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Index of names

Anderson, J. G., 92 as leader, 104–5, 125 Ang Lee, see Li Ang Memorial Hall, 195 and Northern Expedition, 56 n. 5, 79 Ba Jin, 55 puritanism, 195 Backhouse, Edmund, 56 n. 5 remains, 76 Bada Shanren, 93 in Resistance War, 114, 117, 125, 142–3 Bai Chongxi, 100, 189, 198 resumes presidency, 189 Bai Xianyong (Pai Hsien-yung), 198 as revolutionary leader, 76 Black, Davidson, 92 as soldier, 100 Bland, J. O. P., 16, 31 in Taipei, 190 Borodin, Michael, 75 Chiang Wei-kuo, 201 n. 13 Bose, Subbhas Chandra, 155 n. 4 Churchill, Winston, 127 Buck, Pearl, 19, 85, 107 Cixi (Empress Dowager), 17, 29 death, 40 Cai Tingkai, 69, 99, 100, 176 ﬂight from Peking, 27 Cantlie, James, 21 and reforms, 22–3 Cao Cao, 59 tomb, 47, 53 Capa, Robert, 119 Confucius, 53 Cartier-Bresson, Henri, 161 Chang, Jun (Zhang Rong), 168 Dai Li, 125 Chen Duxiu, 75 Dai Jitao, 201 n. 13 Ch’en, Eugene, 79 De Wang, 75, 99, 129, 130, 155 Chen Jian, 147 n. 12 Deng Xiaoping, 59, 181, 212 Chen Jiongming, 57 Ding Wenjiang, 64, 92 Chen Jitang, 60, 102, 103 Dong Jianhua (C. H. Tung), 175 Chen Kaige, 198 Du Fu, 59 Chen Lifu, 174, 182 Chen Piqun, 155 Fei Xiaotong, 176 Ch’en Shui-pien (Shuibian), 12, 181, 201, Feng Youlan, 176 202 n. 14, 205, 216 Feng Yuxiang, 60, 100 Chen Yi, 158 Fu Zuoyi, 170, 176 Chen Yi (Marshal), 158 Chennault, Claire, 144 Gong Li, 94 Cheung, Leslie, 94 Goto Shimpei, 186 Cheung, Maggie, 89 Gu Weijun (Wellington Koo), 55 Chiang Ching-kuo, 85, 201 n. 13, 201–4 Guangxu Emperor, 17 Chiang Kai-shek, 10, 75 death, 40 in Civil War, 169, 189 reform efforts, 22–3 death, 200 Guo Moruo, 133 ﬂight to Taiwan, 178–9 hatred of communism, 100 Han Fuju, 117 and Japan, 99 Hart, Sir Robert, 16

217

218 Index of names

He Lian (Franklin Ho), 64 leadership, 166 He Yingqin, 11, 146 and Long March, 102 Hirohito, Emperor, 156 and peasant movement, 77 Hong Xiuchuan, 181 public criticism of, 50 n. 1 Hou Xiaoxian (Hsiao-hsien), 197, 198 remains, 76 Hu Die (Butterﬂy Wu), 95 and support for federalism, 51 Hu Shi, 7, 66, 67, 195 writings, 165, 172 Hu Zongnan, 167 in Yan’an, 128–9 Huang Shaoxiong, 176 Marshall, General George, 160, 165 Mazu (goddess), 197, 207 Iwame, Matsui, 156 McKay, George, 200 Mei Lanfang, 93, 94, 176 Jian Bocan, 176 Mencius, 53 Jiang Baili, 63 Mo Yan, 130, 138 Jiang Qing, 93, 155 n. 5 Madame Mok (Mo Xiuying), 103 Morse, Hosea, 16, 33 Kang Youwei, 22, 23 Koizumi Junichiro, 28 Needham, Joseph, 188 Kong Xiangxi, 72 Nie Rongzhen, 166

