DOCSLIB.ORG

AIR FORCE Magazine / August 1998 22 on the Following Pages Appears

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Space Almanac On the following pages appears a vari- Thompson, editor of TRW Space Log; will not always agree because of ety of information and statistical Phillip S. Clark, Molniya Space Consul- different cutoff dates, rounding, or material about space—particularly tancy, Whitton, UK; Joseph J. Burger, different methods of reporting. The military activity in space. This almanac Space Analysis and Research, Inc.; and information is intended to illustrate was compiled by the staff of Air Force Air Force Space Command Public Af- trends in space activity. Magazine, with assistance and informa- fairs Office. tion from Dr. R.W. Sturdevant, Air Force Figures that appear in this section Space Command History Office; Tina Illustration by Leo Cronin 22 AIR FORCE Magazine / August 1998 Space Almanac Compiled by Tamar A. Mehuron, Associate Editor A Boeing Delta IV Heavy lifts a satellite into Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit. The Delta IV Heavy is capable of lifting 33,000 pounds into GTO. Boeing is developing the Delta IV fam- ily of rockets in response to the US Air Force Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle program. AIR FORCE Magazine / August 1998 23 The Year in Space July 1–17, 1997 Shuttle Columbia (STS- tor—on asteroid to collect and sell data, as implementation to spacecraft manufacturer 94), with crew of seven astronauts, com- well as stake commercial mining claim. for geosynchronous satellite. pletes record 33-project science mission— Sept. 11 Global Surveyor arrives at Mars Nov. 14 Representatives from NASA, fire, plant, crystal, and metal studies—cut and swings into initial orbit to map planet’s USAF, and industry break ground for X-33 short in April because of fuel cell problems. atmosphere and surface from physical, RLV launch facility at Edwards AFB, Calif. July 4 Mars Pathfinder lands on surface of chemical, meteorological, and, perhaps, Nov. 19–Dec. 5 Shuttle Columbia (STS- Red Planet and, next day, the lander is of- biological perspectives. 87) tests sodium–sulfur batteries weighing ficially renamed Carl Sagan Memorial Sta- Sept. 25–Oct. 6 Amidst congressional one-third less than current nickel–hydro- tion in honor of renowned astronomer who questions about whether US presence gen cells and promising to reduce launch died in December 1996. should continue aboard accident-prone, costs by as much as $4 million per flight, as July 5 Sojourner rover rolls down station- 11-year-old Russian space station, shuttle well as a free-flying robotic camera intend- ary lander’s ramp onto Martian soil, becom- Atlantis (STS-86) carries astronaut David ed for use during assembly of International ing first mobile, semi autonomous, robotic A. Wolf to Mir and picks up his colleague C. Space Station. vehicle to traverse another planet’s surface. Michael Foale. December Virginia Commercial Spaceflight July 23 After failed attempt in January Oct. 4 In celebration of 40th anniversary Authority receives license to operate com- 1997, USAF successfully launches first of Sputnik 1 launch, Progress-M 36 cargo mercial spaceport in US at NASA’s Wallops Navstar GPS Block IIR satellite on Delta II freighter carries Sputnik 40/RS-17 from Flight Facility, Va. booster from Cape Canaveral AS, Fla. Baikonur to Mir, where cosmonauts will Dec. 16 Galileo Europa Mission begins Aug. 5 Air Force Research Lab in its hand-deploy the scale-model satellite Nov. with first of eight consecutive flybys of Jupi- Warfighter-1 hyperspectral sensor demon- 3. ter’s moon Europa and captures amazingly stration departs from decades of tradition Oct. 15 USAF Titan IVB Centaur launches detailed images of its surface, which ap- with ded icated intelligence satellites using plutonium-powered Cassini, with European pears to be relatively young ice as thick as agency-specific hardware and awards first Space Agency (ESA) Huygens probe and 1 kilometer in places. satellite-imaging contract based on com- Italian Space Agency high-gain antenna, Dec. 23 Orbcomm passes major milestone mercial technology to Orbital Sciences. toward rendezvous with Saturn in July in its “Countdown to Global Service” with Aug. 7–19 Shuttle Discovery (STS-85) per- 2004. launch of eight LEO satellites via Pegasus forms environmental study using Cryogenic Oct. 17 Mid-Infrared Advanced Chemical XL from Wallops Flight Facility. Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes for Laser sends beam 260 miles into space Dec. 24 Colorado-based EarthWatch’s Ear- the Atmosphere–Shuttle Pallet Satellite-2 from White Sands Missile Range, N.M., lyBird 1, first commercial satellite capable to measure trace gases that deplete ozone and hits USAF’s aging Miniature Sensor of intelligence-quality—3-meter resolu- layer. Technology Integration III satellite, marking tion—imaging is successfully launched Aug. 22 Mir crew—two Russians and an first time US has fired a high-powered laser from Svobodny via Russian Start-1 booster, American—repairs damage caused by at an orbiting spacecraft. but ground controllers lose contact with collision of cargo ship with Spektr module Oct. 22 Space Test Experiment Platform spacecraft Dec. 28. June 25 and restores