Chapter Intro Chapter Intro Causes of Decline

Pressure from the West and corruption, government incompetence, and peasant unrest from within led to the decline of the Qing dynasty.

Section 1 Causes of Decline (cont.) • Western powers wanted China to loosen trade restrictions that limited trade to the port at Guangzhou. • To compensate for Britain’s unfavorable trade balance, the British began trading opium.

Opium Imported Into China

Section 1 Causes of Decline (cont.) • The Chinese retaliated with a blockade on Guangzhou, sparking the Opium War. • The British navy quickly defeated the Chinese by sailing up the Chang Jiang to Nanjing.

Section 1 Causes of Decline (cont.) • In the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842, the Chinese agreed to: – Open five coastal ports – Limit taxes on British imports – Pay for the cost of the war – Give Hong Kong to Great Britain – Allow Westerners living in China the right of extraterritoriality

Section 1 Causes of Decline (cont.) • The Qing dynasty began to suffer from corruption, peasant unrest, and incompetence. Population growth created a food shortage and many people died of starvation. • Hong Xiuquan led a peasant revolt called the Tai Ping Rebellion (1850–1864).

Section 1 Causes of Decline (cont.) • The Qing dynasty was in decline and called for reforms under a new policy called “self- strengthening.” • The Chinese government wanted to adopt Western technology but keep Confucian values. It modernized the military and built up industries while keeping the culture.

Section 1 The Advance of Imperialism

Western nations and Japan set up spheres of influence in China to gain exclusive trading rights.

Section 1 The Advance of Imperialism (cont.) • Between 1886 and 1985, France, Russia, and Great Britain seized land throughout East Asia. • European states began creating spheres of influence throughout China’s heartland by negotiating with warlords for exclusive trading rights and railroad and mining privileges.

Spheres of Influence in China, 1900

Section 1 The Advance of Imperialism (cont.) • The Chinese lost control of many territories: – Russia forced China to give up territories in Siberia. – Tibet became independent from Chinese influence. – The Japanese gained the island of Taiwan. – Germany demanded territories in the Shandong Peninsula.

Section 1 The Advance of Imperialism (cont.) • The emperor Guang Xu called for One Hundred Days of Reform. Guang Xu wanted to base the Chinese government, education system, and military on Western models. • Many conservatives opposed the reforms, including Empress Dowager Ci Xi, who became a dominant force at court. • Ci Xi and the imperial army imprisoned the emperor and exiled, prosecuted, or imprisoned supporters of the reforms.

Section 1 The Advance of Imperialism (cont.) • The reforms were met with limited support because of the following weaknesses: – Damaged careers of many scholars – Neglected agriculture – Focused too heavily on the elite classes – Could not end foreign influence

Section 1 Responses to Imperialism

The United States proposed an Open Door policy to guarantee it would have equal trading rights with European countries in China.

Section 1 Responses to Imperialism (cont.) • In 1899 the U.S. secretary of state, John Hay, wrote notes to Britain, Russia, Germany, France, Italy, and Japan asking each country to respect equal trading rights in China. • There was no opposition to Hay’s proposal, leading to establishment of the Open Door policy.

Section 1 Responses to Imperialism (cont.) • The Open Door policy reduced trade restrictions and foreign influences. • The policy also eased fears throughout the Western nations that one country would obtain overwhelming influence throughout China.

Section 1 Responses to Imperialism (cont.) • A secret organization called the Society of Harmonious Fists formed in opposition to foreign influence in China and initiated the Boxer Rebellion. • The Boxers began killing foreigners, including Western businessmen, and Christian missionaries and converts.

Section 1 Responses to Imperialism (cont.) • An allied army formed in retaliation and crushed the rebellion and demanded more concessions from the Chinese government, including a heavy indemnity.

Section 1 The Fall of the Qing

Sun Yat-sen led a successful revolution to end the Qing dynasty, but he was unable to establish a stable government.

Section 2 The Fall of the Qing (cont.) • After the Boxer Rebellion, Empress Dowager Ci Xi implemented numerous reforms in an attempt to hold onto power, including the formation of legislative assemblies at the provincial level. • Sun Yat-sen believed the Qing dynasty could no longer govern China.

