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Copyright Undertaking This thesis is protected by copyright, with all rights reserved. By reading and using the thesis, the reader understands and agrees to the following terms: 1. The reader will abide by the rules and legal ordinances governing copyright regarding the use of the thesis. 2. The reader will use the thesis for the purpose of research or private study only and not for distribution or further reproduction or any other purpose. 3. The reader agrees to indemnify and hold the University harmless from and against any loss, damage, cost, liability or expenses arising from copyright infringement or unauthorized usage. IMPORTANT If you have reasons to believe that any materials in this thesis are deemed not suitable to be distributed in this form, or a copyright owner having difficulty with the material being included in our database, please contact [email protected] providing details. The Library will look into your claim and consider taking remedial action upon receipt of the written requests. Pao Yue-kong Library, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong http://www.lib.polyu.edu.hk LAO SHE’S CHA GUAN (TEAHOUSE) AND ITS ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS A SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL PERSPECTIVE ON DRAMA TRANSLATION by Wang Bo Presented to the Faculty of Humanities The Hong Kong Polytechnic University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF APPLIED LANGUAGE SCIENCES THE HONG KONG POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OCTOBER 2017 Abstract As an appliable theory, the appliability of Halliday’s systemic functional linguistic framework has been widely recognized in translation studies. Within this framework, a text could be described by the different metafunctional modes of meaning: the ideational (experiential and logical), the interpersonal, and the textual. Thus, translation involves the recreation of all the four modes of meaning, and could be understood as the recreation of simultaneous choices among various options in logical, experiential, interpersonal and textual systems. This thesis aims to illuminate translation as a linguistic process and to apply Systemic Functional Linguistics to the study on drama translation. It investigates the two English translations and the Chinese original of a drama entitled Teahouse, which has been written by Lao She, and translated by Ying Ruocheng and John Howard- Gibbon respectively. In the data of Teahouse, three kinds of text are found, namely dramatic dialogue, dramatic monologue and stage direction. Based on a pilot study, a theoretical framework used for the analysis is built, and different choices are considered in the analysis in accordance with the different kinds of text. In dramatic dialogue, choices in the systems of THEME, MOOD and MODALITY are analyzed and compared. In dramatic monologue and stage direction, choices in the systems of THEME, TAXIS and LOGICO-SEMANTIC TYPE are examined. Various kinds metafunctional translation shifts are identified, quantified, and discussed based on the matrix of metafunctional translation shifts proposed in Matthiessen (2014b). These translation shifts, however, are different from the errors made in translation, as equivalence cannot be maintained in all levels and dimensions, translators thus have to make shifts in one dimension or two. After the lexicogrammatical analysis, the context for the source text and the two target texts are described in accordance with the three contextual parameters, i.e. field, tenor, and mode. These descriptions are then related to some of the translators’ lexicogrammatical choices. i The present study has contributed to both Systemic Functional Linguistics and translation studies in the following perspectives: (1) Theoretically, this thesis has its contribution in its application of SFL to translation studies, specifically, to the study of drama translation. Despite the other approaches of engaging with translation generally found in the literature, translation is here considered as a linguistic process, and is therefore illuminated as a linguistic process. In this way, the appliability of SFL is emphasized. (2) By integrating the dimensions outlined in Matthiessen (2011), such as stratification, metafunction, instantiation, etc., an analytical framework is built with a purpose of applying SFL to study drama translation. This framework not only provides linguistic evidence to support evaluation and criticism, but also enables us to examine drama translation from the perspective of SFL. (3) The present study is also one of the first attempts to apply and further develop the metafunctional translation shifts proposed in Matthiessen (2014b). Based on the lexicogrammatical analysis, different kinds of metafunctional translation shifts