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Landscape Changes in the Central Part of the Karviná Region from the First Half of the 19Th Century to the Beginning of the 21St Century

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Landscape Changes in the Central Part of the Karviná Region from the First Half of the 19Th Century to the Beginning of the 21St Century Ekológia (Bratislava) Vol. 31, No. 1, p. 75–91, 2012 doi:10.4149/ekol_2012_01_75 LANDSCAPE CHANGES IN THE CENTRAL PART OF THE KARVINÁ REGION FROM THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY TO THE BEGINNING OF THE 21ST CENTURY MONIKA MULKOVÁ1, PETR POPELKA2, RENATA POPELKOVÁ1 1 Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho 10, 710 00 Ostrava – Slezská Ostrava, Czech Republic; e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 2 Department of History, Faculty of Arts, University of Ostrava, Reální 5, Ostrava, Czech Republic; e-mail: Petr. [email protected] Abstract Mulková M., Popelka P., Popelková R.: Landscape changes in the central part of the Karviná region from the first half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 21st century. Ekológia (Bratislava), Vol. 31, No. 1, p. 75–91, 2012. This study deals with the impact of industrialization on the landscape in the Ostrava-Karviná Mining District. The authors focused on the analysis of the landscape changes in the central part of the Karv- iná region from the first half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 21st century. Land cover and land cover development were analyzed in detail in the observed cadastral areas of Lazy near Orlová, Karviná-Doly, and Darkov. With regard to the existing data sources, the years 1836, 1947 and 2003 were selected as significant time milestones. Landscape changes derived from the image data sources of cadastral maps and aerial photos are explained in historical contexts related to the selected areas. Key words: landscape development, land cover, aerial photo, Ostrava-Karviná Mining District, industrialization Introduction Modern industrial society originated in Europe with the rise and development of the “Dual Revolution” (Doppelrevolution) which incorporated two essential modernization proc- esses: (1) the industrial revolution which began in England and brought great changes to the economy and societal structure, (2) the political and social revolution, inspired by both the French revolution and the fight of North American colonies for independence, which transformed political conditions and brought the beginnings of constitutionality. In the course of the 19th century, these processes facilitated gradual transformation of a traditional agricultural society into a modern industrial society. The industrial revolution represented a basis for and a part of a more complex process of industrialization. The term industri- 75 alization defines a multi-level process during which societal livelihood shifted from the primary sector of agriculture into the secondary and tertiary sectors of industry, business, and services. The industrialization process further involved quite significant technological, social, economic and cultural changes. This transformation process is also closely related to important landscape changes and land use. The presented study deals with concrete examples of the impact of industrialization on a specific landscape type. Attention here is focused on an originally agricultural landscape affected by the subsequent mineral resources extraction. The territory of the Ostrava-Karv- iná Mining District, selected areas of which are analyzed, forms part of the zones of great dynamics of anthropogenically-conditioned landscape changes associated with underground black coal mining. It represents a territory affected by the industrialization process both intensively and also specifically. Study area The Ostrava and Karviná regions form parts of areas whose social economic character changed considerably with the rise of the Industrial Revolution. Originally indistinctive agricultural territory with undeveloped and unspecialized industry and insufficiently favourable conditions for agriculture began to change only following the onset of rapid demand for new mineral resources, particularly coal (Myška, 1968). Together with the neighbouring Ostrava region, the Karviná region became one of the economic centres of the Austria-Hungarian Monarchy and later of Czechoslovakia as well. The industrialization process affected not only the social economic characteristics of the region but also the landscape and its use. To capture the impact of the industrialization process and the much later process of de-in- dustrialization after 1989, a proven micro-analytical method was applied. The landscape change analysis comprised three selected cadastral areas in the eastern part of the Ostrava-Karviná Mining District (OKMD). These comprised Lazy near Orlová, Karviná-Doly and Darkov. Spatial delimitation of the localities is given in Figure 1 and their