Identidad Saraguro En España. Reflexiones Con Motivo De La Celebración De La Virgen Del Cisne En Vera (España)

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Identidad Saraguro En España. Reflexiones Con Motivo De La Celebración De La Virgen Del Cisne En Vera (España) View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Repositorio Digital Universidad Politécnica Salesiana DOI: 10.17163/uni.n20.2014.10 Identidad saraguro en España. Reflexiones con motivo de la celebración de la Virgen del Cisne en Vera (España) The Saraguro identity in Spain. Reflections on the motives behind the celebration of the Virgen del Cisne in Vera (Spain) Alberto García Sánchez1 [email protected] Resumen En el presente documento se recogen las conclusiones de varias entrevistas realizadas a los saragurenses y saraguros residentes en varias localidades del sur de España. En él se da detalle de cómo viven su identidad aquellas personas del cantón ecuatoriano Saraguro que migraron a España en los años posteriores a la crisis económica, acontecida en su país a finales del siglo XX. Para ellos las fiestas en honor a la Virgen del Cisne, así como otras festividades indígenas, sirven como vehículo de reivindicación de su identidad y transmisión cultural de este pueblo en la distancia2. Palabras claves Saraguro, saragurenses, identidad, reivindicación étnica, cultura indígena, fiestas, Ecuador, ecuatorianos en España, migraciones transnacionales. Abstract This article is a collection of conclusions based on several interviews with the Saraguro people living in various locations in southern Spain. It includes details on how people from the Saraguro nation experience their identi- ties after migrating to Spain because of the economic crisis that crippled Ecuador at the end of the 20th century. For them, the celebration in honor of the Virgen del Cisne, as well as other indigenous festivities, serves as a vehicle for vindicating their identities and preserving their cultural transmission despite the distance. Keywords Saraguro, saragurenses, ethnic identity, indigenous culture, festivities, Ecuador, ecuadorians in Spain, trans- national migrations. Forma sugerida de citar: García Sánchez, A. (2014). Identidad saraguro en España. Reflexiones con mo- tivo de la celebración de la Virgen del Cisne en Vera (España). Universitas XII (21), pp. 33-55. Quito: Editorial Abya Yala/Universidad Politécnica Salesiana. 1 Universidad de Murcia. 2 Trabajo realizado paralelamente a la investigación para la tesis doctoral “Economía de la migración. Usos y decisiones en el envío de remesas económicas a dos cantones de la sierra andina ecuatoriana: Paute y Saraguro” de Alberto García Sánchez, pendiente de presentación. En este documento se recogen algunos aspectos que se trataron en las 20 entrevistas que el autor realizó en las regiones de Murcia y Almería en 2012 a personas provenientes del cantón Saraguro del Ecuador. ISSN impreso: 1390-3837 / ISSN electrónico: 1390-8634, UPS-Ecuador, No. 21, julio-diciembre 2014, pp. 33-55. Universitas, Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas de la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana del Ecuador, Año XII, No. 21, 2014 La crisis económica que vivió Ecuador a finales del siglo pasado provocó que, en un período de siete años, el país viviera su mayor movimiento migra- torio hacia el exterior. Durante ese tiempo cientos de miles de ecuatorianos se desplazaron a otros países en busca de trabajo y de un futuro mejor. Por lo ge- neral, los destinos elegidos fueron Estados Unidos y España. En nuestro caso, nos centramos en los migrantes que salieron del cantón Saraguro de los Andes ecuatorianos. Y es que esta población se decidió, en su mayoría, por migrar ha- cia España, concentrándose allí en algunas localidades del sur como son Vera, Almería, Murcia, Puerto Lumbreras, Cartagena, Marbella o Torre Pacheco, así como también en las grandes ciudades de Madrid y Valencia. El hecho de que exista un importante grupo de población en estas localidades de la misma pro- cedencia ha favorecido cierta organización comunitaria que ha dado lugar a la celebración de algunas fiestas en las que este pueblo saraguro, o en su caso los saragurenses mestizos, ha podido reivindicar su identidad y, de paso, enseñar a los más jóvenes, así como a la gente autóctona, sus fiestas tradicionales. Entre ellas destacan las del ‘pase del niño’ –la celebración de la Natividad cristiana con elementos andinos– y la de la Virgen del Cisne, celebrada ésta última por duplicado en una fecha por los indígenas saraguros y en otra por los saraguren- ses mestizos. La celebración de estas fiestas supone, para los migrantes proce- dentes de Saraguro, el momento cumbre en la expresión de su identidad colec- tiva. Una manifestación como pueblo particular que adquiere matices distintos en su significado al celebrarse en la distancia. Al final de este texto aportamos en un Anexo algunas fotografías que mues- tran distintos momentos en la celebración saraguro de la Virgen del Cisne en Vera. Sin embargo, antes de llegar a ese punto, reflexionaremos sobre cómo han ido modificando las ideas acerca de su identidad las personas pertenecientes a estos dos grupos étnicos, antagónicos en Saraguro, al encontrarse en interacción con otras personas de diversa procedencia en las localidades del sur de España. 