much of station’s (STEP) 4, launched via Pegasus XL boost- Dec. 25 Russia’s Proton booster grounded power-generating capacity. er, fails to deploy successfully, signaling after premature cutoff of fourth-stage en- Aug. 22 First successful launch of two- end—with only one successful mission in gine leaves AsiaSat 3 spacecraft short of stage Lockheed Martin Launch Vehicle, five attempts (STEP 0–STEP 4)—of USAF planned geostationary orbit. The booster subsequently renamed Athena I, places Space Test Program ex per i ments designed will not return to service until April 1998 NASA’s Lewis communications satellite in to evaluate standardized, flexible systems with the launch of seven Iridium satellites. orbit. for future spacecraft using new generation Jan. 6, 1998 First launch from Spaceport Aug. 25 USAF launches NASA Advanced of TRW–built, low-cost, lightweight satel- Florida Authority’s Commercial Launch Composition Explorer to provide real-time lites. Complex 46 at Cape Canaveral AS and data on solar disturbances to National Oct. 30 First successful launch to orbit first operational use of Lockheed Mar tin’s Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of Ariane 5 rocket from Kourou, French three-stage Athena II sends NASA’s Lunar (NOAA) Space Environment Center in Guiana, carries two instrument platforms Prospector spacecraft toward moon. Boulder, Colo. to measure launcher performance, as well Jan. 15 According to Ballistic Missile Aug. 27 Proton K rocket from Baikonur, as several experiments by young graduate Defense Organization, a small piece of un- Kazakhstan, launches PanAmSat Corp.’s trainees. identified orbital debris destroys expended PAS-5 communications satellite, first com- Nov. 2 Brazil’s first space booster, 15 years third stage of modified Min­­­­ute man II dur- mercial spacecraft to use xenon ion propul- in development by that nation’s Air Force ing test flight that involves Raytheon-built sion, toward geosynchronous orbit. Space Research Institute, is destroyed 65 warhead tracking sensor—Exoatmospheric Sept. 1 Air Force Reserve Command seconds after liftoff from Alcantara Launch Kill Vehicle sensor—over Kwajalein Atoll in acknowledges increasing importance of Center. the Pacific. military space operations by activating its Nov. 4 NASA’s Solar and Heliospheric Jan. 16 NASA Administrator Daniel S. first space group and a space operations Observatory spacecraft detects first major Goldin announces that Sen. John Glenn squadron—the 310th and 8th, respectively. flare—X flare—of new 11-year solar cycle. (D–Ohio), at age 77, will return to space Sept. 1 Although too late for John Blaha, Nov. 5 First outdoor test of laser-boosted in October 1998 as payload specialist on who missed the 1996 presidential election “lightcraft” at White Sands Missile Range STS-95 to assist with research on the ag- because he was aboard Mir, democracy uses 10-kilowatt pulse-beam laser to boost ing process. enters the Space Age with Texas law per- vehicle to altitude of 50 feet. Jan. 22–31 Shuttle Endeavour (STS-89) mitting registered voters flying in space to Nov. 6 Astronomers using NASA’s Rossi carries Andrew S.W. Thomas to Mir to cast ballots via electronic mail. X-Ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) spacecraft replace Wolf, making Thomas the seventh Sept. 3 Boeing, working under USAF report observing space-time distortion by and last American to inhabit the Russian contract, unveils prototype of reusable a black hole, the first evidence to support space station. space vehicle designed for military recon- prediction made in 1918 using Einstein’s Jan. 29 Senior officials from US, Russia, naissance and quick deployment of small theory of relativity. and 13 other nations sign new agreement satellites. Nov. 12 Launch of Orbital Sciences’ to cooperate in building International Space Sept. 9 James W. Benson announces plan Cakrawarta-1, or Indostar-1, satellite marks Station. for his Colorado-based SpaceDev, Inc., to first time outside vendor—Princeton Satel- Feb. 10 Upgraded Taurus vehicle, making become first private organization to land lite Systems—supplied whole set of at- first use of USAF–designed payload isola- spacecraft—Near Earth Asteroid Prospec- titude control algorithms and their software tor system—a ring of shock absorbers that 24 AIR FORCE Magazine / August 1998 replace bolts traditionally used to fasten Service (GBS)—enters orbit atop Atlas II massive black hole at center of nearby gi- satellite to launch vehicle—launches US launched from Cape Canaveral AS. ant galaxy that is feeding on smaller galaxy. Navy’s GeoSat Follow-On oceanographic April 1 Pegasus XL from Vandenberg AFB, May 19 Due to failure of its attitude control satellite and two Orbcomm telecommunica- Calif., launches NASA’s Transition Region processors, PanAmSat’s Galaxy IV space- tions satellites. and Coronal Explorer (TRACE) spacecraft craft begins tumbling and leaves approxi- Feb. 14 Deployment of Globalstar’s $2.6 to collect data on shape and behavior of mately 90 percent of America’s 35 million billion, 48-satellite constellation for tele- upper solar atmosphere, which affects sat- pager customers without service.
Recommended publications
  • Launch and Deployment Analysis for a Small, MEO, Technology Demonstration Satellite