basic characteristics are presented in Table 1. The selected cadastral areas are of similar historic evolution. Within the whole observed period up to 1918, Karviná-Doly and Darkov were part of a vast manorial complex of the family of Counts Larisch-Mönnich, whereas the Karviná region was its centre. As early as the 1830’s, the Larisch family manors were among the most flourish- ing manors in Silesia, and their economic activities in the 19th century were characterized by a combination of traditional agriculture and industrial manufacturing (Rodan, 2008). Although black coal mining in these areas represented an insignificant complement of the Larisch-Mönnich family’s business activities until the 1840’s, the following decades witnessed its rapid development (Zářický, 2004). In 1860, the Larisch-Mönnich mining company T a b l e 1. Basic characteristics of selected localities. Name of cadastral area Total area (ha) Neighbouring cadastral area Mines within a cadastral area Orlová, Petřvald Karviná, Lazy, Poruba, Petřvald I, Lazy near Orlová 597.38 Šumbark, Dolní Suchá, Prostřední Dolní Suchá Suchá, Karviná-Doly Doubrava u Orlové, Staré Město Karviná-Doly I, Karviná-Doly u Karviné, Orlová, Lazy u Orlové, Karviná-Doly 1643.41 II, Doubrava, Lazy, Dolní Prostřední Suchá, Horní Suchá, Suchá, Stonava, Darkov Stonava, Darkov, Karviná-město Karviná-město, Karviná-Doly, Darkov, Karviná-Doly I, Darkov 541.70 Stonava, Louky nad Olší, Ráj Karviná-Doly II, Louky 76 Fig. 1. Spatial delimitation of selected localities (data source: Portal of the Public Administration of the Czech Republic). Odstran�no: . Fig. 1. Spatial delimitation of selected localities (data source: Portal of the Public disposed Administrationof almost 185 ha of of the mining Czech areas, Republic). and this area expanded to 866 ha by 1920 (Gabriela Františka Mine, Jindřich Mine, Hlubina Mine, Jan-Karel Mine and František Mine in the village of Karviná-Doly). Together with the Larisch-Mönnich family, mining in this locality was also carried out by Teschen Chamber (Hohenegger Mine, Gabriela andThe Barboraselected Mines) cadastral (Zářický, areas are2004; of Šlachta,similar historic1937). The evolution. Lazy near Within Orlová the cadastralwhole observed area belonged to the Orlová estateperiod owned up to by 1918, the Mattencloits Karviná-Doly from and 1844. Darkov Beside weretraditional part of agriculture, a vast manorial mining complexgradually ofbecame more important in the Orlová region beginning from the 1840’s. Lazy near Orlová locality was most affected by min- ing activitiesthe infamily the Hlavní of Counts jáma Larisch-Mönnich,Mine (originally called wher Egoneas the Mine) Karviná and from region 1890 was also its in centre. the Nová As jáma Mine Odstran�no: manors of (presentlyearly known as theas the 1830’s Důl ,Karviná the Larisch Mine, family Lazy Section).manors were among the most flourishing manors Odstran�no: manors All three cadastral areas represent original agricultural territoriesth with later intensive anthropogenic exploita- tion relatedin Silesiato mining, and activities. their economic Underground activities black in coal the mining 19 century caused negativewere characterized changes in bothby a abiotic Odstranand �no: , biotic landscapecombination factors of andtraditional their functions. agriculture This anthropogenicand industrial activitymanufacturing fundamentally (Rodan, changed 2008). the landscapeOdstran�no: character in all the selected localities. All studied cadastral areas are characterized by the evident impact of blackOdstran �no: By the 1840’s, b coal miningAlthough on landscape black coaldevelopment mining in and these this areas impact represented can be observed an insignificant in typical landscapecomplement changes, of such as Odstran�no: but waste banksthe andLarisch-Mönnich submerged ground family’s subsidence. business activities until the 1840’s, the following decades witnessed its rapid development (Zá�ický, 2004). In 1860, the Larisch-Mönnich mining Odstran�no: company disposed of almost 185 ha of mining areas, and this area expanded to 866 ha Material and methods The initial detailed analysis concerned land cover and its4 development in the studied cadastral areas in the years 1836, 1947 and 2003. From available 19th century historic maps, the study made use of stable cadastre maps from 1836 obtained from the Central Archives of Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre in Prague. The land cover in individual years 77 was further studied on the basis of 1947 contact copies of black-and-white aerial photos provided by the Military Geography and Hydrometeorology Office in Dobruška and also a coloured orthophoto from 2003. This orthophoto was visualized using the map service of the Portal of the Public Administration of the Czech Republic (PVS ČR, 2006). The map server was utilized through the services of ArcIMS in ArcGIS 9.2 software. Data verification and identifica- tion of
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