UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara The Inca Occupation and Forced Resettlement in Saraguro, Ecuador A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology by Dennis Edward Ogburn Committee in charge: Professor Katharina Schreiber, Chair Professor Michael Jochim Professor Mark Aldenderfer June 2001 The dissertation of Dennis Edward Ogburn is approved. May 2001 The Inca Occupation and Forced Resettlement in Saraguro, Ecuador Copyright © 2001 by Dennis Edward Ogburn iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Funding for the field work component of this project was provided by the National Science Foundation, by means of a Dissertation Improvement Grant (no. SBR-9409586). Supplemental funding was provided by the Graduate Division of the University of California, Santa Barbara, in the form of a Social Sciences/Humanities Graduate Research Grant. The writing phase was supported in part through Albert Spaulding Fellowships from the Department of Anthropology at UCSB and a Graduate Student Fee Fellowship from the Graduate Division of UCSB. Much gratitude is due to all of those individuals who aided me in the various stages of this endeavor. I thank the volunteers who came to Ecuador from the USA to participate in the field work in Saraguro, including Jon Moralee, Amy Holbus, Robert Reed (who found the first Inca potsherd of the project), Suzanne Rose, Jennifer May (who spent the most time in Saraguro), Lysa Wollard, Sevak "Eddie" Khabakhshian, and Larry Sugiyama (who spent a few days participating in the survey while in Ecuador to do his own dissertation field work). Their hard work was a great contribution to the field and lab work, and I hope they all enjoyed the experience. Many thanks are due to Manuel Cango of the Saraguro community of Matara, who worked on the survey crew for much of the project, and whose help was invaluable. I am very grateful for the assistance of all of the other people in the Saraguro area, including Saraguros and non-Saraguros, community leaders, property owners, etc., who helped the project by sharing stories and information, granting access to lands, and participating in the survey. In particular, I would like to thank the Federación Interprovincial de Indígenas de Saraguro (FIIS) and their president Polivio Chalán; the Coordinadora Interprovincial de Organizaciones Indígenas Saraguro (CIOIS) and their president Fernando Sarango; Samuel Ortega, president of the iv community of Las Lagunas; Luis Losano, president of the community of Ilincho Totoras; Manuel Chalán de Ilincho Totoras; the president of the community of Oñacapa, Pedro Martín Poma and his family; Asunción Villipucha of Oñacapa; Angel Polivio Cartuche, president of the community of Hierba Buena, and his wife Juanita María; Luis Cartuche, president of the community of Tuncarta; Luis Minga, president of the community of Tambupamba; Carlos Cabrera, president of the community of Turucachi/Baín, and his son Angel Rodrigo; president of the community of San Isidro, Polivio Guamán and his family; Segundo Vacacela, president of the community of Gunodel; Angel Guamán of Gunodel; Luis Medina, president of the community of Apuguín; Pedro Minga, president of the community of Ñamarín; Cleber Gonzalez, president of the community of Baber; and Segundo Gualán, president of the community of Yucucapac. I am grateful to Dr. Mónica Belaños, head of the Departamento de Arqueología e Historia of the Instituto Nacional de Patrimonio Cultural, Marco Vargas, also of that department, and Antonio Carrillo, head of the Departamento de Arqueología of the Instituto Nacional de Patrimonio Cultural, Subdirrección del Austro; their aid and advice were instrumental in carrying out this project. I would also like to acknowledge the people who helped me during the writing stage. John H. Rowe deserves much thanks for all of the time he spent conversing with me and sharing his knowledge of many topics relating to my dissertation in particular and the Inca Empire and Andean archaeology in general. I am especially indebted to him for his comments on my chapter on Saraguro ethnohistory. I also appreciate the comments and suggestions I have received from Ernesto Salazar, Catherine Julien, Patricia Netherly, and John Topic along the way. I thank Kevin Leonard for his correspondence about work he did in the province of Loja and for v sending me slides of the Inca storehouses near San Lucas. Pat Lyon provided good advice and constant encouragement in the final stages. I thank all of my committee members, Katharina Schreiber, Mark Aldenderfer, and Michael Jochim, for their time and input, with special thanks to Kathy for her thorough work as committee chair and for inspiring me to study the Incas. Jim and Linda Belote