm3.s-1. Water is discharged into the stations. Odra River via the retention reservoir of Heřmanický rybník Pond, which enables a continual pumping There are no coal treatment facilities and coking plants without interruption. The content of sulphate ions in operated now in the Ostrava part of the OKR district and 2002 was on av. 100 mg/dm3, the content of chlorides the settling pits are at a various stage of recultivation fluctuated from ca. 2200 to 10300 mg/dm3 (Michálek, or use. Tabášek, 2002).

Statistic data of the 1980s indicate that a total The issue of the future gradual close-down and flooding production of waste water in OKR amounted of coal mines in the Karviná part of the OKR district to about 65 mil. m3 per year; of this amount, and of the subsequent mutual affection of water mine water for the whole OKR district was ca. regime in the entire OKR district has been worked 20 mil. m3. out in documents of Ostravsko-karvinské doly a.s. Důlní průzkum a bezpečnost Paskov (Dvorský, 2000) 4.2. Discharge of mine water into surface watercourses after up to the planned close-down of the last mine in the the close-down of coal mines in the Ostrava part of the OKR Karviná part of the district after 2030. The time horizon district of the expected course of mine flooding shifts the issue of possible surface affection to a very distant future For security reasons in the so far active mines in the after 2080. The end of pumping in the Žofie water pit Karviná district and to prevent inflows or uncontrollable is considered in some variants after 2020. The end of water overflows from flooded mines in the Ostrava part pumping through the Jeremenko water pit can be of the OKR district a system of water level maintenance estimated only on the basis of actual data on residual was implemented in the flooded mines. The water water amounts inflowing into the liquidated mines surface is maintained at a level which is below the and on the time course of flooding in the liquidated interconnection with active mines in the Karviná part Karviná mines. of the OKR district. For these purposes two water pits were established in OKR – the Jeremenko water pit in A prognosis of development after a total stoppage of the Ostrava part of the district, and the Žofie water pit mining activities in OKR, flooding of all mining spaces in the partial Petřvald basin with the formerly active and close-down of all water pits can be – according to Mine Fučík (Dvorský et al., 1992; 2000). existing expert opinions – seriously prepared only after actual data on the time course of water level increase in Prognoses of total inflow into the Jeremenko water pit the liquidated mines are available. According to Dvorský in 1992 and 1997 were 3201 dm3.s-1 and 220 dm3.s-1, (1992, 2000), a tendency is observed in the liquidated respectively (Fasolo, 2003). Actual inflow after the start mine operations to get flooded to the elevation of +210 m of pumping in 2001 was about 100 dm3.s-1 (Michálek, (according to Adriatic Vertical Datum).

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The above facts show that the only impact on coal dust. Waste rock types also include fine-grain environment in the Ostrava part of the OKR district flotation sludges and coal sludges developing as a by mine water pumping is the discharge into surface product of advanced coal treatment technologies, which watercourses – into the Ostravice R. directly from are deposited together with the technological water in the Jeremenko water pit, and into the Odra R. via an sedimentation basins. equalization basin. The room capacity of Jeremenko water pit is sufficiently large, enabling retention of Waste rocks remain on spoil heaps and in ground bodies water amount required in a restricted or even stopped as a permanent component of environment even after discharge into the Ostravice R. the close-down of the coal mine. Hazardous may become waste banks with advanced oxidation of coal matter, It follows from the estimated amounts of pumped water burning waste banks and spoil heaps with the gradual in the Ostrava part of the OKD district that the mines downsizing of thermal activity. Burning spoil banks occurring in this area (including Mine Fučík) pumped represent a thread by emissions of dust, steam, gases more than 13 million m3 per year in the last years of and organic pollutants for several tens of years. A local their activity. The above data show that the amounts of risk may rise due to the dissolving of secondary minerals water pumped by the Jeremenko and Žofie water pits from a cooled-down spoil bank. Burnt-out waste banks in 2002 were less than 3.5 million m3 which is about may represent a danger of slope stability disturbance 27 % of the former amount. Contents of monitored (land slides) and more intensive washing out of salts into substances recorded a marked decrease, too. A further waters. The contamination of surface and underground scum washing can be expected due to the enclosure waters in the vicinity of burning and burnt-out waste of affluents from the lower water-bearing sources banks with chlorides and sulphates is a serious problem and prevailing inflow of sweet Quaternary water. In that calls for a solution. spite of the continuing pumping through water pits the downsizing of coal minining activities in the Ostrava part Settling basins for flotation and coal sludges of the OKR district resulted in a substantial reduction of water amounts discharged into watercourses and thus to Water management of mines also includes the settling a general quality improvement of water in them. basins. The topography of basins in a map (1:50 000) and their description were published by Latová (in Martinec 5. Waste banks, settling pits of flotation and coal et al., 2003). The balance of coal sludges and flotation sludges as a permanent load of the mining tailings until 1996 was presented by Dopita, Martinec landscape in OKR and Černý (in Dopita et al., 1997), the capacity and areas of settling pits in OKR was described by Hlavatá Waste rock types are defined in the former ON 44 0001 (2001). Preparation plants in the Ostrava part of the (1966) as rocks surrounding or penetrating into the OKR district were closed down after 1989 within the seam of utility minerals, not containing the utility programme of downsizing. Remaining preparation mineral or containing it at an amount insufficient for its plants experienced an extensive refurbishment which industrial processing. Waste rock types in OKR include resulted in a reduction of sludge volumes to less than conglomerates, sandstones to grawacks, siltstones and 10 %. The settling pits are gradually recultivated. The claystones with dispersed coal matter and coal residues recultivation of settling pits is as a rule difficult with at a different stage of coalification and admixture of respect to their physical properties and high moisture other secondary materials such as wood, iron, cables, content. Underground waters in the surroundings of construction materials, etc. these settling pits are often contaminated.

From the viewpoint of Waste Law (Act No. 185/2001 6. Conclusion Gaz. on wastes), wastes in the case of waste banks and settling pits are referred to as the wastes from The paper brings an analysis of some most severe mining activities. According to § 2 these waste types impacts resulting from 200 years of intensive deep coal are exempted from the effect of the Waste Law and mining in the OKR district on environment and on the belong in the effect of the Mining Law (Act. No. 44/1988 ground surface after the close-down of coal mines in Gaz. as amended). The rock mixture on a waste bank the Ostrava part of the district. After a period of ca. 10 consists both of cover rocks (a relatively small part) years since the close-down of the coal mines some of the and Carboniferous rocks (conglomerates, sandstones impacts can be evaluated as follows: and grawacks, arcoses, siltstones and claystones from • Mining activites led to the displacement of coal, excavation of pits, tunnelling and rocks accompanying rocks, gases and water from the place of their the coal seams. A specific feature of Carboniferous geological occurrence to the ground surface. While tailings is the fact that they contain both coal matter coal (including ash) was the subject of use right finely dispersed in the rocks and loose fragments and on the spot (coal, coke) or at remote places (power

24 Vol. 13, 2/2005 Moravian geographical Reports

plants, steel works, households), methane from the agents than the mining activities, and possible ventilation of coal mines leaked into the atmosphere interventions and stream regulations will follow or was used for degasation. The pumped industrial out of different reasons. A permanent consequence water left the territory in watercourses without of terrain subsidences is however the extension of any residues. Tailings on spoil banks and tailings possible inundation areas during floods. that have become a part of construction works • Pollution of surface watercourses with waste water (communications, ground bodies, river dams) from coal industry has a decreasing trend both have remained in the region which is going to be due to the decreasing content of salts in the so far permanently affected by them. pumped mine water from water pits and thanks to • Methane emissions to the ground surface continue. the refurbishment of coal cleaning processes and Areas were classified as dangerous and endangered sewage water treatment plants. by emissions, some of them are subjected to technical • One of terrain subsidence consequences is the measures and monitoring. With respect to the fact development of internal drainage basins that were that the phenomenon in question is of geological in the past used as settling pits and which are at the nature, emphasized by the massif disturbance due present time recultivated by filling with waste rock to coal mining activity, the factor must be taken into or conserved as water surfaces in the landscape. account even in the far distant future. • Waste banks continue to be a permanent burden of the • Surface deformations developed in the area with landscape. They represent a potential geochemical closed-down coal mining due to undermining tend risk by atmosphere and water contamination in case to a gradual stabilization accompanied by a calming- of their fire or low-temperature oxidation. The issue down of the rock massif. The stabilization can be should be paid enough attention also in the future. expected in several tens of years. • Surface watercourses in areas with closed-down coal mining will be in the future affected by other

References: BROSCH, O. (2005): Povodí Odry, Anagram 2005. DOPITA, M. et al. (1997): Geologie české části hornoslezské pánve. Ministerstvo životního prostředí České republiky. DRAGON, V. (2003): Možné způsoby snížení rizik výstupu karbonského plynu na povrch v OKR. Uhlí, rudy, geologický průzkum No. 7/2003, p. 3-6. DVORSKÝ, J. et. al. (1992): Nakládání s důlními vodami při utlumování dolů ostravské dílčí pánve OKR. Studie, DPB Paskov a.s. DVORSKÝ, J. (2000): Řešení problematiky nakládání s důlními vodami při likvidaci dolů v karvinské dílčí pánvi. Sborník 10. mezinárodní konference Hornická Ostrava 2000, p. 294-308. ELIÁŠ, M. (2001): Studie vývoje vněkarpatských příkrovů a autochtonních pokryvných útvarů (miocénu) v dobývacím prostoru Paskov a Staříč v měřítku 1:50 000. Interní zpráva k programupodpory cíleného výzkumu a vývoje AVČR, No. IBS3086005 „Vliv útlumu hlubinného hornictvína děje v litosféře a životní prostředí“. Knihovna ÚGN Ostrava. FASOLO, P. (2003): Výstavba vodní jámy Jeremenko. Hornický zpravodaj 1. čtvrt. 2003. Klub přátel hornického muzea OKD v Ostravě. HLAVATÁ, M. (2001): Vývoj ploch odkališť v OKR v závislosti na technologii čistění odpadních vod z úpraven uhlí. Sborník mezinárodní konference Hornická a pohornická krajina Horního Slezska. VŠB-TU Ostrava. MANÍČEK, J. (2001): Vliv hornické činnosti na povrchové vodoteče. Interní zpráva k programu podpory cíleného výzkumu a vývoje AVČR, No. IBS3086005 „Vliv útlumu hlubinného hornictví na děje v litosféře a životní prostředí“. Knihovna ÚGN Ostrava. MANÍČEK, J. (2002): Ovlivnění vodních ploch v OKR následkem hornické činnosti. Interní zpráva k programu podpory cíleného výzkumu a vývoje AVČR, No. IBS3086005 „Vliv útlumu hlubinného hornictví na děje v litosféře a životní prostředí“. Knihovna ÚGN Ostrava. MARTINEC, P. et al. (2003): Atlas map vlivu útlumu hlubinné těžby černého uhlí v české části hornoslezské pánve na povrch a životní prostředí. DOCUMENTA GEONICA 2003, Ústav geoniky AVČR Ostrava, 109 pp., CD-ROM s mapami 1:50 000. ISBN 80-86360-36-9. MARTINEC, P. (2003) in Uhelné hornictví v Ostravsko-karvinském revíru, části kapitol 3.2 a 11. ANAGRAM 2003, ISBN 80- 7342-016-3.

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MENŠÍK, E. et al. (1983): Geologie Moravskoslezských Beskyd a Podbeskydské pahorkatiny. Ústřední ústav geologický, nakl. Československé akademie věd, Praha. MICHÁLEK, B., TABÁŠEK, R. (2002): Nakládání s důlními vodami po ukončení těžby v ostravské a petřvaldské části OKR. Uhlí, rudy, geologický průzkum No. 12/2002, p. 7-12. NESET, K. (1984): Vlivy poddolování (Důlní měřičství IV), 1. vyd., Praha SNTL, 344 pp. ISBN 04-406-84. SCHENK, J. (2001): Zpřesnění predikce vlivů poddolování v OKR. Sborník prací Vysoké školy báňské. Specification of prediction of undermining effects in Ostrava-Karvina coalfield. Technické univerzity Ostrava, No. 1, Vol. XLVII, řada hornicko- geologická. TAKLA, G., KRÁL, V.(1999): Průzkum a zajištění staveb na území s výstupy metanu. In: Stavby na poddolovaném území v současných podmínkách (Sborník konference). Dům techniky Ostrava s.r.o., Fakulta stavební VŠB-TU, p. 91-99. Ostrava. Kolektiv autorů (2003): Uhelné hornictví v Ostravsko-karvinském revíru. ANAGRAM 2003, 564 pp. ISBN 80-7342-016-3. Kamenouhelné doly Ostravsko-karvinského revíru I-IV Moravská Ostrava 1928 – 1931. 1. Generel OKR (1953) – koncepce rozvoje Ostravsko karvinského revíru do roku 1965. Archiv OKD Ostrava. MS. 2. Generel OKR (1980) – koncepce rozvoje Ostravsko karvinského revíru na dalších 40-50let. Archiv OKD Ostrava, MS. Zákon o vodním hospodářství č. 11/1955 Sb. Vyhláška o placení náhrad za vypouštění nečištěných odpadních vod č. 16/1966 Sb. Zákon o vodách č. 138/1973 Sb. Zákon č. 185/2001 Sb. o odpadech. Zákon č. 44/1988 Sb. (horní zákon). ON 44 0001 (1966).

Authors´ addresses: Prof. Ing. Petr MARTINEC, CSc. Academy of Sciencies of the Czech Republic Institute of Geonics, Studentská 1768, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic e-mail: [email protected]

Ing. Božena SCHEJBALOVÁ Academy of Sciencies of the Czech Republic Institute of Geonics, Studentská 1768, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic e-mail: [email protected]

Ing. Karel HORTVÍK, PhD. Academy of Sciencies of the Czech Republic Institute of Geonics, Studentská 1768, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic e-mail: [email protected]

Ing. Jiří MANÍČEK Povodí Odry, s.p. Varenská 49, 701 26 Ostrava, Czech Republic

Reviewer: Prof. Ing. Milaslav DOPITA, DrSc.

26 Vol. 13, 2/2005 Moravian geographical Reports

DOWNSIZING OF DEEP COAL MINING IN THE OSTRAVA-KARVINÁ COALFIELD, THE DRAINING OF MINE AND WASTE WATERS, AND WATER QUALITY IN WATERCOURSES

Stanislav ONDRÁČEK

Abstract

An assessment of the impacts of deep coal mining downsizing in the Ostrava-Karviná Coal Mining District (OKR), from the perspective of mine water discharge, is presented in this paper. The amount of mine water and waste water discharged from the coal mines into water streams was gradually decreasing, as a result of the closing-down of mine operations and with the end of coal mining, in a number of OKR localities. This brought about a decrease in dissolved anorganic salts, which were introduced into watercourses along with the mine water. The changes were reflected in the water quality of the streams. In the second half of the 1990s, the content of chlorides exhibited a marked decrease in the Ostravice River (Ostrava-Muglinov), in the Odra River (Bohumín), and in the Lučina River (Slezská Ostrava). In order to protect the still-active coal mines from flooding, however, it was necessary to start pumping the mine water from the enclosed coal mines again. The water is discharged into the Ostravice R. in Ostrava. Hence, an increase was observed in the content of chlorides once again in the Ostravice and Odra Rivers after 2000. In comparison, the changes in the content of sulphates in water streams are different. After 1993, the content of sulphates began to gradually decrease to one half of the values recorded at the beginning of the 1990s.

Shrnutí

Útlum hlubinného hornictví v Ostravsko-karvinském revíru, vypouštění důlních a odpadních vod a jakost vody ve vodních tocích

Článek se zabývá posouzením útlumu hlubinného hornictví v Ostravsko-karvinském revíru (OKR) z hlediska problematiky vypouštění důlních vod. V souvislosti s uzavíráním důlních provozů a s ukončením těžby uhlí na řadě lokalit OKR postupně kleslo množství důlních vod a odpadních vod vypouštěných doly do vodních toků. Snížilo se tak i množství rozpuštěných anorganických solí, které se s důlními vodami dostávaly do vodních toků. Tyto změny se projevily v jakosti vody v tocích. V druhé polovině 90. let 20. století významně klesl obsah chloridů v Ostravici v Ostravě-Muglinově, v Odře v Bohumíně a v Lučině ve Slezské Ostravě. Z důvodů ochrany aktivních dolů před zatopením bylo ovšem nutné začít znovu čerpat důlní vodu z uzavřených dolů. Tato voda je vypouštěna do Ostravice v Ostravě. Po roce 2000 se proto obsah chloridů v Ostravici a Odře opět zvětšil. Odlišný je vývoj obsahu síranů ve vodních tocích. Po roce 1993 začal obsah síranů postupně klesat až na polovinu hodnot ze začátku 90. let.