Section 2 The Fall of the Qing (cont.) • Sun Yat-sen formed the Revive China Society and a three-stage reform process: – Military takeover – Transitional phase preparing people for democracy – Establishment of a constitutional democracy

Section 2 The Fall of the Qing (cont.) • After the death of the Empress, the infant Henry Pu Yi became China’s last emperor. • In 1911, the followers of Sun Yat-sen revolted and the Qing dynasty collapsed.

Fall of the Qing Empire

Section 2 The Fall of the Qing (cont.) • The Nationalist party lacked political and military power and was forced to allow General Yuan Shigai, a member of the old order, to serve as president. • Yuan did not have much support. The reformers did not like his traditional, dictatorial manner of ruling and supporters of the Qing dynasty viewed him as a traitor.

Section 2 The Fall of the Qing (cont.) • Yuan dissolved the parliament, sparking a rebellion led by the Nationalists. The Nationalists fled to Japan after the rebellion failed. • After Yuan’s death, China experienced several years of civil war.

Section 2 Cultural Changes

Western culture had a dramatic effect on many Chinese people, especially those living in cities.

Section 2 Cultural Changes (cont.) • Western culture in China was most evident in the cities, where a national market for commodities such as oil, salt, copper, tea, and porcelain appeared. • Westernization affected China in three ways: – Introduced modern means of transportation – Created an export market – Integrated the Chinese market into the world market

Section 2 Cultural Changes (cont.) • Imperialism also had negative effects. – China depended on the West. – Many Chinese were exploited, and local industries were destroyed. – Profits went to foreign countries rather than to the Chinese economy.

Section 2 Cultural Changes (cont.) • After World War I, foreign investment drawn out of China, enabling Chinese businesspeople to develop new ventures. • Modern cities such as Shanghai, Wuhan, Tianjin and Guangzhou became major industrial and commercial centers. • In the rural areas, life remained largely unchanged. Traditional jobs and family roles remained the same.

Section 2 Cultural Changes (cont.) • The cities experienced the most change, with Western cultural influence at it strongest and Confucian social ideas on the decline. • The culture began to truly change when intellectuals introduced Western books, art, music, and ideas to China. • Conservatives remained loyal to traditional culture, clashing with radical reformers who wanted it eliminated.

Section 2 Japan Changes Direction During the Meiji Era: 1868 - 1912

•Commodore Matthew Perry Japan Responds to Foreign Pressure

Under military pressure from the United States, Japan signed the Treaty of Kanagawa, which opened two ports to Western trade.

Section 3 Japan Responds to Foreign Pressure (cont.) • Ruling for 200 years, the Tokugawa shogunate kept relations with outside countries at a minimum and carried on a policy of isolationism. • Western nations wanted Japan to open their ports to trade. • U.S. President Millard Fillmore sent Commodore Matthew Perry to Japan.

Section 3 Japan Responds to Foreign Pressure (cont.) • Concessions were made by shogunate officials, and they signed the Treaty of Kanagawa with the United States. • The Treaty approved: – The return of shipwrecked American sailors – The opening of two ports to Western traders – The establishment of a U.S. diplomat in Japan

Section 3 Japan Responds to Foreign Pressure (cont.) • Other European nations forced Japan to sign similar treaties. • A group of samurai warriors called the Sat-Cho opposed opening foreign relations with the West and forced the shogun to promise to end foreign relations. • The Sat-Cho attacked the shogun’s palace at Kyōto, resulting in the collapse of the shogunate system and the beginning of the Meiji Restoration.

Section 3 The Meiji Restoration

The Meiji government attempted to modernize Japan’s political, economic, and social structures.

Section 3 The Meiji Restoration (cont.) • The young emperor, Mutsuhito, called his reign the Meiji, meaning “Enlightened Rule.” • The Sat-Cho held the real power and moved the capital from Kyōto to Edo. • The new leaders stripped the daimyo of their land and created prefectures.

Section 3 The Meiji Restoration (cont.) • Ito Hirobumi led a commission that traveled to many Western countries to study their governments. • The result was a political system modeled after Imperial Germany. It was democratic in form, but authoritarian in practice.

