Warm Up Dec. 5th

Prompt: Describe what is happening in the cartoon. What countries are participating?

Respond in complete sentences!! China Resists Imperialism

Chapter 7, Section 1 & 2 Background: China

• Dynasties of China: Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming • Major industries of China: silk, porcelain • Looked down on all foreigners • Limited trade, but no “outside influence” Background: China

• 1793 – the Qing emperor received an ambassador from Eng.; brought gifts of Western tech. but the emperor was not impressed How China Stayed Independent

• Self-sufficiency • China was able to provide for its people (specifically food) • TPS: Why is food production so important in an empire? • Crop rotation started in 17th & 18th C. w/ intro. of maize, sweet potatoes, and peanuts • Also had mining and manufacturing industries How China Stayed Independent

• Self-sufficiency = little interest in trade • Major (and only) trading post in China was Guangzhou • Euro. determined to find a product they could sell to the Chinese in large quantities • They found it in opium Introduction of Opium

• What is opium? Narcotic made from the poppy plant, like heroin and morphine • Can be used as a pain reliever, but ppl started to use recreationally • By 1835, as many as 12 million Chinese ppl were addicted to the drug Opium War

• The Chinese emperor asked the Brit. to stop trading opium, but they refused • Opium War: war btwn the Brit. and Chinese • TPS: What conflicting Brit. and Chinese positions led to the Opium War? Opium War

• Battles took place mostly at sea • Predict: Who do you think won the war? • China’s outdated ships were no match for Brit.’s steam-powered gunboats • Treaty of Nanjing: peace treaty signed in 1844, gave Brit. Hong Kong • http://www.history.com/shows/mankind-the-story- of-all-of-us/videos/opium-in-china#opium-in-china China’s Internal Problems

• Population was a challenge • # of Ch. grew to 430 mil. in 1850, but food production did not grow at the same rate • Compare: US 2013(approx. 316 mil.) & Europe 1900 (approx. 400 mil.) • Predict: What happens where there are more people and not enough food? Taiping Rebellion

• Hong Xiuquan: a young Ch. man who began recruiting followers to build a “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace” • Here, they would share the wealth and no one would live in poverty • Recall: what Western econ. policy is this? • This mvm’t was called the Taiping Rebellion (“taiping” meaning “great peace”) Taiping Rebellion Taiping Rebellion

• By the 1850s, Hong had • Qing imperial troops and built a massive peasant Brit. and Fr. troops army of 1 mil. ppl – started attacking the took over large parts of Taiping SE China • By 1864, the Taiping • 1853: Hong captures gov’t is defeated Nanjing and makes it the • At least 20 mil. (maybe capital, Hong gives power x2) ppl died of new gov’t to his • TPS: What is ironic lieutenants about the name • Leaders constant feud Taiping? among themselves Foreign Pressure Grows

• Internal pressure (Taiping Rebellion) and external pressure (Treaty of Nanjing) leave Qing gov’t at odds • Some gov’t leaders call for reforms (Westernization), others cling to traditional ways • One person in command in Qing imperial palace: Dowager Empress Cixi Dowager Empress Cixi Foreign Pressure Grows

• Dowager Empress Cixi help power from 1862 to 1908 • She was committed to traditional values, but did support some reforms • EX: self-strengthening mvm’t • aimed to update edu. system, diplomatic service, and mil. • Factories built to manu. steam-powered gunboats, rifles & ammunition Sphere of Influence

• Throughout the 19th C. many foreign nations took advantage of Ch. problems • Treaty nego. after each conflict gave more control of Ch. econ. away • Many Euro. countries and Japan gained a foothold in China • Sphere of influence: an area in which a foreign nation controls trade and investment. U.S. Open Door Policy

• U.S. was a longtime trading partner of China – worried that spheres of influence would soon become colonies and shut out Am. traders • 1899: U.S. declared the Open Door Policy – China’s “doors” for trade would be open to merchants of all nations • Protected foreign trading rights but kept China from being colonized • TPS: How did “sphere of influence” differ from the Open Door Policy? Chinese Nationalism

• Chinese ppl started to demand stronger reforms • 1898 the Emperor introduced measures to modernize China – edu., strengthen econ., modernize mil., streamlining the gov’t • Dowager Empress brought back to power and reversed the reforms Boxer Rebellion

• Frustration over reversed reforms led to frustration which turned violent • TPS: Why did the reversed reforms make the Chinese ppl unhappy? • Poor peasants resented the special privileges for foreigners, formed a secret org. known as the Boxers • Boxer Rebellion: campaign against Dowager Empress’ rule and foreigner privileges Boxer Rebellion Boxer Rebellion

• Spring 1900, the Boxers surrounded the Euro. section of Beijing - under siege for months • Dowager Empress expressed support of the Boxers but did not provide mil. aid • August 1900: multinational force marched on Beijing and defeated the Boxers • Chinese ppl realized they must resist foreign intervention, needed a gov’t that responded to their needs Two Perspectives

• You are to write two short news articles about the Boxer Rebellion. The first will be from the Chinese perspective, the second will be from the European perspective. Each new article should be no more than ½ pg long (1-2 paragraphs), and should summarize the events of the Boxer Rebellion and why the events took place.