1. Migración saraguro en España Podemos afirmar que las migraciones son una apuesta personal para con- seguir un mejor futuro tanto para uno mismo como para los suyos. A veces las migraciones son forzosas, como consecuencia de invasiones, guerras o de re- 34 Alberto García Sánchez. Identidad saraguro en España presión por parte de gobiernos hostiles; pero por lo general, y por muy mal que esté la situación económica o política de un país, casi siempre está la opción de quedarse, aunque pasando posiblemente algunas miserias y calamidades. Es por tanto que cuando hablamos de migrantes podemos ver en ellos a personas decididas en busca de una vida digna. Hablamos de historias de valentía y ries- go, de personas que realizan esfuerzos y sacrificios. Por tanto, opinamos que este hecho de buscar una mejor calidad de vida para sí mismo y para los seres queridos debería de ser reconocido como lo que es, un derecho fundamental de todo ser humano. Así lo recoge la Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos (Organización de las Naciones Unidas [ONU], 2012): Artículo 13.1 Toda persona tiene derecho a circular libremente y a elegir su residencia en el territorio de un Estado. Artículo 13.2 Toda persona tiene derecho a salir de cualquier país, incluso del propio, y a regresar a su país. Artículo 25 Toda persona tiene derecho a un nivel de vida adecuado que le ase- gure, así como a su familia, la salud, el bienestar, y en especial la alimentación, el vestido, la vivienda, la asistencia médica […]. (parra. 9) Siguiendo este argumento debemos decir que no suele migrar tampoco el más pobre entre los pobres de un país, sino que suele hacerlo la gente con pre- disposición a conocer y descubrir, a avanzar y prosperar. Así lo recogen unos investigadores peruanos: Por lo general no migra el resignado a su suerte, sino aquel que se rebela contra ella y busca cambiarla en el mundo exterior. La migración expresa por tanto, tendencialmente, un cierto ánimo, una cierta actitud psicológica que acentúa la apertura a lo nuevo y la orientación al futuro. Por lo demás, aunque muchas ve- ces se perciban ellos mismos como los más pobres y oprimidos, los que tienden a migrar son los más jóvenes, los más educados y no los más pobres entre los pobres de una comunidad. (Degregori, Blondet, & Lynch, 1986, p. 22) También hay que decir, que la migración no es percibida de igual manera en el país desde el que uno sale y desde el otro al cual uno entra. Normalmente existen sentimientos distintos sobre cómo uno concibe el otro país dependiendo de que su situación sea la de emisor o de receptor. Por lo general, las personas que residen en el país emisor, más si cabe aquellos que tienen una predisposi- 35 Universitas, Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas de la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana del Ecuador, Año XII, No. 21, 2014 ción a migrar, albergan un concepto positivo del país al que van a migrar, al menos en términos de prosperidad y avance, y también suelen tener un buen concepto de la gente que lo habita. Por desgracia, y suele ser una constante en casi todos los casos –sobre todo hacia las personas provenientes de países en vías de desarrollo– el país receptor no suele corresponder a este sentimiento y puede ver en esta nueva población una potencial amenaza ya sea cultural, social, económica, educacional o de seguridad, pero en el fondo, por supuesto, es un sentimiento racista el que subyace y un cierto temor a que “ellos nos cambien” el que está detrás de todos estos argumentos que se emplean con fre- cuencia. Como afirma el filósofo Tzvetan Todorov (2008): Aun cuando, vista desde fuera, toda cultura sea mixta y cambiante, para los miem- bros de la comunidad que forman parte de ella es una entidad estable y diferencia- da, fundamento de su identidad colectiva. Por esta razón sentimos que todo cam- bio que afecta a nuestra cultura es un atentado contra nuestra integridad. (p. 89) El caso de España no ha sido diferente y, pese a que a los españoles les cueste reconocerlo, existe racismo sobre todo cuando se habla de qué idea se tiene de ciertas poblaciones extranjeras. Para describir la concepción que se hacen los españoles sobre estos colectivos se suele acudir a ciertos argumentos estereotipados, si bien es cierto que en la mayoría de los casos estas característi- cas, que supuestamente describen bien a estas personas, sólo están presentes en algunas de ellas y se tiende a acusar a todos los miembros por lo que hacen unos pocos. Así lo recoge el antropólogo español Carlos Giménez Romero (2003): Si la pregunta fuera si algunos españoles son racistas o si en España hay racis- mo, la respuesta no podría ser más fácil: un sí claro.
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