Key words: OKR (Ostrava-Karviná Coal Mining District), downsizing deep coal mining, mine water, chlorides and sulphates in water streams

1. Introduction environment are versatile and are also reflected in the fact that quantities of mine and waste waters drained Assessment of downsizing of the deep coal mining in by the mines into the watercourses drop step by step in the Ostrava-Karviná Coal mining district (OKR) from connection with closing of deep coal sites and terminated the point of the issue of mine and waste water draining extraction in a number of OKR localities. Draining of into watercourses was the integral part of the project mine and water waters is monitored within the scope of “Downsizing of Deep Coal Mining and its Impacts on the compiled water balance based on § 22, items 1 and 2 Processes in Lithosphere and Environment” resolved by of the Act No. 254/2001 Coll. on waters (Water Act) and the Institute of Geonics of the Academy of Sciences CR. based on the Regulation of the Ministry of Agriculture Impacts of downsizing of the deep coal mining on the No. 431/2001 Coll., on water balance content, method

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of its compilation and on the data needed for the water of the social and economic transformation, the year balance. Quality of water in watercourses is monitored 1994 – the state after five years and approximately within the framework of the water balance. The report in the mid 1990s and the year 2001 – the state at is focused on brief determination how downsizing of the the beginning of the 21st century and after ten years deep coal mining in OKR found its expression in the of the changes connected with social and economic water balance, i.e. in the related reports. transformation incorporating also downsizing of the deep coal mining in OKR. The deep coal mining sites 2. Draining of mine and waste waters are broken down in the Table by the drained water into watercourses volumes.

Quantities of mine and waste waters drained To form an idea on drained mine and waste water by individual OKR deep coal mining sites into quantities we can state that the volume of 1 million m3 watercourses during the selected years can be seen of water drained during one year into the watercourse in the Tab. 1 below. The Table contains comparison of represents roughly 30 litres per second under the the state in the years 1989, 1994 and 2001. The year condition of uniform and continuous water draining 1989 represents the situation prior to commencement during the whole year. In 1989 – in ten cases of the 29

Year 1989 Year 1994 Year 2001 Drained water Drained water Drained water Name of the mine Name of the mine Name of the mine volumes volumes volumes (No. of disposal) (No. of disposal) (No. of disposal) [thou. m3] [thou. m3] [thou. m3] 1. máj (627493) 3 550.8 Odra (627365) 2 942.2 Dukla (627360) 5 419.9 ČSM (627474) 2 173.3 Dukla (627360) 2 862.8 Darkov (627493) 1 939.2 Vítězný únor (627365) 1 923.6 ČSM (627474) 1 905.6 Lazy (627406) 1 845.7 Dukla (627360) 1 774.1 Darkov (627493) 1 398.5 ČSM (627474) 1 651.5 ČSA-Jan Karel Zápotocký (627406) 1 643.1 ČSA (627484) 1 381.3 1 254.9 (627484) ČSM (627478) 1 603.6 Lazy (627406) 1 228.0 Doubrava (627410) 1 096.5 ČSA (627484) 1 569.6 Zárubek (627364) 1 227.2 Jeremenko (628052) 974.5 Hlubina (627341) 1 200.0 Fučík (627399) 1 048.2 Dukla (627361) 677.9 Fučík (627399) 1 123.8 Fučík (627411) 922.2 Paskov (627320) 510.7 Fučík (627411) 1 099.3 Doubrava (627410) 877.6 Paskov (628631) 215.8 Vítězný únor (627262) 985.5 Jeremenko (628052) 818.4 ČSM (627478) 131.2 Bezruč (627376) 930.0 Odra (627262) 648.0 Staříč (627325) 117.4 Doubrava (627410) 908.1 Paskov (627320) 549.4 ČSM (628209) 100.2 Šverma (627249) 904.0 Staříč (627325) 382.4 Chlebovice (617068) 99.1 Fučík (627362) 550.6 Fučík (627362) 317.1 Darkov (627932) 88.0 Chlebovice (617068) 421.5 Chlebovice (617068) 232.5 Gabriela (627494) 19.9 Zárubek (627364) 396.0 Fučík (627412) 192.0 - - Staříč (627325) 384.1 Heřmanice (627394) 151.0 - - Staříč (627322) 366.0 Fučík (627398) 99.1 - - Mír (627494) 325.8 ČSM (627478) 89.5 - - Rudý říjen (627394) 301.1 Darkov (627932) 47.8 - - Paskov (627320) 206.6 Staříč (627314) 46.8 - - Doubrava (627408) 168.3 Mír (627494) 41.0 - - Staříč (627314) 135.8 Doubrava (627408) 37.6 - - Fučík (627412) 127.3 Doubrava (627491) 19.8 - - Staříč (627315) 126.1 - - - - Fučík (627398) 103.1 - - - - Šverma (627087) 74.8 - - - - Doubrava (627491) 27.3 - - - -

Tab. 1: Comparison of quantities of mine and waste waters drained by OKR deep coal mining sites into watercourses in 1989, 1994 and 2001 by water balance reports

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reported cases of mine and waste water draining from 4. Mine Hlubina the OKR deep coal mining sites the disposed waters exceeded one million m3, in 1994 – in 8 gases of the 25 Stopped activities of the mine resulted in terminated reported ones and in 2001 – in 6 cases of 16 reported water draining from the mine into Ostravice River in ones. In 2001 the annual drained water volumes Ostrava ( 38 l.s-1 on average in 1989). exceeded 5 million m3 in one case; we are speaking about the mine Dukla which drained 5 419 900 m3 5. Mine Bezruč of mine and waste waters (i.e. 172 litres per second on average) into Sušanka (the right-hand affluent Closing of the Mine Bezruč was accompanied by of the Lučina River) in Havířov. The figure above terminated water draining from the mine into Lučina represents only a small fraction of what is drained River in Ostrava ( 30 l.s-1 on average in 1989). by the greatest waste water source in the Ostrava region, by the city of Ostrava. The central waste 6. Mine J. Šverma water treatment plant in Ostrava-Přívoz drained as many as 37 037 900 m3 (1 174 l.s-1) of waste waters Closing of the mine led to the following positive results: into Odra River in 2001. From the Tab. 1 it follows on the one side terminated draining of lower water that the mines Dukla, Darkov (former 1. máj), ČSM quantities (2.4 l.s-1 on average in 1989) into Odra River and the Mine Odra before its closing (former Vítězný in Ostrava, roughly 700 meters upstream its junction únor) were the greatest sources of mine and waste with the river Opava and on the other side terminated waters from deep coal mining activities in OKR in draining of much more larger water quantities (29 l.s-1 the 1990s. on average in 1989) located on the river Odra by ca 3 km downstream, by the Lhotecký weir. In connection with downsizing of the deep coal mining in OKR the following mine and waste waters from the 7. Mine Heřmanice (former Rudý říjen) deep coal mining sites were no more drained into the watercourses during the 1990s. Closing of the Mine Heřmanice led to terminated water draining from the mine into Odra River in Ostrava (5 l.s-1 1. Mine Odra (former Vítězný únor) on average in 1994).

Drained the highest mine and waste water quantities The 13 cancelled points of mine and waste water disposal from all closed mines into the watercourses. Its closing from the deep coal mining sites shown above affected led to terminated waste water disposal into Ostravice directly 6 watercourses in total – Odra, Ostravice, River in Ostrava (93 l.s-1 on average in 1994) and also to Lučina, Orlovská Stružka, Petřvaldská Stružka and stopped waste and mine water draining into Odra River Podleský potok (brook). The affection was eliminated in Ostrava (20 l.s-1 on average in 1994). as the consequence of downsizing of the deep coal mining in OKR. The degree of affection differed materially, 2. Mine J. Fučík depending on the watercourse size. In case of small watercourses, e.g. Orlovská Stružka, Petřvaldská During the last period of its activities the mine drained Stružka or Podleský potok (brook), the natural water mine and waste waters into watercourses on five flow of which is of minimum nature only (reaches places. The greatest terminated point of water disposal some tens of litres per second), draining of mine and was in Petřvald, where the mine drained 33 litres of waste water quantities as shown above represented an water per second on average into Petřvaldská Stružka important water flow improvement. But on the other (brook) in 1994. The cancelled point of waste water hand the water flow of such watercourses as Lučina disposal in Orlová was a little bit smaller – the mine (with the average water flow in the station in Ostrava- drained 29 litres of water per second on average into Radvanice of 2.38 m3.s-1), Ostravice (with the average Orlovská Stružka (brook). The point of water disposal water flow in the station in Ostrava of 15.47 3m .s-1) into Podleský potok (brook) in Ostrava-Bartovice or Odra (with the average water flow in the station (10 l.s-1 on average in 1994) was also cancelled. The in Ostrava-Svinov of 13.7 m3.s-1 and in the station in two remaining cancelled points of disposal were of Bohumín of 48.07 m3.s-1) was not affected so much by smaller volumes. draining of the water quantities as above.

3. Mine Zárubek Though the mines in the Ostrava part of the Ostrava- Karviná coalfield were closed, disposal of certain mine Closing of the mine led to terminated draining of mine water quantities still persists in this part of the coalfield, and waste waters into the river Lučina in Ostrava because the groundwater level has to be maintained at (39 l.s-1 on average in 1994). a certain height to prevent water overflow into other

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parts of the coalfield and flooding of active mines (e.g. It follows from comparison of the deep coal mining sites Jelínek, Grmela, 2001). Pumping is carried out in the with other DIS sources that the mining sites prevail former mine Jeremenko in Ostrava. The pumped water materially in the category of the greatest DIS sources. is drained into the river Ostravice. Mine water after- In 1994 of the total number of 171 waste water sources pumping is also one of the consequences of downsized in the Ostrava region, which the data about DIS content deep coal mining in OKR. in waste or mine waters were available for, the category above 10 000 tons of DIS annually accommodated in Increased content of dissolved inorganic salts is the total 9 sources, six of which were represented by the characteristic feature for the mine waters from the mining sites. In 2001 of the total number of 164 waste quality criteria monitored in the water balance reports water sources, which the data were available for, the – in the waters drained into the watercourses. Survey same category accommodated in total six sources, four of the total quantities of dissolved inorganic salts (DIS) of which were represented by the mining sites. drained by individual OKR deep coal mining sites into watercourses can be seen in the Tab. 2 below. The Table Comparison of the state of DIS draining in 1994 and contains comparison of the state in the years 1994 and 2001 reveals that quantities of these substances drained 2001 by the data available in the water balance reports. by the mining sites into the watercourses were reduced

Year 1994 Year 2001

Name of the mine DIS Name of the mine DIS (No. of disposal) [t.y –1] (No. of disposal) [t.y –1] Doubrava (627410) 29 936.69 ČSM (627474) 19 758.55 Fučík (627399) 27 724.89 ČSA-Jan Karel (627484) 14 776.45 ČSA (627484) 24 266.68 Doubrava (627410) 12 363.04 ČSM (627474) 24 143.95 Dukla (627361) 12 185.25 Odra (627365) 15 358.28 Lazy (627406) 2 394.80 Jeremenko (628052) 12 415.13 Dukla (627360) 2 036.80 Fučík (627411) 4 659.88 Darkov (627493) 1 347.74 Dukla (627360) 3 964.98 ČSM (627478) 84.95 Paskov (627320) 2 684.37 Darkov (627932) 25.87 Zárubek (627364) 1 986.84 ČSM (628209) 24.25 Lazy (627406) 1 758.50 Staříč (627325) 21.13 Darkov (627493) 1 320.18 Gabriela (627494) 5.11 Fučík (627412) 880.51 - - Heřmanice (627394) 875.65 - - Odra (627262) 769.18 - - Staříč (627325) 233.26 - -

Tab. 2: Quantities of dissolved inorganic salts drained by OKR mine sites into watercourses in 1994 and 2001 by water balance reports

The Tab. 2 differentiates quite clearly at first sight materially in connection with downsizing of the deep the category of deep coal mining sites – the greatest coal mining in OKR. The greatest change in the period sources of DIS draining over 10 000 tons of these between the years of 1994 ad 2001 with respect to DIS substances annually. In 1994 the Mine Doubrava draining into watercourses is represented by closing drained the highest DIS quantities of all mining sites of the Mine Fučík. This mine drained mine and waste (29 937 tons). From all other waste water sources waters into three watercourses in five points in total registered in the whole studied territory of the Ostrava (into Petřvaldská Stružka, into Orlovská Stružka and region, incl. those not related to the mining activities, into Podleský brook, a short right-hand affluent of the higher DIS quantities were drained in 1994 by the river Lučina flowing into it on the eastern Ostrava pulp mill Biocel Paskov only (35 612 tons). In 2001 outskirts). Terminated activities in the Mine Fučík led the highest DIS quantities were drained by the Mine to reduced DIS volumes particularly in Petřvaldská ČSM (19 759 tons). Greater sources of DIS in 2001 Stružka. A material drop of DIS quantities drained were only Biocel Paskov (20 081 tons) and the central into the watercourses was recorded after the Mine Odra waste water treatment plant of the city of Ostrava (former Vítězný únor) was closed. The Mine drained DIS (24 445 tons). particularly into Ostravice River in Ostrava.

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3. Water quality in watercourses with respect characterize the sliding two-year periods, starting by to the criteria affected mostly by deep coal mining the period of 1988 – 1989 and ending by 2002 – 2003.

activities The characteristic values C90 are calculated on the basis of the results of water analyses granted by the Czech Downsizing of the deep coal mining in OKR and/or Institute of Hydrometeorology. changes in drained mine water quantities found expression (to a certain degree) particularly in the From the Tab. 3 above it follows that chloride content values of such water quality parameters like content in the river Ostravice, in the control profile Ostrava- of chlorides and content of sulphates. The Tab. 3 below Muglinov, and in the river Odra, in the control profile shows values of these parameters in the highest control Bohumín, dropped materially in the second half of the profiles of the state network of water quality monitoring 1990s. Due to the fact that the mine water was no more in watercourse of the Ostrava region since 1988 till pumped out of the closed mines in the Ostrava part 2003, i.e. in the continuous period of 16 years. The of the Ostrava-Karviná Coalfield, the underground Tab. 3 reflects step by step changes of the criteria in spaces of these mines began to be flooded progressively the period of social and economic transformation after again. In 2001 the water reached the level when it was the year 1989 which also comprises downsizing of the necessary to restart its pumping to protect the active deep coal mining. The time series shown in the Tab. 3 mines from being flooded. The pumping is carried out contain the characteristic values of the criteria, which in the former Mine Jeremenko in Ostrava and the are “Classification of Surface Water Quality” according mine water is drained into Ostravice. Therefore after to CSN 75 7221, the values which most probably do not 2000 content of chlorides went up again in the rivers exceed 90 % (C90). Individual values in the time series Ostravice and Odra.

C90[mg.l-1] Watercourse – control profile Two-year Ostravice – period Odra – Bohumín Lučina – Slezská Ostrava Olše – Věřňovice Ostrava-Muglinov chlorides sulphates chlorides sulphates chlorides sulphates chlorides sulphates

1988-1989 285 196 341 310 326 167 1.723 179

1989-1990 282 193 323 335 295 168 1 718 181

1990-1991 236 191 293 327 277 178 1 799 185

1991-1992 303 243 290 318 167 183 2 096 201

1992-1993 308 243 327 318 325 213 2 216 162

1993-1994 267 212 326 252 329 213 2 067 131

1994-1995 159 183 180 189 313 172 1 512 145

1995-1996 151 159 100 203 184 145 1 578 173

1996-1997 129 145 103 196 186 133 1 153 154

1997-1998 121 124 109 174 207 127 1 377 140

1998-1999 78 112 82 158 197 119 1 558 137

1999-2000 84 104 78 146 188 108 1 300 138

2000-2001 94 101 159 145 188 102 1 177 122

2001-2002 103 100 396 134 94 100 959 108

2002-2003 188 131 394 176 101 114 1 365 117

Tab. 3: Characteristic values C90 of chloride and sulphate content in watercourses of the Ostrava region in the highest control profiles in the period of 1988 – 2003

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By the end of the 1980s and in the first half of the 1990s fact that it is the water of the worst quality class 5 has the content of chlorides and/or its characteristic value not been changed anyhow. -1 C90 often exceeded the level of 300 mg.l in the river Ostravice, in the control profile Ostrava-Muglinov. With As far as the content of sulphates in watercourses is respect to ČSN 75 7221 “Classification of Surface Water concerned, the Tab. 3, showing four control profiles Quality” we are therefore speaking about the water of polluted to the maximum degree, proves that Ostravice quality class 4, i.e. the water polluted heavily. At the River has the highest content of sulphates. In the control same time the emission limit (standard) determined by profile on this river in Ostrava-Muglinov sulphate the “Government Decree No. 61/2003 Coll. on Ratios and content is roughly by one half higher for the whole Values of Permitted Surface and Waste Water Pollution” monitored period compared with all other three profiles. was exceeded here, which limit amounts to 250 mg.l-1 Till 1993 content of sulphates and/or its characteristic for content of chlorides. The values went down after value C90 in the profile above ranged closely above the 1994, at first by one half and then, by the end of the emission limit, which is 300 mg-l-1 according to the 1990s, up to one half of the values from the beginning Government Decree No. 61/2003 Coll., i.e. somewhere of the 1990s. In the period of 1998 to 2000 the content of in the mid quality class 4 determined by the values chlorides was even reduced below 100 mg.l-1 and water 250 – 400 mg.l-1. We are speaking about the water in the river was thus switched to the 1st, i.e. the highest polluted heavily. After 1993 content of sulphates began quality class with respect to this indicator. After the to drop successively. By the end of the 1990s and at the year 2001 content of chlorides went again up nearly to beginning of the 21st century the content of sulphates -1 -1 the value of C90 400 mg.l and water quality was again was by one half lower and reached the value of 150 mg.l , returned to the class 4. i.e. the border of quality classes 2 and 3.