Lam, Wifredo, 36 n. 11 Okamura Yasuji, 156 Lao She, 176 Lee Teng-hui (Li Denghui), 181, 200, Pei Wenzhong, 92 202, 204–5 Peng Pai, 77 Li Ang (Ang Lee), 197 Polo, Marco, 56 n. 5 Li Ang (novelist), 198 Pu Yi, 4, 40, 47, 65, 157 Li Gongpu, 159 as emperor of Manzhouguo, 130 Li Guanyao (Lee Kuan-yu), 181 marriage, 49 Li Hongzhang, 7 Li Ji, 92 Qi Baishi, 93, 176 Li Jishen, 176 Qi Sihe, 176 Li Zongren, 100, 169, 170, 189 Qian Long Emperor, 104 Lian Zhan (Lien Chan), 206, 208 Qian Zhongshu, 94, 95 Liang Ji, 50 Qin Shihuang, 8, 9 Liang Qichao, 22, 23 Liang Shuming, 50 n. 1 Rabe, John, 116 Lin Biao, 75, 166, 168, 169 Rong family, 33, 176 Lin Chaozhi, 87 Lindbergh, Charles and Ann, 85, 86 Sheng Shicai, 129 Liu Bocheng, 166 Shi Mingde (Shih Ming-te), 201 Liu, Henry, 201, 202 Shi Rongji (Stan Shih), 194 Liu Shaoqi, 166 Smith, Reverend Arthur, 20 Lu Xiulian (Annette Lu), 201 Snow, Edgar, 128 Lu Xun, 65–6, 106, 133 Song Ailing, 72, 126 Luce, Henry, 85 Song, Charles Jones, 72 Song Meiling, 90 Ma Yinjiu, 202 n. 14, 206 in Taiwan, 190, 195, 200 Macartney, Lady, 18 wartime role, 125–7, 140, 141 Macmillan, Harold, 52 Song Qingling, 72, 126, 176 Mao Dun, 107 Song Shuyu (James Soong), 206, 208, 216 Mao Zedong, 6, 9–10, 59, 104 Stein, Sir Aurel, 56 n. 5 autocracy, 212 Stilwell, Joseph, 142 death, 200 Sun Yat-sen, 1, 4, 6, 12, 21–2, 26, 42, 181, earthiness, 90 216 family, 101 burial, 85

Index of names 219

and Christianity, 17, 38 Wu Shuchen (Wu Shu-ch’en), 201 death, 55, 75–6 Wu Yi, 205 kidnapped, 21 marriage, 72 Xianfeng Emperor, 17 political vision, 21 Xiao Jun (Tian Jun) President of China, 46 Xie Bingying, 78 and railways, 47 Xu Beihong, 93, 176 revolutionary leader, 72 Xuantong Emperor, see Pu Yi testament, 77 Three Principles of the People, 21, 76, 77, Yamamoto Isoroku, 141 216 Yan Xishan, 60, 100, 174, 189 and USSR, 72 Yang, Gladys, 139 victory announced to, 79 Yang Xianyi, 139 Ye Jianying, 181 Tan, Amy Ying Ruocheng, 157 Tan Kha Kee (Chen Jiageng), 70, 107 Young, Mark, 157 Tawney, R. H., 107 Yuan Shikai, 4 Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre, 92 and Boxers, 26 Tojo Hideki, 28 imperial ambition, effort, 51–2, 65 Tongzhi Emperor, 17 and New Army, 23–4 Truman, Harry (US President), 160 second president, 46

Von Falkenhausen, Alexander, 101 n. 7 Zhang Congchang, 60 Von Ketteler, Klemens, 26, 28 Zhang Fakui, 100 Von Richthofen, Ferdinand, 24 Zhang Fengyi, 94 Zhang Fumei (Chang Fu-mei), 205 Waley, Arthur, 91 Zhang Jian, 33 Wang Jingwei, 75, 76, 132–3, 155, Zhang Xueliang, 97, 98, 109, 166, 189 156 Zhang Yimou, 198 Wang Yangming, 190 Zhang Zuolin, 54, 57, 97, 166 Wen Yiduo, 159 Zhao Wuji (Zao Wou-ki), 93 Wilhelm II, German Kaiser, 31 Zheng Chenggong, 8, 179 Wong, H. Y. “Newsreel,” 120 Zhengyan (Cheng-yen), 199 Wong Kar-wei, 89 Zhou Enlai, 75, 166 Wu Liande, 30, 64 Zhou Zuoren, 133 Wu Peifu, 60 Zhuge Liang, 53, 59