    Launch and Deployment Analysis for a Small, MEO, Technology Demonstration Satellite

    46th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit AIAA 2008-1131 7 – 10 January 20006, Reno, Nevada Launch and Deployment Analysis for a Small, MEO, Technology Demonstration Satellite Stephen A. Whitmore* and Tyson K. Smith† Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322-4130 A trade study investigating the economics, mass budget, and concept of operations for delivery of a small technology-demonstration satellite to a medium-altitude earth orbit is presented. The mission requires payload deployment at a 19,000 km orbit altitude and an inclination of 55o. Because the payload is a technology demonstrator and not part of an operational mission, launch and deployment costs are a paramount consideration. The payload includes classified technologies; consequently a USA licensed launch system is mandated. A preliminary trade analysis is performed where all available options for FAA-licensed US launch systems are considered. The preliminary trade study selects the Orbital Sciences Minotaur V launch vehicle, derived from the decommissioned Peacekeeper missile system, as the most favorable option for payload delivery. To meet mission objectives the Minotaur V configuration is modified, replacing the baseline 5th stage ATK-37FM motor with the significantly smaller ATK Star 27. The proposed design change enables payload delivery to the required orbit without using a 6th stage kick motor. End-to-end mass budgets are calculated, and a concept of operations is presented. Monte-Carlo simulations are used to characterize the expected accuracy of the final orbit.
  • SPEAKERS TRANSPORTATION CONFERENCE FAA COMMERCIAL SPACE 15TH ANNUAL John R

    SPEAKERS TRANSPORTATION CONFERENCE FAA COMMERCIAL SPACE 15TH ANNUAL John R

    15TH ANNUAL FAA COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION CONFERENCE SPEAKERS COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION http://www.faa.gov/go/ast 15-16 FEBRUARY 2012 HQ-12-0163.INDD John R. Allen Christine Anderson Dr. John R. Allen serves as the Program Executive for Crew Health Christine Anderson is the Executive Director of the New Mexico and Safety at NASA Headquarters, Washington DC, where he Spaceport Authority. She is responsible for the development oversees the space medicine activities conducted at the Johnson and operation of the first purpose-built commercial spaceport-- Space Center, Houston, Texas. Dr. Allen received a B.A. in Speech Spaceport America. She is a recently retired Air Force civilian Communication from the University of Maryland (1975), a M.A. with 30 years service. She was a member of the Senior Executive in Audiology/Speech Pathology from The Catholic University Service, the civilian equivalent of the military rank of General of America (1977), and a Ph.D. in Audiology and Bioacoustics officer. Anderson was the founding Director of the Space from Baylor College of Medicine (1996). Upon completion of Vehicles Directorate at the Air Force Research Laboratory, Kirtland his Master’s degree, he worked for the Easter Seals Treatment Air Force Base, New Mexico. She also served as the Director Center in Rockville, Maryland as an audiologist and speech- of the Space Technology Directorate at the Air Force Phillips language pathologist and received certification in both areas. Laboratory at Kirtland, and as the Director of the Military Satellite He joined the US Air Force in 1980, serving as Chief, Audiology Communications Joint Program Office at the Air Force Space at Andrews AFB, Maryland, and at the Wiesbaden Medical and Missile Systems Center in Los Angeles where she directed Center, Germany, and as Chief, Otolaryngology Services at the the development, acquisition and execution of a $50 billion Aeromedical Consultation Service, Brooks AFB, Texas, where portfolio.
  • ATLAS II | At-Large Summit London 2014

