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AIR FORCE Magazine / August 1998 22 on the Following Pages Appears Space Almanac On the following pages appears a vari- Thompson, editor of TRW Space Log; will not always agree because of ety of information and statistical Phillip S. Clark, Molniya Space Consul- different cutoff dates, rounding, or material about space—particularly tancy, Whitton, UK; Joseph J. Burger, different methods of reporting. The military activity in space. This almanac Space Analysis and Research, Inc.; and information is intended to illustrate was compiled by the staff of Air Force Air Force Space Command Public Af- trends in space activity. Magazine, with assistance and informa- fairs Office. tion from Dr. R.W. Sturdevant, Air Force Figures that appear in this section Space Command History Office; Tina Illustration by Leo Cronin 22 AIR FORCE Magazine / August 1998 Space Almanac Compiled by Tamar A. Mehuron, Associate Editor A Boeing Delta IV Heavy lifts a satellite into Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit. The Delta IV Heavy is capable of lifting 33,000 pounds into GTO. Boeing is developing the Delta IV fam- ily of rockets in response to the US Air Force Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle program. AIR FORCE Magazine / August 1998 23 The Year in Space July 1–17, 1997 Shuttle Columbia (STS- tor—on asteroid to collect and sell data, as implementation to spacecraft manufacturer 94), with crew of seven astronauts, com- well as stake commercial mining claim. for geosynchronous satellite. pletes record 33-project science mission— Sept. 11 Global Surveyor arrives at Mars Nov. 14 Representatives from NASA, fire, plant, crystal, and metal studies—cut and swings into initial orbit to map planet’s USAF, and industry break ground for X-33 short in April because of fuel cell problems. atmosphere and surface from physical, RLV launch facility at Edwards AFB, Calif. July 4 Mars Pathfinder lands on surface of chemical, meteorological, and, perhaps, Nov. 19–Dec. 5 Shuttle Columbia (STS- Red Planet and, next day, the lander is of- biological perspectives. 87) tests sodium–sulfur batteries weighing ficially renamed Carl Sagan Memorial Sta- Sept. 25–Oct. 6 Amidst congressional one-third less than current nickel–hydro- tion in honor of renowned astronomer who questions about whether US presence gen cells and promising to reduce launch died in December 1996. should continue aboard accident-prone, costs by as much as $4 million per flight, as July 5 Sojourner rover rolls down station- 11-year-old Russian space station, shuttle well as a free-flying robotic camera intend- ary lander’s ramp onto Martian soil, becom- Atlantis (STS-86) carries astronaut David ed for use during assembly of International ing first mobile, semi autonomous, robotic A. Wolf to Mir and picks up his colleague C. Space Station. vehicle to traverse another planet’s surface. Michael Foale. December Virginia Commercial Spaceflight July 23 After failed attempt in January Oct. 4 In celebration of 40th anniversary Authority receives license to operate com- 1997, USAF successfully launches first of Sputnik 1 launch, Progress-M 36 cargo mercial spaceport in US at NASA’s Wallops Navstar GPS Block IIR satellite on Delta II freighter carries Sputnik 40/RS-17 from Flight Facility, Va. booster from Cape Canaveral AS, Fla. Baikonur to Mir, where cosmonauts will Dec. 16 Galileo Europa Mission begins Aug. 5 Air Force Research Lab in its hand-deploy the scale-model satellite Nov. with first of eight consecutive flybys of Jupi- Warfighter-1 hyperspectral sensor demon- 3. ter’s moon Europa and captures amazingly stration departs from decades of tradition Oct. 15 USAF Titan IVB Centaur launches detailed images of its surface, which ap- with ded icated intelligence satellites using plutonium-powered Cassini, with European pears to be relatively young ice as thick as agency-specific hardware and awards first Space Agency (ESA) Huygens probe and 1 kilometer in places. satellite-imaging contract based on com- Italian Space Agency high-gain antenna, Dec. 23 Orbcomm passes major milestone mercial technology to Orbital Sciences. toward rendezvous with Saturn in July in its “Countdown to Global Service” with Aug. 7–19 Shuttle Discovery (STS-85) per- 2004. launch of eight LEO satellites via Pegasus forms environmental study using Cryogenic Oct. 17 Mid-Infrared Advanced Chemical XL from Wallops Flight Facility. Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes for Laser sends beam 260 miles into space Dec. 24 Colorado-based EarthWatch’s Ear- the Atmosphere–Shuttle Pallet Satellite-2 from White Sands Missile Range, N.M., lyBird 1, first commercial satellite capable to measure trace gases that deplete ozone and hits USAF’s aging Miniature Sensor of intelligence-quality—3-meter resolu- layer. Technology Integration III satellite, marking tion—imaging is successfully launched Aug. 22 Mir crew—two Russians and an first time US has fired a high-powered laser from Svobodny via Russian Start-1 booster, American—repairs damage caused by at an orbiting spacecraft. but ground controllers lose contact with collision of cargo ship with Spektr module Oct. 22 Space Test Experiment Platform spacecraft Dec. 