East Asia Under Challenge, 1800–1914 the Tai Ping Rebellion at the Ways in Which They Are Similar

Planning Guide

Key to Ability Levels Key to Teaching Resources BL Below Level AL Above Level Print Material Transparency OL On Level ELL English Language Learners CD-ROM or DVD

Levels Chapter Section Section Section Chapter BL OL AL ELL Resources Opener 1 2 3 Assess FOCUS

BL OL AL ELL Daily Focus Skills Transparencies 15-1 15-2 15-3 TEACH BL OL ELL Reading Skills Activity, URB p. 131 OL AL Historical Analysis Skills Activity, URB p. 132 BL OL AL ELL Differentiated Instruction Activity, URB p. 133 OL ELL English Learner Activity, URB p. 135 BL OL AL ELL Content Vocabulary Activity, URB* p. 137 BL OL AL ELL Academic Vocabulary Activity, URB p. 139 BL OL AL ELL Skills Reinforcement Activity, URB p. 141 OL AL Critical Thinking Skills Activity, URB p. 142 OL AL History and Geography Activity, URB p. 143 OL AL ELL Mapping History Activity, URB p. 145 BL OL AL Historical Significance Activity, URB p. 146 BL OL AL ELL Cooperative Learning Activity, URB p. 147 OL AL ELL History Simulation Activity, URB p. 149 BL OL AL ELL Time Line Activity, URB p. 151 OL AL Linking Past and Present Activity, URB p. 152 BL OL AL People in World History Activity, URB p. 153 p. 154 BL OL AL ELL Primary Source Reading, URB p. 155 OL AL Enrichment Activity, URB p. 160 BL OL AL ELL World Art and Music Activity, URB p. 157 BL OL ELL Guided Reading Activities, URB* p. 162 p. 163 p. 164 BL OL ELL Reading Essentials and Note-Taking Guide* p. 145 p. 148 p. 151 Differentiated Instruction for BL OL AL ELL p. 57 ✓✓✓p. 57 the World History Classroom Note: Please refer to the Unit Resource Book: An Era of European Imperialism for this * Also available in Spanish chapter’s URB materials.

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Modern Times Planning Guide

Plus • Interactive Lesson Planner • Differentiated Lesson Plans • Interactive Teacher Edition • Printable reports of daily All-In-One Planner and Resource Center • Fully editable blackline masters assignments • Section Spotlight Videos Launch • Standards Tracking System

Levels Chapter Section Section Section Chapter BL OL AL ELL Resources Opener 1 2 3 Assess TEACH (continued) BL OL AL ELL StudentWorks™ Plus ✓✓✓✓✓ Chapter Transparencies, OL AL p. 29 Strategies, and Activities Map Overlay Transparencies, BL OL AL ELL p. 43 p. 43 p. 43 p. 43 p. 43 Strategies, and Activities Then and Now Transparencies, BL OL AL ELL p. 43 p. 43 p. 43 Strategies, and Activities Building Academic Vocabulary ✓✓✓✓✓ Reading Strategies and Activities p. 59 for the Social Studies Classroom pp. Teacher Writer’s Guidebook Resources 27, 47 Strategies for Success ✓✓✓✓✓ Outline Map Resource Book ✓✓✓✓✓ PresentationPlus! ✓✓✓✓✓ with MindJogger CheckPoint ASSESS BL OL AL ELL Section Quizzes and Chapter Tests* p. 173 p. 174 p. 175 p. 177 BL OL AL ELL Authentic Assessment With Rubrics p. 15 ✓✓✓p. 15 BL OL AL ELL Standardized Test Practice Workbook p. 29 ✓✓✓p. 29 BL OL AL ELL ExamView® Assessment Suite 15-1 15-2 15-3 Ch. 15 CLOSE BL ELL Reteaching Activity, URB p. 159 p. 159 BL OL ELL Reading and Study Skills Foldables™ p. 64 ✓✓✓p. 64 Cause and Effect Transparencies, BL OL AL ELL ✓✓✓✓✓ Strategies, and Activities Unit Time Line Transparencies, BL OL AL ELL ✓✓✓✓✓ Strategies, and Activities ✓ Chapter- or unit-based activities applicable to all sections in this chapter

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Modern Times

Integrating Technology

Using Student Web Activities Teach With Technology

What is a Student Web Activity? A Student Web Activity uses the Internet to enrich chapter content. It also helps students to enhance their online research skills. How can a Student Web Activity help my students? A Student Web Activity can teach students how to conduct research online and extends the content provided in the textbook. Features include: • a research topic based on the chapter • short answer questions to assess comprehension • links to Web sites with more information • a form to e-mail answers to you or to themselves on the topic Visit glencoe.com and enter a code to go to a Student Web Activity.

)JTUPSZ 0/-*/& You can easily launch a wide range of digital products Visit glencoe.com and enter code from your computer’s desktop with the McGraw-Hill GWHMT0050c15T for Chapter 15 resources. Social Studies widget. Student Teacher Parent Media Library • Section Audio ●●● • Spanish Audio Summaries ●●● • Section Spotlight Videos ●●● Glencoe World History: Modern Times Online Learning Center (Web Site) • StudentWorks™ Plus Online ●●● • Multilingual Glossary ●●● • Study-to-Go ●●● • Chapter Overviews ●●● • Self-Check Quizzes ●●● • Student Web Activities ●●● • ePuzzles and Games ●●● • Vocabulary eFlashcards ●●● • In Motion Animations ●●● • Study Central™ ●●● • Web Activity Lesson Plans ● • Vocabulary PuzzleMaker ● • Beyond the Textbook ●●●

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Modern Times Additional Chapter Resources

• Timed Readings Plus in Social Studies helps The following videotape programs are available from students increase their reading rate and fluency while Glencoe as supplements to this chapter: maintaining comprehension. The 400-word passages are similar to those found on state and national • China’s Boxer Rebellion (ISBN 0-76-700617-8) assessments. • Confucius: World of Wisdom (ISBN 0-76-700407-8) • Reading in the Content Area: Social Studies To order, call Glencoe at 1-800-334-7344. To find classroom concentrates on six essential reading skills that help resources to accompany many of these videos, check the fol- students better comprehend what they read. The book lowing home pages: includes 75 high-interest nonfiction passages written A&E Television: www.aetv.com at increasing levels of difficulty. The History Channel: www.historychannel.com • Reading Social Studies includes strategic reading instruction and vocabulary support in Social Studies content for both ELLs and native speakers of English.

www.jamestowneducation.com Reading List Generator CD-ROM

Use this database to search more than 30,000 titles to create a customized reading list for your students. • Reading lists can be organized by students’ reading Index to National Geographic Magazine: level, author, genre, theme, or area of interest. • The database provides Degrees of Reading Power™ The following articles relate to this chapter: (DRP) and Lexile™ readability scores for all selections. • “The Manchurian Mandate,” by Brook Larmer, • A brief summary of each selection is included. September 2006 • “Last Stand at Edo Bay,” by Scott Elder, October 2002 Leveled reading suggestions for this chapter: For students at a Grade 8 reading level: National Geographic Society Products To order the fol- • Chu Ju’s House, by Gloria Whelan lowing, call National Geographic at 1-800-368-2728: For students at a Grade 9 reading level: • National Geographic Atlas of the World (Book) • Wandering Warrior, by Da Chen Access National Geographic’s new, dynamic MapMachine For students at a Grade 10 reading level: Web site and other geography resources at: • Japan, by Patricia D. Netzley www.nationalgeographic.com For students at a Grade 11 reading level: www.nationalgeographic.com/maps • Falling Leaves, by Adeline Yen Mah For students at a Grade 12 reading level: • Throne of Blood, from PERSPECTIVE

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Modern Times Introducing

Focus East Asia Under MAKING CONNECTIONS Challenge 1800 –1914 In what ways can one Section 1 The Decline of the Qing Dynasty culture influence Section 2 Revolution in China another? Section 3 Rise of Modern Japan Activate students’ prior knowledge by having them identify cultural influences at school and in Chapter Audio the community. (Answers may MAKING CONNECTIONS include examples of foods, architec- In what ways can one culture ture, styles of clothing, art, and so on.) Discuss the positive and neg- influence another? During Japan’s Meiji Restoration, the capital was moved to Edo ative effects of industrialization (Tokyo) and a new imperial palace was built. The imperial palace, and globalization on world cul- which houses the emperor and his family, was severely damaged tures today. during World War II and rebuilt in the same traditional Japanese style. In this chapter you will learn how the Meiji Restoration opened Japan to relations with other countries, including the United States, and set Japan on a course of modernization. • What elements of traditional Japanese culture were affected by Teach ideas of Western civilization? • How has Japanese culture influenced life in the United States? The Big Ideas As students study the chapter, remind them to consider the section-based Big Ideas included in each section’s Guide to Reading. The Essential Questions in the activities below tie in to the Big Ideas and help students think about and understand important 1868 chapter concepts. In addition, the 1839 1853 Emperor CHINA AND Opium War U.S. asks Mutsuhito Hands-On Chapter Projects with begins in China Japan to open begins Meiji their culminating activities relate JAPAN foreign relations rule the content from each section to 1830 1860 the Big Ideas. These activities build on each other as students THE WORLD 1848 1879 Nationalist revolutions Thomas Edison develops progress through the chapter. erupt in Europe the electric lightbulb

Section activities culminate in the 486 wrap-up activity on the Visual Summary page.

0722_0723_C22_CO_879981.indd 722 8/20/08 10:09:19 AM 0722_0723_C22_CO_879981.indd 723 8/20/08 10:09:45 AM The Decline of the Qing Dynasty Revolution in China Essential Question: What factors led to the Essential Question: How did China change decline of China’s Qing dynasty? (internal as a result of revolution and Western influ- rebellion, efforts at reform, European imperial- ence? (economy boomed, urban society became ism) Point out that in Section 1 students will more Westernized) Point out that in Section 2 learn about the internal and external pressures students will learn how political revolution and that brought about the decline of the Qing Western influence changed Chinese society dynasty. OL and culture. OL

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Modern Times Introducing

More About the Photo Visual Literacy The Kyoto Imperial Palace was the residence of the Imperial family until 1869, when the capital was moved to Tokyo. Today, the Tokyo palace complex is surrounded by gardens, a moat, and a high wall. Aside from the East Gardens, the palace is off-limits to the public most of the year. Guided tours are offered on only two days: January 2 and December 23.

Dinah Zike’s Foldables Dinah Zike’s Foldables are three- dimensional, interactive graphic organizers that help students practice basic writing skills, review vocabulary terms, and identify main ideas. Instructions for creating and using Foldables can be found in the Appendix at the end of this book and in the Dinah Zike’s Reading and Study Skills Foldables booklet. Japan Japan 1911 Before… After… 1899 Followers of Identifying Cause Wes tern Influence and Effect Open Door Policy Sun Yat-sen launch Create a Two-Tab Book to compare and with China Chinese rebellion contrast Japan before and after Western established influence. Record differences in daily life, women’s roles, politics, and economics. )JTUPSZ 0/-*/& 1890 1920 Visit glencoe.com and 1902 enter code Africans defeated (ISTORY /.,).% Visit glencoe.com GWHMT0050c15T for in the Boer War and enter code GWHMT0036c15 for Chapter 15 resources. Chapter 15 resources, including a Chapter Overview, Study Central™, Study-to-Go, Student Web Activity, Self-Check Quiz, 0722_0723_C22_CO_879981.indd 722 8/20/08 10:09:19 AM 0722_0723_C22_CO_879981.indd 723 8/20/08 10:09:45 AM and other materials. Rise of Modern Japan Essential Question: How did Japan modernize upon Western intervention? (ended isolation, reformed government and social structure, became imperialist, Westernized culture) Point out that in Section 3 students will learn how Japan moved from a policy of isolation and tradition to a modern, Westernized culture. OL

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Modern Times CHAPTER 15 • SECTION 1 Section Audio Spotlight Video Focus The Decline of the Qing Dynasty

China preferred to keep its culture free of Western influences. Bellringer GUIDE TO READING However, as the Qing government grew more unstable, the Daily Focus Transparency 15-1 The BIG Idea Western powers and Japan tightened their hold on the Chinese ANSWERS UNIT 1. peasants 2. British refusal to halt opium trade 3. killing of foreigners by Boxer bands 3 DAILY FOCUS SKILLS Chapter 15 TRANSPARENCY 15-1 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Competition Among Countries Empire. Foreign powers created spheres of influence and The Decline of the Qing Dynasty 1 Who was involved in the Tai 2 What caused the Opium 3 Why did allied forces attack As the Qing dynasty declined, Western nations Ping Rebellion? War? Beijing? followed an Open Door policy to secure trading rights. increased their economic involvement with China. Causes of Decline

Internal External The Chinese resisted but were eventually overcome, weakening

Peasant Food British sale unrest shortages of opium from India Content Vocabulary ᮢ ᮢ ᮢ the imperial government even more. Tai Ping Rebellion The Opium War • extraterritoriality • Open Door policy Opposition of Boxer Rebellion War with Japan Growing influence conservatives to of imperalists One Hundred (p. 490) (p. 495) Days of Reform • self-strengthening • indemnity (p. 495) (p. 492) Causes of Decline • spheres of influence Pressure from the West and corruption and unrest from within led (p. 493) GUIDE TO READING to the decline of the Qing dynasty. HISTORY & YOU In grade school, did you ever see a bully use force to get some- Academic Vocabulary thing he or she wanted? Read how Western powers used force to get China to • highlighted (p. 489) • exclusive (p. 493) Answers to Graphic: agree to unequal treaties. Tai Ping Boxer People and Places • Guangzhou (p. 489) • Guang Xu (p. 493) Reforms give land to remove for- In 1800, after a long period of peace and prosperity, the Qing • Chang Jiang (p. 490) • Empress Dowager Ci dynasty of the Manchus was at the height of its power. A little Demanded peasants eigners (p. 493) • Hong Kong (p. 490) Xi over a century later, however, humiliated and harassed by the (p. 494) Methods seized Nanjing killed Chinese • Hong Xiuquan (p. 490) • John Hay Western powers, the Qing dynasty collapsed. Used Christians Reading Strategy External and Internal Pressure Outcomes rebellion rebellion failed Comparing and Contrasting As you failed read, create a chart like the one below to compare One important reason for the abrupt decline and fall of the Qing the Tai Ping and Boxer Rebellions. dynasty was the intense external pressure that the modern West applied to Chinese society. However, internal problems that the Tai Ping Boxer government was slow to address also played a role. For instance, Reforms Demanded Zhang Zhidong, a court official, argued against political reform: Method Used Outcomes PRIMARY SOURCE “The doctrine of people’s rights will bring us not a single benefit but a To generate student interest and hundred evils. Are we going to establish a parliament? . . . there are still many provide a springboard for class today who are content to be vulgar and rustic. They are ignorant of the general discussion, access the Chapter 15, situation in the world, they do not understand the basic system of the state. . . . Even supposing the confused and clamorous people are assembled in one Section 1 video at glencoe.com or house, for every one of them who is clear-sighted, there will be a hundred on the video DVD. others whose vision is clouded; they will converse at random . . .—what use will it be?” —China’s Response to the West: A Documentary Survey, 1839–1923, Ssu-yu Teng and John K. Fairbank, eds., 1970

After an extended period of growth, the Qing dynasty began to suffer from corruption, peasant unrest, and incompetence. These Resource Manager weaknesses were made worse by rapid growth in the country’s

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R Reading C Critical0724_0731_C22_S01_879981.indd 724 D Differentiated W Writing S Skill 8/20/08 10:12:16 AM 0724_0731_C22_S01_879981.indd 725 10/8/08 11:33:15 AM Strategies Thinking Instruction Support Practice Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition • Det. Importance, p. 490 • Analyzing Info., p. 489 • Adv. Learners, p. 490 • Persuasive Writing, • Using Geo. Skills, Additional Resources • Making Inferences, p. 491 • ELL, p. 492 p. 492 pp. 489, 493 • Ident. Cent. Issues, • Cont. Vocab. Act., URB • Narrative Writing, • Visual Literacy, p. 494 pp. 493, 494 Additional Resources p. 493 p. 137 Additional Resources Additional Resources • Diff. Instr. Act., URB • Academic Vocab. Act., p. 133 Additional Resources • Mapping Hist. Act., URB • Hist. Analysis Skills Act., URB p. 139 • English Learner Act., • Writer’s Guidebook, p. 145 • Pri. Source Read., URB URB p. 132 • Crit. Think. Act., URB URB p. 135 pp. 27, 47 p. 155 • Enrich Act., URB p. 160 • Guid. Read. Act., URB p. 142 p. 162 • Hist. Sig. Act., URB p. 146 • Read. Ess. & Note- • People in World Hist. Act., Taking Guide, p. 145 URB p. 153 • Section Quiz, p. 173

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Modern Times CHAPTER 15 • SECTION 1 100°E 120°E SIBERIA SPHERES OF INFLUENCE IN CHINA, 1900 RUSSIA