    ATLAS II | At-Large Summit London 2014

    EN AL-ATLAS-02-DCL-01-01-EN ORIGINAL: English DATE: 26 June 2014 STATUS: Final The 2nd At-Large Summit (ATLAS II) FINAL DECLARATION Introductory Text By the Staff of ICANN Representatives of approximately one hundred and fifty (150) At-Large Structures (“ALSes”) from five Regional At-Large Organizations (“RALOs”) representing ICANN's global At-Large Community met at the 2nd At-Large Summit (ATLAS II) as part of the 50th ICANN meeting in London, United Kingdom between 21-26 June 2014. Amongst the various activities of the Summit were five Thematic Groups on issues of concern to the At-Large Community. The subjects for the Thematic Groups were selected by the representatives of ALSes. Each Summit participant was allocated to the Thematic Group according to his/her preference. The five Thematic Groups were: Thematic Group 1 (TG1): Future of Multi-Stakeholder Models Thematic Group 2 (TG2): The Globalization of ICANN Thematic Group 3 (TG3): Global Internet: The User Perspective Thematic Group 4 (TG4): ICANN Transparency and Accountability Thematic Group 5 (TG5): At-Large Community Engagement in ICANN All Thematic Groups commenced their work on Saturday 21 June 2014, the opening day of the Summit, and then each met in four individual breakout sessions during the Summit to finalize their statements. The text that follows, including the appendix which is an integral part of the Final Declaration, was endorsed by approximately 150 ALSes on the morning of Thursday, 26 June 2014 and then endorsed by the At-Large Advisory Committee (ALAC) by acclamation on the same day. The Final Declaration is to be presented to the Board of ICANN at its public session in London, United Kingdom on Thursday, 26 June 2014.
  • Commercial Space Transportation Developments and Concepts: Vehicles, Technologies and Spaceports

    Commercial Space Transportation Developments and Concepts: Vehicles, Technologies and Spaceports

    Commercial Space Transportation 2006 Commercial Space Transportation Developments and Concepts: Vehicles, Technologies and Spaceports January 2006 HQ003606.INDD 2006 U.S. Commercial Space Transportation Developments and Concepts About FAA/AST About the Office of Commercial Space Transportation The Federal Aviation Administration’s Office of Commercial Space Transportation (FAA/AST) licenses and regulates U.S. commercial space launch and reentry activity, as well as the operation of non-federal launch and reentry sites, as authorized by Executive Order 12465 and Title 49 United States Code, Subtitle IX, Chapter 701 (formerly the Commercial Space Launch Act). FAA/AST’s mission is to ensure public health and safety and the safety of property while protecting the national security and foreign policy interests of the United States during commercial launch and reentry operations. In addition, FAA/AST is directed to encour- age, facilitate, and promote commercial space launches and reentries. Additional information concerning commercial space transportation can be found on FAA/AST’s web site at http://ast.faa.gov. Federal Aviation Administration Office of Commercial Space Transportation i About FAA/AST 2006 U.S. Commercial Space Transportation Developments and Concepts NOTICE Use of trade names or names of manufacturers in this document does not constitute an official endorsement of such products or manufacturers, either expressed or implied, by the Federal Aviation Administration. ii Federal Aviation Administration Office of Commercial Space Transportation 2006 U.S. Commercial Space Transportation Developments and Concepts Contents Table of Contents Introduction . .1 Significant 2005 Events . .4 Space Competitions . .6 Expendable Launch Vehicles . .9 Current Expendable Launch Vehicle Systems . .9 Atlas 5 - Lockheed Martin Corporation .
  • L AUNCH SYSTEMS Databk7 Collected.Book Page 18 Monday, September 14, 2009 2:53 PM Databk7 Collected.Book Page 19 Monday, September 14, 2009 2:53 PM