The development of the content of chlorides in the Similar changes took place in the river Odra, control Odra River, control profile Bohumín, is similar a single profile Bohumín, with the single difference that content difference being the fact that after 2000 the content of sulphates is here roughly by one third lower than in of chlorides did not show such a marked increase not Ostravice (Ostrava Muglinov). By the end of the 1980s reaching the value of 200 mg.l-1 yet and water in the and at the beginning of 1990s the content of sulphates nd river is now in the 2 class of quality with respect to and/or its characteristic value C90 ranged in Odra (in this parameter, i.e. polluted only moderately. Bohumín) in the mid quality class 3 (or slightly above) determined by the values of 150 to 250 mg.l-1. After 1994 Development of the content of chlorides in the river, content of sulphates began to drop here successively Lučina, the control profile Slezská Ostrava, differs from up to one half of the values from the beginning of the the preceding two control profiles mentioned above. 90th. With respect to content of sulphates water is here During the predominant part of the first half of the in the quality class 2, determined by the values of 80 1990s the content of chlorides ranged above the value to 150 mg.l-1, i.e. the water is polluted only moderately 300 mg.l-1 or close below the value, i.e. at the border of by sulphates. Content of sulphates and its development quality classes 3 and 4 and above the emission limit is similar in the river Lučina, in the control profile of 250 mg.l-1. After 1994 content of chlorides is of Slezská Ostrava and in the river Olše, the control continuously ascending nature. Since 2001 it ranges profile Věřňovice. round the value of 100 mg.l-1, i.e. on the border of the quality classes 1 and 2. 4. Conclusion

Content of chlorides in the river Olše, the control profile Quantities of mine waters drained into the watercourses Věřňovice, is several times higher compared with the have been reduced in connection with downsizing of the profiles in the rivers Odra, Ostravice and Lučina. In deep coal mining in OKR. The material drop results the river Olše basin the deep coal mining has not been particularly from closing of the Mine Odra (former reduced materially yet and therefore drop of content of Vítězný únor) and the Mine Fučík. (The Mine Odra chlorides in this river is not so explicit in the course of drained on average 113 litres of water per second into the 1990s. In the first half of the 1990s the content of the watercourses in 1994 and the Mine Fučík – 81 litres chlorides ranged roughly in the interval from 1 700 to of water per second in the same year). Quantities of 2 200 mg.l-1, i.e. exceeded materially both the emission dissolved inorganic salts drained with the mine waters limit (250 mg.l-1) and the limit value determining the into the watercourses have been reduced as well. These 5th, i.e. the worst quality class (450 mg.l-1). With respect changes found their expression in quality of water in the to this parameter we are speaking about the water watercourses. In the second half of 1990s century content polluted heavily. After 1994 the content of chlorides of chlorides dropped materially in the river Ostravice, in was reduced even here and in the period from 1995 till Ostrava-Muglinov, in Odra River – in Bohumín and in 2003 it ranged roughly from 1 000 to 1 500 mg.l-1. The Lučina River – in Slezská Ostrava. In order to protect

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the active mines from flooding, the mine water had to be Acknowledgement: re-pumped from the closed mines. The water is drained into Ostravice River in Ostrava. After 2000 content of The paper has been written within the bounds of the chlorides went therefore up again in the river Ostravice Project of Targeted Research No. IBS 3086005 and and Odra. Development of the content of sulphates in the the research project of the Institute of Geonics of the watercourses differs. After 1993, the content of sulphates Academy of Sciences CR AVOZ30860518. began to drop successively up to one half of the values from the beginning of the 1990s.

References: DVORSKÝ, J. (1998): Řešení hydrogeologické problematiky při likvidaci dolů ostravské dílčí pánve v ostravsko-karvinském revíru. Vodní hospodářství, Vol. 48, No. 8, p. 210-212. GRMELA, A., DVORSKÝ, J., HANZLÍK , J. (2001): Současné problémy a nové trendy v důlní hydrogeologii. Vodní hospodářství, Vol. 51, No. 8, p. 225-226. JELÍNEK, P., GRMELA, A. (2001): Vývoj změn chemismu důlních vod v závislosti na zatápění Ostravské dílčí pánve v OKR. In: Hydrogeologie-multidisciplinární pojetí oboru. Sborník z XI. národního hydrogeologického kongresu. Ostrava, 2001. CD.

Author´s address: RNDr. Stanislav ONDRÁČEK Academy of Science of the Czech Republic Institute of Geonics, Branch Brno Drobného 28, 602 00 Brno, Czech Repubic [email protected]

Reviewer:

Prof. RNDr. Ing. Vladislav KŘÍŽ, DrSc.

33 Moravian geographical Reports 2/2005, Vol. 13

BIOGEOGRAPHICAL AND GEOBIOCOENOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF DEEP COAL MINING AND ITS IMPACTS ON NATURE AND LANDSCAPE IN THE OSTRAVA REGION

Jan LACINA, Tomáš KOUTECKÝ

Abstract

The biota and primarily the vegetation of areas affected by deep coal mining have specific features. Due to relief changes (waste heaps and subsidence), the conditions of an abiotic environment in flat basins and hilly lands have been changed to such an extent that one must incorporate other types of natural potential vegetation than in the past. The actual vegetation typically exhibits numerous synanthropic species, including invasive neophytes. Newly developed relief forms exhibit a spontaneous natural succession, which is in some places influenced and disrupted by forest and agricultural remediation. A comparison between the vegetation cover for surfaces of the anthropogenic relief several tens of years ago and at the present time, showed that the number of species is increasing. Even in this devastated landscape, one can observe a range of localities with high biodiversity, including the occurrence of rare animal and plant species. These localities were demarcated as segments in the skeleton of landscape ecological stability. Based on a comparison of biocoenoses resulting from succession and biocoenoses conditioned by re-cultivation, the authors recommend an interconnection of the two processes, with an emphasis on controlled succession.

Shrnutí

Biogeografické a geobiocenologické aspekty vlivů hlubinného hornictví na přírodu a krajinu Ostravska

Biota, zejména vegetace oblasti ovlivněné hlubinným hornictvím má svoje výrazná specifika. Se změnami reliéfu (odvaly a poklesy) se změnily podmínky abiotického prostředí ploché pánve a pahorkatiny natolik, že je zde nutno počítat s jinými typy přírodní potenciální vegetace než dříve. Aktuální vegetace se vyznačuje velkým počtem synantropních druhů včetně invazních neofytů. Na nově vzniklých tvarech reliéfu probíhá spontánní přirozená sukcese, místy ovlivněná a přerušená lesnickými i zemědělskými rekultivacemi. Ze srovnání vegetačního krytu na plochách antropogenního reliéfu před desítkami let a v současnosti vyplynulo, že počet druhů se zvyšuje. I v devastované krajině lze najít řadu lokalit s vysokou biodiverzitou, včetně výskytu vzácných druhů rostlin i živočichů. Tyto lokality byly vymezeny jako součást kostry ekologické stability krajiny. Na základě srovnání biocenóz vzniklých sukcesí a biocenóz podmíněných rekultivačními akcemi, doporučují autoři oba procesy propojit, s důrazem na řízenou sukcesi.

Keywords: anthropogenic relief, biodiversity, succession, recultivation

1. Introduction natural condition, particularly the representation and Decisive in the evaluation of environment condition is distribution of natural vegetation formations that are to the classification of biota as a set of all wild plants and be compared with the current state. This is the only way animals and their communities. Namely the vegetation how the form and intensity of anthropogenic changes in is a landscape element whose response to environment the biotic component of the landscape can be determined. and its changes is flexible and very palpable. It is a good Important is the study of spontaneous succession on the indicator of environment quality and markedly affects the anthropogenic relief and its comparison with the results landscape pattern. In these terms, the Ostrava-Karviná of recultivation activities. Last but not least, it is also coal-mining district (OKR) is known first of all by the necessary to specify the significance of the area under synanthropic vegetation colonizing a markedly changed study for biodiversity protection and to propose measures relief and soils. However, a starting point for the evaluation for the sustained existence and support of environmentally of landscape and environment changes must be the biota’s favourable phenomena and processes.

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2. Biogeographical characteristics and specific and in the vegetation unit of Querco-Ulmetum. A greater features of the biota part of the area is classified in the vegetation unit of Carici brizoidis-Quercetum which was not determined The Ostrava Basin territory with adjacent hilly lands elsewhere in the Czech territory. Smaller areas (in and uplands has an exceptional geographical location marginal broken hilly lands and uplands) are occupied within the Czech Republic. It is a contact point of by other vegetation units: Carici pilosae-Carpinetum, three sub-provinces of the biogeographical province Tilio-Carpinetum, Carici pilosae-Fagetum, Luzulo- of Central-European deciduous forest – the central Fagetum and Luzulo-albidae-Quercetum petraeae, Polonian sub-province wedging into the Czech territory Abieti-Quercetum. from the North links with the Hercynian sub-province in the West and with the Carpathian sub-province in A more detailed differentiation of the natural potential the South to East. (i.e. forest) vegetation is enabled by the geobiocoenological typification. Important for the formation of the local biota and namely vegetation is the fact that the Ostrava Basin connects 3. Natural condition of geobiocoenoses to the warm Hornomoravský úval (Graben) with the broad depression of Moravská brána (Moravian Gate) The geobiocoenological typification (Zlatník, 1976; which represented an important migration trajectory Buček, Lacina, 1999) classifies natural geobiocoenoses of thermophytic plants during the post-glacial into vegetation tiers, and trophic and hydric ranges. The development and evolution of the vegetation (Šmarda, area under study – situated within the range of altitudes 1956). Thermophytic plant species did not get to this from 194 m a.s.l. (the Olše and Odra R. confluence near area only from the South-West (via a so called Danubial Bohumín) to 661 m a.s.l. (Kubánkov in the Podbeskydská route) but also from southern Poland from the North pahorkatina Hilly Land on the southern edge) – belongs (via a so called Sarmatian route). An excellent example in three vegetation tiers reflecting the harmony between for the occurrence of thermophilic vegetation in the vegetation changes and changes of climatic conditions Ostrava region is the village of Kamenná u Staříče with with the altitude and exposure. A greater part of the an entirely isolated population of the Pontic geoelement area falls in Vegetation Tier 3 which has three variants – Linum flavum growing among other thermophytes, here: the “normal” 3a Oak-Beech vegetation tier in whose conventionalized flower even found a place in the broken hilly lands, 3b Oak-Coniferous Vegetation Tier sign of the mining village of Staříč. with Beech in the flat basin (with typical inversion phenomena), and 3c Floodplain. This specific basin area The occurrence of mountain species descending into the was formerly classified in the Oak-Coniferous variant of Ostrava Basin mesophytic at an altitude of about 250 m Vegetation Tier 4 (Raušer, Zlatník, 1966; Tichý, 1968) but a.s.l. and into adjacent hilly lands from the oreophytic of since the Ostrava Basin is situated at a lower altitude the Beskids Mts. is however more frequent in the studied than any other basin occurring in the Czech Republic area than that of thermophytes. Most represented and its mean annual temperatures are higher, it should mountain species are Blechnum spicant, Lycopodium be logically classified in Vegetation Tier 3 similarly as annotinum, Lastrea limbosperma, Gentiana asclepiadea, the local broad river floodplains. Communities of the Petasites albus, Veratrum album ssp. lobelianum. There Beech Vegetation Tier 4 can be found only in the broken is even one locality (south of the Těrlicko water reservoir) hilly land to upland in the southern part of the territory, with the occurrence of the species of climax spruce stands which pass into the Fir-Beech Vegetation Tier 4 at the – Streptopus amplexifolius. highest elevations and shaded valleys.

Typical Carpathian plants of the deciduous forests of Trophic categories representing the links of the medium altitudes descending here down to the plain vegetation to mineral supplies and soil reaction are for example Carex pilosa, Isopyrum thalictroides, occurring in the territory under study are as follows: Dentaria glandulosa, Salvia glutinosa and Euphorbia AB oligo-mesotrophic intermediate range, B mesotrophic amygdaloides. range, BD mesotrophico-basic intermediate range, BC mesotrophico-nitrophilous intermediate range, and The specific features of the studied area, namely of the C eutrophico-nitrophilous range. In terms of soil water-logged Ostrava Basin and adjacent flat hilly lands regime moisture dynamics, the flat parts of the area also reflect in the territorial differentiation into units (basin and floodplains) have typically a high share of of potential natural vegetation (Neuhäuslová, Moravec, segments from water-logged and wet hydric ranges (4 (eds.), 1997). Broad river floodplains of Odra, Ostravice – 5). Geobiocoenoses on a more broken relief belong in and Olše Rivers would be occupied by floodplain forests the normal hydric range (3), and smaller segments belonging in the vegetation unit of Pruno-Fraxinetum, of restricted and dry hydric ranges (2 – 1) occur only at some places in combination with Alnion glutinosae, exceptionally e.g. on the rocky slopes of Landek.

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These superstructural units of the geobiocoenological beech (Fagus sylvatica) 25 %, oak (Quercus robur) 25 %, typification (i.e. a certain vegetation tier and a certain alder (Alnus glutinosa) 8 %, linden (Tilia cordata) 4 %, trophic and hydric range) define a framework of Norway spruce (Picea abies) 2 %, other deciduous species certain ecological conditions to which a certain natural - hornbeam (Caprinus betulus), birch (Betula pendula), biocoenosis is bound. The framework is called a group elms (Ulmus sp.), maples (Acer sp.), ash (Fraxinus of geobiocoene types (GGT) and it is designated by main excelsior) etc. only at about 1 %. tree species of the original composition of natural forests. The studied area contains more than 20 GGTs that are The natural condition has been considerably changed listed below by their geobiocoenological formula in which in the course of centuries. The most conspicuous change the first position is for the number of vegetation tier, is seen in the area representation of forests, which fell the second position for letters of the trophic range or deep below the country’s average of 32.8 % – forest cover intermediate range, and the third position for the hydric percentage in the districts of Ostrava-City and Karviná range number. is only 10.1 % and 11.8 %, respectively. The species composition in the remaining forests was markedly a) GGTs of river and stream floodplains: changed with a considerable increase of Norway spruce 3 C (4) 5: Ulmi-fraxineta populi superiora at the cost of beech and fir which nearly disappeared. 3 BC – C (4) 5: Querci roboris-fraxineta superiora A range of introduced tree species were planted. The 3 BC – C (3) 4: Ulmi-fraxineta carpini superiora changes resulted to a certain extent also from coal 3 BC 5: Alni glutinosae-saliceta superiora mining and related activities whose consequences in the 3 – 4 BC – C 4 – 5: Fraxini-alneta inferiora et superiora biota changes cannot be at all times separated from the 3 – 4 BC 4 (5): Fraxini-alneta aceris inferiora et consequences of other anthropogenic impacts, though. superiora 3 B – C 5: Saliceta fragilis inferiora 4. Present situation with a special regard to the changes of biocoenoses and biodiversity b) GGTs of basins and flat hilly lands: 3 AB (3) 4: Abieti-querceta roboris-piceae Changes in the species composition of the biota and inferiora biocoenoses in the studied OKR region are multiple, 3 (A) AB 4: Betuli-querceta roboris superiora both of large- and small-scale character, negative, 3 B – BC (BD) 4: Abieti-querceta roboris-fagi inferiora indifferent but also positive, high synanthropization 3 B – BD (3) 4: Tili-querceta roboris-fagi inferiora of the vegetation with spreading invasive neophytes 3 AB 5: Betuli-alneta superiora being a characteristic feature. Withdrawal of the most 3 B – BC 5: Alneta glutinosae superiora succeptible species due to phyto-toxic air pollution was observed namely in the past. On the other hand, c) GGTs of broken hilly lands and uplands: there were new biotopes coming to existence under 3 B 3: Querci-fageta typica the impact of coal mining and related activities, of 3 BC 3: Querci-fageta aceris which some were colonized by very rare biota, animals 3 BC 1 – 2: Querci-fageta aceris humilia in particular. 3 BD 3: Querci-fageta tiliae 4 AB 3: Fageta abietino-quercina The phyto-toxic air pollution is most likely to be 4 BC 3: Fageta typica the reason of the withdrawal of fir from local forest Fageta paupera stands. Records on the dieback of fir stands in the 4 BC 3: Fageta aceris surroundings of Slezská Ostrava originate already 4 BD 3: Fageta tiliae from the beginning of the second half of the 19th 4 C 3: Tili-acereta fagi century. The woody species commonly occurring in 5 AB 3: Abieti-fageta this region in the past ceased to grow here. Apart 5 B 3: Abieti-fageta typica from the autochthonous Norway spruce, Scots pine and European larch there were other tree species It follows out from the above list that the natural forests artificially introduced into the local forest stands in which occupied nearly the entire territory under study the second half of the 20th century – oak (Quercus were of a diverse tree species composition, differentiated rubra) for broadleaves, pine (Pinus strobus, Pinus according to site conditions. A specific feature of the area nigra) and spruce (Picea pungens) to mention some is the fact that beech, fir and spruce which normally examples of conifers. However, the local forests are occur only at higher altitudes are observed to have in general dominated by the broadleaved tree species descended into the flat basin down to elevations whose representation is very favourable as compared ranging around 250 m a.s.l. Tichý (1968) who studied with the national average (21.7 %). In 1998, the share the area of about the same size estimated its natural of broadleaved species was 62.9 % in the Karviná tree species composition as follows: fir Abies( alba) 35 %, district and 63.5 % in the district of Ostrava-City.