Amu r 140°E Sakhalin Teach Lake R. N Baikal E MANCHURIA W S S Skill Practice MONGOLIA Vladivostok Using Geography Skills Ask: Sea of JAPAN Dandong Japan Which European country had the 1903 (East Sea) 40°N Tokyo (Edo) most strategic sphere of influ- Beijing Liaodong Peninsula ence in China? Why? (Britain, Tianjin Port Arthur KOREA 1860 Shandong because of its size and its access to Peninsula Qingdao 1898 Yellow the East China Sea) AL ng He Hua Sea CHINA ) low R. (Yel Nanjing Shanghai PACIFIC OCEAN 1858 1842 C Critical Thinking TIBET (Yangtz g e R n .) Hangzhou SIKKIM Jia Analyzing Information Have ng 1895 China Treaty Ports* S Cha East American students conduct additional Yadong Fuzhou China Spheres of 1842 Sea Inﬂuence British INDIA research on the fall of the Qing GUANGDONG British French T ROPIC O Guangzhou French Japanese dynasty using library or Internet F CANCER Formosa 1842 (Taiwan) German Portuguese sources. Ask students to interpret BURMA Taiping Hong Kong 1842 Japanese * Granted by China (MYANMAR) after Opium Wars the bibliographies of each source 20°N Zhanjiang Macao Russian (Macau) Kowloon Peninsula and then create their own bibliog- LAOS 1887 raphies of at least five sources that SIAM could be used to write a report on (THAILAND) 1. Regions Which country South China Sea had the largest sphere of the topic. OL FRENCH PHILIPPINES influence in China? INDOCHINA 0 800 kilometers 2. Movement Based on the map, describe the extent of 0 800 miles United States influence in Two-Point Equidistant projection China in 1900. Answers: 1. Russia 2. It had limited access to ports population. By 1900, there were 400 million few Chinese firms. The British did not like people in China. Population growth created this arrangement. but not a large sphere of a serious food shortage, and many people Britain had a trade deficit, or an unfa- influence. died of starvation. The ships, guns, and vorable trade balance, with China. That highlighted ideas of foreigners the grow- C is, it imported more goods from China ing weakness of the Qing dynasty and prob- than it exported to China. Britain had to ably hastened its end. pay China with silver for the difference History By 1800, Europeans had been in contact between its imports—tea, silk, and porce- ONLINE Student Web with China for more than 200 years. Want- lain—from China and its exports—Indian Activity— ing to limit contact with outsiders, the cotton—to China. At first, the British tried Visit glencoe.com and Qing dynasty had restricted European to negotiate with the Chinese to improve complete the activity merchants to a small trading outlet at the trade imbalance. When negotiations on Western influence Guangzhou (GWAHNG•JOH), or Can- failed, the British turned to trading in China. ton. The merchants could deal with only a opium. Additional

CHAPTER 15 East Asia Under Challenge 489 Support

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Civics Remind students that the rapid respond. Then have students come together applying funds to alleviate worst symptoms, decline of the Qing dynasty was due to a to compare their lists. Students should reach increasing representation), and the resources combination of internal and external causes. the conclusion that the resources the gov- needed to respond to external forces are Have students work in pairs or small groups ernment requires to respond to internal restricted by internal factors (unified govern- to list internal and external factors that factors are limited by the demands of exter- ment response, dedicated military, citizen force change and how a government may nal forces (military or police intervention, resistance). OL

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Modern Times CHAPTER 15 • SECTION 1 The Opium War dealt with the problem by pitting foreign Opium was grown in northern India countries against one another. Concessions under the sponsorship of the British East granted to the British were offered to other R Reading Strategy India Company and then shipped directly Western nations, including the United to Chinese markets. Demand for opium—a States. Soon, thriving foreign areas were Determining Importance highly addictive drug—in South China operating in the five treaty ports along the Have students list important terms, jumped dramatically. Soon, silver was flow- southern Chinese coast. places, and names in their note- ing out of China and into the pockets of the officials of the British East India Company. The Tai Ping Rebellion books as they read. Suggest they The Chinese reacted strongly. The British In the meantime, the failure of the Chi- use these headings: Places, People, were not the first to import opium into nese government to deal with pressing and Products. Then have students China. The Chinese government had internal economic problems led to a peas- write a sentence explaining the already seen opium’s dangerous qualities ant revolt, known as the Tai Ping (TIE and had made its trade illegal. They significance of each entry. OL PING) Rebellion (1850–1864). It was led by appealed to the British government on Hong Xiuquan, a Christian convert who moral grounds to stop the traffic in opium. viewed himself as a younger brother of Lin Zexu, a Chinese government official, Jesus Christ. Differentiated wrote to Queen Victoria: Hong was convinced that God had given D him the mission of destroying the Qing Instruction PRIMARY SOURCE dynasty. Joined by great crowds of peas- Advanced Learners Tell stu- “Suppose there were people from another ants, Hong captured the town of Yongan country who carried opium for sale to England and proclaimed a new dynasty, the Heav- dents that China maintained its cul- R and seduced your people into buying and smoking enly Kingdom of Great Peace (Tai Ping tural and territorial integrity for over it; certainly your honorable ruler would deeply Tianguo in Chinese—hence the name Tai 2,000 years, due in part to an edu- hate it and be bitterly aroused.” Ping Rebellion). —Lin Zexu, a Chinese official The Tai Ping Rebellion appealed to many cational system based on the teach- people because it called for social reforms. ings of Confucius. Have students The British refused to halt their activity, These reforms included giving land to all research the role of Confucianism in however. As a result, the Chinese block- peasants and treating women as equals of imperial China and then write an aded the foreign area in Guangzhou to men. Women even served in their own force traders to surrender their opium. The units in the Tai Ping army. essay that explains how it helped British responded with force, starting the Hong’s rebellion also called for people to China resist Western influence. Opium War (1839–1842). give up their private possessions. Peasants (Answers may include that Confucian The Chinese were no match for the Brit- were to hold lands and farms in common. values of filial piety and social order ish. British warships destroyed Chinese Money, food, and clothing were to be coastal and river forts. When a British fleet shared equally by all. Hong outlawed alco- encouraged tradition and cohesion, sailed almost unopposed up the Chang hol and tobacco and eliminated the prac- while an emphasis on agriculture led Jiang (Yangtze River) to Nanjing, the Qing tice of binding women’s feet. The Chinese to negative attitudes toward mer- dynasty made peace. Communist Revolution of the twentieth In the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842, the Chi- century (see Chapter 24) would have simi- chants and trade.) AL nese agreed to open five coastal ports to lar social goals. British trade, limit taxes on imported Brit- In March 1853, the rebels seized Nanjing, ish goods, and pay for the costs of the war. the second largest city of the empire, and China also agreed to give the British the massacred 25,000 men, women, and chil- island of Hong Kong. Nothing was said in dren. The revolt continued for 10 more the treaty about the opium trade. More- years but gradually began to fall apart. over, in the five ports, Europeans lived in Europeans came to the aid of the Qing their own sections and were subject not to dynasty when they realized the destruc- Chinese laws but to their own laws—a tive nature of the Tai Ping forces. As one practice known as extraterritoriality. British observer noted, there was no hope The Opium War marked the beginning “of any good ever coming of the rebel D of the establishment of Western influence movement. They do nothing but burn, Additional in China. For the time being, the Chinese murder, and destroy.”

Support 490 SECTION 1 The Decline of the Qing Dynasty

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The Tai Ping Rebellion An American mer- officers to fight the Tai Ping rebels. Using Hong Xiuquan called his men the “devil sol- cenary from Salem, Massachusetts, named Western weapons and tactics, Ward defeated diers.” When Ward was killed three years Frederick Townsend Ward, went to China in armies much larger than his own Chang- after coming to China, the Manchu govern- 1859 and, at the age of 28, he raised an army sheng-chun (“Ever Victorious Army”). Such ment built a temple and shrine to honor his of Chinese soldiers commanded by Western was his reputation that the followers of memory.

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Modern Times CHAPTER 15 • SECTION 1 The Opium War

The Turks and Arabs were the first to trade opium in China. dumped it into the sea. The outraged British sent warships and C Critical Thinking China’s emperors tried to stop the spreading addiction but failed. overwhelmed the Chinese, who were forced to sign the Treaty of Making Inferences Ask: Do Then in the 1830s, an official named Lin Zexu went after the traders. Nanjing. This was the first of several unequal treaties the Chinese First he wrote to Queen Victoria, but she did not respond. Then he signed in the 1800s. you think China would have demanded that British merchants surrender a cargo of opium and been able to resist increased foreign influence if the Tai Ping The Chinese war junks were no match for Rebellion had not occurred? the superior firepower of the British ships. (Answers may include that yes, the country would have been stronger if The British steamship Nemesis was constructed of iron and it did not have to deal with internal armed with modern cannons. strife.) OL

Answers: 1. An unequal treaty is one in which one side gives up much more than it receives from the other. The Chinese entered such treaties because Opium Imported into China This illustration, by E. Duncan, shows the their weapons were no match (1 chest = approximately 135 pounds) British steamship Nemesis destroying Chinese war junks in Anson’s Bay, 1841. for the modern war technol- YEAR NUMBER OF CHESTS PER YEAR ogy of foreign powers. 1. Explaining What is an unequal treaty? 1729 200 How does the illustration help to explain 2. They were protecting their 1767 1,000 why China accepted an unequal treaty? profitable business interests, 2. Making Inferences Do you think the 1830 10,000 British had mixed feelings about the but were doing so with a 1838 40,000 Opium War? Explain. drug that seriously affected the health of the Chinese.

In 1864, Chinese forces, with European foreign trade. They also surrendered the aid, recaptured Nanjing and destroyed the Kowloon Peninsula to Great Britain. When C remaining rebel force. The Tai Ping Rebel- the Chinese resisted parts of the treaty, the lion was one of the most devastating civil British seized Beijing in 1860. wars in history. As many as 20 million people died during the 14-year struggle. Efforts at Reform China’s ongoing struggle with the West By the late 1870s, the Qing dynasty was prevented the Qing dynasty from dealing in decline. Unable to restore order them- effectively with the internal unrest. Begin- selves, government troops had relied on ning in 1856, the British and the French forces recruited by regional warlords to applied force to gain greater trade privi- help fight the Tai Ping Rebellion. To finance leges. As a result of the Treaty of Tianjin in their armies, the warlords had collected 1858, the Chinese agreed to legalize the taxes from local people. After the revolt, opium trade and to open new ports to many of these warlords kept their armies. Differentiated

CHAPTER 15 East Asia Under Challenge 491 Instruction

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Name Date Class Name Date Class Name Date Class Name Date Class

Differentiated Instruction Activity 15 Mapping History Activity 15 Critical Thinking Skills Activity 15 Making Comparisons f English Learner Activity 15

East Meets West When you compare two things, you look contrasting people, objects, or events can East Asia Under Challenge, 1800–1914 The Tai Ping Rebellion at the ways in which they are similar. When deepen your understanding of them and During the nineteenth century, Western nations started engaging more and more with you contrast two things, you look at the help you remember information about The Tai Ping Rebellion in 1850 began in southern China under a mystical China and Japan, with mixed results. ways in which they differ. Comparing and them. ★ A. PRE-READING ACTIVITY: IMPROVING READING COMPREHENSION leader known as Hong Xiuquan. Hong modeled himself as a revolutionary mes- Using your textbook and other sources, identify some of the major cross-cultural siah (god on earth) by combining Christianity with his own unique theology. DIRECTIONS: 1. In the chart below, list the causes of the decline of the Qing dynasty. Then Directions: Before reading “Causes of Decline” and “The Opium War” on exchanges that took place between East and West in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. select from chapters you have already studied any other empire, dynasty, or government pages 488–490, answer the following questions. Use a graphic organizer like the one below to chart these exchanges. In the center circle of DIRECTIONS: The map below shows the path of the Tai Ping army and the areas that rose to power and then declined and write its name in the blank heading over the sec- each pairing, use an arrow to indicate which culture influenced the other in each example. held by the Tai Pings. Use the map to answer the questions and complete the 1. The title of this chapter is East Asia Under Challenge, 1800–1914. Describe some of the activity that follows. ond and third columns. Then list the causes of this decline in either the similarities or differ- challenges that nations face. What challenges has your own nation had? ences columns to compare and contrast the two historical events. Then answer the question

East West CHAPTER that follows. 15 15 Example: 15 The Boxers roamed the countryside ← European missionaries helped and killed Chinese Christians. spread Christianity. Qing Dynasty

15 Causes of Decline Similar Causes of Decline Different Causes of Decline CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER 2. While you read, write down the many challenges countries face. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. ★ B. TEXT ANALYSIS ACTIVITY: PARALLELISM

Text Analysis Note: Parallelism Writers use parallelism to create strong sentences. Parallelism refers to the listing of words of the same part of speech—verbs, nouns, or adjectives. For example, all three verbs are in the same tense in the sentence “The soldiers marched to the fort, climbed 1. What reasons might European countries have given to push for greater military the walls, and ambushed their enemies.” power in China after the Tai Ping Rebellion? Directions: Using the paragraphs in “Causes of Decline” on pages 488–489, fill in the blanks with the words the writer has used to create parallel structure. 2. About how many miles long was the area dominated by Tai Ping forces in the 1. (n.)…after a long period of peace and ______… early period? 491 2. In his Philosophy of History, Georg Hegel wrote in 1832, “What experience and history 2. (v.)…humiliated and ______by the Western powers… teach is this—that people and governments never have learned anything from history, or 3. Given that Hong Xiuquan came from southern China, where might he have 3. (n.)…One important reason for the abrupt ______, and fall … acted on principles deduced from it.” How does this relate to the comparison above? Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The McGraw-Hill a division of Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The McGraw-Hill a division of Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The McGraw-Hill a division of Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, gotten his first taste of Christian doctrine? 4. (n.)…to suffer from corruption, peasant ______and ______… 5. (n.)…The ships, ______, and ______of foreigners…. 4. This rebellion profoundly disturbed British foreigners in China working as traders in a system of ports along coastal and southern China from Shantou to Shanghai. Using a marker or a colored pencil, shade the area occupied by the most Europeans in China. 133 145 142 135

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Modern Times CHAPTER 15 • SECTION 1 With the support of the local gentry, the The Advance of Imperialism regional warlords continued to collect local taxes for their own use. Western nations and Japan set up Writing Support In its weakened state, the Qing court spheres of influence in China to gain exclusive trading W finally began to listen to the appeals of rights. Persuasive Writing Have stu- reform-minded officials. The reformers “self- HISTORY & YOU Have you noticed that when a dents write a brief essay in which W called for a new policy they called group considers options, a strong voice often sways strengthening.” That is, China should they argue for or against China’s its decision? Read how the emperor’s aunt blocked adopt Western technology but keep its reforms in China. policy of “self-strengthening.” OL Confucian values and institutions. Some reformers wanted to change Chi- na’s traditional political institutions by In the end, however, the changes did not introducing democracy. However, such help the Qing stay in power. The European Differentiated ideas were too radical for most reformers. advance into China continued during the D Instruction During the last quarter of the nineteenth last two decades of the nineteenth century. century, the Chinese government tried to Internal conditions also continued to English Language Learners D modernize China’s military forces and deteriorate. build up industry without touching the To help students understand the Mounting Pressures concept of modernization, have basic elements of Chinese civilization. Rail- roads, weapons factories, and shipyards In the north and northeast, Russia took them look up the word modernize in were built. However, the Chinese value advantage of the Qing dynasty’s weakness a dictionary and identify and define system remained unchanged. to force China to give up territories north its root word. (modern; updated or of the Amur River in Siberia. Russia wanted ✓ Reading Check Summarizing What did Britain both Manchuria and Mongolia and even improved) Then have them use each do to fix their trade imbalance with China? had designs on Korea. Russia’s designs on form of the word in a sentence. ELL ✓ Reading Check Answer: They started to trade opium instead of paying for imports with silver. Guang Xu Ci Xi 1871–1908 Chinese Emperor 1835–1908 Chinese Empress

Attendants brought foreign mechanical toys to entertain the Though never the official ruler of China, Ci Xi was baby Emperor Guang Xu. As he grew, he became fascinated the power behind the throne for 47 years. When her with Western inventions—telephones, phonographs, and bicy- young son became emperor, Ci Xi had herself cles. These influences convinced appointed regent. After her son died, she appointed Answers: Guang Xu—because Guang Xu to set up a new educational her four-year-old nephew, Guang Xu, to the throne, of his exposure to Western system in China. Another factor played but continued as regent. When Guang Xu came of inventions and to strengthen a key role as well—growing foreign age, Ci Xi supposedly retired. But when he began intrusion: “Our scholars are now with- making reforms, Ci Xi had him overthrown and China’s ability to stand up out solid and practical education; our resumed her regency. “I have often thought that against foreign intrusion; artisans are without scientific instruc- I am the cleverest woman who ever lived . . . tors; when compared with other coun- I have 400 million people all dependent on Ci Xi—She had him overthrown tries we soon see how weak we are. my judgment.” She opposed modern- and resumed her regency. Does anyone think that our troops ization and supported the Boxers in are as well drilled or as well led as their ill-fated rebellion against those of the foreign armies? or Western colonizers in 1900. that we can successfully stand Afterwards, she recognized against them? Changes must the need to modernize, but be made. . . .” Why did too late to save the Qing Guang Xu set up a new dynasty. How did Ci Xi react Additional educational system? to the reforms of Guang Xu? Support