have been especially helpful in providing me with material from their own investigations in Saraguro, and Jim's dissertation (Belote 1984) served as a great guide for my getting to know Saraguro and in helping me write this dissertation. I have drawn much from their work for this study, and have found that we have made many of the same observations and come to similar conclusions about Saraguro and its prehistory and ethnohistory. I am grateful to the staff of the UCSB Anthropology Department, especially Julie Velarde, the Graduate Secretary; their aid came in many ways over the years. I also would like to acknowledge the valuable support received from my parents, Jack and Peggy Ogburn, and from my wife’s parents, Harold and Judy Lanclos. I also must thank the various cats that kept my papers in place at various stages of writing: Snowy, Masha, Charlie, and Chaska. Finally, I thank my wife Donna for her love, companionship, and support during this whole endeavor, and during all that we have been through since we met. vi DEDICATION To my first daughter, Lily Rowan, who, during her short time with us, showed us how wonderful life can be and to my second daughter, Lia Willow, who brought hope back to our lives. vii VITA OF DENNIS EDWARD OGBURN EDUCATION PhD in Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, 2001. MA in Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, 1993. BA in Anthropology and Art/Art History, Rice University, 1988. PROFESSIONAL EMPLOYMENT 1998-present: Laboratory Manager, Archaeological Research Facility, University of California, Berkeley. 1995: Instructor, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara 1995: Reader, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara 1990-1992: Assistant Coordinator, Central Coast Information Center, California Archaeological Site Inventory, University of California, Santa Barbara 1989-1992: Teaching Assistant, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara PUBLICATIONS “An Examination of Cultural Changes and Continuity in the Nasca, Taruga, and Las Trancas Valleys of Southern Peru Through the Use of Cemetery Survey Data,” unpublished thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts degree in Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, 1993 FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Archaeology of Andean South America Studies in Andean Prehistory: Development of Andean Societies, Archaic Period to Late Horizon with Professors Mark Aldenderfer and Katharina Schreiber Studies in Andean Archaeology: Settlement Patterns and Field Survey with Professor Katharina Schreiber viii ABSTRACT The Inca Occupation and Forced Resettlement in Saraguro, Ecuador by Dennis Edward Ogburn This dissertation presents an archaeological and ethnohistorical examination of the Inca occupation of the Saraguro region in the southern highlands of Ecuador, with the objective of exploring the strategies of expansion and maintenance employed by pre-industrial empires, and the role played by forced resettlement within those processes. These issues were addressed by assessing the sociopolitical, economic, military, and other conditions encountered by the Incas in the Saraguro region and analyzing how those conditions may have influenced the strategies the state pursued in the conquest and consolidation of control over the area. Two sources of data were utilized to explore these issues in the context of Saraguro. First, a field survey was conducted to collect data on settlement patterns, architecture, and artifacts from the Integration Period (ca. A.D. 500 to ca. A.D. 1460) and the Inca Period (ca. A.D. 1460 to ca. A.D. 1534). Second, ethnohistorical documents from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were examined for information regarding the pre-Inca inhabitants and the nature of the Inca conquest and occupation of the area. ix A total of thirty-eight sites dating to the Integration Period and six Inca imperial sites were recorded during the survey. The pre-Inca settlement patterns indicate that the region was probably not unified politically, but organized into separate chiefdom-level societies, with a generalized economy. The inhabitants also appeared concerned with warfare, as indicated by the establishment of settlements on terraced hilltops. After taking over the region, the Incas imposed direct state control, as indicated by the establishment of administrative centers, the construction of storehouses, and the creation of ceremonial sites. Although the survey data did not reveal any convincing evidence of resettlement in the Saraguro region, the settlement patterns suggest that the Incas may have placed colonists within existing habitation sites. Overall, the relatively high level of investment