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The effect of phyto-toxic air pollution also contributed Doubrava and Horní Suchá exhibit the occurrence of the to a gradual withdrawal of succeptible epiphytic lichens critically endangered shrub of Carpathian gravel bars which became an important bio-indicator of air quality. Myricaria germanica. Rare avians bound to numerous Their representation or absence on trees alongside the places of water and wetland anthropogenic biotopes are roads were used by V. Sobotková in 1965 – 1967 to define for example Motacilla flava, Podiceps nigricollis, Circus five zones corresponding to different degrees of pollution. aeruginosus and other. Sludge beds near Karviná are A considerable part of the Ostrava Basin belonged at places of the finding of three endangered invertebrates – that time in a so called lichen wasteland, identical with Libelulla fulva, Pontastacus leptodactylus and Anodonta Zone 5 of the worst pollution (Sobotková, 1969). In the cygnea (Dolný, Ďuriš, 2001). last decennium, the succeptible epiphytic lichens have begun to appear rarely again both in the forests and The area of OKR with the continual displacement of on trees in the unstocked forest land, this being a good huge volumes of waste rock, soil and other mineral evidence of the reduced air pollution. materials is the area in which the synanthropic vegetation – well adapted to anthropogenic changes An illustrative example of nature devastation by coal of the substrate – develops at a much higher intensity mining and subsequent sanitation activity can be a and extent than in landscapes with no coal mining pond area in the cadaster of Louky nad Olší south of activities. Its biotope is represented mainly by various Karviná. The system of more than ten fish ponds which types of waste banks, drying out sedimentation basins became a unique refuge of the high biological diversity of and other fallow grounds. The synanthropic flora and its plants and animals together with floodplain forests and role in the process of succession was in the OKD area grasslands in the surroundings was coming to existence studied by many authors (e.g. Václav, 1956; Šmarda, already from the beginning of the 16th century and the 1964; Havrlant, Kincl, Gerlich, 1967; Kilián, 1968; territory of 33 hectares was decreed in 1970 the state Sobotková, 1994). Typical and most common plant nature reserve of Loucké rybníky (Ponds). During a species occurring at younger stages of the vegetation rescue inventory research in 1978 – 1979, there were for cover development are for example Chenopodium example records on the occurrence of 421 plant species botrys, Chamerion dodonaei and Erigeron annuus here (Švendová, 1982), 50 molluscs (Mácha, 1982), 377 while Calamagrostis epigeios, Solidago canadensis and beetle species (Vondřejc, 1982), 138 butterfly species other frequently become dominant at more advanced (Stiova, 1982) and over 100 avian species (Kondělka, stages of development. The synanthropic flora of waste 1982). In the mid 1970s, the locality showed a gradual banks is very abundant in species with the occurrence destruction due to the sinking of undermined areas, a of both autochthonous synanthropic species (apophytes) clarifying basin was established and a part of the area and those of foreign origin – introduced synanthropic was filled up with waste rock. The reserve was formally species (anthropophytes). For example a detailed cancelled in 1987. The numerous smaller fish ponds have investigation into flora and vegetation of two waste been replaced in the subsiding area by two extensive banks at the Staříč Mine (Hettenbergerová, 2002) water surfaces surrounded by remainders of floodplain revealed a total number of 174 herb and grass species woods and semi-cultural grasslands. As compared with of which 103 were apophytes and 33 anthropophytes. the past, the territory suffered a considerable loss of Synanthropic plants are doubtlessly very important species. It shows however that some even very rare in the colonization of surfaces affected by changes due species have survived here or return to their original to anthropogenic activities, where they spontaneously habitats – e.g. Salvinia natans for plants, Tringa totanus penetrate as pioneer species. Reinforcing the soil, they and some amphibians for animals. prevent both wind and water erosion. Many of them are food source for seed-eating birds, some beautify On the other hand, it should not be forgotten that the devastated landscape at the time of blossom (e.g. anthropogenic biotopes arisen during coal mining can Chamerion dodonaei). On the other hand, many of them often exhibit the occurrence of rare and endangered are alergennic with some flowering later in the year (e.g. plant and animal species, namely on biotopes left at least Solidago canadensis and Artemisia vulgaris) shifting partly to spontaneous development. On waste banks we the exposure time for alergic people to the late autumn. can mention for example the following plant species: Some synanthropicizing species are so expansive that Senecio erraticus, Crepis foetida ssp. rhoeadifolia, they develop continuous monocoenoses and hamper Aethusa cynapioides, Pyrola minor, Ramischia secunda, a more favourable succession (e.g. Calamagrostis Epipactis helleborine, Euphorbia stricta, Carex otrubae, epigeios). etc. A waste bank from the Trojice coking plant was even the place of a new finding in the Czech Republic – beetle A special group of synanthropic plants contains invasive Anaspis marginicollis (Dolný, 2000). Similarly interesting neophytes. Species most represented in the OKR district are some sedimentation reservoirs and water-bearing under study are Reynoutria japonica, R. sachalinensis, subsidences. Some sedimentation reservoirs between Helianthus tuberosus, Solidago canadensis, Impatiens

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glandulifera and Rudbeckia laciniata. These species in the Czech Republic, in which anthropogenic changes are capable of developing continuous stands which of the geobiocoene have developed most extensively often exclude the occurrence of any other plants, and (Lacina, 2000; 2003) on an area of several thousand the centres of their occurrence are usually the surfaces hectares. The obvious geobiocoene changes in the OKR affected by coal mining and sanitation. An example can territory are of two types: be the area along the Stonávka River near Karviná with a – changes resulting from the subsidence of undermined mere technical recultivation of the table waste rock bank areas where a monocoenosis of Solidago canadensis spread – changes resulting from the development of convex on the covering layer of soil and inpenetrable dense relief forms. stands of Reynoutria sp. developed on the river banks. The invasive neophytes spread along the Odra, Olše and Subsidence circular basins (up to 30 m deep) come to Ostravice Rivers and their tributaries, even outside the existence in large areas, namely in the flat hilly land devastated area, pushing out the authochthonous plant of basins and in broad river floodplains. The measure species of the floodplain forest. A good exhibit of the of their groundwater-table saturation at the present phenomenon can be seen on the confluence of Olešná and in the future depends on their depths. The hydric R. and Ostravice R. in Paskov where a continuous range is in any case markedly changed and in addition “jungle” of Reynoutria japonica gained the ground in to hydrobiocoenoses there are favourable conditions here the undergrowth of a floodplain forest remainder. The for the growth of the most humid types of the floodplain national mapping of invasive neophytes (Šindlar et forest and wetland alder woods. The most frequently al., 1997) showed that it is exactly the Ostravice River occurring changes (expressed by geobiocoenological watershed (its lower reaches) which is most burdened formulas) are as follows: with the invasive neophytes in the Czech Republic and 3b AB, B, BC (3) 4 —> 3c AB, B, BC 5 (in basins) which represents a concentration of risk factors for their 3c BC, C (3) 4-5 —> 3c BC, C 5 (in floodplains) further spread. It shows that biotopes of Alneta glutinosae-saliceta and Synanthropic trends are shown also by some animals, Alneta glutinosae communities come to existence. For namely birds. A common synanthropic bird occurring the hilly lands of basins this represents a pronounced in Ostrava and Karviná and in many other towns is change from the communities of the Oak-Coniferous Apus apus nesting on the loft edges of high buildings. variant (with Beech) of Vegetation Tier 3 (Abieti-querceta Some Ostrava neighbourhoods belong in a small group roboris-piceae, Betuli-querceta roboris, Abieti-querceta of Czech localities with the nesting (also in high-reach roboris-fagi and Tili-querceta roboris-fagi Groups of buildings) Corvus monedula which is rather rare at Geobiocoene Types – GGT). In the broad river floodplains the present time and therefore one of protected avian the conditions of subsided areas cause the extinction species. Ciconia ciconia has found its way to the town as of “drier” types of the floodplain forest (Ulmi-fraxineta well, nesting for example in the central part of Brušperk. carpini, Ulmi-fraxineta populi and Querci roboris- The most frequently occurring species bound with their fraxineta GGTs). Similar changes are caused by the food chain to the stands of synanthropic vegetation on existence of sedimentation reservoirs which however waste banks and fallow grounds are Carduelis carduelis return in their normal hydric range after having dried- and Carduelis cannabina. out and their trophic ranges can vary according to the character of deposited materials. 4.1. Geobiocoene changes and their prognosing No less conspicuous are changes caused by the piling of Changes of biota, especially vegetation, are far from various waste banks. The highest of them (conical mulloc consisting only in a large-scale onset and development tips raised in the past) reached a relative super-elevation of substitute communities with the dominance of of up to 90 m. A spoil bank near the Svoboda coking synanthropic species. Deep coal mining and related plant in Ostrava-Přívoz is for example rising above the activities are an important anthropogenic disturbance original alluvial plain to an altitude of 273 m a.s.l., nearly agent which can conspicuously and on large areas cause reaching the elevation of the near Landek hill (280 m irreversible changes of a range of ecological factors and a.s.l.). Even considerably lower table waste banks bring conditions. Relief changes reflect in the trophic and hydric about a change of ecological conditions, namely a change condition of soils, partly even in some climatic changes. of the hydric range from the water-logged and wet range The synergical effect of these changes results in a change to the normal and restricted range. The geobiocoene of the potential natural vegetation and its fauna. In the changes can be expressed as follows: sense of geobiocoenological theories, all these changes 3b AB, B, BC, BD (3) 4 —> (2) 3a AB, B, BC, BD 2-3 are perceived as a change of the geobiocoene (Zlatník, (in basins) 1975; 1976). Apart from the North Bohemian Brown Coal 3c BC-C, 4-5 —> (2) 3a AB, B, BC, BD 2-3 (in Mining District, the studied OKR area is one of those floodplains)

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Thus, the rising of various waste banks results in 5. Assessment of sanitation and recultivation works the extinction of conditions for humid to wet sites and spontaneous succession of the floodplain forest and wetlands and those of usually water-logged sites of the communities of the The issue of sanitation and recultivation works and their Oak-Coniferous variant (with Beech) of Vegetation evaluation can be hardly separated from the evaluation Tier 3, and conditions are being created for the of the process of spontaneous oecesion and subsequent development of biocoenoses of the “normal” 3a Oak- succession of vegetation on the anthropogenic relief Beech Vegetation Tier. Thanks to the fact that the dark of waste banks and subsidences. It is so because the material of spoil heaps is warmth-giving, their sunny two processes usually occur simultaneously or one of slopes at some places suggest a transition towards them is ahead of the other. In both cases the vegetation the warmer Beech-Oak Vegetation Tier 2. This can be must cope with changed and often entirely specific site illustrated by the onset of some subthermophytes such conditions that use to be in the case of recultivations as Potentilla tabernaemontani, Conyza squarrosa, and improved only to a certain extent. some thermophilic animals. Dolný (2000) mentioned a concentration of warmth-loving and steppe beetle 5.1. Specific features of anthropogenic ecotopes and their species from some waste banks. Problematic is however natural colonization by vegetation a precise determination of the trophic range since in the course of weathering the substrate does not only Substrate for vegetation on waste banks from coal mines change its physical properties but also chemism and becomes the carboniferous spoil, often taken to the surface reactions. from great depths. The material is of typical alkaline to weakly acidic reaction. Its mineral supply of nutrients is

The knowledge of changes conditioned by anthropogenic relatively good (CaO, K2O, P2O5) but nitrogen and humus changes of the geobiocoene is a good base for the contents are low and the microbial colonization is very prognosing of natural succession and especially for poor (Grunda, Kulhavý, 1984). Furthermore, thanks to the selection of tree species suitable for recultivation. the admixture of sulphates (pyrite and marcasite), the Important is considered a fact that the prognosis of process of weathering gives rise to sulphuric acid which geobiocoene changes resulting from the anthropogenic dissolves live minerals and acidifies the developing soil. disturbance of the landscape is possible (Fig. 1). The dark-coloured tailings are strongly heated namely in

Fig. 1: Changes of Geobiobiocenoses in the mining landscape Legend: Vegetation: 1 – Fagus sylvatica; 2 – Quercus robur; 3 – Carpinus betulus; 4 – Acer pseudoplatanus; 5 – Acer platanoides; 6 – Acer campestre; 7 – Ulmus laevis; 8 – Tilia cordata; 9 – Populus nigra; 10 – Populus x canadensis; 11 – Salix fragilis; 12 – Salix caprea; 13 – Alnus glutinosa; 14 – Fraxinus excelsior; 15 – Betula pendula; 16 – Robinia pseudoacacia; 17 – Pinus sylvestris; 18 – Picea abies; 19 – Larix decidua; 20 – ruderal derelict land with neophyte predominance; 21 – ruderal derelict land with Calamagrostis epigeios predominance; 22 – reedswamps; soils: 23 – cambisoils; 24 – fluvisoils; 25 – gleys;skeleton of landscape ecological stability: 26 – ecologically significant segments; 27 – perspective anthropogenic biotopes – terrestrial; 28 – perspective anthropogenic biotopes – swamp and water.