0724_0731_C22_S01_879981.inddExtending 728 the Content 10/8/08 11:33:37 AM 0724_0731_C22_S01_879981.indd 729 10/8/08 11:33:46 AM

Guang Xu and Ci Xi Ci Xi was at first a low- appointed her nephew, Guang Xu, emperor ization? (Answers may include that they were ranking concubine to Emperor Xian Feng. and continued as regent. Later, with the help raised under different times and with different Her position became influential when she of the imperial army, she had Guang Xu influences.) Under whose rule do you think gave birth to the emperor’s first and only jailed in the palace after overthrowing him. the Chinese people were more content? son. She acted as regent for her son when Ask: Why do you think Guang Xu and Ci Xi (Answers should be supported by details from he became emperor. After his death, she had opposing attitudes toward modern- the text.) OL

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Modern Times CHAPTER 15 • Korea threatened the Japanese. When Rus- In June 1898, the young emperor Guang SECTION 1 sia took military control of Manchuria, Xu (GWANG SHYOO) launched a massive Britain signed an alliance with Japan. In reform program based on changes in Japan Tibet, a struggle between Russia and Great (see the discussion later in this chapter). Britain kept both powers from seizing the During the following weeks, known as the S Skill Practice territory outright. This allowed Tibet to One Hundred Days of Reform, the emperor Using Geography Skills become free from Chinese influence. issued edicts calling for major political, Provide students with an outline Between the years of 1886 and 1895, the administrative, and educational reforms. foreign powers tightened their hold on the With these reforms, Guang Xu intended to map of Asia from the Outline Map Chinese Empire. Britain annexed Burma, modernize government bureaucracy by Resource Book. Have students made Sikkim a protectorate, and obtained following Western models. He also wanted label the locations mentioned in the Tibetan town of Yadong, opening it to to adopt a new educational system that foreign trade. France occupied Laos in 1893. would replace the traditional civil service the bracketed text as they read. The Russian Trans-Siberian railway examinations. His reforms included the (They may use the map on page reached Lake Baikal by 1895. adoption of Western-style schools and 489 as a guide.) Then have them Even more ominous changes were tak- banks, and the institution of a free press. create a map key to show the ing place in the Chinese heartland. Euro- Guang Xu also intended to train the mili- pean states began to create spheres of tary to use modern weapons and Western events of 1894 and 1897. BL influence, areas where the imperial pow- fighting techniques. ers had exclusive trading rights. After the Many conservatives at court, however, Tai Ping Rebellion, warlords in the prov- opposed these reforms. They saw little W Writing Support inces began to negotiate directly with for- C advantage in copying the West. As one said, Narrative Writing Have stu- eign nations. In return for money, the “An examination of the causes of success dents write a short story set in warlords granted these nations exclusive and failure in government reveals that . . . the trading rights or railroad-building and min- adoption of foreignism leads to disorder.” China during the One Hundred ing privileges. In this way, Britain, France, According to this conservative, traditional Days of Reform. The story should Germany, Russia, and Japan all established Chinese rules needed to be reformed and W be historical fiction, using facts spheres of influence in China. not rejected in favor of Western changes. from the section to provide the In 1894, another blow furthered the Most important, Empress Dowager Ci Xi disintegration of the Qing dynasty. The (TSUH•SEE), the emperor’s aunt, opposed background for the story. OL Chinese went to war with Japan over the new reform program. Ci Xi became a Japanese inroads into Korea, a land that dominant force at court and opposed the the Chinese had controlled for a long time. emperor’s reforms. With the aid of the C Critical Thinking The Chinese were soundly defeated in the imperial army, she eventually imprisoned Identifying Central Issues First Sino-Japanese War. Japan demanded the emperor. Other supporters of the reform Ask: How did European nations and received the island of Taiwan (known were imprisoned, exiled, or prosecuted. to Europeans as Formosa) and the Lia- These actions ended Guang Xu’s reforms. gain spheres of influence in odong (LYOW•DOONG) Peninsula. Fear- While Guang Xu’s reform efforts aroused China? (gave money to local war- ing Japan’s growing power, however, the S popular sympathy, they had limited sup- lords in exchange for exclusive trad- European powers forced Japan to give the port within Chinese society overall. His Liaodong Peninsula back to China. hasty measures damaged the careers of ing rights or other privileges) OL New pressures for Chinese territory soon many scholars, losing much support for the arose. In 1897, Chinese rioters murdered reforms. Also, the reform efforts neglected ✓ Reading Check two German missionaries. Germany used agriculture, which was very important to Answer: Britain, France, this as a pretext to demand territories in the China’s future, and focused too heavily on Shandong (SHON•DOONG) Peninsula. the elite classes. Most notably, the reform- Germany, Russia, Japan When the Chinese government approved ers in power could not end foreign influ- the demand, other European nations made ence. Concluding that peaceful reform new claims on Chinese territory. could never be achieved, some reformers began to consider revolution. Internal Crisis This latest scramble for territory took ✓ Reading Check Examining What nations place at a time of internal crisis in China. established spheres of influence in China? Hands-On

CHAPTER 15 East Asia Under Challenge 493 Chapter Project Step 1

0724_0731_C22_S01_879981.indd 728 10/8/08 11:33:37 AM 0724_0731_C22_S01_879981.inddCreating 729 a Photo-Essay Directions: Ask: What is a photo-essay?10/8/08illustrate 11:33:46 AM those details in a photo-essay. (a collection of captioned photos or images Discuss students’ ideas. OL Students will prepare a photo-essay illus- that documents a specific event or subject) trating changes that took place in China Allow students to view a sample photo- (Chapter Project is continued in Section 2.) and Japan between 1840 and 1910. essay in the library or on the Internet, such Step 1: Defining and Identifying Con- as can be found at www.whitehouse.gov. tent for a Photo-Essay Review as a class the Big Idea for this sec- Essential Question: How did Western tion. Then have students locate details from ideas and technology accelerate change in the text that support the Big Idea. Ask China and Japan between 1840 and 1910? students to think about images that would

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Modern Times CHAPTER 15 • SECTION 1 Responses to Imperialism can interests in the Pacific. The United States now was fully engaged in expand- The United States proposed an Open ing its stake in the global marketplace. John Hay Door policy to guarantee it would have equal trading In 1899, U.S. secretary of state C Critical Thinking rights with European countries in China. wrote a note to Britain, Russia, Germany, Identifying Central Issues HISTORY & YOU What does an open door suggest France, Italy, and Japan. Hay asked each country to respect equal trading opportuni- Ask: What were the terms of the to you? Read to learn how and why the United States proposed an Open Door policy in China. ties in China. He also asked the powers with Open Door policy? (All countries a sphere of influence not to set tariffs that would have equal access to China. C would give an unfair advantage to the citi- Tariffs were lowered to allow equal As foreign pressure on the Qing dynasty zens of their own country. This note was not grew stronger, both Great Britain and the shown to the Chinese government. When access.) Why would the United United States feared that other nations none of the other imperialist governments States want to allow open access would overrun the country should the Chi- expressed opposition to the idea, Hay pro- to China? (It did not have a sphere of nese government collapse. The American claimed that all major states with economic annexation of Hawaii and the Philippines interests in China had agreed that the coun- influence there and wanted to had encouraged the expansion of Ameri- try should have an Open Door policy. expand trade.) OL S Skill Practice Open Door Policy Visual Literacy Have students identify some of the symbolic elements of the political cartoon. In 1899 U.S. secretary of state John Hay sent China is represented as a notes to the major powers asking them to uphold (Uncle Sam as the United States, Chinese-style building, “Chinese territorial and administrative” integrity and with dragons and an guarantee “equal and impartial trade with all parts the door as trade policies with ornately carved door. China, the helmet as Germany, the of the Chinese Empire.” Despite a general lack of response, Hay announced in 1900 that his Open bag as U.S. commercial interests, Door policy had been approved. and so on.) OL After the Boxer Rebellion broke out, Hay promoted the following policy in a letter to various U.S. embassies: “[T]he policy of the government of the United States is to seek a solution which may bring about Answers: permanent safety and peace to China, preserve Chinese territorial and administrative entity, protect 1. The United States looks all rights guaranteed to friendly powers by treaty peaceful, Germany looks and international law, and safeguard for the world aggressive and militaristic. the principle of equal and impartial trade with all S parts of the Chinese Empire.” 2. Answers may include that Guns, bayonets, and a China would have been German-style helmet carved up into colonies by appear in the open door. the powers that already had The Open Door by William A. Rogers portrays spheres of influence. how, in order to trade with China, the United States had to confront the European powers already established there. 1. Analyzing How is the United States portrayed differently from Germany? 2. Predicting What do you think would have Uncle Sam is shown as a happened if the United States had not Differentiated traveling salesman. stepped in with its Open Door policy? Instruction

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P RIMARY S OURCE R EADING15 A Look at the First Open Door Policy 0724_0731_C22_S01_879981.indd 730 Analyzing Primary Sources 10/8/08 11:33:49 AM 0724_0731_C22_S01_879981.indd 731 8/20/08 10:13:08 AM oreign pressures on the government of China concerned the United States and Great Britain. John Hay promoted an Open Door policy in FChina. This policy came to fruition and helped to lesson fears of market dominance in China by any particular country.

Guided Reading In this selection, read John Hay’s first proposal for an Open Door policy in China, written September 6, 1899.

At the time when the Government of the First. Will in no way interfere with any treaty United States was informed by that of Germany port or any vested interest within any so- that it had leased from His Majesty the Emperor called“sphere of interest” or leased territory it 15 of China the port of Kiao-chao and the adjacent may have in China. territory in the province of [Shandong], assur- Second. That the Chinese treaty tariff of the Objective: Analyze John Hay’s proposal for an Open Instruction ances were given to the ambassador of the time being shall apply to all merchandise landed Diff erentiated Strategies United States at Berlin by the Imperial German or shipped to all such ports as are within said minister for foreign affairs that the rights and “sphere of interest” (unless they be “free ports”), CHAPTER privileges insured by treaties with China to no matter to what nationality it may belong, and citizens of the United States would not thereby that duties so leviable shall be collected by the suffer or be in anywise impaired within the area Chinese Government. Door policy in China. over which Germany had thus obtained control. Third. That it will levy no higher harbor BL Have students highlight unfamiliar More recently, however, the British dues on vessels of another nationality frequent- Government recognized by a formal agreement ing any port in such “sphere” than shall be with Germany the exclusive right of the latter levied on vessels of its own nationality, and no country to enjoy in said leased area and the con- higher railroad charges over lines built, con- tiguous “sphere of influence or interest” certain trolled, or operated within its “sphere” on mer- Focus: Have students identify persuasive language in words and phrases as they read. privileges, more especially those relating to rail- chandise belonging to citizens or subjects of roads and mining enterprises; but as the exact other nationalities transported through such nature and extent of the rights thus recognized “sphere” than shall be levied on similar mer- have not been clearly defined, it is possible that chandise belonging to its own nationals trans- serious conflicts of interest may at any time arise ported over equal distances. not only between British and German subjects The liberal policy pursued by His Imperial the proposal. within said area, but that the interests of our citi- German Majesty in declaring Kiao-chao a free AL Have students write a response from zens may also be jeopardized thereby. port and in aiding the Chinese Government in Earnestly desirous to remove any cause of the establishment there of a customhouse are so irritation and to insure at the same time to the clearly in line with the proposition which this commerce of all nations in China the undoubted Government is anxious to see recognized that it benefits which should accrue from a formal entertains the strongest hope that Germany will Teach: Have students read the excerpt and answer recognition by the various powers claiming give its acceptance and hearty support. The Germany’s Minister of Foreign Affairs. “spheres of interest” that they shall enjoy perfect recent [edict] of His Majesty the Emperor of equality of treatment for their commerce and Russia declaring the port of Ta-lien-wan open

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The McGraw-Hill a division of Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, navigation within such “spheres,” the during the whole of the lease under which it is Government of the United States would be held from China to the merchant ships of all pleased to see His German Majesty’s nations, coupled with the categorical assurances the questions. Government give formal assurances, and lend its made to this Government by His Imperial ELL Define words such as herein and cooperation in securing like assurances from the Majesty’s representative at this capital at the other interested powers, that each, within its time and since repeated to me by the present respective sphere of whatever influence— Russian ambassador, seem to insure the support 155 Assess: Have students outline the terms of the herewith. Primary Source Reading, proposal. URB p. 155 Close: Discuss students’ views on the proposal. 494

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Modern Times Opening the Door to China CHAPTER 15 • SECTION 1 In part, the Open Door policy reflected American con- cern for the survival of China. However, it also reflected the interests of some U.S. trading companies. These com- ✓ Reading Check panies wanted to operate in open markets and disliked the Vocabulary Answer: Boxer was the name existing division of China into separate spheres of influ- 1. Explain the significance of: highlighted, ence dominated by individual states. Guangzhou, Chang Jiang, Hong Kong, given to members of the The Open Door policy did not end the system of spheres extraterritoriality, Hong Xiuquan, self- Society of Harmonious Fists, of influence. However, it did reduce restrictions on foreign strengthening, spheres of influence, who practiced shadowboxing. imports imposed by the dominating power within each exclusive, Guang Xu, Empress Dowager Ci sphere. The Open Door policy also helped reduce imperi- Xi, John Hay, Open Door policy, indemnity. alist hysteria over access to the China market. The policy lessened fears in Britain, France, Germany, and Russia that Main Ideas other powers would take advantage of China’s weakness 2. Summarize the factors that led to the and attempt to dominate the China market for themselves. decline of the Qing dynasty by using a diagram like the one below. Assess The Boxer Rebellion External Factors The Open Door policy came too late to stop the Boxer Rebellion. Boxer was the popular name given to members Internal Factors (ISTORY /.,).% of a secret organization called the Society of Harmonious Study Central provides summa- Fists. Members practiced a system of exercise—a form of shadowboxing, or boxing with an imaginary opponent— ries, interactive games, and online that they thought would protect them from bullets. graphic organizers to help stu- The Boxers were upset by the foreign takeover of Chi- dents review content. nese lands. Their slogan was “destroy the foreigner.” They 3. Explain how Western nations and Japan especially disliked Christian missionaries and Chinese gained exclusive trading rights in China. converts to Christianity who seemed to threaten Chinese traditions. At the beginning of 1900, Boxer bands roamed 4. List the countries that supplied troops for Close the countryside and slaughtered foreign missionaries and the allied army, which was formed to fight the Boxers in 1900. Chinese Christians. Their victims also included foreign Activating Prior Knowledge businessmen and even the German envoy to Beijing. Response to the killings of missionaries and Chinese Chris- Critical Thinking Have students compare the activi- 5. The BIG Idea Making Inferences Why tians was immediate and overwhelming. When William II, ties of European countries in did European nations agree to follow the emperor of Germany, learned of the envoy’s fate, he sent Open Door policy proposed by the U.S.? China to European activities in German troops to China and declared: 6. Drawing Conclusions Why did foreign Southeast Asia and India. Ask why PRIMARY SOURCE powers help the Chinese government put European countries did not exert down the Boxer Rebellion? “Show no mercy! Take no prisoners! . . . the Huns of King Attila control over China as they did in made a name for themselves . . . impose the name of Germany in 7. Analyzing Visuals In what ways does the other countries. (Answers may China . . . in such a way that no Chinese will ever dare look askance cartoon on page 494 depict China as a at a German again.” difficult place in which to gain entry? vary, but students should base their —Jean Chesneaux, Marianne Bastid, and Marie-Claire Bergère, China: responses on historical evidence From the Opium Wars to the 1911 Revolution, 1976 Writing About History 8. Descriptive Writing Imagine you are and logical conclusions.) OL An allied army consisting of 20,000 British, French, Ger- a woman in the Tai Ping army during the man, Russian, American, and Japanese troops attacked Tai Ping Rebellion. Write a page in your Beijing in August 1900. The army restored order and journal about your experiences and why demanded more concessions from the Chinese govern- you want the rebellion to succeed. ment. The Chinese government was forced to pay a heavy indemnity—a payment for damages—to the powers that had crushed the uprising. The imperial govern- (ISTORY /.,).% ment was now weaker than ever. For help with the concepts in this section of Glencoe World History— Modern Times, ✓ go to glencoe.com and click Study Central™. Reading Check Explaining How did the Boxers get their name? SECTION REVIEW

