Backtesting FHS for Var Estimation

Inter-generation solidarity in the care of seniors – alternatives for community planning Helena KOLIBOVÁ, Magdalena CHMELAŘOVÁ Abstract The study describes public administration measures for assessing the culture of active ageing based on the results of the factor and correlation analysis of the community plans of 31 towns of the Moravian-Silesian Region. The presented statements are based on 15 standardised indexes with the corresponding scales in three spheres (Quality and presentation; Clearly defined priorities; Partners and strategies). The results imply that the public administration exercises a model of development of terrain and outpatient services so that people in their declining years do not have to leave with permanent regularity their natural social environment and adapt to new life conditions. Public programmes, however, are marked by a limitation of possibilities to help in the sphere of the care of seniors, whereas the costs related to ageing are gradually being transferred to individuals and the family. The support of active ageing is only gradually becoming perceived as a problem that should be solved in a more systematic way. Keywords Public administration, community plans, the Moravian-Silesian Region, seniors, solidarity, social strategies JEL Classification I131, I138 Silesian University, Faculty of Public Policies, Olbrichova 625/25, 746 01 Opava, Czech Republic, email [email protected] (corresponding author) ECON – Journal of Economics, Management and Business Volume 23, Number 1, pages 61–75 (2013) doi: 10.7327/econ.2013.01.06 ISSN 1803-3865 62 ECON – Journal of Economics, Management and Business 1. Introduction The concept of norms and normality is dependable on historical and social cultural conditions. The social political activities of society are the results of the effort of individuals, movements, the theoretical legacies of thinkers, which diverted society from applying the right of the stronger against the weaker and the vulnerable and inspired the relations that on the basis of supporting moral, economic and political norms respect human rights and aspire to create human dignified conditions of life with the vision of secur- ing equal opportunities for everybody. Old age as an event and inter- generation support from the family side and society is described in many documented historic cultures. The idea that the social state can function as a blown-out pillow, pampering its clients, is obsolete and unreal. The process of the maturing and cultivation of social political measures is defined by the participation, interests and potential of actual participants, the profiles of their attitudes, inventiveness, and the authority or needs that they evoke, control and revise actual activities. It concerns Those who are given something and for whom social political measures are made and adapted and are the objects of the care and attention, Those who through a concrete way implement the social political measures for their executors, that is subjects, Those who act for the benefit of others. The aim of this article is to find a rationale and practical options for how to reinforce a particular type of intergenerational solidarity and to judge the level of the community plans of the selected locations by the set indica- tors. 2. Methodology a) For setting the targeted group as the source database for the analysis of community plans, the Statistics – the list of towns of the Czech Re- public whose number of the population exceeds 5000 – was used. From the total number of 270 in the Moravia-Silesian Region, there is the list of 31 towns including municipalities located in the territory, corresponding to the territory defined by the sphere of authority of the municipal authority with the authorised municipal office. b) For setting the object of comparison, strategic documents of municipalities were analysed in the sphere of planning social services devel- H. Kolibova, M. Chmelařová – Inter-generation solidarity in the care of seniors… 63 opment, which are entitled Community Plans, Strategic Plans, Local Action Plans, Medium-term Community Plans of the development of social services in the territory, etc. For the research factor and correlation analysis of the community plans in the Moravian-Silesian Region, there were set standardised indexes with the corresponding scales. These are Quality and presentation, Clearly defined priorities, Partners and Strategy. 3. Aspects of the culture of ageing Developed countries create a legal, economic and social environment for the development of civil society, whereas society sets the rules and defines the space of the life functioning of an individual. This process reflects the group level and manifests in the form of the social maturing of the generation, and thus it affects the individual level and forms conditions of individual ageing. People grow old in the environment of external conditions that they cannot influence, as the atmosphere of society, economic certainty or uncertainty, is out of the radius of their capacities (Kolibová, 2012). The complex aspect of social coherency, especially defined conditions of the pension legislation forming the base and functioning of families, is based on traditions, i.e. stereotypes and ways of behaviour in the inter- generation exchange. That, and the guarantee of the support, can stimulate or destroy the family models of care for covering services for their inde- pendent members. Its role is also played by the medial norm, which is used for the picture by which it is presented to inhabitants. The medial standard- isation of the support of ageing is differentiated: In the limited concept, the support of ageing is usually connected with the passive role of the public administration and is identified with the system of social security benefits. Its task is to eliminate the negative impacts of the functioning of the market mechanism, which could show as the existence of poverty. It is the concentration on the solidarity and support at the absence of incomes in old age and help- lessness, whereas the support of ageing is seen as a cost item of the state or public budgets, which has a negative influence on economic development or, in the better case, provides only very little stimula- tion. In the culture of ageing, there is thus the absence of a con- sistent and inspiring interconnection of pension and family policy to the relation and combination of the principle of insurance and solidarity. 64 ECON – Journal of Economics, Management and Business In the wide concept, the support of ageing is orientated on active components that can influence the prevention of negative social phenomena. Besides social security, there are also ranked sectors that influence social development in a positive way; these have positive economic impacts and contribute to the production of resources. Their task is to combine efficiency and solidarity in the long-term to- gether with the fact that growth in social wealth should be reflected in the rise of the standard of living of all social classes. The role of the public administration in the profile of the culture of active ageing and implementation of the concept of social support In the implementation of social strategies, the public administration fulfils a key role: The public sector has the greatest part in society and the activities of the state, as it prefers to target directivity and systematises institu- tional embedding, The direct and indirect outputs of the activities of the public administration set the space and profile the character of the culture of active ageing, Public policies significantly influence the permanently sustainable development of society, The responsibility of the public administration includes the adequacy, availability, financial sustainability and efficiency of their measures, The growing pressure of the public on manifesting the results of the implemented activities and effective public spending means calcu- lates with the voluntary approach of partners to obligations of a regional scope. The role of the public sector The public sector as the subject (the supporter and administrator) of the social system against the objects of the social policy: Setting the vision and strategies of key documents (the National Pro- grammes of Preparation for Old Age). Promotion of the concept towards participating partakers, evoking and preservation of their motivations, and collaboration. H. Kolibova, M. Chmelařová – Inter-generation solidarity in the care of seniors… 65 Support of the dialogue at the communicative level in line of fulfilling defined visions and their schedule. Assessment and evaluation of interested parties, significant acts for the benefit of activities or funding the targeted group and national concepts. Public education of professional and non-professional public. Communication with the public and other sectors with the objective of involving them in the support of strategies of active ageing. Support of media coverage and its partiality. Participation in European strategies (EY, 2012). Organisations of the public sector as the users of the activities of the private sector towards the objects of social policy (the targeted group of seniors): Inter-connexion of the private and public sectors when the organisa- tion of the public sector provides the private sector with the frame perspective (e.g. NGO or commercial activities) and assists in keeping the norms (standards) of care and quality of services. The public sector limits and guarantees space for the activities of the private sector, whereas the organisations of the public sector are ac- ceptors of the offers of the private sector. Support of the employment rate. Organisations of the public sector as subjects of the social policy with an active role in the social system: The public sector receives and declares its key role and transfers the responsibility to lower links of the network (local, regional, national and worldwide levels). Broad collaboration in the culture of active ageing. Support for the quality and extent of publicly provided services and regional development.

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