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sunny expositions, their surface temperature frequently vegetation cover is the fact that the carboniferous getting over 50°C. Koutecký (2004) measured in April rocks taken up to the surface from the Earth’s deep when the air temperature reached to 22°C temperatures are without any plant diaspores. Therefore, it is very of 55°C on the surface of the insolated part of the waste important what kind of species grow in the vicinity bank and only 2°C on the shaded base with the coarse and what is their strategy of dispersion. Winners are debris (apparently with the remainders of thawing ice). the species with light-weight seeds which can spread The rate of natural oecesion and succession and the by anemochoric way. A woody species that becomes exigence of recultivations closely depend on the shape dominant is therefore Betula pendula which can of the waste banks – the steeper and longer are their furthermore stand rather well a whole set of extreme slopes, the slower is usually the natural colonization by conditions of the waste banks and which is therefore vegetation, more demanding and usually less successful justly called a “mother of mine dumps” (Václav, 1956). is the biological recultivation. The vegetation cover Other pioneer species of spoil banks in OKR forming (especially that of trees and shrubs) most rapidly the “spoil bank groves” are poplars (Populus tremula, P. develops at the waste bank foot. A very serious nigra, P. x canadensis) and willow (Salix caprea) with problem used to be – and exceptionally still is – the Robinia pseudoacacia which often shows a spontaneous self-ignition of carboniferous spoil banks. The natural dispersion here. Less frequent is the natural seeding of spread of vegetation on thermoactive waste banks is maples (Acer platanoides, A. pseudoplatanus), lindens very limited and the already developed vegetation cover (Tilia cordata, T. platyphyllos) and ash (Fraxinus often extincts. excelsior). The occurrence of tree species with heavier seeds such as oak (Quercus robur) and beech (Fagus These very specific site conditions, different on different sylvatica), which spread by zoochoric way, i.e. exactly waste bank types, are the main reason for the process the species that should have a more significant share of primary succession not to be continual at all places, in the future species composition, is rare to exceptional. i.e. directed unambiguously and with a relatively Without the assistance of humans, the vegetation would good flexibility from simpler initial stages of mosses reach this advanced stage of development probably as and short-age herbs towards relatively advanced late as in hundreds of years. A typical example of the communities of woody species. Initial stages formed by current vegetation is a mosaic of advanced stages of the some mosses (most often by Ceratodon purpureus and vegetation cover on a waste bank from the Coking Plant Bryum argenteum) together with short-age herbs (e.g. Svoboda in Ostrava (Fig. 2). Chenopodium botrys, Chamerion dodonaei, Oenothera biennis) and individually interspersed tree species Specific conditions are naturally observed also in (especially birch Betula pendula) can persist at some concave relief forms either conditioned by anthropogenic particularly unfavourable places (heavily drought-prone activities or directly created by them. The margins of slope segments, immediate surroundings of thermoactive water-bearing subsidences exhibit an onset of wetland waste bank parts) even several tens of years. species such as Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia, self-seeding of willows (Salix sp.) and alders (namely A following stage of succession is usually considered Alnus glutinosa). Certain selection in the species to be (e.g. Šmarda, 1964; Sobotková, 1994) the composition of littoral hems may result from the additional saturation of these initial phytocoenoses presence of salinated mine waters. A difficult and mainly with perennial ruderal herbs and grasses. Of these unfavourable situation with respect to the spontaneous for example Calamagrostis epigeios develops extensive colonization by vegetation can be seen in various types monocoenoses which relatively well hold the surface of of sedimentation reservoirs which contain materials of waste banks, preventing both water and wind erosion diverse physical and chemical properties. on the one hand, but on the other hand representing a long-term blocking stage to the development of more 5.2. History of recultivations and their scope advanced communities. A considerable dustiness of loose waste bank materials In spite of the above mentioned facts there is a lot of and their high succeptibility to water erosion at examples to be found on many older mine spoil banks abundant precipitation, and last but not least also their that communities reached through the spontaneous ugly appearance have led already from the beginning succession a so far most advanced stage with the of the 20th century to efforts focused at an acceleration dominance of woody species, which can be denoted as of the process of spontaneous succession of vegetation a “spoil bank grove”. However, these stands of woody by artificial plantations or sowing. The first successful species are far from resembling an advanced forest that greening of spoil banks was the plantation of tree species would correspond with its species composition to the on the waste bank at the Zárubek Mine in Slezská natural potential vegetation of the changed geobiocoene Ostrava, which was made in 1919 by prof. A. Štěpán type. Determining for the development of spontaneous and his students (so called Štěpánův sad Orchard). And

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Fig. 2: Current vegetation Wase bank – Svoboda Cokong Plant Legend: Stands from natural seeding; Fallow land with dominant Solidago canadensis; Fallow land with dominant Calamagrostis epigeitos; Stand of Robinia pseudoacacia; Stand of Populus x canadensis; Thermally active surfaces; Intitial stages of succession on tailings; Recultivation planting combined with self-seeding; Designation of phytocoenological relevé; Designation of soil profile there are more plantations known from the period of the of the 1970s when a cooperation started to develop with 1st Republic – e.g. on the conical waste banks near the a special-purpose forest enterprise in Šenov. Tivoli entertainment park (today called Černá louka), on the waste bank from the Odra Mine in Ostrava-Přívoz The total extent of recultivations from their beginning (so called Lesík na Oderce) etc. These first recultivations to the present time is difficult to be expressed in figures were however of random character. one of reasons being the insufficient and non-uniform record-keeping, and another reason being the fact that An important step forward to a systematic greening of spoil the territory was continually subjected to further mass banks and filled subsidence basins was the foundation of displacement of materials and their withdrawals, to an independent enterprise OKD Rekultivace in 1962. A extensive subsidences and their filling in which some workplace of the Research Institute of Ameliorations of the formerly recultivated areas apparently ceased to specialized in biological recultuvations came to existence exist. There is a lot of useful partial data, though. in the very next year. A number of research plots were established on selected waste banks. The development of In his pioneer study, M. Havrlant (1968) dealt not only biological recultivations was apparent at the beginning with the shapes of mine spoil banks but also with their

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vegetation cover. He made a description of 121 “mounds” only in 3 waste banks, 21 waste banks were subjected in the OKR territory, whose total area was 649.7 ha, to partial sanitation and recultivation works which are which means that an average size of these spoil dumps continually in progress, and a project documentation ranged from 0.1 – 37.3 ha). Of these, more than 40 spoil had been prepared or was in preparation for the banks were at least partly recultivated (usually by remaining waste banks. A similar situation can be silvicultural methods), 18 spoil dumps were without any seen in the case of 36 sludge pits (24 in Karviná, 6 in vegetation cover or with an only very scarce vegetation, Ostrava, 6 in the southern part of the area), where the and the rest of them were at least partly covered by a elimination of consequences from coal mining activities spontaneously developing vegetation of herbs, grasses was accomplished only in 5 waste banks and in other 10 and woody species. of them the sanitation and recultivation works were in progress. The remaining waste banks were either used The same author (Havrlant, 1980) made an assessment for the extraction of the deposited material or a subject of the condition of the OKR anthropogenic relief after ten to prepared recultivation projects. years by similar methods. Thanks to the consolidation of mine dumps the total number of them decreased to 85 A total balance of recultivations in OKR as at 1 July but their total area was nearly doubled (1238.6 ha) with 2000 based on the “Synoptical map of mines with plotted the largest waste bank reaching an area of 110.52 ha. settling pits, active and recultivated waste banks” (OKD, Of this number of waste banks 30 were at least partly IMGE, 2000) is as follows: Sanitation and recultivation recultivated (only 3 into farming land), 20 “live” waste works were accomplished and in progress on 2805 and banks in the regime of replenishment or withdrawal 3377 hectares, respectively. were nearly without any vegetation, and the rest of them were at least partly covered with herbaceous, grassy, Interesting was the development of the share of woody and mixed vegetation, mainly developed from self- silvicultural and agrotechnical recultivations in the seeding. At the same time, there were 6 waste banks from course of the tens of years. The period before the mid the metallurgical operations (total of 271.08 ha) of which 1970s was dominated by the planting of tree species. 5 were partly recultivated. Partly recultivated was also a A turning point was Act No. 125/1976 Gaz. On the spoil heap from the chemical operations (MCHZ Hrušov) protection of farming land resources, which strictly at a total area of 3.52 ha. In addition to the spoil banks, requested a recurrent recultivation of farmland used for studied were also the subsidences and terrain mirrors the mining of minerals. Exemptions were not permitted – a total of 108 localities at a total area of 1483.1 ha. although a soil suitable for covering the tailings was Only 2 localities were partly recultivated. often missing as the top soil and subsoil layers disappeared in the large water-bearing subsidences. The The method of recultivation very much depends on the agrotechnical recultivations – namely in the Karviná shape of the anthropogenic relief and this is why certain section of the coal mining district – dominated until the differences exist between the Ostrava section (with a end of the 1980s. According to Beneš (2003), the situation significant share of conical waste banks with steep is turning to an opposite extreme at the present time slopes) and the Karviná section (with mainly flat table when a greater part of plots planned for recultivation is spoil banks). It follows from the protocol of 122 spoil afforested and the areas are very rarely grassed or left mounds in the Ostrava-City district (OKD, IMGE, 1996) as water formations. that recultivated areas passed for use to Lesy ČR (Forests of the Czech Republic), Forest Administration Šenov and 5.3. Research and prospects of recultivation to agricultural enterprises (namely State Farm Hlučín) were about 84 ha and 80 ha, respectively. This shows that Recultivation of anthropogenic relief forms with the silvicultural and agricultural recultivations were the the material of diverse physical and chemical relatively balanced. A different situation existed in the properties is a very demanding task whose success can Karviná district with a total area recultivated between vary. In silvicultural recultivations it depends on the 1981 – 1985 being 284 ha, of which 248 were converted selection of suitable tree species, method of establishing to farming land (Folwarczny, 1997). However, a part of plantations and also on the subsequent tending, decisive the recultivated farming plots were not further used in agricultural recultivations is the selection of grass- and the fallow lands became centres of the dispersal of herbaceous mixture (if the target use is not a field or ruderal species including invasive neophytes. an orchard). In the history of several tens of years the recultivation works were paid rather a random attention Updated records on the waste banks and sludge basins of research at the beginning, which later became more in OKR (OKD, IMGE, 2003) suggest that in a total systematic. number of 46 existing spoil heaps (19 in Karviná, 21 in Ostrava, 6 in the southern part of the mining district), In 1933, the Society of Natural Sciences in Ostrava sanitation and recultivation works were accomplished (chief executive Ing. Midlmayr) put together a list of

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tree species suitable for the specific conditions of the and black locust; of other species he recommended ash, Ostrava region, at that time with a special emphasis linden, hornbeam, maples, alder, pine and other. He on their resistence to flue gases. The list contains 68 also advised to make most of the natural self-seeding, tree and shrub species (49 deciduous and 19 coniferous) pointing out that we have to know the hitherto course of with a clear dominance of non-autochthonous species the succession to be able to imitate it and to accelerate (48) over autochthonous ones (20). The following it in a desirable way. long-term practice showed that hardly a third of the species are more or less fitted for the afforestation of V. Gerlich and M. Kincl (1968) carried out measurements spoil heaps and many other species were used at least of some mensurational characteristics of older experimentally. Records of various kind document that plantations in three localities in 1965: in Štěpánův there is more than 30 tree and shrub species that have sad (Orchard) established in 1919, in a wood called Na been up to now used in the recultivation of waste banks, Oderce (established in 1933) and in a wood near the settling basins and filled subsidences. Domestic species Jan Šverma Mine (established in 1941 – 1942). Their used for the purpose were maples (Acer pseudoplatanus, measurements demonstrated that at least some tree A. platanoides), linden (Tilia cordata, T. platyphyllos), species can reach a considerable wood mass production. ash (Fraxinus excelsior), birch (Betula pendula), The highest yield class I was observed in birch (Betula alder (Alnus glutinosa, A. incana), poplar (Populus pendula), yield class II was recorded for example in nigra), hornbeam (Carpinus betulus), oaks (Quercus maple (Acer pseudoplatanus), oak (Quercus rubra) and petraea, Q. robur), willows (Salix sp.), elms (Ulmus sp.), pine (Pinus strobus). The lowest yield classes (VII – VIII) mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia), European larch (Larix were typical of poplar and black locust. The authors decidua) and Norway spruce (Picea abies). Introduced concluded that silvicultural recultivation is technically broadleaved tree species used in the recultivations and economically more appropriate than agrotechnical were namely oak (Quercus rubra), black locust recultivation and that apart from their primary soil- (Robinia pseudoacacia) and poplar cultivars (Populus x protecting and hygienic function the plantations of tree canadensis), Aesculus hippocastanum, Tilia tomentosa, species can also fulfil the function of production. In this Acer negundo, Ailanthus altissima. Introduced conifers context it cannot be but mentioned that after nearly 40 were Pinus nigra and Picea pungens, less frequently years Koutecký (2004) observed in Štěpánův sad and in also Pinus strobus and Picea omorica. Planted were the wood Na Oderce worsened yield classes in birch and also ornamental shrubs e.g. Eleagnus angustifolia, Rosa maple and on the other hand considerably higher yield rugosa, Syringa vulgaris, Ligustrum vulgare, Forsythia classes in black locust and poplar than in 1965. sp. and other. In 1999 – 2001, growth analysis of young plantations It is obvious from the above list that a preference has was made in three localities in the Karviná section of been given to broadleaved (so called soil-improving) tree the district by L. Knápková and B. Stalmachová (2003). species whose litterfall readily humifies, thus improving Highest increments of seven monitored tree species were the soil, and to tree species with a good resistence to found in the introduced pine (Pinus nigra) and spruce phyto-toxic air pollution. And it was also kept in mind (Picea pungens) but the two species suffered from the that at least some of the plantations should have an yellowing of needles and their consequent falling. The aesthetically impressive park apperances. It can be seen authors concluded that a greater success on relatively that main functions of these tree plantations were those young recultivated waste bank was observed in domestic of soil protection and hygiene, in some cases recreation deciduous tree species with a broader ecological valence and production. – namely maple (Acer platanoides) and linden (Tilia cordata). Higher increments were in this context An apparently first evaluation of the quality and growth recorded on waste banks with a high-standard of recultivation plantations in the Ostrava region was silvicultural recultivation following after a substrate made by F. Hladík (1942). In his plantations of six tree make-up. However, a number of authors warn that species established by hole and mound planting methods a coverage of tailings with the compacted clay soil is the best growth in the first thre years was recorded entirely wrong. There is also some information about the in European black pine and European larch. Hladík growth of some tree species not showing any difference assumed that lindens and Pinus strobus would do well in the comparison of plantations established right on on the waste banks, but only as complementary species, the spoil and plantations established on the waste bank and he totally excluded spruce from the recultivation. improved by the coverage.

E. Václav (1956) extends on his experience from the The vegetation of grasses and herbs and the effectiveness spontaneous overgrowing and afforestation of six waste of its soil erosion control on spoil banks was studied for banks localized in the Karviná part of the coal mining example by D. Smolík (1965) who analyzed roots of district. Appropriate tree species appear to him birch herbs and grasses most frequently occurring on five

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waste banks with steep slopes in Ostrava. He found from the mine of Petr Bezruč at the turn of the 1960s out that most species had typically a relatively low root and 1970s and now was 158 and 198, respectively, with strength and any calculation on the reliability of their 47 species not detected any more during the present erosion control effect would be irrealistic. A somewhat investigation, which means that a total number of newly better firmness of the root system is exhibited by reed appeared herb and grass species was 87. Quantitative Calamagrostis epigeios. The author recommends, and qualitative changes in the species composition have apprently also with respect to pratotechnical use of the multiple reasons here: the continual piling-up of waste species, the sowing of some grasses and papilionaceous banks, the calm-down of spoil heap fires, subsequent herbs. An analysis of root systems of herbs and grasses plantations and the spontaneous self-seeding of woody growing on waste banks was also made by M. Havrlant species and their development into enclosed canopies. It (1968) who concluded that considerably important for can be demonstrated that typical forest herb and grass the reiforcement of surfaces namely on slopes are grasses species began to newly appear within the growing woody with their ligamentous roots. stands (as compared with the end of the 1960s), which even become dominant on shaded slopes – Dryopteris A more comprehensive view of the complex links and filix-mas, interspersed Dryopteris carthusiana, Senecio diffusion of the spontaneous succession and silvicultural ovatus, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Circarea lutetiana recultivations in particular brings T. Koutecký (2004) and other. A detailed mapping revealed that in both who studied the vegetation cover and soil conditions cases the stands from self-seeding together with the in the Koksovna (Coking Plant) Svoboda spoil bank in recultivation stands combined or even suppressed by Ostrava-Přívoz ( Fig. 3) and in the complex of waste banks the self-seeding dominate over the stands that were from the coal mines of Petr Bezruč, Ema and Trojice in merely planted. The share of grass-herbaceous fallow Slezská Ostrava. In both cases a possibility existed to lands dominating in the past has markedly decreased compare the present condition with the condition of at the present. the vegetation cover several tens of years ago. It was found out that the number of represented plant species Considerations about a further prospect and considerably increased – in the Koksovna Svoboda methods of recultivation called for a comparison of waste bank from 82 at the beginning of the 1980s to the development of the spontaneous self-seeding 143 at the present time. This high increase of species and that of the recultivation plantations. Koutecký (by 74 %) of which most came to existence spontaneously (2004) found out that an artificially established stand apparently relates to the calming down of waste bank would be established more readily and would exhibit fires that formerly used to continually damage the newly a higher quality at the age of about 20 years than a developing vegetation cover. The number of grass and stand developed from self-seeding. Artificial plantations herb species recorded on the complex of waste banks use to be more diverse in species composition but it

Fig. 3: All-aged stand on the eastern slope of the Svoboda coking plant (Photo T. Koutecký)