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1. Definitions for the vocabulary words are 3. created spheres of influence 7. China is portrayed as a heavily fortified found in the section and the Glossary. 4. Britain, France, Germany, Russia, United building to which access can only be gained 2. Internal Factors: corruption, peasant States, Japan through a door that has guns and bayonets unrest, rapid population growth, serious 5. helped reduce imperialist hysteria over pointing out of it. food shortage, Tai Ping Rebellion, Boxer access to the China market and lessened 8. Answers will vary, but students should focus Rebellion; External Factors: Opium War, attempt of any one country to dominate on the issues in the Tai Ping Rebellion that trade concessions, extraterritoriality, the market affected women, such as equality and elimi- spheres of influences, imperialist advances, 6. to protect their trading rights and to gain nating foot binding. Open Door Policy, indemnities more concessions in exchange for their help

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Modern Times CHAPTER 15 • SECTION 2 Section Audio Spotlight Video Focus Revolution in China

After the Boxer Rebellion failed, China made desperate reform Bellringer GUIDE TO READING efforts. However, when Empress Dowager Ci Xi died in 1908, the Daily Focus Transparency 15-2 The BIG Idea Qing dynasty was near collapse. China slipped into revolution ANSWERS UNIT 1. He believed the Qing dynasty was in decay. 2. a republic 3. It should be equalized. 3 DAILY FOCUS SKILLS Chapter 15 TRANSPARENCY 15-2 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Self-Determination Reforms led to a and civil war. Early twentieth-century Chinese culture reflected Revolution in China 1 Why did Sun Yat-sen call for 2 What kind of government 3 How did Sun feel about land reforms? did Sun believe China ownership? revolution in China, and the arrival of Westerners should have? the country’s struggle between the old and the new as Confucian brought changes to its culture and economy. “Establish the Republic: Now our revolution is based on equality, in order to establish a republican government. All our people are equal and all enjoy social ideas declined and Western influences increased. political rights. The president will beFPO publicly chosen by the people of the country. The parliament will be made up of members publicly chosen by the people of the country. Equalize land ownership: The good fortune of Content Vocabulary civilization is to be shared equally by all the people of the nation. We should assess the value of all the land in the country. Its present price shall be received (p. 496) (p. 499) by the owner, but all increases in value resulting from reform and social • provincial • commodities improvements after the revolution shall belong to the state, to be shared by all the people.” The Fall of the Qing Academic Vocabulary • phase (p. 497) • motive (p. 499) Sun Yat-sen led a successful revolution to end the Qing dynasty, but he was unable to establish a stable government. People and Places HISTORY & YOU Do you find it hard to change, once you are used to doing GUIDE TO READING • Sun Yat-sen (p. 496) things a certain way? Read to learn how resistance to change led to the downfall • Henry Pu Yi (p. 498) of the Qing dynasty. Answers to Graphic: • General Yuan Shigai (p. 498) • Shanghai (p. 500) After the Boxer Rebellion, the Qing dynasty in China tried desper- Sun Yat-sen’s Empress Dowager • Wuhan (p. 500) Proposals Ci Xi’s Reforms ately to reform itself. Empress Dowager Ci Xi, who had long resisted suggestions from her advisers for change, now embraced a number Reading Strategy military takover replaced civil service of reforms in education, administration, and the legal system. exam Comparing and Contrasting As you read, create a chart like the one below listing the A new educational system based on the Western model was prepare for democratic established legislative reforms requested by Sun Yat-sen and those imple- adopted, and the civil service examination system was dropped. provincial, rule assemblies mented by Empress Dowager Ci Xi. In 1909, legislative assemblies were formed at the or local, level. Elections for a national assembly were held in 1910. establish constitutional elections for national Sun Yat-sen’s Empress Dowager The emerging new elite, composed of merchants, professionals, Proposals Ci Xi’s Reform democracy assembly and reform-minded gentry, soon became impatient with the slow pace of political change. They were angry when they discovered that the new assemblies were not allowed to pass laws but could only give advice to the ruler. Moreover, the recent reforms had done nothing for the peasants, artisans, and miners, whose living conditions were getting worse as taxes increased. Unrest grew in the countryside as the dynasty continued to ignore deep-seated resentments. To generate student interest and The Rise of Sun Yat-sen provide a springboard for class The first signs of revolution appeared during the last decade of the discussion, access the Chapter 15, nineteenth century, when the young radical Sun Yat-sen formed the Section 2 video at glencoe.com or Revive China Society. Sun Yat-sen believed that the Qing dynasty was in a state of decay and could no longer govern the country. on the video DVD. Unless the Chinese were united under a strong government, they would remain at the mercy of other countries. Although Sun believed that China should follow the pattern of Western countries, he also knew that the Chinese people were hardly ready for democracy. Sun instead developed a three-stage reform process. The first Resource Manager stage would be a military takeover. In the second stage, a

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R Reading C Critical0732_0737_C22_S02_879981.indd 732 D Differentiated W Writing S Skill 8/20/08 10:15:21 AM 0732_0737_C22_S02_879981.indd 733 10/8/08 11:35:32 AM Strategies Thinking Instruction Support Practice Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition • Making Connections, • Analyzing Pri. Sources, • Visual/Spatial, p. 497 • Expository Writing, • Using Geo. Skills, p. 497 p. 499 p. 497 p. 498 • Visual Literacy, p. 500 • Act. Prior Know., p. 500 • Making Generalizations, Additional Resources • Visualizing, p. 501 p. 498 • Linking Past/Present Additional Resources Additional Resources • Drawing Con., p. 499 Act., p. 152 • Hist. Sim. Act., URB • Read. Strat. for SS, p. 59 Additional Resources p. 149 • Guid. Read. Act., URB Additional Resources p. 163 • Hist. & Geo. Act., URB • Read. Ess. & Note- p. 143 Taking Guide, p. 148 • Section Quiz, p. 174

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Modern Times CHAPTER 15 • SECTION 2 FALL OF THE QING EMPIRE

RUSSIA 80°E 100°E 120°E Teach MANCHURIA Sakhalin

MONGOLIA 40°N Sea of Differentiated N Japan D (East Sea) Instruction R.) W w Beijing E o Tokyo l l KOREA Visual/Spatial Have students e Tianjin 140°E Y S ( Taiyuan He JAPAN g create a commemorative postage an Hu Yellow stamp series illustrating the three CHINA Xi’an Sea Nanjing S stages of Sun Yat-sen’s reform (Nationalist Capital) Shanghai an (Y gtze NEPAL g R Wuhan process. OL Chengdu n .) East INDIA Jia Chang Jiujiang China 0 800 kilometers Changsha Sea 20°N ER ANC BHUTAN OF C C IC Critical Thinking 0 800 miles Tengchong Kunming TROP Two-Point Equidistant projection Formosa (Taiwan) PACIFIC Analyzing Primary Sources Boxer Rebellion, 1900–1901 BURMA Guangzhou OCEAN Qing Empire, 1911 Have students list the phrases in Bay of FRENCH Area under Nationalist INDOCHINA which Sun Yat-sen uses a form of control at end of 1911 Bengal South China Sea the word equal to outline his plan SIAM PHILIPPINES for the new republic. Ask: What was Sun Yat-sen’s main goal in Sun Yat-sen’s Nationalist forces in a village searching for bandits. the revolution? (equality) ELL

1. Regions Compare this map to the map S Skill Practice showing the spheres of influence on page 489 of your text. In which country’s Using Geography Skills Have sphere of influence did the nationalist students compare this map to the movement fail to gain a foothold? modern-day political map of China 2. Location What was the main area of China affected by the Boxer Rebellion? found in the Reference Atlas. Ask:

See StudentWorks™ Plus What areas of present-day China or glencoe.com. were not part of the Qing Empire? (Manchuria, Formosa) OL

transitional phase, Sun’s own revolution- PRIMARY SOURCE ary party would prepare the people for “Establish the Republic: Now our revolution is democratic rule. The final stage called D based on equality, in order to establish a republican for establishment of a constitutional government. All our people are equal and all enjoy Answers: democracy. political rights. . . . Equalize land ownership: The 1. Russia’s At a convention in Tokyo in 1905, Sun good fortune of civilization is to be shared equally by C united members of radical groups from all the people of the nation. . . . Its [the land’s] 2. the northeast across China and formed the Revolution- present price shall be received by the owner, but all ary Alliance, which eventually became the increases in value . . . after the revolution shall Nationalist Party. In presenting his pro- belong to the state, to be shared by all the people.” gram, Sun Yat-sen called for the following — Sources of Chinese Tradition, W.T. de Bary et al., changes: eds., 1960 Additional

CHAPTER 15 East Asia Under Challenge 497 Support

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The Revolt of the Youth In the early 1900s, had to sacrifice their wishes for concerns of of Westernized elites copied the clothing Chinese youth educated in schools based on the larger family. They demanded the right and music of young people in Europe and the Western model launched an attack on to choose their own mates and their own America. These changes generally did not the old Confucian concept of the family. careers. In cities, women sought education reach the villages, however, where traditional Many urban youth no longer believed they and jobs alongside men. The teenage children attitudes and customs persisted.

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Modern Times CHAPTER 15 • SECTION 2 Sun’s new organization advocated his Sun’s party had neither the military nor Three People’s Principles, which promoted the political strength to form a new gov- nationalism, democracy, and the right for ernment. The party was forced to turn to a people to pursue their own livelihoods. member of the old order, General Yuan W Writing Support Although the new organization was small, Shigai (YOO•AHN SHUR•GIE), who Expository Writing Have stu- it benefited from the rising discontent gen- controlled the army. dents view the 1987 film The Last erated by the Qing dynasty’s failure to Yuan was a prominent figure in military improve conditions in China. circles, and he had been placed in charge Emperor. Then have them write a of the imperial army sent to suppress the summary of the film in which they rebellion. Instead, he abandoned the gov- analyze the way it uses the story of The Revolution of 1911 ernment and negotiated with members of Pu Yi as a mirror reflecting China’s The Qing dynasty was near its end. In Sun Yat-sen’s party. General Yuan agreed 1908, Empress Dowager Ci Xi died. Her to serve as president of a new Chinese passage from feudalism through nephew Guang Xu, a prisoner in the pal- republic and to allow the election of a leg- W revolution toward a modern ace, died one day before his aunt. The islature. Sun himself arrived in China in society. OL throne was now occupied by China’s “last January 1912, after reading about the revo- emperor,” the infant Henry Pu Yi. lution in a Denver, Colorado, newspaper. In October 1911, followers of Sun Yat-sen In the eyes of Sun Yat-sen’s party, the C Critical Thinking launched an uprising in central China. At events of 1911 were a glorious revolution the time, Sun was traveling in the United that ended 2,000 years of imperial rule. Making Generalizations Ask States. Thus, the revolt had no leader, but C However, the 1911 uprising was hardly a students to discuss reasons why the government was too weak to react. The revolution. It produced no new political or many revolutions do not bring Qing dynasty collapsed, opening the way social order. Sun Yat-sen and his followers for new political forces. still had much to accomplish. about the anticipated changes. Have students list common causes for a revolution and discuss why some revolutions are more successful than others. AL

Sun Yat-sen General Yuan Shigai 1866–1925 Chinese Nationalist 1859–1916 Chinese military ruler

Sun Yat-sen was a patriot and visionary dedicated In the late 1800s, Japan and China competed for influence Answers: Sun Yat-sen—to to bringing China and its ancient traditions into the in Korea. There, a young Chinese diplomat, Yuan Shigai, become a modern republic; modern era. Although he would later be hailed as learned how to manipulate political and military General Yuan Shigai—He dis- the “Father of the Chinese Revolution,” he spent power to serve his own ends. After war with much of his life in exile, and most of his plans Japan destroyed the Chinese military, Yuan solved the parliament and tried failed. When his revolution finally succeeded, he modernized a new force. Because of Yuan’s to become emperor. was not even there—he was in the United military reforms, Emperor Guang Xu States. assumed Yuan supported his reforms. In fact, Sun hoped to create a modern republic in Yuan remained loyal to Ci Xi. He helped sup- China, but he would never fully realize his press the reforms and later, the Boxer Rebel- dream. Two years before his death, he wrote: lion. When Ci Xi died, Yuan lost favor with the “Following China’s war with France (1883- Qing rulers. He decided to help Sun Yat- 1884) I made up my mind to devote sen’s nationalists overthrow the myself to the revolution. . . . Up to emperor in exchange for the presi- present the task of revolution, dency. Yuan’s opposition to a however, has not yet been com- republican form of government pleted. A span of thirty-seven soon became clear. He dis- years of my revolutionary work solved the elected parliament is to be chronicled by future and tried to take the title of historians. . . .” What was emperor, triggering a revolt. Sun Yat-sen’s dream for What led to the revolt Additional China? against Yuan’s rule? Support

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Sun Yat-sen and General Yuan Shigai revolutionary activities. A failed rebellion Ask: Which leader do you think had China’s Sun Yat-sen was born to a peasant family in forced Sun to flee to Japan and later to the best interests at heart—Sun Yat-sen or a village south of Guangzhou and was edu- United States and London. There, he raised General Yuan Shigai? (Answers should be cated in Hawaii in a British school. He money and recruited Chinese exiles to carry supported by details from the text.) OL returned to China to practice medicine but out his revolutionary plans. soon began to use his earnings to finance

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Modern Times CHAPTER 15 • SECTION 2 The Revolutionary Alliance was sup- Cultural Changes ported mainly by an emerging urban middle class, and its program was based largely Western culture had a dramatic effect on Western liberal democratic principles. on many Chinese people, especially those living in Reading Strategy However, the urban middle class in China cities. R was too small to support a new political HISTORY & YOU Can you identify foreign influ- Making Connections Have stu- order. Most of the Chinese people still lived ences on your lifestyle? Read to learn how Westerners dents identify factors that led to the on the land, and few peasants supported influenced Chinese culture. Sun Yat-sen’s party. In effect, then, the collapse of previously studied events of 1911 were less a revolution than a R empires or civilizations. Then have collapse of the old order. Western influences forced the Chinese students compare these factors to adapt to new ways of thinking and liv- with those impacting the decline of An Era of Civil War ing. Early twentieth-century Chinese cul- China’s old order. Discuss parallels After the collapse of the Qing dynasty, ture reflected the struggle between C the military took over. Sun Yat-sen and his Confucian social ideas and those of the with countries today that are trying colleagues had accepted General Yuan Shi- West. These changes were most striking to modernize their economies while in the cities. gai as president of the new Chinese repub- maintaining their cultures and tradi- lic in 1911 because they lacked the military force to compete with his control over the Society in Transition tions. Invite students to identify and army. Many feared that if the revolt lapsed When European traders began to move describe some contemporary into chaos, the Western powers would into China in greater numbers in the mid- examples. AL intervene. If that happened, the last shreds 1800s, Chinese society was already in a of Chinese independence would be lost. state of transition. The growth of industry However, even the general’s new allies and trade was especially noticeable in the C Critical Thinking distrusted his motives. cities, where a national market for such Drawing Conclusions Ask: Yuan understood little of the new ideas commodities—agricultural, mined, and sweeping into China from the West. He mass-produced marketable goods—as oil, Why might changes in Chinese ruled in a traditional manner and even copper, salt, and tea had appeared. society be viewed as positive tried to set up a new imperial dynasty. The The Chinese economy had never been and negative? (Answers may reformers hated Yuan for using murder more productive. Faster and more reliable include that some people wanted to and terror to destroy the new democratic transportation and a better system of institutions. The traditionalists (those who money and banking had begun to create take advantage of new technolo- supported the Qing) hated Yuan for being the foundation for a money economy. For- gies, while others wanted to main- disloyal to the dynasty he had served. eign investments in China grew rapidly, tain their traditions.) OL Yuan’s dictatorial efforts rapidly led to and the money went into modernizing the clashes with Sun’s party, now renamed the Chinese economy. New crops brought in ✓Reading Check Guomindang, or Nationalist Party. When from abroad increased food production Yuan dissolved the new parliament, the and encouraged population growth. Answer: Yuan tried to destroy Nationalists launched a rebellion. The rebel- The coming of Westerners to China new democratic institutions; lion failed, and Sun Yat-sen fled to Japan. affected the Chinese economy in three Yuan was strong enough to brush off the ways. Westerners: (1) introduced modern when he dissolved the parlia- challenge from the revolutionary forces, but means of transportation and communica- ment, the Nationalists rebelled. he could not turn back history. He died in tions; (2) created an export market; and (3) 1916 and was succeeded by one of his offi- integrated the Chinese market into the cers. Over the next several years, China nineteenth-century world economy. slipped into civil war as the power of the To some, these changes were beneficial. central government disintegrated and mili- Shaking China out of its old ways quick- tary warlords seized power in the prov- ened a process of change that had already inces. Their soldiers caused massive begun. Western influences forced the destruction throughout China. Chinese to adopt new ways of thinking and acting, and Western ideas stimulated ✓ Reading Check Explaining Why did rebellions the desire to modernize. Westerners also occur after General Yuan Shigai became president? provided something else to the Chinese. Hands-On

CHAPTER 15 East Asia Under Challenge 499 Chapter Project Step 2

0732_0737_C22_S02_879981.indd 734 10/8/08 11:35:42 AM 0732_0737_C22_S02_879981.inddCreating 735 a Photo-Essay Directions: Have students review the10/8/08 photography, 11:35:48 AM fine art, and museum Web Big Ideas for Sections 1 and 2. Tell students sites to find images. Students may also use Step 2: Gathering Images Students will to use these statements as a guide to images from their textbooks or create origi- gather photographs and/or other images to determine what images to include in the nal art. Students should arrange the images include in the photo-essay that they began section of their photo-essays to cover events for this section of their photo-essays and planning in Section 1. in China. Encourage students to search write captions. OL library sources as well as historical, stock (Chapter Project is continued in Section 3.)