Section 3 •What Did the U. S. Want??

 More trading partners.

 A haven for ship-wrecked sailors. •Japan Learns a Lesson! •In 1862, just before the start of the Meiji period, Tokugawa sent officials and scholars to China to study the situation there. A Japanese recorded in his diary from Shanghai…

•The Chinese have become servants to the foreigners. Sovereignty may belong to China but in fact it's no more than a colony of Great Britain and France. •Newspaper Cartoon, 1870s?

•Enlightened Half-Enlightened Un-Enlightened •European Goods

 Europe began to “loom large” in the thinking of many Japanese.

 New slogan: Japanese Spirit; Western Technology! •The Japanese Became Obsessed with Western Styles

•Civilization and Enlightenment! •Everything Western Was Fashionable! •The Rulers Set the Tone with Western Dress

•Emperor Meiji Empress Haruko (1868- 1912) •Westernize •Abolition •Land the School of the Redistribution System feudal system (Fr. & Ger.)

•Modern Banking •Modernize System the Army •Meiji (Prussian) Reforms

•Written Constitution •Build a (Germans) Modern Navy (British)

•Human Rights •Emperor & Religious Worship Freedom Intensified Joining the Imperialists

By the early 1900s, Japan strengthened its military and started building an empire.

Section 3 Joining the Imperialists (cont.) • The Japanese needed raw materials and wanted to expand by obtaining colonies, as the Europeans had done. • Japan claimed control of the Ryukyu Islands, which belonged to the Chinese Empire. • The Japanese next forced the Koreans to open their ports to Japanese trade.

Section 3 Figure 4 Figure 4b Joining the Imperialists (cont.) • China and Japan went to war over influence in Korea. Japan won, resulting in Korea’s independence. • China also ceded Taiwan and the Liaodong Peninsula to Japan. • Japan led a successful surprise attack on the Russian naval base at Port Arthur. • The Japanese navy defeated the Russian fleet.

Section 3 •Japan Annexes Korea •The Russo-Japanese War: 1904-1905

•The Battle of Tsushima: The results startled the world! Joining the Imperialists (cont.) • The Russo-Japanese War made Japan one of the world’s great military powers. • The United States recognized Japan’s role in Korean affairs, and, in return, the Japanese recognized the U.S. role in the Philippines. • Some Americans began to fear the rise of Japanese power. In 1907 President Theodore Roosevelt stopped Japanese immigration into the United States.

Section 3 Figure 5 Figure 4a Culture in an Era of Transition

The culture of Western nations greatly influenced Japanese traditional culture.

Section 3 Culture in an Era of Transition (cont.) • From literature to architecture, the Japanese modeled Western styles and techniques. • Western technology strongly influenced traditional Japanese culture: – Japanese authors began translating Western novels. – Writers began to imitate Western styles, such as Realism.

Section 3 Culture in an Era of Transition (cont.) – The Japanese invited technicians, engineers, architects, and artists from Europe and the United States to teach modern skills in Japan. • The Japanese also influenced other cultures. – Japanese arts and crafts, including porcelains, textiles, fans, folding screens, and woodblock prints, became popular throughout Europe.

Section 3 Culture in an Era of Transition (cont.) – Japanese gardens became popular in the United States. • By the end of the nineteenth century, many Japanese began a return to Japanese traditions.

Section 3 •Japanese Power Would Grow . . . IMPERIALISM in China • The Qing dynasty began to decline due to pressure from the West and internal corruption. • Western nations and Japan created spheres of influence in China to gain exclusive trading rights. • In order to secure its own trading rights, the United States proposed an Open Door trading policy.

VS 1 REVOLUTION AND TRANSITION in China

• After China failed to reform, Sun Yat-sen led a rebellion that ended the Qing dynasty. • Lacking military and political strength, Sun was unable to establish a stable government. • European traders brought new ideas to China that changed the lives of many Chinese.

VS 2 TRADE AND IMPERIALISM of Japan • After signing the Treaty of Kanagawa, Japan opened two ports for Western trade. • The Meiji government tried to modernize its political, economic, and social structure. • Japan built up its military and began expanding its territory. • Western ideas and technology influenced Japanese culture.

VS 3