Index of places

Anhui, 104 Kashgar, 18, 184 Anyang, 91, 92 Korea, Koreans, 131 Kunming, 120, 159 Baoding Military Academy, 24, 63 Beidahuang, 177 Liaodong Peninsula, 18 Beijing, see Peking London, 21 Burma, 184 Macao, 19, 96, 205, 206, 216 Changchun, 99 Manchuria, 17, 29, 30, 216 Chongqing, 124, 125, 139 Civil War in, 166–8 Cuba, 36 economic growth, 68 Japanese occupation, 109 Dalian (Dalny, Dairen), 29, 54, 86 migration to, 54 name, 17 Fujian, 213; see also Minnan postwar, 156, 160 White Russians in, 57 Guangdong, 58, 60, 72, 102, 145, 207, Manzhouguo, 4, 9, 10, 55, 99, 109, 130, 213 133, 149, 160 Guangxi, 60, 102, 103, 121, 145, Marco Polo Bridge (Lugouqiao), 112, 113 177 Mazu (Matsu), 18, 184 Guangzhou, 21, 75, 121, 133, 136 Minnan (South Fujian), 36, 70, 102, 181, Guilin, 121, 145 191, 198 Guizhou, 145 deities, 197 Min Tai culture, 207 Hanoi, 144 Harbin, 29, 40, 86, 130 Nanjing, 1, 38, 46, 78, 81, 82 Hebei, 26, 106 as capital of Republic, 82, 83 Henan, 137 capital under Wang Jingwei, 132 Hong Kong, 6, 17, 19, 21, 36, 61, 64, 96, CCP capture, 172 206, 216 Massacre, 114–16 postwar, 156, 157 Nanning, 144 refugees, 175 Nanyang/Southeast Asia, 36, 141 retrocession, 205, 212 wartime, 133, 141 Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, 135, 141, 142 Hubei, 104 Peking (Beijing), 17, 26, 38, 76, 79 Hunan, 104, 145 name, 15 as Beiping, 82 Indo-China, 17, 121, 144 Inner Mongolia, 129, 156, 169 Qiaozhou Bay, 24, 53, 216 Qingdao, 20, 24, 54, 153 Jiangsu, 104, 116 Jinmen (Quemoy), 184 Shamian Island, 28

220

Index of places 221

Shandong, 24, 26, 53, 55, 58, 60, 85, 102, Taiwan Straits, 191 130 Tangshan, 20 Civil War, 167, 168 Tiananmen (Peking), 176, 201 Jinan Incident, 97 Tianjin, 19, 35, 61, 136 rural reconstruction, 106 Tibet, 25, 129, 156, 207 surrender to Japan, 117 Shanghai, 17, 19, 28, 36, 61, 64, 207, 213 Vietnam, see Indo-China anti-Communist purge, 79 Battle of, 114 Weihaiwei, 85 falls to CCP, 172 Whampao (Huangpu) Academy, 75, as free city, 91 76 Japanese attack on (1932), 98 Wuchang, 42 postwar, 160 Wuhan, 79, 114, 121 as sin city, 93 wartime, 133–4, 135, 136, 141 Xiamen, 70, 71, 155 Shanxi, 26, 60, 102, 109, 174 Xian, 109 Sichuan, 58, 59, 102 Xinjiang, 17, 25, 129, 156, 177, 207 Xinjing, see Changchun Taipei (Taibei), 152, 190 Xuzhou, 116 as capital of ROC, 182 Yangmingshan, 190 Yan’an, 102, 109, 127, 129, 139, 166, Taiwan, 18, 54, 96 167 aboriginal peoples, 191, 193 Yiheyuan (Summer Palace), 22 and GMD government, 182–3 Yunnan, 184 as Japanese colony, 133, 190 reintegration, 157–9, 178, 182 Zhejiang, 104, 158 social services, 200 Zhoukoudian, 92