    L AUNCH SYSTEMS Databk7 Collected.Book Page 18 Monday, September 14, 2009 2:53 PM Databk7 Collected.Book Page 19 Monday, September 14, 2009 2:53 PM

    databk7_collected.book Page 17 Monday, September 14, 2009 2:53 PM CHAPTER TWO L AUNCH SYSTEMS databk7_collected.book Page 18 Monday, September 14, 2009 2:53 PM databk7_collected.book Page 19 Monday, September 14, 2009 2:53 PM CHAPTER TWO L AUNCH SYSTEMS Introduction Launch systems provide access to space, necessary for the majority of NASA’s activities. During the decade from 1989–1998, NASA used two types of launch systems, one consisting of several families of expendable launch vehicles (ELV) and the second consisting of the world’s only partially reusable launch system—the Space Shuttle. A significant challenge NASA faced during the decade was the development of technologies needed to design and implement a new reusable launch system that would prove less expensive than the Shuttle. Although some attempts seemed promising, none succeeded. This chapter addresses most subjects relating to access to space and space transportation. It discusses and describes ELVs, the Space Shuttle in its launch vehicle function, and NASA’s attempts to develop new launch systems. Tables relating to each launch vehicle’s characteristics are included. The other functions of the Space Shuttle—as a scientific laboratory, staging area for repair missions, and a prime element of the Space Station program—are discussed in the next chapter, Human Spaceflight. This chapter also provides a brief review of launch systems in the past decade, an overview of policy relating to launch systems, a summary of the management of NASA’s launch systems programs, and tables of funding data. The Last Decade Reviewed (1979–1988) From 1979 through 1988, NASA used families of ELVs that had seen service during the previous decade.
  • Learning from Other People's Mistakes

    Learning from Other People's Mistakes

    Learning from Other People’s Mistakes Most satellite mishaps stem from engineering mistakes. To prevent the same errors from being repeated, Aerospace has compiled lessons that the space community should heed. Paul Cheng and Patrick Smith he computer onboard the Clementine spacecraft froze immediately after a thruster was commanded to fire. A “watchdog” algorithm designed to stop “It’s always the simple stuff the thrusters from excessive firing could not execute, and CTlementine’s fuel ran out. !e mission was lost. Based on that kills you…. With all the this incident, engineers working on the Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) program learned a key lesson: the testing systems, everything watchdog function should be hard-wired in case of a com- puter shutdown. As it happened, NEAR suffered a similar computer crash during which its thrusters fired thousands looked good.” of times, but each firing was instantly cut off by the still- —James Cantrell, main engineer operative watchdog timer. NEAR survived. As this example illustrates, insights from past anoma- for the joint U.S.-Russian Skipper lies are of considerable value to design engineers and other mission, which failed because program stakeholders. Information from failures (and near its solar panels were connected failures) can influence important design decisions and pre- vent the same mistakes from being made over and over. backward (Associated Press, 1996) Contrary to popular belief, satellites seldom fail because of poor workmanship or defective parts. Instead, most failures are caused by simple engineering errors, such as an over- looked requirement, a unit mix-up, or even a typo in a docu- ment.
  • Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Ecologia Fluxo De

    Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Ecologia Fluxo De

    INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE PESQUISAS DA AMAZÔNIA - INPA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ECOLOGIA FLUXO DE ENERGIA EM TEIAS ALIMENTARES DE ECOSSISTEMAS AQUÁTICOS TROPICAIS: DAS FONTES AUTOTRÓFICAS ATÉ OS GRANDES CONSUMIDORES ECTOTÉRMICOS FRANCISCO VILLAMARÍN Manaus, Amazonas i Agosto, 2016 Page i FRANCISCO VILLAMARÍN FLUXO DE ENERGIA EM TEIAS ALIMENTARES DE ECOSSISTEMAS AQUÁTICOS TROPICAIS: DAS FONTES AUTOTRÓFICAS ATÉ OS GRANDES CONSUMIDORES ECTOTÉRMICOS Orientador: WILLIAM E. MAGNUSSON Tese apresentada ao Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do titulo de Doutor em BIOLOGIA-ECOLOGIA Manaus, Amazonas ii Agosto, 2016 Page ii V715 Villamarín, Francisco Fluxo de energia em teias alimentares de ecossistemas aquáticos tropicais: das fontes autotróficas até os grandes consumidores ectotérmicos / Francisco Villamarín. --- Manaus: [s.n.], 2016. 87 f.: il Tese (Doutorado) --- INPA, Manaus, 2016. Orientador: William E. Magnusson Área de concentração: Ecologia 1. Ecossistema aquático. 2. Teia alimentar. 3. Ecologia. I. Título. CDD 574.52632 iii Page iii Sinopse: Estudou-se o fluxo de energia em teias alimentares de ecossistemas aquáticos tropicais do Território Norte da Austrália e da Amazônia central. Aspectos como alocação de energia para reprodução em um peixe herbívoro-detritívoro e origens da energia e posição trófica de crocodilianos amazônicos foram avaliados. Palavras chave: isótopos estáveis, RNA:DNA, energia, consumidores ectotérmicos iv Page iv Dedicatória Mis abuelas Cecilia y Aída me enseñaron con cariño la importancia de la simplicidad y perseverancia en la vida. A ellas, dedico v Page v Agradecimentos O presente trabalho não seria possível sem o incentivo de todas as pessoas que acreditaram e que, de muitas maneiras, contribuiram sempre para que essa pesquisa seja realizada ao longo de todo esse tempo de Amazônia.
  • The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2012