28. June 25 and restores much of station’s (STEP) 4, launched via Pegasus XL boost- Dec. 25 Russia’s Proton booster grounded power-generating capacity. er, fails to deploy successfully, signaling after premature cutoff of fourth-stage en- Aug. 22 First successful launch of two- end—with only one successful mission in gine leaves AsiaSat 3 spacecraft short of stage Lockheed Martin Launch Vehicle, five attempts (STEP 0–STEP 4)—of USAF planned geostationary orbit. The booster subsequently renamed Athena I, places Space Test Program ex per i ments designed will not return to service until April 1998 NASA’s Lewis communications satellite in to evaluate standardized, flexible systems with the launch of seven Iridium satellites. orbit. for future spacecraft using new generation Jan. 6, 1998 First launch from Spaceport Aug. 25 USAF launches NASA Advanced of TRW–built, low-cost, lightweight satel- Florida Authority’s Commercial Launch Composition Explorer to provide real-time lites. Complex 46 at Cape Canaveral AS and data on solar disturbances to National Oct. 30 First successful launch to orbit first operational use of Lockheed Mar tin’s Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of Ariane 5 rocket from Kourou, French three-stage Athena II sends NASA’s Lunar (NOAA) Space Environment Center in Guiana, carries two instrument platforms Prospector spacecraft toward moon. Boulder, Colo. to measure launcher performance, as well Jan. 15 According to Ballistic Missile Aug. 27 Proton K rocket from Baikonur, as several experiments by young graduate Defense Organization, a small piece of un- Kazakhstan, launches PanAmSat Corp.’s trainees. identified orbital debris destroys expended PAS-5 communications satellite, first com- Nov. 2 Brazil’s first space booster, 15 years third stage of modified Min­­­­ute man II dur- mercial spacecraft to use xenon ion propul- in development by that nation’s Air Force ing test flight that involves Raytheon-built sion, toward geosynchronous orbit. Space Research Institute, is destroyed 65 warhead tracking sensor—Exoatmospheric Sept. 1 Air Force Reserve Command seconds after liftoff from Alcantara Launch Kill Vehicle sensor—over Kwajalein Atoll in acknowledges increasing importance of Center. the Pacific. military space operations by activating its Nov. 4 NASA’s Solar and Heliospheric Jan. 16 NASA Administrator Daniel S. first space group and a space operations Observatory spacecraft detects first major Goldin announces that Sen. John Glenn squadron—the 310th and 8th, respectively. flare—X flare—of new 11-year solar cycle. (D–Ohio), at age 77, will return to space Sept. 1 Although too late for John Blaha, Nov. 5 First outdoor test of laser-boosted in October 1998 as payload specialist on who missed the 1996 presidential election “lightcraft” at White Sands Missile Range STS-95 to assist with research on the ag- because he was aboard Mir, democracy uses 10-kilowatt pulse-beam laser to boost ing process. enters the Space Age with Texas law per- vehicle to altitude of 50 feet. Jan. 22–31 Shuttle Endeavour (STS-89) mitting registered voters flying in space to Nov. 6 Astronomers using NASA’s Rossi carries Andrew S.W. Thomas to Mir to cast ballots via electronic mail. X-Ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) spacecraft replace Wolf, making Thomas the seventh Sept. 3 Boeing, working under USAF report observing space-time distortion by and last American to inhabit the Russian contract, unveils prototype of reusable a black hole, the first evidence to support space station. space vehicle designed for military recon- prediction made in 1918 using Einstein’s Jan. 29 Senior officials from US, Russia, naissance and quick deployment of small theory of relativity. and 13 other nations sign new agreement satellites. Nov. 12 Launch of Orbital Sciences’ to cooperate in building International Space Sept. 9 James W. Benson announces plan Cakrawarta-1, or Indostar-1, satellite marks Station. for his Colorado-based SpaceDev, Inc., to first time outside vendor—Princeton Satel- Feb. 10 Upgraded Taurus vehicle, making become first private organization to land lite Systems—supplied whole set of at- first use of USAF–designed payload isola- spacecraft—Near Earth Asteroid Prospec- titude control algorithms and their software tor system—a ring of shock absorbers that 24 AIR FORCE Magazine / August 1998 replace bolts traditionally used to fasten Service (GBS)—enters orbit atop Atlas II massive black hole at center of nearby gi- satellite to launch vehicle—launches US launched from Cape Canaveral AS. ant galaxy that is feeding on smaller galaxy. Navy’s GeoSat Follow-On oceanographic April 1 Pegasus XL from Vandenberg AFB, May 19 Due to failure of its attitude control satellite and two Orbcomm telecommunica- Calif., launches NASA’s Transition Region processors, PanAmSat’s Galaxy IV space- tions satellites. and Coronal Explorer (TRACE) spacecraft craft begins tumbling and leaves approxi- Feb. 14 Deployment of Globalstar’s $2.6 to collect data on shape and behavior of mately 90 percent of America’s 35 million billion, 48-satellite constellation for tele- upper solar atmosphere, which affects sat- pager customers without service.
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