are found and further categorized, with the more delicate sub-categories being elaborated, quantified, and discussed. (4) By analyzing the data in English and Chinese, this study also reflects the systemic contrasts between the two languages and will contribute to multilingual studies in SFL. In addition, in terms of description, this thesis is also one of the first attempts to analyze Chinese drama from a systemic functional perspective. (5) The detailed lexicogrammatical analysis also has its implications on translation practice. The present study is expected to provide translators with the tools to actually examine and diagnose the issues in translation. It also reveals the options and challenges that translators may meet in translation, enables them to know more theoretically and professionally about language. In addition, it helps them to be aware of systemic probabilities, as translators are subconsciously aware of systemic probabilities, either in terms of the general system or the generic subsystem of their translated work. ii (6) The lexicogrammatical analysis attempts to refute the claims of the existence of translation universals that are frequently seen in various literature. Further evidence for House’s (2008) claims that it is futile to look for translation universals are provided in the present thesis. iii Related Output Book Chapter ñ Wang, Bo, & Ma, Yuanyi. (forthcoming). Textual and logical choices in the translations of dramatic monologue in Teahouse. To appear in Akila S. Baklouti & Lise Fontaine (Eds.), Perspectives from Systemic Functional Linguistics. London: Routledge. ñ Wang, Bo, & Ma, Yuanyi. (2016). Choice of the translator: Translation strategies for the Cantonese version of Teahouse. In Yang Lianrui (Ed.), Foreign language research in China (pp. 82-92). Qingdao: Ocean University of China Press. ñ Wang, Bo. (2015). Choice in translation from a metafunctional perspective. In Chi-yu Chu and Minhui Xu (Eds.), Current issues in translation studies (pp. 419-434). Chengdu: Sichuan People’s Publishing House. Journal Articles ñ Ma, Yuanyi, & Wang, Bo. (2015). A review of systemic functional translation studies from an interpersonal perspective. In Proceedings of the fourth Northeast Asia International Symposium on Language, Literature and Translation (pp. 22-28). Marietta: American Scholars Press. ñ Wang, Bo. (2014). Theme in translation: A systemic functional linguistic perspective. International Journal of Comparative Literature and Translation Studies, 2(4), 54-63. Conference Presentations ñ Wang, Bo, & Ma, Yuanyi. (2016, July). Cross-linguistic variation in the translations of dramatic monologue in Teahouse: An analysis of textual and logical choices in Chinese, English and German Texts. Paper presented at the 43rd International Systemic Functional Congress (ISFC), Bandung, Indonesia. ñ Wang, Bo, & Ma, Yuanyi. (2016, April). An analysis of different Theme choices in the collaborative translation of a Chinese drama. Paper presented iv at Researching Collaborative Translation: An International Symposium, Hong Kong. ñ Wang, Bo, & Ma, Yuanyi. (2015, June). A systemic functional perspective on drama translation. Paper presented at the 5th International Conference on English, Discourse and International Communication, Macao. ñ Wang, Bo, & Ma, Yuanyi. (2015, April). A systemic functional perspective on drama translation: Teahouse and its translations. Paper presented at the Symposium to Launch the Halliday-Hasan International Fund for the Study of Language and Other Systems of Meaning & the 14th Chinese National Functional Linguistics Conference, Beijing, China. ñ Wang, Bo. (2014, December). Thematic development and translation studies. Paper presented at the 3rd Guangdong University of Foreign Studies Forum on Applied Linguistics (GDUFS Forum), Guangzhou, China. v Acknowledgements This thesis would not have been completed without the support, encouragement and love from so many people around me. First and foremost, I am most grateful to my supervisor, Professor Christian M. I. M. Matthiessen, who opens the door of SFL in my academic world, and brings me to an amazing wonderland of SFL, RST, language typology, environments of translation, etc. His world-class expertise, super kindness, lovely personality, quick-wit humor, and endless patience shine all the way through my linguistic kindergarten and keep me fully-equipped for my future academic career. Special thanks goes to Professor Chu Chi-yu, who was my co-supervisor before he retired from PolyU. His two courses taught at PolyU has empowered me with the knowledge of translation theories. Besides, it was also Professor Chu who had foreseen the powerful appliability of SFL, and had strongly encouraged me to keep on learning it. I am grateful to the teachers in the Department of
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