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Fig. 4: Biotopes of mining areas - ČSM I, ČSM II and Darkov Legend: A) Water and wetland biotopes: 1 - Fish ponds and stream pools; 2 - Irrigated settling pits; 3 - Moist to wetland fallow lands (reeds); B) Fallow grounds: 1 - Freshly piled spoil banks without vegetation; 2 - Grass-herbaceous ruderal fallow grounds on backfill with low degree of coverage and dominant great willow herb; 3 - Grass-herbaceous ruderal fallow grounds on backfill with nearly total coverage and dominant chee reed grass; 4 - Ruderal fallow grounds in place of former fields, grasslands and pastures; 5 - Woody fallow grounds with the degree of tree species coverage over 50 % and dominant birch, willows and poplars; 6 - Areas recultivated by silvicultural methods; C): Perenial grasslands: 1 - Meadows with dominant naturally growing hydrophilic species; 2 - Semi-cultural grasslands; 3 - Cultural grasslands (often ruderalized) D) Forests: 1 - Floodplain forests (including alluvial plains of streams); 2 - Broadleaved forest stands; 3 - Mixed forest stands; 4 - Coniferous forest stands; 5 - Young growths and clearcuts; 6 - Tree lines (including narrow riparian stands) E) Other: 1 - Fields; 2 - Settlements with gardens and orchards, garden colonies with cottages; 3 - Depopulated areas (mosaic of grasslands with the natural seeding of tree species, wild fruit orchards); 4 - Agricultural enterprises; 5 - Industrial developments - often with ruderal fallow grounds; 6 - Biotopes with the natural seeding of woody species and degree of coverage below 50 % 1: Ecologically significant landscape segments 2: Perspective biotopes conditioned by anthropogenic activities 1. The Olše R. floodplain; 2. The Stonávka R; 2a Meanders of the Stonávka R.; 3. The Bobří meander; 4. The Chotěbuzka R.; 5. Floodplain meadows near the Chotěbuzka R.; 6. The Smolkovecký potok Brook; 7. The Smolkovecký háj Grove; 8. The Loucké forest brooks a,b,c,d; 9. The Chotěbuzské bučiny Beech; 10. The Loucké olšiny Alder; 11. The Loucké lipiny Linden; 12. The Loucké fish ponds and meadows; 13. Wetlands below the ČSM I Coal Mine; 14. Wetlands on the Horní louka Meadow; 15. The Olše River and its floodplains; 16. The Darkovské moře Sea

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is usually a mosaic of even-aged monoculture groups. of the European Union. In the course of years when Self-seeded stands of pioneer species are on the one they were left to the spontaneous development, some hand lower in the number of species but varied in terms water-logged and water-bearing subsidences became of age, i.e. better structured and creating favourable habitats of a range of avian species endangered on conditions (namely light) for other woody species, better a European scale (e.g. Botaurus stellaris, Ixobrychus than the newly enclosed stands from plantations. Thus, minutus, Circus aeruginosus, Sterna hirundo, etc.) and valuable broadleaved tree species begin to find way amphibians (e.g. Bombina bombina, Bombina variegata into the older spontaneously developed stands and and other). There are also many types of natural habitats the difference in the tree layer species composition advised in the Czech Republic for conservation purposes between the artificially established and self-seeded exactly within the framework of the above mentioned stands is balanced. “Natura 2000” project (Chytrý, Kučera, Kočí (eds.), 2001) - e.g. V1D (Macrophyte vegetation of naturaly eutrophic 6. Area significance for the conservation of and mesotrophic stagnic waters), M1.1 (Reed beds of biological diversity eutrophic stagnic waters), M1.3 (Eutrophic vegetation of muddy substrata) and K1 (Willow carrs). Although the OKR area of our interest exhibits very severe anthropogenic disturbances in its many sections, 7. Conclusion there is a range of near-natural up to natural ecosystems (geobiocoenoses and hydrobiocoenoses) conserved there Biogeographical research in the area of downsizing deep – often with rare (particularly protected and endangered) coal mining in the Ostrava region corroborated that the plant and animal species. The area significance for the area in question is of exceptional geobiocoenological conservation of biological diversity was emphasized by significance with remarkable processes of spontaneous many experts in botany and zoology, and an aggregative development on the anthropogenic relief. study was made by A. Rafajová (2004). An important fact is that the localities with valuable biodiversity occur It follows from the research and from other works that also outside the network of the hitherto decreed 22 due to various ecological, economic and social reasons small-scale protected areas. Biogeographical research an unambiguous promotion of either various types of in the minefield of the ČSM Coal Mine disclosed for sanitation and recultivation constructions or on the example 16 ecologically important landscape segments other hand only a spontaneous succession would not (Fig. 4), and even several tens of them were revealed be reasonable. An optimum solution appears to be the in the minefield of the Staříč Coal Mine. Namely the return to the pioneer idea advocated by E. Václav (1956) landscape of the ČSM Coal Mine field heavily impacted of a suitable interconnection of the two processes. A basic by anthropogenic changes has some ecologically valuable principle for the regeneration of devastated segments localities occurring on waste banks and subsidences, i.e. of the coal mining landscape should therefore be seen on typical relief forms resulting from deep coal mining. in the controlled succession (Stalmachová, Frnka, 2003; These landscape segments with favourably developing Šiřina, 2003) in which a spontaneous process of greening near-natural biocoenoses are called perspective is used at a greatest possible extent, regulated according biotopes conditioned by anthropogenic activities and to actual needs and combined with artificial plantations these perspective biotopes are included in the skeleton or sowings. A return to the original landscape is not of landscape ecological stability. A specific problem of possible and in fact not needed. On the contrary, the the colliery landscape is the fact that it is a place of specific features of these anthropogenic sites should be extinction of some perspective biotopes (due to the utilized in a proper way and incorporated in the changed filling of subsidences and withdrawal of tailings from landscape both to improve its pattern and to increase waste banks) and at the same time a place where other its ecological stability. new perspective biotopes arise. Thus, the skeleton of ecological stability is of a “mobile” character in these Acknowledgement: regions (Lacina, 2004). The study was worked out on the basis of results It appears that at least some of these biotopes from the Project of targeted research No. IBS3086005 conditioned by anthropogenic activities should be “Downsizing deep coal mining and its impacts on left to spontaneous development if possible, and the processes in lithosphere and environment”. strategy is also supported by the “Natura 2000” project

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BUČEK, A., LACINA, J. (1999): Geobiocenologie II. Brno, Mendelova zemědělská a lesnická univerzita, 249 pp. DOLNÝ, A. (2000 a): Bioindikační hodnocení entomocenóz střevlíkovitých a drabčíkovitých brouků na vybraných ostravských odvalech. Spisy Přírodovědecké fakulty OU, Biologica - Ecologica 192, Ostravská univerzita, Ostrava, p. 71 - 87. DOLNÝ, A. (2000 b): Budou na odvalech chráněná území přírody? Živa, Vol. 48, p. 173 - 176. DOLNÁ, A., ĎURIŠ, Z. (2001): Výskyt ohrožených bezobratlých na důlních odkalištích v Karviné. Živa, Vol. 49, No. 6, p. 268 - 270. FOLWARCZNY, H. (1997): Biogeografie okresu Karviná (Diplomová práce). Katedra geografie a kartografie Přírodovědecké fakulty Masarykovy univerzity v Brně, 101 pp. + map přílohy. GERLICH, V., KINCL, M. (1968): K problematice ozelenění haldových pokryvů na Ostravsku. Přírodovědecký sborník, Ostravské muzeum, Ostrava, p. 133 - 138. GRUNDA, B., KULHAVÝ, J. (1984): Půdy lesnicky rekultivovaných hald v Ostravsko-karvinském revíru. Lesnictví, Vol. 30, No. 4, p. 321 - 332. HAVRLANT, M. (1968): Biogeografie černouhelných hald v OKR (Kandidátská disertační práce). Geografický ústav ČSAV v Brně, 158 pp. + mapová příloha. HAVRLANT, M. (1980): Antropogenní formy reliéfu a životní prostředí v Ostravské průmyslové oblasti. Spisy Pedagogické fakulty v Ostravě No. 41. Státní pedagogické nakladatelství, Praha, 153 pp. HAVRLANT, M., KINCL, M., GERLICH, V. (1967): Přírodní podmínky a současný stav vegetačního krytu na černouhelných haldách Ostravsko-karvinského revíru. Spisy Pedagogické fakulty v Ostravě, Vol. 7, Pedagogická fakulta, Ostrava. HETTENBERGEROVÁ, E. (2002): Synantropní flóra a vegetace odvalů Dolu Staříč - Pilíky I, II a Řepiště “D”. (Bakalářská práce) Přírodovědecká fakulta OU, Ostrava, 41 pp. + přílohy. HLADÍK, F. (1942): Dřeviny ostravských hald. Les 31. CHYTRÝ, M. KUČERA, T., KOČÍ, M., (eds.) (2001): Katalog biotopů České republiky. - Agentura ochrany přírody a krajiny ČR, Praha, 304 pp. KILIÁN, R. (1968): Vegetace plošiny nižší svahové haldy Dolu Trojice ve Slezské Ostravě. - Přírodovědecký sborník, Ostravské muzeum, Ostrava, Vol. 24, p. 220 - 222. KNÁPKOVÁ, L., STALMACHOVÁ, B. (2003): Principy lesnických rekultivací v rámci hodnocení dřevinných druhů pro antropogenní půdy. Jejich statistické vyhodnocení růstu v hornické krajině. - In: Stalmachová, B. (ed.): Strategie obnovy hornické krajiny. VŠB - TU Ostrava, 7 pp. KONDĚLKA, D. (1982): Ptáci Louk nad Olší. Přírodovědecký sborník, Vol. 26, Ostravské muzeum, Ostrava, p. 51 - 59. KOUTECKÝ, T. (2004):Hodnocení lesnických rekultivací a spontánní sukcese na antropogenním reliéfu v okolí Ostravy (Diplomová práce). LDF MZLU v Brně, 57 pp. + map. a tab. přílohy. LACINA, J. (2000): Změny geobiocénu na příkladu nivní a pánevní krajiny severní Moravy. In: Štykar, J. et Čermák, P. (eds.): Geobiocenologická typizace krajiny a její aplikace. Geobiocenologické spisy, Brno, Lesnická a dřevařská fakulta MZLU, Vol. 5, p. 60 - 63. LACINA, J. (2003): Biogeografický výzkum následků antropogenních a přírodních disturbancí. In: Herber, V. (ed.): Fyzickogeografický sborník 1. Přírodovědecká fakulta MU v Brně, p. 24 - 29. LACINA, J. (2003): Změny geobiocénu a kostry ekologické stability v hornické krajině. In. Stalmachová, B. (ed.): Strategie obnovy hornické krajiny. VŠB - TU Ostrava, 8 pp. LACINA, J. (2003): Biogeografický výzkum následků antropogenních a přírodních disturbancí. In: Herber, V. (ed.): Fyzickogeografický sborník 1. Fyzická geografie - vzdělávání, výzkum, aplikace. Brno, Masarykova univerzita, p. 24 - 29. MÁCHA, P. (1982): Revizní výzkum měkkýšů Louckých rybníků. Přírodovědecký sborník, Vol. 26, Ostravské muzeum, Ostrava, p. 41 - 50. NEUHÄUSLOVÁ, Z., MORAVEC, J. a kol. (1997): Mapa potenciální přirozené vegetace České republiky. (Měř. 1:500 000). Academia, Praha. OKD, IMGE, a. p. (1996): Protokoly hlušinových násypů. OKD, IMGE, a. p., Ostrava, 130 pp. OKD, IMGE, a. p. (2000): Přehledná mapa dolů se zakreslenými odkalovacími nádržemi, činnými a rekultivovanými odvaly, rekultivovanými plochami (Měř. 1.50 000). OKD, IMGE, a. p., Ostrava. OKD, IMGE, a. p. (2003): Odvaly v OKR - aktualizace. Kalové nádrže v OKR - aktualizace. OKD, IMGE, a. p., Ostrava, 5 pp. + mapové přílohy. RAFAJOVÁ, A. (2004): Some aspects of the biotic potential of the Ostrava region. Moravian Geographical Reports, Vol. 12, No. 1, p. 21 - 30.

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RAUŠER, J., ZLATNÍK, A. (1966): Biogeografie I (Mapa v měřítku 1:1000 000). In: Atlas ČSSR. Ústřední správa geodézie a kartografie, Praha. SMOLÍK, D. (1965): Protierozní schopnost nízkého vegetačního krytu haldových svahů na Ostravsku. Uhlí, Vol. 7, p. 98 - 99. SOBOTKOVÁ, V. (1969): Bioindikace znečištění ovzduší Ostravska. Spisy Pedagogické fakulty v Ostravě, sv. 14. Pedagogická fakulta, Ostrava, 139 pp. SOBOTKOVÁ, V. (1994): Příspěvek k výzkumu synantropní flóry a vegetace Karvinska. Spisy Přírodovědecké fakulty OU, Biologica - Ekologica, 2, Ostravská univerzita, Ostrava, p. 27 - 39. STALMACHOVÁ, B., FRNKA, T. (2003): Řízená sukcese - principy obnovy hornické krajiny. In: Stalmachová, B. (ed.): Strategie obnovy hornické krajiny. VŠB - TU Ostrava, 8 pp. STIOVA, L. (1982): Příspěvek k výskytu Lepidopter ve SPR Louky nad Olší. Přírodovědecký sborník, Vol. 26, Ostravské muzeum, Ostrava, p. 31 - 40. ŠINDLAR, M. (1997): Ekologie a asanační management invazních druhů rostlin v regionálních povodích ČR. (Průběžná zpráva DÚ 01 Dynamika meandrujících a divočících toků, jejich ochrana a revitalizace) MŽP ČR Praha, 26 pp.+ mapová příloha. ŠIŘINA, P. (2003): Rekultivace území a recentních krajinných prvků - technická a biologická rekultivace. In: Stalmachová, B. (ed.): Strategie obnovy hornické krajiny. VŠB - TU Ostrava, 6 pp. ŠMARDA, J. (1956): Význam Moravské brány pro migraci teplomilných rostlin z panonské oblasti do slezské nížiny. Časopis Slezského muzea, Serie A, Vol. 5, p. 57 - 69. ŠMARDA, J. (1964): Vegetace ostravských hald. Zprávy geografického ústavu ČSAV v Brně, Vol. 1, No. 8, p. 1 - 12. ŠŤASTNÝ, K., BEJČEK, V., HUDEC, K. (1996): Atlas hnízdního rozšíření ptáků v České republice 1985 - 1989. Nakladatelství a vydavatelství H et H, Jinočany, 457 pp. ŠVENDOVÁ, K. (1982): Floristický výzkum rybniční oblasti v Karviné IX - Loukách nad Olší. Přírodovědecký sborník, Vol. 26, Ostravské muzeum, Ostrava, p. 61 - 84. TICHÝ, J. (1968): Původní lesy na Ostravsku a možnosti pěstování dřevin. Přírodovědecký sborník, Ostravské muzeum, Ostrava, p. 103 - 120. VÁCLAV, E. (1956): Vegetace karvinských hald a možnosti jejich zalesnění. Přírodovědecký sborník Ostravského kraje, Vol. 17, No. 2, p. 161 - 175. VONDŘEJC, J. (1982): Koleopterofauna státní přírodní rezervace Loucké rybníky (okres Karviná). Přírodovědecký sborník, Vol. 26, Ostravské muzeum, Ostrava, p. 7 - 19. ZLATNÍK, A. (1975): Ekologie krajiny a geobiocenologie. Vysoká škola zemědělská, Brno, 172 pp. ZLATNÍK, A. (1976): Přehled skupin typů geobiocénů původně lesních a křovinných. - Zprávy Geografického ústavu ČSAV v Brně, Vol. 13, No. 3/4, p. 55 - 64 + tabulka v příloze.

Authors´ addresses: Assoc. Prof. Ing. Jan LACINA, CSc. Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Institute of Geonics, Branch Brno Drobného 28, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic [email protected]

Ing. Tomáš KOUTECKÝ Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry Brno Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology Zemědělská 3, 613 00 Brno e-mail: [email protected] Reviewer: Prof. RNDr. Miroslav HAVRLANT, CSc.

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COLLIERY BROWNFIELDS AND THE MASTER PLAN OF OSTRAVA

Barbara VOJVODÍKOVÁ

Abstract

Former industrial cities deal among many other things with problems related to abandoned areas of former factories. As much as 148 ha of such areas were left after former collieries (colliery brownfields) in the city of Ostrava territory. One of significant factors for a successful regional development is the master plan. This article describes a proposal of the approach and decision-making criteria (a model) that will help to evaluate and to choose the best future function for such areas. The approach is aimed at brownfields in cities’ urban areas. The proposed model was applied on areas selected from the master plan of Ostrava and results are mentioned and discussed in this article.

Shrnutí

Colliery brownfields a územní plán města Ostravy Bývalá industriální města se dnes potýkají kromě jiných problémů s opuštěnými areály bývalých podniků. Na území města Ostravy vzniklo jen po důlních provozech 148 ha těchto ploch. Jedním z faktorů rozvoje je územní plán. Tento příspěvek přináší návrh postupu a možná kritéria (hodnotící model) pro určování budoucí funkce. Tento návrh platí převážně pro území v intravilánech obcí. Navrhovaný hodnotící model byl aplikován na vybrané plochy v územním plánu města Ostravy. Výsledky aplikace jsou také v tomto příspěvku obsaženy.