    The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2012

    Federal Aviation Administration The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2012 February 2013 About FAA About the FAA Office of Commercial Space Transportation The Federal Aviation Administration’s Office of Commercial Space Transportation (FAA AST) licenses and regulates U.S. commercial space launch and reentry activity, as well as the operation of non-federal launch and reentry sites, as authorized by Executive Order 12465 and Title 51 United States Code, Subtitle V, Chapter 509 (formerly the Commercial Space Launch Act). FAA AST’s mission is to ensure public health and safety and the safety of property while protecting the national security and foreign policy interests of the United States during commercial launch and reentry operations. In addition, FAA AST is directed to encourage, facilitate, and promote commercial space launches and reentries. Additional information concerning commercial space transportation can be found on FAA AST’s website: http://www.faa.gov/go/ast Cover art: Phil Smith, The Tauri Group (2013) NOTICE Use of trade names or names of manufacturers in this document does not constitute an official endorsement of such products or manufacturers, either expressed or implied, by the Federal Aviation Administration. • i • Federal Aviation Administration’s Office of Commercial Space Transportation Dear Colleague, 2012 was a very active year for the entire commercial space industry. In addition to all of the dramatic space transportation events, including the first-ever commercial mission flown to and from the International Space Station, the year was also a very busy one from the government’s perspective. It is clear that the level and pace of activity is beginning to increase significantly.
  • Commercial Orbital Transportation Services

    Commercial Orbital Transportation Services

    National Aeronautics and Space Administration Commercial Orbital Transportation Services A New Era in Spaceflight NASA/SP-2014-617 Commercial Orbital Transportation Services A New Era in Spaceflight On the cover: Background photo: The terminator—the line separating the sunlit side of Earth from the side in darkness—marks the changeover between day and night on the ground. By establishing government-industry partnerships, the Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program marked a change from the traditional way NASA had worked. Inset photos, right: The COTS program supported two U.S. companies in their efforts to design and build transportation systems to carry cargo to low-Earth orbit. (Top photo—Credit: SpaceX) SpaceX launched its Falcon 9 rocket on May 22, 2012, from Cape Canaveral, Florida. (Second photo) Three days later, the company successfully completed the mission that sent its Dragon spacecraft to the Station. (Third photo—Credit: NASA/Bill Ingalls) Orbital Sciences Corp. sent its Antares rocket on its test flight on April 21, 2013, from a new launchpad on Virginia’s eastern shore. Later that year, the second Antares lifted off with Orbital’s cargo capsule, (Fourth photo) the Cygnus, that berthed with the ISS on September 29, 2013. Both companies successfully proved the capability to deliver cargo to the International Space Station by U.S. commercial companies and began a new era of spaceflight. ISS photo, center left: Benefiting from the success of the partnerships is the International Space Station, pictured as seen by the last Space Shuttle crew that visited the orbiting laboratory (July 19, 2011). More photos of the ISS are featured on the first pages of each chapter.
  • Space Almanac 2007