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Modern Times CHAPTER 15 • SECTION 2 They gave them a model, funds, and the centers with a growing middle class and technical knowledge to modernize. an industrial working class. At the same time, however, China paid a heavy price for the new ways. Imperialism S Skill Practice imposed a state of dependence on China, Culture in Transition Visual Literacy Have students and many Chinese were exploited. In these In 1800, daily life for most Chinese was ways, imperialism condemned the country the same as it had been for centuries. Most draw a picture representing a to a condition of underdevelopment. Its were farmers, living in millions of villages Chinese village in 1800. Then have local industry was largely destroyed. Also, in rice fields and on hillsides throughout them draw a picture that repre- many of the profits in the new economy the countryside. A farmer’s life was gov- sents a Chinese city 125 years went to foreign countries rather than back erned by the harvest cycle, village custom, into the Chinese economy. and family ritual. A few men were edu- later. Discuss the differences During the first quarter of the twentieth cated in the Confucian classics. Women between the two pictures. OL century, the pace of change in China quick- S remained in the home or in the fields. All ened even more. After World War I, which children were expected to obey their par- temporarily drew foreign investment out ents, and wives were expected to submit to R Reading Strategy of the country, Chinese businesspeople the wishes of their husbands. Activating Prior Knowledge began to develop new ventures. Shanghai A visitor to China 125 years later would became the bastion of the new bourgeoisie. have seen a different society, although it Have students refer to Chapter 16, People lived in Shanghai at the same would still have been recognizably Chi- Section 1 for information about rhythm they lived in other modern cities. nese. The changes were most striking in queues and the Manchu policy on Wuhan, Tianjin, and Guangzhou also the cities. Here the educated and wealthy men’s hairstyles. Ask: Why did the became major industrial and commercial had been visibly affected by the growing Manchu government mandate the queue hairstyle? (to identify rebels) How might the cutting China’s Changing Culture of queues in 1911 have been symbolic? (It represented rebelling This image depicts a 1911 event in Shanghai in against Manchu rule and tradi- which 500 young men cut off their traditional pigtails, or queues. Revolutionaries and modernizers tional culture.) OL viewed the queue as a symbol of domination by the Manchu Qing dynasty. Taking advantage of anti- Manchu feelings in 1911, modernizers cut off their queues and encouraged others to do the same. Answers: 1. They wanted to modernize and Westernize China. Both traditional clothing and the R queue were associated with traditional imperial China. 2. to indicate that they are making a public social and political statement An older male Notice that some of the Chinese in traditional dress 1. Explaining Why might revolution- had adopted Western dress. leaves in disgust. aries reject both the queue and Western dress? 2. Making Inferences Why were the haircuts done in a public square on a raised platform? Differentiated Instruction

Name Date Class

Guided Reading Activity 15-2

Revolution in China 0732_0737_C22_S02_879981.indd 736 Identifying Central Issues 10/8/08 11:35:51 AM 0732_0737_C22_S02_879981.indd 737 10/8/08 11:35:57 AM DIRECTIONS: Fill in the blanks below as you read Section 2.

After the (1) Rebellion, Empress Ci Xi embraced a number of reforms in education, administration, and the legal system. Elections for a national (2) were even held in 1910. The emerging elite were angry to discover that elected assemblies could not pass laws but could only give (3) to the ruler.

Sun Yat-sen developed a three-stage reform process that included a (4) takeover, a transitional stage before democratic rule, and Objective: Review the events of China’s revolution. Diff erentiated Instruction Strategies then finally a constitutional (5) . In 1905, Sun united radical groups from across China in the (6) . As the Qing dynasty collapsed in 1911, under General Yuan Shigai, the Chinese (7) took control of the country. With no new political 15-2 Focus: Have students identify key vocabulary terms Provide a word bank for students. or social order, the events of 1911 were less a revolution than a BL (8) of the old order. General Yuan dissolved a new parliament, the Nationalists launched a rebellion, and Sun Yat-sen fled to SECTION (9) . At the death of General Yuan in 1916, China slipped into and names. (10) . AL Have students complete the handout The coming of Westerners to China affected the Chinese economy by introducing modern (11) and (12) , creating an (13) market, and integrating the Chinese market into the Teach: Have students refer to the text as they fill in without using their textbooks. nineteenth-century world economy. In 1800, daily life for most Chinese was the same as it had been for (14) . A visitor to China 125 years later would have seen many people in the cities who were (15) and wealthy, affected by the growing presence of Western culture. the blanks. (16) began to introduce Western books, paintings, music, and ELL Have students work with a partner. ideas to China. Western literature and art became popular in China, especially Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The McGraw-Hill a division of Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, among the (17) . Assess: Read each sentence out loud and have

163 students answer without looking at their Guided Reading Activity, worksheets. URB p. 163 Close: Suggest to students that they use this summary to study for the chapter test. 500

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Modern Times Western cultural presence. Confucian social ideas were CHAPTER 15 • SECTION 2 declining rapidly in influence, and those of Europe and North America were on the rise. Nowhere in China was the struggle between old and new more visible than in the culture. Radical reformers wanted R Reading Strategy to eliminate traditional culture, condemning it as an instru- Vocabulary 1. Explain the significance of: provincial, Sun Visualizing The title Ba Jin ment of oppression. They were interested in creating a new Yat-sen, phase, Henry Pu Yi, General Yuan gave to his trilogy was Torrent. China that would be respected by the modern world. Shigai, motive, commodities, Shanghai, Ask: What might this title have The first changes in traditional culture came in the late Wuhan. nineteenth century. Intellectuals began to introduce West- meant to the author? (It might ern books, paintings, music, and ideas to China. By the Main Ideas refer to the force of destruction in first quarter of the twentieth century, China was flooded 2. List the three stages in Sun Yat-sen’s the family, or perhaps to the revolu- by Western culture as intellectuals called for a new culture process for reform. What principles did he based on that of the modern West. hope to promote in China? tionary forces in China.) AL Western literature and art became popular in China, 3. Describe the attitudes toward Western especially among the urban middle class. Traditional cul- culture held by Chinese in rural and urban ✓ Reading Check ture, however, remained popular with the more conserva- areas. Which of these two groups do you tive elements of the population, especially in rural areas. think benefited more from Western Answer: increased industry, Most creative artists followed foreign trends, while tradi- involvement in China? improved transportation and tionalists held on to Chinese culture. 4. Summarize the changes resulting from communications, established Literature in particular was influenced by foreign ideas. European traders’ contact with China in the new money economy, created Western novels and short stories began to attract a larger mid-nineteenth century, using a diagram audience. Although most Chinese novels written after like the one below. export markets, integrated World War I dealt with Chinese subjects, they reflected the Contact Effects China into world economy, Western tendency toward a realistic portrayal of society. introduced new crops Often, they dealt with the new Westernized middle class. Most of China’s modern authors showed a clear contempt for the past. Mao Dun became known as one of China’s best modern novelists. Midnight, Dun’s most popular work, was also Critical Thinking published in French and English. A naturalistic novel, 5. The BIG Idea Sequencing Why did Assess Midnight described the changing customs of Shanghai’s the reforms introduced by Empress urban elites. Dowager Ci Xi and General Yuan Shigai fail Ba Jin, the author of numerous novels and short stories, to improve the way China was governed? was one of China’s foremost writers at the turn of the cen- 6. Defending Foreign imperialism offered (ISTORY /.,).% tury. Born in 1904, Ba Jin was well attuned to the rigors China more advantages than Study Central provides summa- and expected obedience of Chinese family life. In his tril- disadvantages. Defend this position. ries, interactive games, and online ogy, Family, Spring, and Autumn, he describes the disinte- 7. Analyzing Visuals What elements in the gration of traditional Confucian ways as the younger R image on page 500 reflect China’s struggle graphic organizers to help stu- members of a large family attempt to break away from between the old and the new? dents review content. their elders. Ba Jin dedicated most of his energy to writing. He would Writing About History sometimes retreat to his study to write for a whole year. Ba 8. Expository Writing Research and Jin once described his compulsion to express himself: compare the reasons why both the United Close States and China experienced civil war. PRIMARY SOURCE Write an essay offering alternatives to war Making Connections Ask stu- that might have solved the internal “Before my eyes are many miserable scenes, the suffering of others problems of one of the two nations. dents to discuss how they have and myself forces my hands to move. I become a machine for writing.” experienced or seen a conflict —Ba Jin, China Daily between culture and change. OL (ISTORY /.,).% ✓ For help with the concepts in this section of Glencoe World History— Reading Check Describing What effects did Western culture Modern Times, go to glencoe.com and click Study Central™. have on China? SECTION REVIEW

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0732_0737_C22_S02_879981.indd 736 10/8/08 11:35:51 AM 0732_0737_C22_S02_879981.indd 737 Answers 10/8/08 11:35:57 AM

1. Definitions for the vocabulary words are 4. Contact: trade, banking, industry; Effects: food production, export market created, found in the section and the Glossary. export market, money-based economy, China integrated into world economy, funds 2. (1) military takeover, (2) transitional phase, growth of industrial centers and technical knowledge to modernize (3) constitutional democracy; nationalism, 5. reforms too slow and limited; geared to the 7. men cutting off their queues, traditional democracy, pursuit of livelihood elite; conditions did not improve for many; and western clothing, man leaving in 3. Urban areas embraced Western culture, rulers tried to retain supreme power disgust while rural areas retained traditional ideas; 6. Possible advantages: improved transporta- 8. Answers should be based on historical evi- urban. tion and communications, better system of dence and logical conclusions. money and banking, new crops increased

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Modern Times CHAPTER 15 • SECTION 3 Section Audio Spotlight Video Focus Rise of Modern Japan

In the mid-nineteenth century, the United States forced Japan Bellringer GUIDE TO READING to open its doors to trade with Western nations. After the Sat- Daily Focus Transparency 15-3 The BIG Idea Cho alliance overthrew the shogun, the Meiji Restoration ANSWERS UNIT 1. Japanese gardens became popular in the United States. 2. wood block prints, textiles, arts, and crafts 3 DAILY FOCUS SKILLS 3. baseball, ballroom dancing Chapter 15 TRANSPARENCY 15-3 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Competition Among Countries began. Japan emerged as a modern industrial society. Rise of Modern Japan 1 In what way did Japanese 2 What Japanese-style art 3 What Western leisure gardening techniques influenced Western culture? activities became part of Western intervention opened Japan to trade, and the influence Western culture? Japanese culture? interaction between Japan and Western nations led to Cultural Exchange a modern industrial Japanese society. North America and Europe Japan Japan Responds to Foreign Pressure

• baseball • gardens • ballroom • textiles ᮢ dancing • porcelains • fashions • woodblock • hairstyles prints Content Vocabulary ᮢ •eating • folding screens Under military pressure from the United States, Japan signed the habits • arts and crafts (p. 502) (p. 504) • concessions • prefectures Treaty of Kanagawa, which opened two ports to Western trade. HISTORY & YOU What products would you have to give up if the United States Academic Vocabulary stopped importing foreign goods? Read to find out why Japan decided to open its • subsidy (p. 505) • context (p. 507) GUIDE TO READING ports to trade with other countries. People and Places • Matthew Perry (p. 502) By the end of the nineteenth century, Japan was emerging as a • Edo Bay (p. 502) Answers to Graphic: modern imperialist power. The Japanese followed the example of • Millard Fillmore (p. 502) Western nations, while trying to preserve Japanese values. Charter Oath Constitution • Kyoˉ to (p. 503) emperor rules emperor a figurehead • Mutsuhito (p. 504) • Edo (p. 504) An End to Isolation legislative assembly prime minister has • Ito Hirobumi (p. 504) By 1800, the Tokugawa shogunate had ruled Japan for 200 years. assists emperor executive authority • Port Arthur (p. 507) The Tokugawa had maintained an isolationist policy, keeping for- country divided into parliament’s lower mal relations only with Korea and allowing only Dutch and Chi- prefectures house elected Reading Strategy nese merchants at its port at Nagasaki. Western nations wanted to Categorizing Information As you end Japan’s isolation, believing that the expansion of trade on a read, create a table like the one below listing the global basis would benefit all nations. promises contained in the Charter Oath of 1868 The first foreign power to succeed with Japan was the United and the provisions of the Meiji constitution of 1889. States. In the summer of 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry arrived Edo Bay Charter Oath Constitution in (now Tokyo Bay) with an American fleet of four warships. Perry sought “to bring a singular and isolated people into the family of civilized nations.” Perry brought a letter from President Millard Fillmore, To generate student interest and asking the Japanese for better treatment of sailors shipwrecked on the Japanese islands. (Foreign sailors shipwrecked provide a springboard for class in Japan were treated as criminals and exhibited in public cages.) discussion, access the Chapter 15, He also asked to open foreign relations between the United States Section 3 video at glencoe.com or and Japan. Perry returned about six months later for an answer, this on the video DVD. time with a larger fleet. Having discussed the issue, some shogunate officials recommended concessions, or political compromises. The guns of Perry’s ships ultimately made Japan’s decision. Under military pressure, Japan agreed to the Treaty of Kanagawa with the United States. The treaty provided for the return of shipwrecked American sailors, opened two ports to Western traders, and established a U.S. consulate in Japan. In 1858, U.S. consul Townsend Harris signed a more detailed treaty. It called for the opening of Resource Manager several new ports to U.S. trade and residence, as well as an exchange

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R Reading C Critical0738_0745_C22_S03_879981.indd 738 D Differentiated W Writing S Skill 10/8/08 11:37:16 AM 0738_0745_C22_S03_879981.indd 739 10/8/08 11:37:21 AM Strategies Thinking Instruction Support Practice Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition • Sequencing Info., p. 503 • Analyzing Info., p. 504 • Adv. Learners, pp. 504, • Expository Writing, • Visual Literacy, pp. 505, • Taking Notes, p. 507 • Making Inferences, p. 505 506 p. 507 508 • Visual/Spatial, p. 509 • Personal Writing, • Reading Graphs, p. 506 Additional Resources Additional Resources p. 508 • Read. Skills Act., URB • People in World Hist. Additional Resources Additional Resources p. 131 Act., URB p. 154 • Coop. Learn. Act., URB Additional Resources • Time Line Act., URB • Guid. Read. Act., URB, • World Art & Music Act., p. 147 • Skills Reinforc. Act., p. 151 p. 164 URB p. 157 URB p. 141 • Reteach. Act., URB p. 159 • Read. Ess. & Note- • Section Quiz, p. 175 Taking Guide, p. 157 • Chapter Test, p. 177

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Modern Times CHAPTER 15 • SECTION 3

The Opening of Japan Teach

When Commodore Matthew Perry arrived in R Reading Strategy Edo Bay, he carried a letter from Millard Fillmore, the president of the United States. Sequencing Information Before class, write key events from “Millard Fillmore, President of the United States of America, To His Imperial Majesty, The Emperor the text under the subheading of Japan. Great and Good Friend! . . . “Resistance to the New Order” on I have directed Commodore Perry to assure your Imperial Majesty . . . that I have no other object separate index cards. Give an in sending him to Japan, but to propose to your index card to each student. Have Imperial Majesty that the United States and Japan students arrange themselves (and should live in friendship, and have commercial intercourse with each other. . . . the events) in chronological order. The United States of America reach from ocean Then have students take turns to ocean . . . Our steamships can go from California reading their card aloud. to Japan in eighteen days. BL Our great state of California produces about sixty millions of dollars in gold, every year…and many other valuable articles. Japan is also a rich ✓ Reading Check and fertile country, and produces many very valuable articles. . . . I am desirous that our two coun- Answer: Sat-Cho alliance forces Commodore Perry meeting the Japanese tries should trade with each other, for the benefit shogun to promise to end rela- both of Japan and the United States. Commissioner at Yokahama, 1853 . . . If your Imperial Majesty went so far to 1. Analyzing What did President Fillmore tions with West; Western ships change the ancient laws, as to allow a free trade want from the Japanese? destroy Choshu fortifications; between the two countries, it would be extremely 2. Predicting What do you think might have beneficial to both.” happened if the emperor had said “no” to alliance forces shogun to resign the president’s requests? and restore emperor to power, ending the shogunate system.