Index of subjects

Academia Sinica, 64, 92, 195, 205 PLA, 164, 166, 169, 173, 179, 184 Acer Group, 194 popular support for, 148, 169 AIDS, 184 in wilderness, 100 agriculture, 69, 106–7, 138 Chinese Labor Corps, 52 Alliance Party (Tongmenghui ), 38 Christianity, 18, 36, 37–8, 90, 189, HMS Amethyst, 173 199–200 Amoy Canning Company, 105 cigarettes, 68, 129 anti-Japanese movements, 91, 108 Civil War, 177 archeology, 64, 91, 92 Cold War, 183 armaments, 56, 69, 143 collaboration, 132, 133, 134, 155–6 arms dealers, 56 Commercial Press, 99 authoritarianism, 87, 211 Communist International, 75, 79 Confucianism, 29, 30, 65, 161, 169 Beifa, see Northern Expedition contract labour, 35–6, 37, 68 bentu, 181 corruption, 14, 168, 187, 214 repression of, 190–1 Cultural Revolution, 169, 176, 189, 206 bombing, 114, 116, 117, 143, 145, 146, currency, 70, 107, 145, 161 152 Boxer Rising, 26–9, 31, 40 Daoism, 197, 198 Boxer Indemnity, 28 dating systems, 42 Boxer Protocol, 28 democracy, 4, 9, 23, 29, 87, 159, 178, bubonic plague, 30, 40, 64 200–5, 212 Buddhism, 198–9 Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), 6, bureaucratic government, 15 204, 205, 216 depression, world economic, 70, 90, 105 Cairo Conference, 126 destitution, 164 Canada, 208, 208 n. 17, 209 division of China, 170 Canton, Cantonese, 21, 22, 36, 37 dress, 88–9 and revolution, 72 side-lined, 83 economy, 15, 19, 136–7, 159–61, 186–9, carpet-bagging, 154, 158 193–4 carpets, 35 encirclement campaigns, 101 casualties Enigma (pop group), 193 Civil War, 173 Ererba (February 28), 158–9, 187 Resistance War, 112, 147–8 examination system, 29, 30, 63 Chanyan Treaty, 5 ceramics/porcelain, 35, 136 Falungong, 198, 200 China Inland Mission, 19, 26 family breakdown, 138–9 Chinatowns, 37 famine, 137, 187 n. 6 Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 58, 191 Fascism, 87, 121 and GMD, 140, 153 federalism, 50, 213 membership, 212 fengshui, 25