Key words: colliery brownfields, abandoned areas, mining recession, evaluation model, master plan of city of Ostrava, Czech Republic

Introduction without exact definition), is a worldwide recognized term that mostly refers to areas and estates inside urban The city of Ostrava went through a lot of changes in the areas that have lost their function and utilization and last decade of the twentieth century. The main impulse that are likely to represent an environmental threat. for these changes is seen in the conversion of heavy industry and mining recession. The recession started Consequently, Coal mine (US) or Colliery (UK) with the Czech government resolutions No. 264/91 and brownfields are areas of former mining companies 691/92, which abolished mining activities on the Jan (i.e. technical background, headgears, administrative Šverma, Ostrava, Heřmanice and Odra collieries and the buildings, coal separating plants, etc.). Term brownfields Ludvík facility of Julius Fučík colliery, which had mined doesn’t refer to the whole area influenced by the mining in the Ostrava part of the mining district. This relatively activity. fast approach resulted in a massive loss of jobs (e.g. Julius Fučík Mine employed over 20 thousand people In the context of brownfields the term greenfields is in 1990) (Kolektiv autorů, 2003), in an unemployment also frequently used – describing the land that has not increase in the region and also in an appearance of been built-up yet, or buildings erected on the land that so called colliery brownfields, which term is used to had never been used before for building (Cambridge refer to areas of former collieries no longer utilized Advance Learner´s Dictionary), usually representing for their original purpose, mostly abandoned now and fields or meadows. representing a burden for their surroundings. Ostrava has about 148 ha of these areas, which was 4.5 % of city’s Why it is necessary to deal with abandoned areas of with former industrial areas in 1994 (Kuta, Kuda, 2004). mining facilities?

What are the colliery brownfields Seemingly small amount of such areas in Ostrava could lead to the conclusion that they do not represent a Brownfields or depressed zones (the term introduced major problem. But their situation in the urban by the Ministry of Regional Development in about 2003 structure of the city is more important than merely the

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extent of these areas. Fig. 1 contains marked locations Economic reasons of individual closed down collieries (those are collieries closed down because of recession). It can be seen in the The first of them is an undeniable fall of real estate figure that the areas of former mines are situated in the pricing in the vicinity of abandoned, usually deteriorating urban area of the city. Moravská Ostrava and Přívoz and not too pleasant areas. Regeneration of the area to a are stand for a historical centre of Ostrava. The figure more acceptable shape leads to the increase of real estate further explains a future utilization of these areas prices in the neighbourhood (Kolektiv, 2004). which were assigned by the master plan of the city. Following sections contain further information about Another consequence connected with the lacking the colliery brownfields relationship to the masterplan. utilization of the area is the fiscal effect. If an area The existence of these areas within a densely built- doesn’t generate any profit, then it doesn’t pay any up district is the main reason why it is necessary to taxes which in the transformed form make a part of deal with the regeneration of colliery brownfields in cities’ budget. There is also a tax from real estates that Ostrava. in its total goes into the accounts of city districts. These fiscal incomes can be used to foster development of these Related reasons are as follows: districts. • economic, • environmental, Yet another effect is the loss of jobs without their at • aesthetic, least partial restoration. It results in the decrease • safety, of population income and subsequent weakening of • greenfields. purchasing power. Providing of new job opportunities on the brownfields leads to the opposite effect - increase They are thoroughly described in the following paragraphs. of purchasing power.

Fig. 1: Location of collieries which were closed down during the recession and their assigned utilization according to the masterplan of the city of Ostrava (Vyhláška města Ostravy, 1994) (numbers correspond to numbers in Tab. 3)

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Environmental reasons The master plan of Ostrava and colliery brownfields

Brownfield usually carries environmental risks. The master plan of Ostrava was ratified in 1994. Sometimes the environmental risks incline to migrate All collieries in the Ostrava part of the OKR mining out of the area. These situations sometimes represent district had been closed down already and the physical also a potential health risk for citizens or some liquidation of mines had been finished or was in progress. other part of environment. Then it is inevitable to The master plan groundwork was thus prepared when decontaminate the area. (This applies rather to areas mining companies stopped mining and they were after heavy industry operations rather than mining, liquidating shafts, but the buildings were still in a good except of localities with preparation plants or coking shape and equipped with all necessary buried services. plants). The original idea was based on an instant reuse of the existing objects. But as the proprietory relations at Aesthetic reasons that time did not make it possible for town authorities to enter the process with a greater vigour, there are Apart from inattractive view for inhabitants living in only two types of the future use in the Master Plan, neighbouring areas, the half-ruined objects in the city viz. light industry and museum (civil amenity) (see Fig. center give the whole region a very bad reputation. It is 1). Therefore only two kinds of the future utilization necessary to be aware of the fact that potential investors appeared in the master plan – light industry and a coming into the region are very sensitive to the city’s look museum (civil amenities) (see Fig. 1). and are unlikely to make investments at places they are not impressed with. The region that has undergone It is obvious at the present time that many of the recent structural changes should be interested in giving sites remained almost totally abandoned, buildings a good impression, if it was interested in attracting delapidated or even demolished, buried services investors. disconnected and internal infrastructure in desolation. The objects are or are likely to be planned for Safety reasons demolition.

Safety reasons can be divided into two groups of safety A model was prepared as a part of the grant project threats. The first one is related to the buildings which “An optimum approach to the regeneration and future fall into disrepair gradually and may have damaged utilization of abandoned industrial areas in the region statics. of Ostrava” reg. No GAČR 103/03/P064, which evaluated the suitability of future utilization of individual areas There is a risk of serious and even fatal injuries based on a complex evaluation of their present state connected with any presence in such a locality (e.g. with attention to neighbouring areas. The model output playing children). The second group of problems is with the conclusion on whether the future use designed related to temporary and unregistered inhabitants of by the masterplan is still suitable in 2004 and whether these areas, who inhabit these areas without property there are some other possibilities of use is mentioned owner’s permission and the vicinity of these objects is later on in this work. then affected or even threatened by their presence. The new construction law which is currently negotiated Greenfields by the Parliament of the Czech Republic and waiting for ratification is going to require revisions of older Sustainable development of city and region comprises master plans. An output given by the model should be also farmland protection. Many new developments are particularly helpful in the preparation of the new master planed to occupy farmland. Brownfields regeneration plan revision. – so that they can be utilized by a developer or investor – could then lead to reduced construction on greenfields Evaluation model and simultaneously it could contribute to attracting proper investments to the urban area of the city. The model for evaluating an appropriate possible utilization has three separate modules, which are based The above mentioned reasons lead to a conclusion that on evaluating criteria whether the area is suitable, the regeneration of brownfields should be a part of the suitable under certain conditions, or unsuitable for light city’s development strategy as one of the main targets. industry, civil facilities or housing (see Fig. 2). The master plan – or its possible amendment to reflect the latest knowledge – is one of important factors The model uses three criteria – spatial utility of an that can contribute to a new utilization of abandoned area, surrounding areas and traffic accessibility. There areas. were other criteria considered for the model such as

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Fig. 2: Block scheme of the evaluation model LI– light industry, H – housing, CF – civil facilities

contamination or land prices, but they were ruled out Spatial utility of an area informs the potential candidates due to their financial nature which is not necessarily on how much of the area can be really utilized. This connected to functional aspects, which the master plan criterion is used only for the light industry part. is dealing with. Surrounding areas Area utility This criterion was worked out by using a method of Unlike some other abandoned industrial areas, those verbal rating (Říha, 2004). This approach is used to after former collieries have certain common specific describe positive and negative influences and their features. It is for example the existence of liquidated impact on the individual types of future use. The verbal pits around which a safety zone is constructed at all rating becomes a basis for the assignment of auxiliary times. The minimum safety zone size as stipulated in points for the different types of surrounding areas the Decree issued by the Czech Mining Authority ČBÚ (Vojvodíková, 2004). 52/1997 Gaz. (Vyhláška ČBÚ č. 52/1997) must reach by at least 20 m behind the outer perimeter of the pit The auxiliary points are summed for each measured masonry. The surrounding area of all liquidated pits has area and divided by the number of distinct types of been or will be in the near future declared closed for any surrounding areas. construction works. In practice, the construction closure for safety zones is defined as a circular area of 25 m in Traffic accessibility diameter with the centre located in the middle of shaft shank, which represents an area of about 2000 m2 (0.2 Traffic accesibility is a very important aspect for the ha) for one pit. The premises can include several of these potential future user. The Model evaluates accessibility safety zones with a construction closure. Apart from the in terms of the following road types: Expressway, construction closures, there is also a problem with using distributing roads (by-passes), and service roads. the space between the construction closure and the area Expressways are designed for speeds of 80 – 100 km/h, boundary in the case that the space is too small e.g. for being as a rule directionally divided and placed on the location of a hall. This part of the land property is the borders of functional units. A connection to the therefore further called a lost area. The size of such a lost expressway is assumed. Distributing roads form area was set up by testing (lost area size was calculated the basic skeleton of a city, being connected to the for selected land properties and compared with the size expressway. Service roads are city’s inner roads of of construction closures) at a 0.5 multiple of the area mostly social importance, placed among the existing sum of construction closures. buildings (Marhold, 1996).

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auxiliary points for LI auxiliary points for H auxiliary points for CF light and heavy industry 1 10 5 (HI10) commercial area 1 3 1 farmland 3 3 1 forest or park 3 1 1 civil facilities or accommodation 8 1 1 individual housing 10 1 1 group housing 10 1 1

Tab. 1: Auxiliary points for the criterion of surrounding areas HI – heavy industry, LI – light industry, H – housing, CF – civil facilities

The model uses again a verbal description of the above A more detailed analysis of these was published in mentioned road types as a basis for the decision about (Vojvodíková, 2004). the area’s suitability for the particular future use.

suitable under certain suitable unsuitable conditions spatial utility > 75 % 75 % - 50 % < 50 % surrounding areas < 2 2 - 5 > 5 traffic accessibility > 2 2 1

Tab. 2: Binding conditions of criteria for the future use of light industries

Then auxiliary points are assigned (they are assigned Model application output so that the model can be used as a software module to add to the information system of the city). The light In order to test the model application 17 different areas industries will prefer the best traffic accessibility in the were chosen from the former collieries in the cadastral future, the quiet zone will be preferred for housing and area of Ostrava left after recent mining recession which a compromise between the traffic accessibility and the started in 1989. The master plan (Vyhláška města impacts of noise from heavy traffic will be preferred for Ostravy č. 3/1994) assigned a light industry future use civil facilities. to 14 of them and a civil amenity (museum) – to the remaining three of them. None of them was assigned The model for light industry allocates 3 points to by- a future use for housing. Tab. 3 contains a comparison passes and 1 point to service roads. Considered is the between the future use assigned by the master plan and value of communication of the highest rank running the model application output. along the perimeter or in an immediate vicinity of the premises. (This means that if there are two roads running Fig. 3 shows the model appliacation output in a different along the perimeters of the premises - one by-pass road way. Circles show which types are suitable for each area and one service road - the site is not allocated 3+1 points (more than one guarter of a circle) or which types are in the model but only 3 points.) An expressway with a conditionally suitable (exactly one quarter of a circle). slip-road up to 500 m is given a bonus point. Discussion of the model output Housing and civil facilities are allocated 5 points for an expressway at a distance of up to 300 m, 1 point for just a Localities assigned an identical future use by both the service road, 2 points for both a service road and a by-pass master plan and by the model application. within the reach, and 3 points for a by-pass only - with the auxiliary criterion of noise being taken into account. The model proved that the area of Mine Jan Šverma in the Mariánské Hory city quarter is suitable for a light Criteria evaluation industry operation while being totally unsuitable for housing or civil facilities. Each of the aforementioned criteria specifies whether the area is suitable, suitable under certain The area of Mine Stachanov was also assigned a light conditions or unsuitable. The following table lists industry future use by both the master plan and the binding conditions for the light industry future use. model.

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No. colliery name MP LI H CF 1. Alexander LI U CS S 2. Eduard. Urx CF U S CS 3. Fučík III- Ludvík LI U S S 4. Heřmanice I LI CS U S 5. Hlubina CF CS U CS 6. Jan Šverma- Mar hory LI S U U 7. Jan Šverma Svinov LI CS U U 8. Jeremenko LI CS U S 9. Koblov LI U S CS 10. Oderský LI CS U U 11. Odra LI CS U CS 12. Oskar LI U S CS 13. Petr Bezruč LI U CS S 14. Petr Cingr CF U U CS 15. Stachanov LI S U CS 16. Vrbice LI CS U U 17. Zárubek LI CS CS S

Tab. 3: Model output for individual areas MP - master plan assigned, LI - light industry, H - housing, CF - civil facilities, S - suitable, CS - suitable under certain conditions, U - unsuitable.

The area of Mine Petr Cinger (also called Mine Michal) The area of Oskar colliery was designated for a light was designed to be used as a museum by the master plan. industry operation. But it’s unsuitable for this type In fact the museum of industry has been established of use because of insufficient traffic accessibility. The there already. This was proven to be a good choice of model found this area suitable for housing and civil the model output. facility.

Similarly, the areas of Mine Jan Šverma and Mine The area of Mine Petr Bezruč is today also designated Oderský in the city quarter of Svinov and the area for a light industry operation, but from the model’s of Mine Vrbice were found correctly assigned a light perspective it seems totally unsuitable for this use industry future use by the master plan from the as it is situated in the neighbourhood of forest and viewpoint of the model output. housing areas and its terrain is rather broken. Suitable is on the other hand its utilization as a civil Localities marked by the model as more suitable for facility or it can be suitable under certain conditions future use type different from that assigned by the also for housing. master plan. Localities suggested by the model an additional possible The model marked the area of the former Mine Fučík III future use to the use assigned in the master plan. – Ludvík as suitable for housing or civil facilities. The master plan’s assignment of a light industry future use The area of Eduard Urx colliery, where a mining was evaluated as unsuitable by the model. museum has been established, was evaluated by the model as an area suitable for housing as well as for civil The area of Koblov colliery was evaluated by the model facilities. With respect to other conditions as outcrops as suitable for housing as well as for civil facilities of coal beds on the surface and archaeological value of (in contrast, it has found the use of light industries the place we can declare the already implemented new unsuitable). utilization as very suitable.

Alexandr colliery is currently designated by Master plan The area of the former Mine Heřmanice 1 was assigned for a light industry. From the viewpoint of the model and a light industry future use. The model suggested also because of the conservation of valuable cultural technical its suitability for a civil facility. monuments it would be better to use it for a civil facility. Should it be possible to reduce the railway noise level, The area of Mine Hlubina was designated for a museum the use for housing would be suitable as well. in the master plan. In case that the objects in the area

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Fig. 3: Proposal of future utilization according to the model output (number marking is identical to numbering in the Tab. 3) lose their monument status, this area could be used also of instant reuse. Some areas with technical monuments for a light industry. were assigned a future use as museums.

The area of Mine Odra in the Přívoz city district is suitable The application of the evaluation model showed that not only for a light industry operation but also for housing the master plan suggested a suitable future use for six because of its location similarly as the area of the former of seventeen evaluated areas. Five areas were given a Mine Jeremenko where the water pit is in function, which different more suitable future use by the model output, pumps water from flooded shafts of liquidated collieries especially for housing or civil facilities, and for the in the Ostrava part of the OKR mining district. After the remaining six areas the model confirmed the master discontinuation of its function, the area can be used for plan’s assignment but suggested also other equally civil facilities. Current estimations expect discontinuing suitable possible utilizations. of its functions in the following decades. With respect to the fact that a prediction of the further The area of Zárubek colliery was assigned a light development of areas defined as brownfields is very industry future use. Its location would be suitable also difficult, it would be useful to include into the concept for housing or civil facilities. of the novel construction law the possibility of a less stringent or optional function for the future use of Conclusions the brownfields, and to put emphasis - according to the model adopted in some other countries (Great The preparation of master plan and its ratification is Britain) - on the placement of housing facilities in a long-term process and any changes are difficult to these areas. be implemented in a short-term horizon. The master plan can support or block the solution of the problem Acknowledgement of brownfields and their potential novel use. Due to the fast recession of mining the areas were assigned a light The model was prepared and applied thanks to the industry future use which was coherent with the plan research project No. 103/03/P064 “Optimum approach

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to regeneration and future use of abandoned industrial areas in the region of Ostrava” funded by the Czech Science Foundation.