of ministers. Japan soon signed similar trea- the Westerners fired back. The Choshu for- ties with several European nations. tifications were destroyed. The incident made the Sat-Cho alliance Answers: Resistance to the New Order more determined not to give in to the West. 1. Trade between the two When the shogun did not take a stronger Resistance to opening foreign relations R nations position against the foreigners, the Sat-Cho was especially strong among the samurai leaders demanded that he resign and restore 2. Answers may vary, but com- warriors in two southern territories, Sat- the emperor’s power. In January 1868, the plete answers should take suma and Choshu. In 1863, the Sat-Cho Sat-Cho attacked the shogun’s palace in alliance (from Satsuma-Choshu) forced the into account that Perry Kyoˉto. After a few weeks, the shogun’s shogun to promise to end relations with arrived with several warships. forces collapsed, ending the shogunate sys- the West. The rebellious groups soon tem and beginning the Meiji Restoration. showed their weakness, however. They had no experience with Western military pressure. When Choshu troops fired on ✓ Reading Check Identifying What events led to Western ships in the Strait of Shimonoseki, the collapse of the shogunate system in Japan? Differentiated

CHAPTER 15 East Asia Under Challenge 503 Instruction

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Name Date Class Name Date Class Name Date Class Name Date Class

History Guided Reading Activity 15-3 World Activi and Music Activ ‘ Reteaching Activity 15 People in ty 15 Profile 2 World Art ity 15

Rise of Modern Japan East Asia Under Challenge DIRECTIONS: Fill in the blanks below as you read Section 3. Hokusai (c. 1760–1849) Japanese Architecture of the Meiji Period Great struggles took place between 1800 and 1914 in China and Japan. In both countries, the conflicts concerned both internal and external problems. A series of events in China and Japan pushed each country to armed conflict. These struggles led eventually to dramatic . . . at 80 I shall have made some progress, at 90 I shall considered one of During the Meiji period, Japanese architecture, like art and literature, was I. In the early nineteenth century, Western nations wanted to end Japan’s policy of changes in government, economy, and culture. have penetrated even further the deeper meaning of the major accom- heavily influenced by Western ideas. Japan was quick to embrace much of the things, at 100 I shall have become truly marvelous, and from the outside world. plishments of technology of the West, and it changed the appearance of the buildings in DIRECTIONS: Fill in the chart below to review the events that led to conflicts, treaties, and at 110, each dot, each line shall surely possess a life of Japanese landscape A. The first foreign power to succeed with Japan was the . Japan, particularly in the cities. reform in both China and Japan. Place the items from the list in the appropriate section of its own. printing. the chart. Make sure the events are listed in chronological order. B. Japan agreed to the Treaty of , opening ports to Western traders. Hokusai Hokusai also DIRECTIONS: Read the following passage. Then answer the questions in the CHAPTER II. There was to the opening of Japan’s foreign relations, especially influenced Western space provided. • Collapse of Qing dynasty • Nanjing massacre 15 An open door permits movement both art. Two circum- 15 among the samurai warriors of the southern islands. ways. While nineteenth-century Asia was stances caused this • Emperor Mutsuhito leads the Meiji Restoration • Sat-Cho alliance A. In 1863 the was forced to promise to end relations with the West. challenged by Western influences, some influence: the craze among Europeans for • European trade restricted • Surprise attack launched on the Russian naval base influences were going in the other direction. Chinese and Japanese arts and crafts, and • Opium War at Port Arthur B. A Sat-Cho army attacked the palace in Kyoto in 1868 and demanded restoration of 15 One of the most important was the artistic the artistic revolution brewing in nine- • Four warships under Commodore Matthew Perry • Territorial expansion begins with the Ryukyu Islands

arrive in Edo Bay CHAPTER the authority of the . work of Hokusai, considered among the teenth-century Europe. Europeans particu- CHAPTER and Korea • Government annexes Korea SECTION III. New leaders transformed Japan into a modern nation. greatest Japanese woodblock artists. larly wanted the Chinese blue and white • The Meiji constitution is modeled after Imperial Hokusai was born in Edo (now Tokyo). porcelain. Japanese artisans were copying it. • Hong Xiuquan leads the Tai Ping Rebellion Germany A. Meiji reformers undertook a careful study of political systems. As a young child, he showed a talent for Now woodblock prints in Japan were cheap • John Hay presents Open Door policy • Treaty of Nanjing in 1842 B. Meiji leaders set up a new system of . drawing. In his adolescence, he apprenticed and plentiful, so people often wrapped • Meiji leaders sign a Charter Oath • Treaty of Kanagawa

15-3 C. The new army was well equipped and military service was . to a woodblock engraver. Woodblock exports from Japan in them. The prints engraving was an important part of the themselves soon became prized in the West. IV. The Japanese began a program of territorial in 1874. ukiyo-e style of art during the Tokugawa Western artists searching for new means

A. Japan’s navy forced to open its ports to Japanese trade. period (1603–1867) in Japan. Ukiyo-e means of expression and new forms also seized on Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Significant Events of East Asia “pictures of the floating world” and refers these prints because the prints inspired B. Japan went to war with both and . China Japan to the entertainment districts of Japanese them. Artists were looking for new forms of C. The United States recognized Japan’s role in Korea in return for Japanese recognition cities. The growth of large cities with their artistic creativity, and the Japanese wood- Bank of Japan, Tokyo of American authority in the . large markets caused a rapid development block prints helped artists find them. Such in making woodblock prints for mass con- modern painters as Monet and van Gogh V. The wave of Western ideas that entered Japan altered Japanese . . J. Waters arrived in Japan in 1868 to teach Rokumeikan, both very Western-appearing sumption. One woodblock could be used to acknowledged a debt to Hokusai and other Tarchitecture. Previously, Japanese buildings buildings. A. The Japanese were dazzled by European . make multiple copies of the same print. woodblock artists. Unfortunately, Hokusai, were constructed of wood and tiles with thatched Japanese architects learned to use Western tech- B. Technical specialists from were invited to come to Japan and Hokusai is known most for his historical who referred to himself as “the old man roofs and paper sliding screens. But as Japan forged niques and methods of construction. Tatsuno Kingo, works and landscapes. Thirty-Six Views of mad with painting,” did not get his wish to teach. its way to becoming a world power, its construction an early graduate of the Technological College and a Mt. Fuji is the most well known of his thou- live to 110. He died at 89, still on the way to needs changed as well. Waters designed the Osaka scholar of Japanese architecture, built more than 280 C. In 1889 the was established. sands of books and prints. This series is finding the deeper meaning of things. Mint, which was completed in 1871. It was made of buildings. One of his most significant is the Bank of D. Japanese culture became in Europe and North America. brick faced with plaster and stone and set the tone Japan in Tokyo. and style for future buildings. The Osaka Mint was Katayama Tokuma was the architect of the 503 REVIEWING THE PROFILE followed by brick buildings lining the main street of Imperial Household and was responsible for the Directions: Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper. Tokyo, called the Ginza. Akasaka Detached Palace, one of the most spectac- Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The McGraw-Hill a division of Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, 1. What two circumstances caused the work of Hokusai to influence Western artists? Companies, Inc. The McGraw-Hill a division of Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, Josiah Conder came to Japan as Professor of ular constructions of the Meiji period. However, Architecture at the Technological College in 1887 it too showed heavy Western influence as it was 2. What is the name of Hokusai’s most famous work? and taught a generation of Western-style archi- modeled after the palace at Versailles. Katayama 3. Critical Thinking Synthesizing Information. Consider contemporary American art and tects. He was also a practicing architect whose built many other large-scale brick and stone culture. Where do you see international influences? designs included the Ueno Museum and the constructions.

(continued) 164 154 157 159

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Modern Times CHAPTER 15 • SECTION 3 The Meiji Restoration group held the key posts. The country was divided into 75 prefectures. (The number The Meiji government attempted to was reduced to 45 in 1889 and remains at modernize Japan’s political, economic, and social that number today.) C Critical Thinking structures. During the next 20 years, the Meiji gov- Analyzing Information Tell HISTORY & YOU What views did American political ernment undertook a careful study of parties express in the last election? Read to learn Western political systems. A commission students that Sat-Cho leaders Ito Hirobumi about the issue that gave rise to Japan’s first political under traveled to Great Brit- were from the samurai class and parties. ain, France, Germany, and the United held traditional values that helped States to study their governments. them in the drive to industrialize As the process evolved, two main fac- The Sat-Cho leaders had genuinely mis- tions appeared, the Liberals and the Pro- Japan. One samurai corporation trusted the West, but they soon realized gressives. The Liberals wanted political founder created the following C that Japan must change to survive. The reform based on the Western liberal demo- “corporate guidelines.” 1) Do not new leaders embarked on a policy of cratic model, which vested supreme reform, transforming Japan into a modern authority in the parliament as the repre- be preoccupied with small matters industrial nation. sentative of the people. The Progressives but aim at the management of The symbol of the new era was the young wanted power to be shared between the large enterprises. 2) Once you start emperor Mutsuhito. He called his reign legislative and executive branches, with an enterprise, be sure to succeed. the Meiji (MAY•jee), or “Enlightened Rule.” the executive branch having more control. This period has thus become known as the During the 1870s and 1880s, these fac- 3) Do not engage in speculative Meiji Restoration. tions fought for control. In the end, the enterprises. 4) Operate enterprises Of course, the Sat-Cho leaders controlled Progressives won. The Meiji constitution, with the national interest in mind. the Meiji ruler, just as the shogunate had adopted in 1889, was modeled after that of controlled earlier emperors. In recognition Imperial Germany. Most authority was 5) Never forget the pure spirit of of the real source of political power, the given to the executive branch. public service, sincerity, and fidelity. capital was moved from Kyoˉto to Edo In theory, the emperor exercised all exec- Ask students to apply these (now named Tokyo), the location of the utive authority, but in practice he was a guidelines to modern examples. new leaders. The imperial court was D figurehead. Real executive authority rested moved to the shogun’s palace in the center in the hands of a prime minister and his Discuss whether these values exist of the city. cabinet of ministers. These ministers were today in the American corporate handpicked by the Meiji leaders. climate. OL Transformation of Politics Under the new constitution, the upper house included royal appointments and Once in power, the new leaders moved elected nobles, while the lower house was Differentiated first to abolish the old order and to elected. The two houses were to have equal D Instruction strengthen power in their hands. To under- legislative powers. cut the power of the daimyo—the local The final result was a political system Advanced Learners Have stu- nobles—the new leaders stripped these that was democratic in form but authori- great lords of the titles to their lands in tarian in practice. Although modern in dents research and prepare for a 1871. As compensation, the lords were debate about how the new Meiji external appearance, it was still traditional given government bonds and were named because power remained in the hands of a government should be set up. governors of the territories formerly under ruling oligarchy (the Sat-Cho leaders). Students’ arguments should their control. The territories were now Although a new set of institutions and val- called prefectures. represent the Liberals or the ues had emerged, the system allowed the The Meiji reformers set out to create a traditional ruling class to keep its influence Progressives and explain why their modern political system based on the and economic power. proposed government would bet- Western model. In 1868, the new leaders signed a Charter Oath, in which they prom- ter benefit Japan. AL ised to create a new legislative assembly Meiji Economics within the framework of continued impe- The Meiji leaders also set up a land rial rule. Although the daimyo were given reform program, which made the tradi- senior positions in the new government, tional lands of the daimyo into the private Additional the modernizing leaders from the Sat-Cho property of the peasants. The Meiji leaders

Support 504 SECTION 3 Rise of Modern Japan

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Western Influence in Japan In 1871, as back to Japan ideas about government, are in constant struggle for the “survival of part of the reforms of the Meiji era, Japan industry, and culture. One European idea the fittest,” mirrored the Japanese national- sent government delegates and about 60 that had a powerful effect on the Japanese ist ideology of hukoku-kyohei (wealth and students to study Western culture. The was Herbert Spencer’s philosophy of Social strength). Iwakura Mission, as it was known, brought Darwinism. This idea, that people and nation

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Modern Times then levied a new land tax, which was set strong state” to guarantee Japan’s survival CHAPTER 15 • SECTION 3 at an annual rate of three percent of the against the challenge of Western nations. estimated value of the land. The new tax The Meiji government gave subsidies to was an excellent source of revenue for the needy industries, provided training and government. However, it was quite bur- foreign advisers, improved transportation C Critical Thinking densome for the farmers. and communications, and started a new Making Inferences Have stu- Under the old system, farmers had paid a educational system that stressed applied fixed percentage of their harvest to the land- science. By 1900, Japan’s industrial sector dents identify the causes of the owners. In bad harvest years, they had owed was beginning to grow. Besides tea and Meiji Restoration. Predict how little or nothing. Under the new system, the silk, other key industries were weapons, Chinese history might have been farmers had to pay the land tax every year, shipbuilding, and sake (SAH•kee), or Japa- different if China had undergone a regardless of the quality of the harvest. nese rice wine. As a result, in bad years, many peasants From the start, a unique feature of the Meiji C similar restoration. Explain to stu- were unable to pay their taxes. This forced model of industrial development was the dents that Japan’s modernization them to sell their lands to wealthy neigh- close relationship between government and movement thrust it into the mod- bors and become tenant farmers who paid private business. The government encour- rent to the new owners. By the end of the aged the development of new industries by ern era and eventually resulted in nineteenth century, about 40 percent of all providing businesspeople with money and Japan’s dominant economic posi- farmers were tenants. privileges. Once an individual enterprise or tion in the twenty-first century. Ask With its budget needs met by the land industry was on its feet, it was turned over students to list as many ways as tax, the government turned to the promo- entirely to private ownership. Even then, tion of industry. The chief goal of the reform- however, the government continued to possible in which Japan’s economic ers was to create a “rich country and a play some role in the industry’s activities. capabilities have affected their lives either directly or indirectly. OL

The Westernization of Japan S Skill Practice

Tokyo-Yokohama Visual Literacy As students Japanese artist Hiroshige III created these woodblock prints just seven years after railway the Meiji Restoration opened the door to Western trade and ideas. The artist recorded examine the woodblock prints, a changing Japan. Western technology, such as railways and telegraph wires, discuss as a class the artist’s use of connected the country. Western styles of architecture and clothing mixed with the following basic art elements: traditional Japanese styles. This style of Japanese print, called ukiyo-e (“pictures of the floating world”), also influenced Western art. These prints made a big impact on color, line, shape, space, texture, French impressionists like Claude Monet and perspective. OL and Edgar Degas, who imitated their use of a flatter perspective and asymmetrical Telegraph wires composition. S

Answers: 1. impressionism Western-style 2. These prints show a vibrant dress and commercially active Japan. The scenes and bright colors give an upbeat This series of prints, called “Famous Places impression, suggesting that on the Tokaido: A Record of the Process of Reform” (1875), shows evidence of Western influence on the artist believed the Japanese life. changes benefited Japan. 1. Identifying What style of Western art did Hiroshige’s work influence? Western-style houses 2. Identifying Points of View Based on these prints, how did Western ideas affect Japan? Explain. Additional Support

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Economics Today, Japan’s largest trading exported. Among Japan’s main exports are area ripe for economic growth is robotics, a partner is the United States, which imports automobiles and motorcycles, electrical field in which Japanese engineering leads more than one quarter of Japan’s total appliances, and computers. However, due the world. Ask: How does the field of exports. Because Japan lacks natural to a trade surplus in recent years, manufac- robotics hold potential for Japan’s eco- resources and arable land, raw materials are tured imports have increased, and many nomic growth? (Answers will vary, but should often imported, processed by Japanese items that used to be produced in Japan are be logically supported.) OL workers, and then either sold locally or now being manufactured overseas. One

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Modern Times CHAPTER 15 • SECTION 3

JAPANESE EXPANSION, 1870–1918 Japanese Empire, 1870 added by 1875 S Skill Practice added by 1905 Japanese Expansion, 1868–1910 added by 1910 Reading Graphs Explain to 120°EJapanese spheres 140°E Sakhalin s 1874 1904 of inﬂuence, 1918 n d la 1889 1910 RUSSIA Karafuto Is students that a trade deficit Japan claims Japan l MANCHURIA ri Ryukyu Islands, Meiji attacks Japan 120°E Ku occurs when a country’s imports which had belonged constitution Port annexes to China adopted Arthur Korea Vladivostok exceed its exports, and a trade Liaodong Hokkaid¯o Peninsula Sea of surplus occurs when its exports Beijing K Japan 40°N O 1868 1894 1905 R (East Sea) N exceed its imports. Ask: Between Port Arthur E Honshū PACIFIC A A Sat-Cho attacks Japan wins Russia surrenders P it a A OCEAN Shogun; Korea and Liaodong Peninsula, r CHOSHU Tokyo Shimonoseki t J which years did Japan experience S Kyoto N Meiji Restoration Taiwan Port Arthur, and a Yellow m CHINA hi Osaka begins from China South Sakhalin Sea us its greatest trade deficit? (1903– Ts Shikoku to Japan Nagasaki Shimonoseki Strait Shanghai W E 1907) Between which years did SATSUMA Kyūshū . Is East u S y Japan first begin to experience a China k yu 0 500 kilometers Japan’s Foreign Trade, 1878–1917 Sea R trade surplus? (1913–1917) OL TROPIC OF CANCER 0 500 miles 1000 Miller projection Imports Exports Taiwan 800 Differentiated 20°N D 600 Instruction 400 1. What territory did Japan S Location Advanced Learners Ask: What Yen Millions of 200 acquire after defeating Russia in 1905? 0 2. Human-Environment Interaction effect might universal education How did Japanese territorial expansion

have on the traditional Japanese 8–1912 affect the country’s foreign trade? social structure? (Answers may 1878–1882 1883–1887 1888–1892 1893–1897 1898–1902 1903–1907 190 1913–1917 Years See StudentWorks™ Plus or glencoe.com. include that people who previously Source: Hammond Atlas of World History. may have had no access to an education might be able to work in The Military and Education However, a great deal of emphasis was The Meiji reformers also transformed still placed on the virtues of loyalty to the more skilled professions and chal- family and community. Loyalty to the lenge class lines.) AL other institutions. A key focus of their attention was the military. The reformers were emperor was especially valued. well aware that Japan would need a modern military force to compete with the West. Modern Social Structure A new imperial army based on compul- Before the Meiji reforms, the lives of all Answers: sory military service was formed in 1871. Japanese people were determined by their 1. the Liaodong Peninsula, Port All Japanese men now served for three D membership in a family, village, and social years. The new army was well equipped class. Japanese society was highly hierar- Arthur, and South Sakhalin with modern weapons. chical. Belonging to a particular social class 2. It increased dramatically. Education also changed. The Meiji lead- determined a person’s occupation and ers realized the need for universal educa- social relationships with others. tion, including instruction in modern Women were especially limited by the technology. A new ministry of education, “three obediences”: child to father, wife to established in 1871, adopted the American husband, and widow to son. Husbands model of elementary schools, secondary could easily obtain a divorce; wives could schools, and universities. It brought for- not. Marriages were arranged, and the eign specialists to Japan to teach, and it average marital age of females was 16 sent many students to study abroad. years. Females did not share inheritance Much of the content of the new educa- rights with males. Few received any edu- Hands-On tional system was Western in inspiration. cation outside the family.