    Space Almanac 2007

    2007 Space Almanac The US military space operation in facts and figures. Compiled by Tamar A. Mehuron, Associate Editor, and the staff of Air Force Magazine 74 AIR FORCE Magazine / August 2007 Space 0.05g 60,000 miles Geosynchronous Earth Orbit 22,300 miles Hard vacuum 1,000 miles Medium Earth Orbit begins 300 miles 0.95g 100 miles Low Earth Orbit begins 60 miles Astronaut wings awarded 50 miles Limit for ramjet engines 28 miles Limit for turbojet engines 20 miles Stratosphere begins 10 miles Illustration not to scale Artist’s conception by Erik Simonsen AIR FORCE Magazine / August 2007 75 US Military Missions in Space Space Support Space Force Enhancement Space Control Space Force Application Launch of satellites and other Provide satellite communica- Ensure freedom of action in space Provide capabilities for the ap- high-value payloads into space tions, navigation, weather infor- for the US and its allies and, plication of combat operations and operation of those satellites mation, missile warning, com- when directed, deny an adversary in, through, and from space to through a worldwide network of mand and control, and intel- freedom of action in space. influence the course and outcome ground stations. ligence to the warfighter. of conflict. US Space Funding Millions of constant Fiscal 2007 dollars 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 Fiscal Year 59 62 65 68 71 74 77 80 83 86 89 92 95 98 01 04 Fiscal Year NASA DOD Other Total Fiscal Year NASA DOD Other Total 1959 1,841 3,457 240 5,538 1983 13,051 18,601 675 32,327 1960 3,205 3,892
  • Historical Dictionary of Air Intelligence

    Historical Dictionary of Air Intelligence

    Historical Dictionaries of Intelligence and Counterintelligence Jon Woronoff, Series Editor 1. British Intelligence, by Nigel West, 2005. 2. United States Intelligence, by Michael A. Turner, 2006. 3. Israeli Intelligence, by Ephraim Kahana, 2006. 4. International Intelligence, by Nigel West, 2006. 5. Russian and Soviet Intelligence, by Robert W. Pringle, 2006. 6. Cold War Counterintelligence, by Nigel West, 2007. 7. World War II Intelligence, by Nigel West, 2008. 8. Sexspionage, by Nigel West, 2009. 9. Air Intelligence, by Glenmore S. Trenear-Harvey, 2009. Historical Dictionary of Air Intelligence Glenmore S. Trenear-Harvey Historical Dictionaries of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, No. 9 The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham, Maryland • Toronto • Plymouth, UK 2009 SCARECROW PRESS, INC. Published in the United States of America by Scarecrow Press, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.scarecrowpress.com Estover Road Plymouth PL6 7PY United Kingdom Copyright © 2009 by Glenmore S. Trenear-Harvey All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Trenear-Harvey, Glenmore S., 1940– Historical dictionary of air intelligence / Glenmore S. Trenear-Harvey. p. cm. — (Historical dictionaries of intelligence and counterintelligence ; no. 9) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN-13: 978-0-8108-5982-1 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8108-5982-3 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978-0-8108-6294-4 (eBook) ISBN-10: 0-8108-6294-8 (eBook) 1.
  • Tomorrow's World

    Tomorrow's World

    Tomorrow’s World: The New York World’s Fairs and Flushing Meadows Corona Park The Arsenal Gallery June 26 – August 27, 2014 the “Versailles of America.” Within one year Tomorrow’s World: 10,000 trees were planted, the Grand Central Parkway connection to the Triborough Bridge The New York was completed and the Bronx-Whitestone Bridge well underway.Michael Rapuano’s World’s Fairs and landscape design created radiating pathways to the north influenced by St. Peter’s piazza in the Flushing Meadows Vatican, and also included naturalized areas Corona Park and recreational fields to the south and west. The Arsenal Gallery The fair was divided into seven great zones from Amusement to Transportation, and 60 countries June 26 – August 27, 2014 and 33 states or territories paraded their wares. Though the Fair planners aimed at high culture, Organized by Jonathan Kuhn and Jennifer Lantzas they left plenty of room for honky-tonk delights, noting that “A is for amusement; and in the interests of many of the millions of Fair visitors, This year marks the 50th and 75th anniversaries amusement comes first.” of the New York World’s Fairs of 1939-40 and 1964-65, cultural milestones that celebrated our If the New York World’s Fair of 1939-40 belonged civilization’s advancement, and whose visions of to New Dealers, then the Fair in 1964-65 was for the future are now remembered with nostalgia. the baby boomers. Five months before the Fair The Fairs were also a mechanism for transform- opened, President Kennedy, who had said, “I ing a vast industrial dump atop a wetland into hope to be with you at the ribbon cutting,” was the city’s fourth largest urban park.