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Occurrence of Parasites and Diseases in Oysters and Mussels of U.S. Coastal Waters National Status and Trends, the Mussel Watch Monitoring Program

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Occurrence of Parasites and Diseases in Oysters and Mussels of U.S. Coastal Waters National Status and Trends, the Mussel Watch Monitoring Program Occurrence of Parasites and Diseases in Oysters and Mussels of U.S. Coastal Waters National Status and Trends, the Mussel Watch Monitoring Program NOAA National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment D. A. Apeti Y. Kim G.G. Lauenstein J. Tull R. Warner March 2014 NOAA TECHNICAL MEMO RANDUM NOS NCCOS 182 NOAA NCCOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment CITATION Apeti, D.A., Y. Kim, G. Lauenstein, J. Tull, and R. Warner. 2014. Occurrence of Parasites and Diseases in Oys­ ters and Mussels of the U.S. Coastal Waters. National Status and Trends, the Mussel Watch monitoring program. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOSS/NCCOS 182. Silver Spring, MD 51 pp. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to acknowledge Juan Ramirez of TDI-Brooks International Inc., and David Busheck and Emily Scarpa of Rutgers University Haskin Shellfish Laboratory for a decade of analystical effort in providing the Mussel Watch histopathology data. We also wish to thank reviewer Kevin McMahon for in­ valuable assistance in making this document a superior product than what we had initially envisioned. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for their use by the United States Government Occurrence of Parasites and Diseases in Oysters and Mussels of the U.S. Coastal Waters. National Status and Trends, the Mussel Watch MonitoringProgram. Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment (CCMA) National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS) National Ocean Service (NOS) National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Adminstration (NOAA) Authors Dennis A. Apeti, Gunnar Lauenstein, and Rob Warner NOAA Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment Coastal and Oceanographic Assessment, Status and Trends Branch Yungkul Kim Assistant Professor Department of Integrated Environmental Science & Department of Biology School of Science, Engineering & Mathematics Bethune-Cookman University Jamila Tull Florida A&M University School of the Environment March 2014 NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 182 United States Department National Oceanic and Atmospheric National Ocean Service of Commerce Administration Rebecca Blank Kathryn Sullivan Holly Bamford Deputy Secretary Acting Under Secretary Assistant Administrator TABLE OF CONTENTS Acronyms .........................................................................................................................i List of tables ....................................................................................................................ii List of figures ................................................................................................................. iii Executive Summary ......................................................................................................vii Introduction .....................................................................................................................1 Methods...........................................................................................................................3 Monitoring Sites and Bivalve Species ......................................................................3 Sample Collection .....................................................................................................5 Analytical Methods ...................................................................................................5 Data Analysis and Statistical Approach ....................................................................9 Results ...........................................................................................................................11 Parasites ........................................................................................................................12 Prokaryotic Inclusion Bodies ..................................................................................12 Gregarines ...............................................................................................................14 Haplosporidium nelsoni ..........................................................................................16 Perkinsus marinus ...................................................................................................18 Ciliates ....................................................................................................................20 Cestodes ..................................................................................................................22 Trematodes ..............................................................................................................24 Nematodes ...............................................................................................................26 Copepods.................................................................................................................28 Pinnotherid Crabs ....................................................................................................30 Synthesis .......................................................................................................................32 Tissue Hemocytic Infiltration ..................................................................................32 Ceroid Bodies ..........................................................................................................34 Digestive Gland Atrophy ........................................................................................36 Tissue Necrosis .......................................................................................................38 Xenomas .................................................................................................................40 Synthesis .......................................................................................................................42 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................48 ACRONYMS AND TECHNICAL TERMS Ag – silver American oyster– Crassostrea virginica also known as Eastern oyster As – arsenic Blue mussel – Mytilus edulis (East coast), M. galloprovinciallis (California coast), M. trossulus (Northern Calif. to Alaska) CCMA – Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment Cd – cadmium Cestode – a parasitic flatworm with a specialized organ for attachment COAST – Coastal Ocean Assessments and Status & Trends Branch Cr – chromium Cu – copper DDT – dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, a pesticide Dermo – a common name for an oyster disease caused by Perkinsus marinus, a pathogen that affects oysters Edema – tissue swelling from fluid internal to the organism Hawaiian oyster – Ostrea sandvicensis Hg – mercury Infection intensity - is a measure of the severity of infection or occurrence of disease Mn – manganese MSX – multinucleated sphere x/unknown, an oyster disease caused by Haplosporidium nelsoni MWP – Mussel Watch Program NCCOS – National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science Necrosis – tissue death Nematode – a roundworm with an unsegmented body Neoplasia – abnormal growth of cells forming a tumor Neoplasm – new tissue growth serving no physiological function, commonly referred to as benign or malignant growth Ni – nickel NOAA – National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOS – National Ocean Service NS&T – National Status and Trends PAH – polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Pb – lead PCB – polychlorinated biphenyls PIB – prokaryotic inclusion bodies Prevalence - describes the proportion of individuals in the population that are infected or diseased Se – selenium Sn – tin Tumor – a solid or fluid-filled lesion, commonly synonymous with neoplasia Xenoma – a symbiotic complex formed by hypertrophying host cells and multiplying intra-cellular parasites; a cyst Zebra mussel – two species of invasive Great Lakes mussels (Dreissena polymorpha (called zebra mussel)) and D. bugensis (called quagga mussel) Zn – zinc i LIST OF TABLES Table 1. List of organic pollutants and metals analyzed by the NS&T Program. Table 2a. List of parasites measured by the MWP as part of the histopathology assessment of bivalves. Table 2b. List of diseases and tissue conditions/pathologies measured by the MWP as part of the histopathology assessment of bivalves. Table 3. List of quantitative and semi-quantitative categories of the histopathology conditions. In a number of cas­ es (e.g. gregarines and ciliates), subcategories by bivalve type and organism morphology are individually tallied. Table 4. Semi-quantitative scale for Haplosporidium nelsoni (MSX) infection modified from Ford and Figueras (1988). Table 5. Average prevalence of parasites and tissue conditions by region and by bivalve type. Table 6. Average intensity of parasite infections and diseases by region and by bivalve type. (nd indicates condi­ tions that do not occur in a given bivalve species). Table 7. Interspecies comparison using analysis of variance (ANOVA) applied to the 2008-2009 prevalence re­ sults. Species not connected with the same letter are statistically different at p < 0.05. (nd indicates conditions that do not occur in a given bivalve species). Table 8. Regional contrast using analysis of variance (ANOVA) applied to the 2008-2009 prevalence results. Coastal regions not connected with the same letter are statistically different at p < 0.05. (nd indicates conditions that do not occur in a given bivalve species). ii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. National distribution of shellfish species used as sentinel bivalves by the MWP. Except for
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