Chapter Project 506 SECTION 3 Rise of Modern Japan Step 3

Creating a Photo-Essay 0738_0745_C22_S03_879981.inddimages for 742 the section of their photo-essays display their work in a portfolio. Allow stu-10/8/08 11:37:36 AM 0738_0745_C22_S03_879981.indd 743 10/8/08 11:37:49 AM that represents the changes in Japan. dents time to make any final adjustments to Step 3: Completing the Photo-Essay Students should arrange images and write their finished product. Tell them to consider Students will complete the photo-essays captions for this final section of the photo- how their work reflects the changes that that they worked on in Sections 1 and 2. essay. Students should then consider how occurred in China and Japan in the late Directions: Write the Big Idea on the they would like to display their work. They 1800s and early 1900s. OL board. Tell students to think about this may choose to mount the images on poster- (Chapter Project is continued on the Visual statement as they research and select board, create a slide show or video, or simply Summary page.)

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Modern Times CHAPTER 15 • SECTION 3 The Meiji Restoration had a marked Joining the Imperialists effect on the traditional social system in Japan. Special privileges for the aristocracy By the early 1900s, Japan strength- were abolished. For the first time, women ened its military and started building an empire. were allowed to seek an education. As the W Writing Support HISTORY & YOU What benefits did the British economy shifted from an agricultural to an receive from their colonies in America? Read to find Expository Writing Ask stu- industrial base, thousands of Japanese out why Japan wanted colonies. dents to write a newspaper article began to get new jobs and establish new social relationships. in which they describe positive Western fashions and culture became the The Japanese soon copied the imperialist and negative aspects of social rage. The ministers of the first Meiji govern- Western approach to foreign affairs. A small, changes brought about by the densely populated nation, Japan lacked ment were known as the “dancing cabinet” Meiji Restoration in Japan. Have because they loved Western-style ballroom resources and had no natural room to dancing. A new generation of modern boys expand. The Japanese knew that Western students write the article for an and girls began to imitate the clothing nations had amassed some of their wealth R American audience that is learn- styles, eating habits, hairstyles, and social and power because of their colonies. Those ing about the changes in Japan practices of European and American young colonies had provided sources of raw mate- people. The game of baseball was imported rials, inexpensive labor, and markets for for the first time. OL from the United States. manufactured products. To compete, Japan The social changes brought about by the also wanted to expand. Meiji Restoration also had a less attractive side. Many commoners were ruthlessly Beginnings of Expansion R Reading Strategy exploited in the coal mines and textile The Japanese began their program of ter- Taking Notes Have students mills. Workers labored up to 20 hours a ritorial expansion close to home. In 1874, use a graphic organizer to list rea- day, often under conditions of incredible Japan claimed control of the Ryukyu hardship. Coal miners employed in Naga- (ree•YOO•kyoo) Islands, which belonged sons why Japan wanted colonies. saki worked in temperatures up to 130 W to the Chinese Empire. Two years later, When students have finished, degrees Fahrenheit (54 degrees C). When Japan’s navy forced the Koreans to open draw a cluster diagram on the they tried to escape, they were shot. their ports to Japanese trade. The Chinese board and ask volunteers to take Resistance to such conditions was not grew concerned by Japan’s growing influ- unknown. In many areas, villagers sought ence there. turns writing reasons for Japan’s new political rights and demanded In the 1880s, Chinese-Japanese rivalry expansion. BL increased attention to human rights. A over Korea intensified. In 1894, the two popular rights movement of the 1870s laid nations went to war, and Japan won. In the ✓ Reading Check the groundwork for one of Japan’s first treaty ending the war, China recognized political parties. It campaigned for a gov- Korea’s independence. China also ceded Answer: Emperor theoretically ernment that would reflect the will of the (transferred) Taiwan and the Liaodong Pen- had authority, but was a figure- people. Port insula, with its strategic naval base at head; prime minister and his The transformation of Japan into a “mod- Arthur, to Japan. In time, the Japanese gave ern society” did not detach the country the Liaodong Peninsula back to China. cabinet had real executive entirely from its old values, however. Tra- Rivalry with Russia over influence in authority and the executive ditional values based on loyalty to the fam- Korea had led to increasingly strained rela- branch was the strongest, mak- ily and community were still taught in the tions. The Russians thought little of the new schools. Japanese and even welcomed the possibil- ing the government structure Traditional Japanese values were also ity of war. One adviser to Nicholas II said, authoritarian. given a firm legal basis in the 1889 consti- “We will only have to throw our caps at tution, which limited the right to vote to them and they will run away.” men. The Civil Code of 1898 played down individual rights and placed women within War with Russia the context of their family role. The Russo-Japanese War began in 1904. Japan launched a surprise attack on the ✓ Reading Check Explaining How was Japan’s Russian naval base at Port Arthur, which government structured under the Meiji constitution? Russia had taken from China in 1898. Differentiated

CHAPTER 15 East Asia Under Challenge 507 Instruction

Name Date Class

★ Cooperative Learning Activity 15★ ★ 0738_0745_C22_S03_879981.indd 742 10/8/08 11:37:36 AM 0738_0745_C22_S03_879981.indd 743 10/8/08 11:37:49 AM Summarizing The Russo-Japanese War News Web Site BACKGROUND Japan underwent major change during the late 1800s and early 1900s. After years of isolation, Japan began to interact with the world and to build its own commercial and military empire. Rivalry with Russia over influence in Korea led to increasingly strained relations between Japan and Russia. In 1904 Japan launched a surprise attack on the Russian naval base at Port Arthur in Manchuria, which had been fought for previously by China, Russia, and Japan. There followed a war between Japan and Russia that surprised many contemporary observers. Investigating and

sharing what you learn about this little-known war will introduce you to the emer- 15 Objective: Summarize the Russo-Japanese War in a news Diff erentiated Instruction Strategies gence of Japan as an imperial power in the twentieth century. GROUP DIRECTIONS

1. Your group will create a news Web site (live or ready-to-post) covering events CHAPTER in the Russo-Japanese War. 2. The group needs to select an editor and two assistant editors who will assign Web site. research articles and schedule due dates. They will also be responsible for BL Pair students with a strong writing proofreading, page layout, and other editorial tasks. All questions should be directed to this senior editorial team. 3. Each member of the group will write a news article about one or more aspects or events of the war, plus complete other assignments such as creating maps, making illustrations, and adding Web links as directed by the editorial group. Focus: Emphasize team skills as students complete partner. The group should also select members to type the articles, design the Web pages, and post the text and graphics files. 4. Include the following in the site: • name for the site the project. • illustrations Have students evaluate the reliability •maps AL • articles on the following: causes of the war details of the battles weapons used by each side Teach: Remind students that reports should be of the completed Web site. outcome and results of the war for each side other topics determined by the group

ORGANIZING THE GROUP

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The McGraw-Hill a division of Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, 1. Decision Making As a group, decide on a site name and brainstorm ideas for unbiased. illustrations and other features for the site. The editorial team should assign sto- Have students translate their Web site ries to the team members and determine responsibilities for other editing, ELL design, and posting tasks.

Assess: Have students answer the Group Process and articles into their native language. 147 Quick Check questions and then discuss Cooperative Learning them. Activity, URB p. 147 Close: Discuss the global impact of Japan’s victory. 507

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Modern Times CHAPTER 15 • SECTION 3 The Russian commander in chief said, “It is U.S. Relations impossible not to admire the bravery and When Japan established a sphere of activity of the Japanese. The attack of the W influence in Korea, the United States rec- W Writing Support Japanese is a continuous succession of ognized Japan’s role there. In return, Japan waves, and they never relax their efforts by recognized American authority in the Phil- Personal Writing Have students day or by night.” ippines. In 1910, Japan annexed Korea write a brief response to this quota- In the meantime, Russia had sent its Bal- outright. tion. Ask: Do you agree that the tic fleet halfway around the world to East Some Americans began to fear the rise of Asia, only to be defeated by the new Japa- Japanese power in East Asia. Japan resented Japanese should be admired for nese navy off the coast of Japan. After their U.S. efforts to restrict immigration. In 1907, their attack on Russia? Remind stu- defeat, the Russians agreed to a humiliat- President Theodore Roosevelt made a “gen- dents to provide reasons that sup- ing peace in 1905. They gave the Liaodong tlemen’s agreement” with Japan that essen- Peninsula back to Japan, as well as the port their opinion. OL tially stopped Japanese immigration to the southern part of Sakhalin (SA•kuh•LEEN), United States. an island north of Japan. The Japanese vic- S Skill Practice tory stunned the world. Japan had become ✓ Reading Check Explaining Why did Japan one of the great powers. turn itself into an imperialist power? Visual Literacy Ask: What do you notice about the Japanese warships? (Answers may include that the ships look modern and JAPAN BECOMES well-built; the ships are moving in a well-organized and orderly AN IMPERIAL POWER manner.) BL Significance of the ✓ Reading Check When Commodore Perry’s fleet steamed into Edo Bay in 1854, the Russo-Japanese War Japanese saw “giant dragons puffing smoke.” Never before had they seen Answer: To compete as a world ships powered by steam or carrying such large guns. The Japanese soon Marked the first victory of an Asian nation over a power, Japan believed it began to modernize their military. European power in modern times After a decisive victory over China in 1894, Japan gained territory and Made Japan one of the world’s great powers needed to expand. influence in Korea. Russia, however, remained a formidable rival blocking Gave Japan a foothold in Manchuria Japan’s ambitions in Korea and Manchuria. In 1904, Japan unleashed its technologically advanced navy on the Reinforced Japan as the dominant power in Korea Russian naval base at Port Arthur, in Manchuria. This battle began the Ended Russia’s expansion in East Asia Russo-Japanese War. Japan’s victory in the war stunned the world.

Answers: 1. Japan became a world power, while Russia’s power declined. Woodcut showing Japanese warships 2. Russia was considered a S attacking Port Arthur major world power. 1. Explaining How did the Russo- Japanese War affect the balance of power in East Asia? 2. Analyzing Why did Japan’s victory stun the world?

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Japan Becomes an Imperial Power The became the first American to win this pres- Ask: How might the Russian and Japanese United States played a diplomatic role very tigious award. Neither Russia nor Japan was resentment toward the United States early in the Russo-Japanese War. Theodore grateful for Roosevelt’s efforts. Both coun- affect future dealings among the three Roosevelt helped negotiate peace at Port tries felt they had received the worse end of countries? (Japan and Russia might side Arthur, ending the war and earning him the the deal and bore a grudge against the against the United States in the future as a Nobel Peace Prize. President Roosevelt United States because of the settlement. form of revenge.) OL

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Modern Times CHAPTER 15 • SECTION 3 Culture in an Era of Transition

The culture of Western nations greatly influenced Japanese traditional culture. D Differentiated HISTORY & YOU Do you own anything made in Japan? Read to learn Vocabulary Instruction about early cultural contact between the United States and Japan. 1. Explain the significance of: Matthew Perry, Edo Bay, Millard Fillmore, concessions, Visual/Spatial Have students Kyoˉ to, Mutsuhito, Edo, prefectures, Ito Contact with Western nations greatly influenced Japa- who are artistically inclined work Hirobumi, subsidy, context, Port Arthur. nese culture during the late-nineteenth and early-twenti- together to make a wall mural of a eth centuries. From literature to architecture, the Japanese Japanese garden. OL copied Western techniques and styles. The exchange of Main Ideas cultures went both ways, however. Japanese art also influ- 2. Identify the benefits that the Treaty of Kanagawa granted to the United States. ✓ Reading Check enced Westerners. 3. Explain how Japan’s Liberals and Answer: Western nations New Western Model Progressives differed on the question of which government branch should hold the developed tastes for Japanese The wave of Western technology and ideas that entered most power. Which group won? arts and crafts; Japanese gar- Japan in the last half of the nineteenth century greatly 4. Illustrate the results of Western influence altered the shape of traditional Japanese culture. Litera- dens became popular. on Japanese culture by using a diagram ture was especially affected. Dazzled by European litera- like the one below. ture, Japanese authors began translating and imitating the imported models. The novel showed the greatest degree of change. People began to write novels that were patterned after the French Western Influence Assess tradition of realism. Naturalist Japanese authors tried to on Japanese Culture present existing social conditions and the realities of war as objectively as possible. Other aspects of Japanese culture were also changed. (ISTORY /.,).% The Japanese invited technicians, engineers, architects, Study Central provides summa- and artists from Europe and the United States to teach Critical Thinking their “modern” skills to eager Japanese students. The Jap- 5. The BIG Idea Evaluating How did the ries, interactive games, and online anese copied Western artistic techniques and styles. Huge Japanese land reform program create graphic organizers to help stu- buildings of steel and reinforced concrete, adorned with internal problems? dents review content. Greek columns, appeared in many Japanese cities. 6. Comparing Compare the rights of Japanese women before and after the Meiji A Return to Tradition Restoration. A national reaction had begun by the end of the nine- 7. Analyzing Visuals Examine the images Close teenth century, however. Many Japanese artists began to on page 505. How do these prints show a return to older techniques. In 1889, the Tokyo School of mixing of Western and Japanese cultures? Analyzing Information Fine Arts was established to promote traditional Japanese Reform efforts in Japan produced art. Japanese artists searched for a new but truly Japanese Writing About History means of expression. Some artists tried to bring together 8. Expository Writing How does the rise of dramatic changes but did not pro- native and foreign techniques. Others returned to past Japan under Emperor Meiji compare to vide security or stability. Discuss artistic traditions for inspiration. Germany under Emperor William II and changes and developments in Cultural exchange also went the other way. Japanese Otto von Bismarck? arts and crafts, porcelains, textiles, fans, folding screens, Japan that contributed to social and woodblock prints became fashionable in Europe and and economic instability. OL North America. Japanese gardens, with their close attention to the positioning of rocks and falling water, became D especially popular in the United States. (ISTORY /.,).% For help with the concepts in this section of Glencoe World History— ✓Reading Check Describing What effect did Japanese culture Modern Times, go to glencoe.com and click Study Central™. have on other nations? SECTION REVIEW

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1. Definitions for the vocabulary words are women’s rights movement; universal educa- 7. The prints show Western-style buildings and found in the section and the Glossary. tion; adopted Western technology; baseball technologies alongside Japanese buildings 2. return of shipwrecked American sailors, introduced and people in traditional and Western dress. opening of two ports to Western traders, 5. New tax did not vary by size of harvest; 8. Students should note that the Meiji consti- establishment of a U.S. consulate in Japan many farmers were forced to sell their land. tution was modeled after Germany’s consti- 3. Liberals: most power to parliament; 6. Before: subject to the “three obediences,” tution, and that both built up the military Progressives: most power to executive required to marry around age sixteen, no and expanded their territory. Students branch. Progressives won. shared inheritance rights, little access to should also note that Germany’s emperors 4. Meiji constitution modeled after Imperial education; After: could seek education, had more power than the Japanese Germany; industry grew; established colo- family role enforced by Civil Code emperor. nial empire; compulsory military service;

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Modern Times Focus Sumo Wrestling: The Sport of Giants Introducing Social History Survey students to find out how Wrestling in Asia began more than 2,400 years ago. In Japan, Shinto many are sports fans. Ask them practices helped produce sumo by the third century A.D. By the eighth century, Japanese leaders were holding imperial sumo tournaments at court, while how they express their loyalty to warriors embraced it as a martial art. Official rules made sumo a professional their favorite teams or athletes. sport in the eighteenth century. Then ask why they enjoy watch- ing competitions. Tell them that the national sport of Japan is sumo wrestling and that it has a devoted fan base that stretches Major sumo tournaments in the 1800s back for centuries. were held in temporary open-air theaters built on Shinto temple The roof over a sumo ring was grounds. These theaters could hold designed to resemble a Shinto up to 3,000 spectators. shrine. The four pillars Teach represented the four seasons.