222

Index of subjects 223

films, film industry, 94 Guomindang (GMD), 6, 58, 64 A Bride’s Tears, 149 and CCP, 140–1, 153, 164–5 City of Sorrows, 159, 177, 198 flight to Taiwan, 172–3, 174, 178 Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, 95 n. 4 institution building, 108 Dr. Zhivago, 57 internal dissension, 169–70 Eat Drink Man Woman, 197, 210, irredentism, 204 214 n. 1 plans to retake Mainland, 178 Empire of the Sun, 150 reorganization, 75 Farewell my Concubine, 150 1927 split, 79 The Four Hundred Million, 150 in Taiwan, 205–6 The Good Earth, 111 Guomindang armies, 153, 164, 177, 179, Hero, 95 n. 4 184 House of Flying Daggers, 95 n. 4 in Golden Triangle, 184 In the Mood for Love, 89 Instantaneous Transfiguration, 80 hairstyles, 88 The Last Emperor, 47, 157, 177 Hakka, 181, 198 The Lin Family Shop, 111 handicrafts, 69 The Puppet Master, 197, 210 health care, 214 Regret for the Past, 80 historical interpretation, 7–8 The Sand Pebbles, 80 Hongkong and Shanghai Bank, 34 Shanghai Express, 80, 94 HuaiHai Campaign, 169 Shanghai Triad, 94, 111 Huayuankou, 119, 120 To Live, 134 n. 8, 150, 177 huiguan, 32 Wild Torrent, 111 Hundred Days Reforms, 22–3 First World War, 52–3, 56, 57, 71 flags Ichigo, Operation, 144–5 five-barred, 46 Imperial Maritime Customs, 16, 28 red, 46, 176 independence, Taiwanese, 35, 70, 207, white sun, blue sky, 46, 83, 176 215–6 Flying Tigers, 144 industry, 68, 69, 188, 193–4 Foguang, 199 inflation, 145, 146, 154, 160–1 footwear, 88 inheritance system, 214 forced labour, 131, 138, 164 intellectuals, 90–1 France, 17 interregnum, 5 diplomatic relations with PRC, 208, 209 irredentism, 215 Free French, 135 Italy, 135, 145, 161 Vichy Government, 121, 135, 145 Japan Geological Survey of China, 64 army in China, 130 Germany defeat and surrender, 146–7, 152 military advisors, 101 and First World War, 53–4 in Shandong, 24 as imperialist power, 130–4, 141–2 support for Japan, 121, 135, 145 incursions into China, 81, 97, 98 gossip, 125 invasion of China, 113, 115 Great Britain, 17 in Manchuria, 54, 57, 68 economic influence in China, 68 New Order, 130 and Hong Kong, 96, 135 relations with Taiwan, 210 loss of influence, 85 repatriation of citizens, 153–4, wartime, 135 160 Great East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, Russo-Japanese War, 29 130, 142 Sino-Japanese War, 10, 17 “Great Game,” 17 takeover of Manchuria, 97 Great Leap Forward, 185 Jesuits, 18, 116 Guangxi Clique, 100 Jiuyiba (September 18th), 97, 98 guerrilla warfare, 117, 129, 138 Juntong (intelligence organization), 125

224 Index of subjects

Kempeitai (Japanese secret police), 131, opera, 93 132 opium, 30, 34, 72, 91, 184 Karakhan Declaration, 85 Overseas Chinese, 21, 36, 38, 72, 108, Korean War, 178, 183–4 137, 141, 191, 213 Kwantung Army, 97 Palace Museum Treasures, 115, 195 labor, 35, 68, 131, 212 patriotism, 91, 108 see also contract labor, forced labor Lu Xun on, 66 land reform Peace Preservation Corps, 93, 131 Mainland, 187 n. 6 peasants, 77, 89 Taiwan, 187 Peking Man (sinanthropus), 91, 92 language reform, 65–8, 195 People’s Liberation Army (PLA), see languages, Taiwan, 191, 195 Chinese Communist Party law of avoidance, demise of, 50 piracy, 188 League of Nations, 98 plague, 40 Long March, 102 popular religion, 96 in Taiwan, 197, 214 Madame Faction (Furen pai ), 190 population, 6, 16, 106, 186 Manchus, 5, 99, 133, 157 Post Ofﬁce, 107–8, 140 as aliens, 31 puppet armies, 131, 155 1911 killings of, 42, 49 post-1911 treatment, 49 railways, 19, 25, 47, 78, 148 Mandate of Heaven, 14, 15, 38, 67 Chinese Eastern, 29, 86 marriage, 4, 55 Hanoi-Kunming, 19 Marshall Plan, 99, 109, 149, 160 Hanoi-Nanning, 19 Marxism, 9, 10, 36, 130, 133, 165, 216 Manchurian, 19, 25, 54, 168 massacres, 114–16 Peking-Hankou, 19, 25, 35 May 4th Movement, 54–6, 66 Tianjin-Pukou, 19, 25, 92 May 30th Movement, 77 Shandong, 19, 23, 24, 25, 57–8, 183 migration, 54, 62 South Manchurian, 19, 54 to Manchuria, 54, 96, 159 Trans-Siberian, 19, 25, 35, 168 to Taiwan, 39–40, 200 Records of the Grand Historian, 19, 92 military, 39–40, 200 Red peril, 24, 25, 57–8, 78, 183 ascendancy, 51 reform, 19, 23 military dominance, PRC, 183–4, 185 refugees military dominance, Taiwan, 173 Central Asian, 86 the new military, 63 Civil War, 172, 174, 179–83 Miss World competition, 209 Jewish, 136 missionaries, 18, 20, 25, 26, 37, 52, Resistance War, 11, 112, 119–21, 142 139 White Russian, 56, 57, 86, 124 modernity, 87–9 reparations, 152 Mongols, 99 regionalism, 58–9, 102–4, 213 Republic of China (ROC) Nanjing Incident, 81 economic restructuring, 186–9 Nanjing Massacre, 114–16, 156 economic ties, 206–7, 212 national anthem, 83 military rule, 173, 184, 185 National Day, 176 military service, 185 nationalism, 5, 63–4 post-1949, 183–6, 212 Han nationalism, 31–2 relations with Mainland, 205–10 Nazi–Soviet Pact, 121 republicanism, 1, 38–9 New Army, 24, 39–40, 200 reuniﬁcation of China, 205, 208, 212 New Fourth Army Incident, 141 “one country, many systems,” 213 New Life Movement, 90 “one country, two systems,” 212 Nian Rising, 14, 32 revenues, government, 103 Northern Expedition, 77–8 revolution, 21–2, 83

