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Local Dynamics of Small-Holder Coffee Certification in the Mount Elgon Region of Uganda

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Local Dynamics of Small-Holder Coffee Certification in the Mount Elgon Region of Uganda Local dynamics of small-holder coffee certification in the Mount Elgon region of Uganda How do heterogeneous actors in the Mount Elgon region in Uganda produce their own dynamic interaction with coffee certificates? Msc thesis by M. W. Verschoor July 2012 Rural Development Sociology Group Wageningen University 2 Local dynamics of small-holder coffee certification in the Mount Elgon region of Uganda How do heterogeneous actors in the Mount Elgon region in Uganda produce their own dynamic interaction with coffee certificates? Master thesis International Development Studies M. W. Verschoor July 2012 Under supervision of Dr. F. M. Kohne Rural Development Sociology Group Wageningen University 3 Index Index ............................................................................................................................................................... 1 Part I Introduction and background to the research ............................................................................. 3 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 3 1.1 Introducing the research ................................................................................................................ 3 1.2 Problem statement ......................................................................................................................... 5 1.3 Research objectives ....................................................................................................................... 6 1.4 Research questions ........................................................................................................................ 6 1.5 Structure of the thesis .................................................................................................................... 7 2. International and Ugandan coffee market developments and the certification of coffee ................... 9 2.1 International coffee developments: liberalization of the international coffee market, the coffee crisis and certification/verification of coffee .............................................................................................. 9 2.2 Liberalization and developments of the Ugandan coffee market .............................................. 12 2.3 Coffee in the Mount Elgon region .............................................................................................. 15 Part II Research ....................................................................................................................................... 20 3. Theoretical framework ........................................................................................................................ 20 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 20 3.1 Placing Mount Elgon certification and the ANT in perspective: an assemblage of certification 20 3.2 Actor Network theory: coffee certificate assemblage in the Mount Elgon region as a punctualized actor-network ...................................................................................................................... 21 3.3 The empirical research of the interaction of heterogeneous actors in the punctualized Mount Elgon certified coffee actor-network ........................................................................................................ 23 4 Research approach and methodology ................................................................................................. 26 4.1 Approach to the research ............................................................................................................ 26 4.2 Research method ......................................................................................................................... 26 Part III Results ......................................................................................................................................... 31 5. Introducing the MECCAN-actors, and the portrayal of coffee certification in the Mount Elgon region by the two small-holder certificate holders involved ........................................................................ 31 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 31 5.1 Namayonyi MECCAN ................................................................................................................ 31 5.2 Busano MECCAN....................................................................................................................... 35 5.3 Actors impacting on the interactions of the MECCAN actors under research, and an informant on coffee certification in Uganda ........................................................................................... 38 5.4 The explanation of Kyagalanyi and Gumutindo on how they organize their coffee certificate holding 39 6. Perspectives of the certificate holders Gumutindo and Kyagalanyi, and certification consultant Alan Tulip, on MECCAN interactions and the actors involved ......................................................................... 43 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 43 6.1 What benefits does a coffee certificate bring the certificate holders?........................................ 43 1 6.2 Benefits which the certificate holders and their certificates brings to the farmer ...................... 45 6.3 Interactions with Mount Elgon certified farmers ........................................................................ 47 6.4 Standards issues: difficult application in the Ugandan context .................................................. 52 6.5 Interactions at the periphery of the certification ......................................................................... 58 Chapter 7 Case studies ................................................................................................................................. 61 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 61 7.1 Case Study: Namayonyi ............................................................................................................... 61 7.2 Case Study: Busano ..................................................................................................................... 78 Part IV Analyzing the Namayonyi and Busano MECCAN’s .................................................................. 86 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 86 Frame and structure of analysis ............................................................................................................... 86 8. Analyzing the individual interactions of the Namayonyi and Busano MECCAN ................................. 87 8.1 Certificate holders attempt to produce a MECCAN certificate norm of ‘practical’ nature in their interactions with the standard-setters and the external inspectors ................................................. 87 8.2 Certificate holders focus on agricultural change in the interactions with the farmers, and benefits and trust become important factors in the (re)production of the MECCAN interactions they wish to maintain ........................................................................................................................................ 89 8.3 Access of Gumutindo to certified coffee via Peace Kawomera is limited as Peace Kawomera does not always play the role of ‘primary society’ ................................................................................... 95 8.4 Maintaining certified coffee trade via export-related interactions of the certificate holders ..... 95 8.5 External influences and (un)intended negative consequences of strategies influencing the MECCAN dynamics of interaction ......................................................................................................... 97 9. Order produced by the MECCAN-interactions ............................................................................... 100 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 100 9.3 Future of the MECCAN interactions? ........................................................................................... 104 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................. 105 Discussion and recommendations ............................................................................................................. 111 References................................................................................................................................................... 112 Annexes ...................................................................................................................................................... 115 Concept definitions ...............................................................................................................................
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