References: Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary [online] http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=34390&dict=CALD. Kolektiv autorů (2004): Výzkum metod regenerace průmyslových ploch CEZ 271200018 , MS final report, VŠB - TU Ostrava, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ostrava. Kolektiv autorů (2003): Uhelné hornictví v Ostravsko - Karvinském revíru. ANAGRAM, Ostrava. KUTA, V., KUDA, F. (2004): Urbanistická struktura města Ostravy a ukončení těžby černého uhlí, Conference proceedings of “Průmyslová krajina” conference, Karviná, p. 52. MARHOLD, K. (1996): Sídla - Urbanistická typologie II, ČVUT, ISBN 80-01-01467-3. Regulation of ČBÚ No. 52/1997 Sb., which declares requirements for assurance of safety and health protection at work and safety of liquidation of major mining sites, in conformance with regulation of ČBÚ No. 32/2000 Sb. and 592/2004 Sb. Regulation of the city of Ostrava No. 3/1994 about release of the authoritative part of ratified master plan of the city of Ostrava (1994). ŘÍHA, J. (1992): Vliv investic na životní prostředí, ČVUT, ISBN 80-01-00678-6. VOJVODÍKOVÁ, B. (2004): Plochy bývalých důlních podniků a územní plán. Conference proceedings of “Průmyslová krajina” conference, Karviná p. 32.

Author´s address:

Ing. Barbara VOJVODÍKOVÁ, Ph.D. Technical University of Ostrava Faculty of Civil Engineering L. Podéště 1875, 708 00 Ostrava - Poruba, Czech Republic e-mail: [email protected]

Reviewer:

Prof. Ing. Petr MARTINEC, CSc.

56 Vol. 13, 2/2005 Moravian geographical Reports

DOWNSIZING OF MINING IN PÉCS

István FODOR

Abstract

Coal mining in the Mecsek Mts. reshaped the face of Pécs several times. Coal mining activities were observed to culminate during the era of Socialism in the second half of the past century when the city and the region became a citadel of mining. The last decade has been recording a downsizing of coal extraction and the mining industry is losing its significance. A new strategy is seen in the effort focused on the creation of an ecological city and an eco-region.

Shrnutí

Útlum těžební činnosti v Pécsi Těžba uhlí v pohoří Meczek přetvořila vzhled města Pécz a jeho okolí již několikrát. Těžba uhlí dosáhla svého vrcholu ve druhé polovině minulého století za éry socialismu, kdy se město i kraj staly baštou hornictví. V posledním desetiletí dochází k útlumu těžby a hornictví ztrácí svůj význam. Nová strategie rozvoje je spatřována ve snaze o vytvoření ekologického města a ekoregionu.

Key words: downsizing of coal mining, uranium mining, Pécs, Pécs region, Hungary

The oldest hard coal mines of Hungary opened in the district of Pécs

Hungary’s oldest coal mine – called Brenbergbánya – is situated near Sopron, where brown coal from the Miocene era has been mined since 1767. Almost at the same time, in 1769, the first bituminous coal layers were discovered in the Mecsek Mountain near Pécs. This site today is situated within the cadastral area of Pécs (in the Northern part of the city) where active coal mining was going on until 31 December 2004. The utilisation of bituminous coal mined here started already in 1782 in many places of the Mount Mecsek. Regarding its geological age this coal is a high calorie bituminous coal, created in the Liassic layer of the Jurassic era. It has a coking capacity, thus it is the only metallurgical coal occurring in Hungarian coal fields. Thus, since 1830 it could play an important role in the Hungarian coal market, constituting a significant basis for the First Danube Steamship Company, right until the end of World War II (Babics, 1952).

1. Significance of Pécs coal for Hungarian economy

In 1833, the territory of active coal mines situated near 2 Pécs covered only 3492 m . This was the time that meant Fig. 1: Orientation map a final stage and an end of small scale production in the mining industry. Large scale deep mining and intensive landscape. The impact sphere of the coal mining industry coal production started to develop from the middle of the greatly enlarged, and so many new shafts were opened 19th century. This brought to surface great quantities of in the vicinity of Pécs such as Pécsbánya, Szabolcs, coal for further industrial use as well as dead rock that Komló and the northern side of the Mecsek Mountain. remained on the site thus destroying environment and Coal from Pécs became an increasingly significant factor

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in the developing heavy industry - as it is a strategic In 2004 only a few hundred people were involved in re- element of steel and metal industries. In the period from cultivation programs. 1960 – 1970, the production of coal was almost 4 mil. tons per year here, although the production costs were 2. Uranium mining in Hungary raises special continuously increasing due to unfavourable geological problems of environmental protection conditions of deep working mines. In spite of the fact that the technically exploitable coal deposits were huge, Uranium mining and the related ore enrichment process the production was decreasing year by year due to the raise a series of problems in both the heavy and chemical apparent and increasing economic crisis of the 1980s industries. In Hungary (in the Pécs region) the industrial (see Tab. 1). uranium mining started in 1957 and was closed down in

Economically exploitable (industrial) reserve on 1 January Production of previous Year total Contracted with working mines year, million tons million tons % 1980 467.2 188.3 40 3.24 1985 596.0 175.5 29 2.95 1990 504.7 103.9 21 2.40 1994 238.5 51.2 21 0.97 1995 223.7 36.5 16 1.01 1996 225.6 38.3 17 0.86 1997 223.0 35.7 16 0.96 1998 195.2 7.9 4 0.93 1999 199.0 11.7 6 0.88 2000 198.7 11.2 6 0.74 2001 198.2 10.8 5 0.74 2002 197.7 10.2 5 0.64 2003 197.0 9.5 5 0.66 2004 199.0 8.9 4 0.67

Tab. 1: Production of bituminous coal Source: Hungarian Geological Survey.

It is clear from column 3 of Tab. 1 that in 2004, only 1997. Permian green (greyish green) sand-stone contains 0.67 million tons of coal was mined in the Mecsek much of uranium ore in the Mecsek Mountain, that mines. This was the last year of production here. On together with a Triassic surface deposit forms a huge 31st December the production was terminated even in anticline closing in the East. There were three areas the last surface mining cuts. Following to this closure suitable for industrial exploration demarcated there by only the environmental re-cultivation programs the end of 1955. The mines in these sites are qualified remained to be done. Approximately 130 million m3 of as dust-harmful (causing silicosis and radiation danger). bituminous coal and 100 million m3 of dead rock have The radiation danger was primarily due to radon gas been surfaced in the Mecsek region. Comparing the and its fission products. above mentioned two quantities, we can understand and clearly see the environmentally destructive and A half of the site’s ore deposit was exploited by the end double effect of the mining industry. Firstly, as a result of 1997, that is 18 million m3 (46 mil. tons) of rock, i.e. of exploiting materials in deep-mining large unstable 10 million m3 (25 million tons) of uranium ore. The and sunk territories were left. Secondly, artificial hills processing of the ore gave 21 million kg of uranium of dead rock have been erected that clashed with and metal. 32 million m3 of water were used for processing destroyed the landscape around them. raw uranium ore, 30 million m3 of it being mine inflow, the rest normal drinking water. The uranium was The downsizing of mining industry in the South obtained from the above mentioned 18 million m3 of ore Transdanubian region brought along also significant but due to its low concentration (approx. 0.1 %) almost social tensions because it led to the serious downsizing the entire quantity of ore became dead rock that was of mining workforce. While in 1980 the number of people deposited on the surface. Almost a half of the entire employed in the mining industry around Pécs amounted mass of debris is rough rock that was piled up in refuse to 34 446, in 1990 this number was only 19 682 persons. dumps and percolation hills. To gain extra uranium of

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dead rocks deposited in the percolation hills have been In the Pécs Komló region the territory of dead rock processed further through sodic dilution. This improved deposits makes up to 882 hectares. Of this 214 hectares the efficiency of the uranium industry. The other half of have been re-cultivated, 668 hectares still wait for re- refuse dumps as well as the slurry resulting from chemical cultivation. The largest quantity of dead rock was concentration processes were placed in slum-deposit. This produced in the deep working mines that was deposited slurry contained chemicals used in the dilution process on the spot. Although certain parts of the mines have as well as the dead rock debris itself. Both in the ore and been filled up already, dead rock deposits around in the untreated dead rock a radioactive balance exists them have not been re-cultivated or set back into the among the fissile materials of U-238. Due to chemical landscape. Planning of methods for their measuring and treatment this balance was disturbed in the percolation liquidation is under process. Their reuse is not possible hills and sump deposits. The re-cultivation of these sites is due to their low coal and ore contents, high salinity of presently going on, the operation being financed entirely running waters and possible self-ignition of the re-piled from the state budget. The cost of these re-cultivation material cause problems during re-cultivation. Dead works sums up to 18 billion HUF (Hungarian forint) that rock from the surface mining is used to refill deep mines. is to 72 million EUR. This sum pays for the liquidation of Due to the insufficient quantity of usable dead rock new environmental damages caused by the uranium mines, forms of landscape have to be necessarily planned here. and provides the opportunity toward the renewed Waste material coming out of the West-Mecsek uranium utilization of the territory. mines is low in fissile material and thus not re-usable. Their liquidation complying with the requirements of 3. Closed mines and grave environmental damages radiation protection can be done. Dead rock in Uranium mining is the result of the percolation treatment and In the Pécs region (especially the Mecsek Mountain) ore benefication methods. Their re-cultivation after the there are 153 objects recorded as causing significant production closure has been started (see above). and grave environmental damages (abandoned mines, refuse dumps, percolation territories of uranium mines, In the case of mines producing raw material for the slurry deposits etc.) (Fig. 2). construction industry we do not always have to count

Fig. 2: Environmental damages and danger caused by coal mining in the Pécs-Komló region Legend: 1 – closed mines, 2 – refuse dump, 3 –percolation area of uranium mines, 4 – slurry deposits

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with waste material. As this raw material is produced settlements. We can distinguish 19 large refuse dumps by the surface mining technology, dead rock is placed in the Pécs region, a few of them being interconnected in the courtyards or in the approximate vicinity of the or situated very close to one another. mines. After the closure of the mines, dead rock can be utilised almost everywhere. An insufficient quantity of 4. Summary the material could cause problems here in reshaping the landscape. Extra quantities of dead rock can be Mining in the Mecsek Mountain has reshaped the face utilised in the construction of dams and embankments, of Pécs several times. During the first period of some two in field works etc. Instead of opening new sites for the hundred years of the harmonious development of mining, construction material, it is rather possible to make use a university city with great historical importance and of of tailings from sand mines, coal mines and quarries. significant cultural values (as evidenced in the old city that is part of the World Heritage), acquired an industrial In Table 2 we summarise the list of damages in character as well. After World War II, during the socialist landscapes caused by mining activities: era, the city and its region became a “citadel” of mining.

I. Natural elements II. Artificial elements 1. Disturbance of underground rock 1. Settlement environment (residential and working place) 2. Changing the landscape forms 2. Industrial establishments (working plants, shafts) 3. Diminishing of crop land 3. Construction elements 4. Changing hydrology (surface, subsurface) 4. Infrastructure (surface and near surface linear 5. Flora and fauna establishments)

Tab. 2: Degradation of environment elements caused by mining

A significant problem represents the fact that the mines Since the mines have closed, this character has changed in Northern Pécs form a chain and reach the downtown into a “ruin”, after only thirty years in operation. The area of the city. Some mines or ancillary shafts reach new challenges evident at the end of the 20th century into residential areas. Sinking of the surface at various and the beginning of 21st century now pose the question degrees has been experienced in the region of Pécs, whether Pécs and its region can meet the requirements Komló and Mázaszászvár. of sustainable development. A new development strategy in this direction can be seen in the efforts to form an In Pécs and Komló significant disturbances occurred eco-city and eco-region. Pécs plays an integral part in in the linear infrastructure as well as damages in the European city network, with an active role in the buildings. Central European division of labour. Accordingly, the city’s economic development strategy has set priorities Surface mining is going on in the vicinity of the deep in the establishment of scientific and technology parks, working shafts, and both are located close to inner city industrial parks, conference centres, exhibition and fair area, or partly reaching into residential areas as well. centres, health tourism developments (in the Harkány These were formed as deep holes out of which the hole region), as well as the development of the university, reaching Pécs directly (Pécsbányatelep) has been re- together with a rapid remediation and revitalisation cultivated. Refuse dumps are usually situated around of land subject to environmental disturbances by the the mines, a few of them can be found in the inner mining industry. parts of Pécs and Komló. They are typically placed near

References: BABICS, A. (1952): A Pécsvidéki kőszébányászat története. Bp. FODOR, I. (1993): The economic dilemmas of ecological crisis-management. In: Hajdú Z. (ed.): Hungary: Society, State, Economy and Regional Structure in Transition Pécs. Centre for Regional Studies. FODOR, I. (2003): The environmental state, natural resources and environmental policy. In: Hajdú Z., I. Pálné Kovács (eds.): Pécs Portrait of South Transdanubia: A Region in Transition. Hungarian Academy of Sciences Centre for Regional Studies, p. 38-49.

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Author´s address: Prof. Dr. Fodor ISTVÁN, CSc. Centre for Regional Studies Hungarian Academy of Sciences Papnövelde u. 22 P. O. Box 199 H-7601 Pésc HUNGARY e-mail: [email protected]

Reviewer:

Assoc. Prof. RNDr. Jaromír KOLEJKA, CSc.

61 Moravian geographical Reports 2/2005, Vol. 13

GEOGRAPHY IN EUROPE OF REGIONS

The 6th Moravian Geographical Conference CONGEO ‘05

The 6th international geographical conference was held in Luhačovice in August 2005. The Conference was attended by geographers from the Czech Republic, Italy, Canada, Hungary, Germany, Poland and Sweden, and for two days it became a stage where 23 papers in various partial disciplines of geography were presented of which an absolute majority were published in the proceedings Geography in Europe of Regions. The individual contributions concerned a wide range of regional geographical issues. A lively discussion followed the contribution presented by Bryn Greer–Wooten from the University of York (Canada) and devoted to the contemporary problems of regionalization and regions in the European concept. Papers focused on environmental issues and ecological problems were dominating and interesting for the conference participants were papers discussing the role of small towns in the system of settlement. Attention was also paid to possibilities of using regional information for atlas creation, namely with respect to its contents and a possibility of digital expression.

The conference participants took part in an excursion which was to make them acquainted with the region of eastern Moravia. They were informed about the history and the present of the regional town of Zlín and they were shown the adjacent town of Otrokovice, affected by a severe flood in 1997. They visited one of the most prominent places of pilgrimage in Moravia – the basilica of Virgin Mary Assumption on the Holy Hill of Hostýn, Bystřice pod Hostýnem (as an example of the small town), and R. Jelínek distilleries in Vizovice – an important exporter of spirits.

The end of the Conference was devoted to a discussion concerning the next CONGEO ‘07 conference to be held in August 2007 and focused on “Regions and Localities in New Europe”. Partial themes suggested for CONGEO ‘07 are as follows: Regional Perspectives as a Result of Human Impact on Landscape and Environment, Society in Urban and Rural Context, and Regional Economy and Society. The venue of the CONGEO ‘07 conference is proposed to be one of towns in the Vysočina (Upland) region – for example Telč whose historical town core is enlisted by UNESCO as a part of the world’s heritage. The first circular of the conference will be publicized on the Branch websites and disseminated to geographical workplaces in autumn 2006.

Antonín Vaishar

62 Mine ČSM Karviná Corp. and area recultivation in the space of Karviná Louky. Landscape recultivation in the area of Karviná Doly (Space of the Church of St. Peter from Lakantgara). Photo O. Mikulík Photo O. Mikulík

Nová Huť Corp. Garden colonies can be seen even in the immediate vicinity of coal mines.

Photo O. Mikulík Photo O. Mikulík MORAVIAN GEOGRAPHICAL REPORTS

VOLUME 13 NUMBER ISSN 1210 - 8812 2 2005

Fig. 2: Categorization of industrial areas in the Ostrava region (Klusáček, Šotnar, 2004) Legend: 1 – Boundaries of the area under study; 2 – Boundaries of the municipal cadastral area; 3 – First–class road; 4 – Second–class road; 5 – Third–class road; 6 – Other roads; 7 – Railway; 8 – Watercourse; 9 – Water surface; 10 – Housing area; 11 – Service facilities; 12 – Other intravillan areas 13 – Other areas outside the intravillan Types of manufacturing sites and industrial areas: 14 – Production of coke and fuels (including extraction of raw materials); 15 – Engineering (including manufacture of vehicles); 16 – Metal working; 17 – Chemistry and rubber industries; 18 – Power engineering; 19 – Eletrotechnical industry; 20 – Timber processing and paper mills; 21 – Textiles and leather products; 22 – Food industry; 23 – Glass, ceramics and construction materials production; 24 – Other (not mentioned elsewhere); 25 – Industrial zones; 26 – Business premises; 27 – Agricultural areas; 28 – Transportation areas

Illustration to P. Klusáček´s Paper