Index of subjects 225

Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguo arms sales to ROC, 186 yanyi ), 45, 58, 59, 165 doubts about GMD, 167 rule of law, 9, 209, 214 isolationism, 121 Russian Revolution, 56, 151 and Nanjing Government, 85 Russo-Japanese War, 29 recognition of PRC, 201 support for GMD, 156 SARS, 209 Taiwanese in, 188 Scramble for the Concessions, 18, 19 US/ROC Defence Treaty, 185 sex slaves, 131 wartime, 135, 142–3 Shanghai/Nanjing Battle, 114, 117 universities, 120 Shrine of the Eighteen Lords, 197 Fudan, 116 Siege of Peking, 26–8 Jinling (Chin-ling), 38 Siemens A. G., 116 Nankai, 116 silk, 35, 70, 107, 136 St. John’s, 37, 38 Sino-Japanese War, 10, 17, 113 Tongji, 116 social disruption, 161–4 Xinan Lianda, 120 social services, 200 Yanjing (Yen-jing), 38 social suffering, 138–9, 148, 154–5 Zhongshan, 116 soldiers, 61, 137, 152, 164, 177, 182 Soviet Union (USSR), 57, 85 waisheng (“outsiders”), 181, and CCP/PRC, 166, 178 215 and Comintern, 75 war crimes trials, 156 Japanese hostility to, 113 warfare, 6, 10–11, 211 looting of Manchuria, 159, 160 warlords, 45, 59–62, 81 move in to Manchuria, 145, 146, 157, ﬁnances, 61 159, 160, 165 warlordism, residual, 90 sale of CER, 86 Weixian internment camp, 135 soya beans, 34, 35 women Spanish Civil War, 119 and revolution, 55, 78, 87 St. John’s College (Shanghai), 37, 38 and war, 131, 139 students abroad (liuxuesheng), 39, 188 World Health Organization, 209 World Trade Organization, 209 Taierzhuang, Battle of, 118, 119 Wuchang Uprising, 42 Taiping Rising, 14, 82 taxation, 70, 207 Xian Incident, 109 tea, 35, 207, 215–6 Xinhai Revolution, 42, 152 Tiananmen Massacre (Liusi ), 11, 159, 176 Xinminhui (New People’s Organization), transfer system, demise of, 50 133 treaty ports, 19, 32, 68 Xuzhou, Battle of, 170 tuxiang culture, 197 Twenty-One Demands, 53 Yangzi ﬂood (1931), 86 Yasakuni Shrine, 28, 29 Unit 731, Harbin, 40, 130 Yellow River, 14, 15, 25, 119, 120, 148, United Front (GMD and CCP), 110, 125, 167 141 Yiguandao (sect), 198 United Nations, 208 United States of America Ziji (Tzu-chi) (Buddhist relief foundation), aid to ROC, 183, 183, 211 199