S Skill Practice S Visual Literacy Have students study the visual. Ask: In what ways has the sport of sumo wrestling changed since the 1700s? (Judges began sitting with their backs to the pillars; official rules Sumo wrestlers were the earliest came into being.) OL After 1780, four elders sat on the sports heroes in Japan and were platform with their backs to the especially popular with fans in pillars. These sumo elders their home province. R Reading Strategy served as judges for the match. Inferring Ask: Based on the images and information pre- sented on this page, how were THE NATIONAL SPORT OF JAPAN Kajinosuke and Kisaburo most likely viewed by Japanese soci- Tanikaze Kajinosuke and Onogawa Kisaburo were the top sumo wres- ety? (They were probably heroes, tlers of the late eighteenth century. Their intense rivalry greatly boosted looked up to by the people.) OL R the sport’s popularity. In 1909, a new national stadium cemented sumo’s status. Wrestlers eat a special diet to increase weight, while they train to build speed, power, and stamina. Underneath the exterior of a sumo wrestler is a muscular and agile body. Additional

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Sumo Wrestling There are six major sumo exciting events take place later in the day, have earned that title. Although the rules tournaments during the year. These are with various ceremonies interspersed. There are fairly simple, wrestlers are watched called basho and take place every other are several hundred professional sumo closely by a referee, four assistant judges, month. The competitions last for fifteen wrestlers in Japan. A strict ranking system and a chief judge to make sure that there days. During each of those days, a strict accords only a rare few the status of “grand are no infringements. Kicking in the stom- schedule is followed. The early bouts feature champion” or Yokozuna. In fact, in the his- ach, hair pulling, poking in the eyes, chok- less-experienced wrestlers, and the most tory of the sport, fewer than 100 wrestlers ing, and punching are strictly forbidden.

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Modern Times Referees wear heavy silk kimonos resembling those once worn by In modern Japan, only sumo samurai and black imperial hats wrestlers are allowed to wear Assess/Close similar to those traditionally worn the topknot—the traditional by Shinto priests. symbol of samurai rank. Drawing Conclusions Ask: What does the sport of sumo wrestling reveal about the culture of Japan? (The past is important to the Japanese. This is shown by the adherence of sumo wrestlers to traditions.) OL

Answers: 1. Shinto played a defining role in the origin of sumo. The religion’s continuing influence The loincloth worn by sumo wrestlers was allows modern fans to con- first developed in the eighteenth century. nect with part of their nation’s When unfolded, the cultural heritage. silk or cotton loincloth is 2.5 feet wide and 2. Sumo wrestling reveals that more than 30 feet long. sports can have great cultural significance. Competing teams and individuals stir civic and regional pride among Common sumo techniques fans. A sumo wrestler wins a match by include charging, pushing, forcing his opponent out of the sidestepping, slapping, and central circle or by forcing him to throwing. Matches are often touch the ground with anything over in a few seconds. other than the soles of his feet.

THE CEREMONY OF SUMO ANALYZING VISUALS 1. Interpreting Why do you Closely linked to Shinto roots, sumo includes centuries-old rituals. think modern sumo compe- Before a match each contestant stamps on the floor and scatters salt titions continue to include Shinto rituals and clothing? around the ring to drive away demons and purify the competition 2. area. Its link to the country’s most ancient religion further strength- Making Inferences What does sumo wrestling ens the sport’s place in Japanese culture. Sumo tournaments continue indicate about the cultural to draw capacity crowds and large television audiences. significance of sports?

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Health Have students look carefully at the agile, even though they may weigh more sessions, or keiko. They should consult their images on this page. Ask: Does the size of than 300 pounds. They eat plentiful meals, physical education teacher as well as print the wrestlers automatically determine the such as seaweed stew, to gain weight, but and electronic resources. Then have groups outcome of the match? Explain. (Answers at the same time, they undergo training ses- prepare short demonstrations of some of will vary, but students should note that the sions to enable them to maintain muscle the exercises and explain what skills each wrestler’s technique and his flexibility and development. Ask students to work in small one helps the wrestler to develop. OL strength seem to determine who wins.) Tell groups to find out more about the physical students that most sumo wrestlers are quite activities that wrestlers do in their practice

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Modern Times Chapter 15 • Visual Summary Visual Summary You can study anywhere, anytime by downloading quizzes Identifying Tell students that and flash cards to your PDA from glencoe.com. the Visual Summary highlights the Sale of British Goods to China main ideas of Chapter 15. Ask students to read the text and exam- IMPERIALISM in China ine the images. Point out that • The Qing dynasty began to decline due to each image specifically relates to pressure from the West and internal corruption. one of the main idea statements • Western nations and Japan created spheres of influence in China to gain exclusive trading rights. in each bulleted list. Have stu- • In order to secure its own trading rights, the United dents identify which statement States proposed an Open Door trading policy. each image represents and then consider images that would illustrate the other statements. They Britain established a sphere of may cite images from the chapter influence in Guangzhou, China. or from the photo-essays they created for their Chapter Project. Discuss students’ ideas as a The Revolution of 1911 Brings class. OL an End to the Qing Dynasty

Verbal/Linguistic Have stu- REVOLUTION AND dents use the headings and bul- TRANSITION in China leted lists to create a chapter • After China failed to reform, Sun Yat-sen led a outline. Students should add one rebellion that ended the Qing dynasty. • Lacking military and political strength, Sun was or two details or examples to each unable to establish a stable government. main idea statement. BL • European traders brought new ideas to China that changed the lives of many Chinese.

Imperial officials flee from the city of Tientsin during the Chinese revolution.

Commodore Perry Arrives in Edo Bay to Negotiate Opening of Trade With Japan

Many credit Japan’s rapid modernization to the TRADE AND Western technology that Perry introduced. Here he presents a model train to the Japanese. IMPERIALISM of Japan • After signing the Treaty of Kanagawa, Japan opened two ports for Western trade. • The Meiji government tried to modernize its political, economic, and social structure. • Japan built up its military and began expanding its territory. • Western ideas and technology influenced Hands-On Japanese culture. Chapter Project Step 4: Wrap-Up

Creating a Photo-Essay 0748_C22_VS_879981.inddthe rest 748 of the class. They should read aloud discuss the Essential Question from the8/20/08 10:26:09 AM 0749_0751_C22_CA_879981.indd 749 9/26/08 12:16:33 PM each caption and tell why each image was beginning of the project: How did Western Step 4: Presenting the Photo-Essay chosen and how it relates to one of the ideas and technology accelerate change in Students will present their completed section-based Big Ideas. As students pre- China and Japan between 1840 and 1910? photo-essays to an audience. sent their essays, encourage audience mem- Ask: How did creating your photo-essay Directions: Have students prepare to dis- bers to ask questions. Use this opportunity help you answer the Essential Question? play their photo-essays. Then have students to assess students’ projects, as well. After all Have students write their response in a brief take turns presenting their photo-essays to students have finished their presentations, essay. OL

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Modern Times Assessment Chapter 15 • Assessment Answers and Analyses Reviewing Vocabulary Reviewing Main Ideas Reviewing Vocabulary Directions: Choose the word or words that best complete the Directions: Choose the best answers to the following questions. sentence. 1. A Students should recall from Section 1 (pp. 488–495) their reading that provincial 1. China formed legislative assemblies at the , or local, 6. The Qing dynasty restricted European merchants to a small means local; therefore, A is the level. trading outlet at what port? A best answer. provincial A Guangzhou B global B Chang Jiang 2. C Open Door policies removed C national C Hong Kong exclusive trading rights. Extrater- D maritime D Wuhan ritoriality and self-strengthening

2. policies do not relate to trade. European states created in China for their exclusive 7. Who led the Tai Ping Rebellion? trading rights. Thus, C is correct. A Henry Pu Yi A Open Door policies B Hong Xiuquan 3. D Students should look for B self-strengthening policies C Guang Xu the term that means political C spheres of influence D Sun Yat-sen compromises. Indemnities are D extraterritoriality payments; prefectures are terri- 8. Why did U.S. secretary of state John Hay propose the Open 3. Some shogunate officials recommended , or political tories; commodities are products. Door policy? compromises, to the U.S. trade proposals. Therefore, the correct response is A To gain a sphere of influence in China for the United States A indemnities concessions. B To prevent a Chinese rebellion against Western imperialists B prefectures C To prevent rival imperialists from expanding into other C commodities 4. B Based on the previous ques- parts of Asia D concessions tion, students should recall that D To assure equal access to the Chinese market for all nations an indemnity is a payment, which 4. For damages that the Boxer Rebellion caused, China had to Section 2 (pp. 496–501) makes it the correct answer. pay an . 9. Who formed the Revolutionary Alliance in China in 1905? A invoice 5. B Students should look for A Guang Xu B indemnity the term that means “marketable B Henry Pu Yi C armistice products.” Motives and phases do C Sun Yat-sen D executive order not relate to marketable products. D Hong Xiuquan 5. In China in the 1800s, a national market existed for , marketable products such as oil, copper, salt, and tea. Reviewing Main Ideas A porcelain 6. A Students can eliminate B TEST-TAKING commodities Chang Jiang, which is a river, not a C motives When you read a map, pay careful attention to the title and port. Hong Kong is an island so it, D phases to the map legend. The legend gives information crucial to too, is not a logical answer. understanding the map. The information in the legend may also help you eliminate answer choices that are incorrect. 7. B This question requires stu- Need Extra Help? dents to recall factual information If You Missed Questions . . . 123456789GO ON from Section 1. Go to Page . . . 496 493 502 495 499 489 490 494 497

CHAPTER 15 East Asia Under Challenge 513

0748_C22_VS_879981.indd 748 8/20/08 10:26:09 AM 0749_0751_C22_CA_879981.indd8. D Choice 749 A may appeal to some students, 9. C While all the choices are Chinese leaders,9/26/08 12:16:33 PM but Hay’s Open Door Policy proposed equal students can use the process of elimination to trade among nations in the Chinese market. reach the correct answer. Students may also recall that although Sun Yat-sen formed the TEST-TAKING alliance, he was in the United States when the revolution took place. For Question 8: Eliminate answers that don‘t make sense. For example, choices B and C relate to imperialism, not trade.

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Modern Times Chapter 15 • Assessment Assessment 10. B Henry Pu Yi, an infant, took the throne as the last Chinese 10. Who was China’s last emperor? Critical Thinking A emperor when Guang Xu and his Sun Yat-sen Directions: Choose the best answers to the following questions. aunt, Empress Dowager Ci Xi, died B Henry Pu Yi one day apart from each other. C Ci Xi Use the following map and your knowledge of world history to answer question 15. D Guang Xu 11. A Traditional Chinese culture Japanese Expansion 1873–1910 had been based on Confucian 11. Early twentieth-century Chinese culture reﬂ ected a struggle teachings, including the “three between Western social ideas and what traditional Chinese Sakhalin N beliefs? RUSSIA obediences” and other social W E A Confucian 120°E 140°E ideals. S d Karafuto an sl B l I Shinto ri MANCHURIA Ku C il TEST-TAKING Islamic ur s Vladivostokn K d a lan p Hokkaido Is D Hindu a ) Liaodong J a f e K o S 40°N For Question 11: ngPeninsula O ea st Remind S Ea Port Arthur R ( Honshu E N students to read all four choices Section 3 (pp. 502–509) A PATokyo (Edo) Yellow Kyoto JA before marking their answer, even 12. What United States president sent Matthew Perry to deliver Sea Osaka PACIFIC CHINA Shikoku if they feel certain that the ﬁ rst a letter to Japan? Shanghai Nagasaki Kyushu OCEAN s A Theodore Roosevelt d answer is correct. an Isl B yu James Monroe Ryuk Japanese borders in 1873 Lands claimed byTropic 1875 of Cancer C Millard Fillmore Taiwan 12. C This question requires stu- Pescadores Lands wonN after D Woodrow Wilson Sino–Japanese War, 1895 dents to recall factual information Lands Wlost by Russia after PHILIPPINES E Russo–Japanese War, 1905 from Section 3. 13. (U.S.) S What does Meiji mean in English? Lands annexed in 1910 A Enlightened reform 13. D Students can easily elimi- B Majestic rule nate choices B and C. While the 15. C Emancipated reform Which statement below is true? Meiji Restoration was a period of A D Enlightened rule Japan won a large amount of Manchuria’s territory from reform, the young emperor Mut- China. suhito called his reign the Meiji, B Japan went to war with Russia after annexing Korea. 14. The attack on Port Arthur began the war between what two meaning “enlightened rule.” nations? C Japan won the Ryukyu Islands from Russia. A Japan and Korea D Japan won influence over Taiwan from China. 14. C The surprise attack by the B China and Japan Japanese on the Russian naval 16. C Japan and Russia What is the main reason why Emperor Guang Xu’s reform base at Port Arthur sparked the efforts failed? D China and Korea Russo-Japanese War; thus the cor- A Empress Dowager Ci Xi opposed them. rect answer is Japan and Russia. B They favored agriculture, not the elite classes. C They ended the influence of foreigners. D The conservatives supported them.

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514 CHAPTER 15 East Asia Under Challenge

0749_0751_C22_CA_879981.inddCritical Thinking 750 16. A Conservatives at court, as well as the 8/20/08 10:27:28 AM 0749_0751_C22_CA_879981.indd 751 8/20/08 10:27:36 AM Empress Dowager Ci Xi, opposed Guang Xu’s 15. D Students should read all four choices reform eff orts. A dominant force, Ci Xi had and use the map to determine if each is true or Guang Xu imprisoned, ending his reforms and false. his rule.

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Modern Times Assessment Chapter 15 • Assessment Document-Based 17. Why did Chinese reformers accept General Yuan Shigai as Document-Based Questions president of their new republic? Questions Directions: Analyze the document and answer the short-answer A The majority of the peasants supported Yuan. questions that follow the document. Base your answers on the 20. He thinks that they are not B Yuan controlled the army. document and on your knowledge of world history. well-informed, but vulgar, rustic, C The reformers trusted Yuan’s clear support for democratic and ignorant of the general situa- institutions. Zhang Zhidong, a leading Chinese court official, argued: tion of the world. D Yuan promised to be an enlightened emperor. “The doctrine of people’s rights will bring us not a single 21. Many conservatives or tradi- 18. Which statement below expresses a true comparison benefi t but a hundred evils. Are we going to establish a tionalists opposed reforms; they between the Boxer Rebellion and the Tai Ping Rebellion? parliament? Among the Chinese scholars and people there saw little advantage in copying are still many today who are content to be vulgar and A The Boxer Rebellion lasted longer than the Tai Ping rustic. They are ignorant of the general situation in the the Western form of government Rebellion. world, they do not understand the basic system of the because they believed adoption B The Tai Ping Rebellion was aimed at the Qing dynasty, state.” and the Boxer Rebellion was aimed at outsiders. of foreign ideas led to disorder. C The leaders of both rebellions were anti-Christian. Conservatives believed Chinese D The Tai Ping rebels were upset by the foreign takeover of 20. What does Zhang Zhidong think about the Chinese people? rules needed to be reformed, Chinese lands, but the Boxer rebels sought social reforms. 21. Based on what you have learned of the Qing dynasty, why not rejected in favor of Western would a court offi cial be against forming a parliament? practices. The cartoon below, showing the Russian bear and a man representing What did a parliament represent to Chinese traditionalists? Japan, was published just before the Russo-Japanese War. Base your answer to question 19 on this cartoon. Extended Response Extended Response 22. To build a “rich country and a strong state,” the Japanese 22. The Japanese practice of sub- government subsidized (provided funds for) its industries. sidizing new industries helped Evaluate the reasons for Japan’s decision. The potential need for subsidy is not unique to Japan. Imagine that you encourage the growth of indus- are the president of a newly colonized island. Explain how tries, leading to a stronger econ- you would promote the growth of industry on your island. omy. Students’ plans for growth 23. Research the components of a revolution. Choose either should be based on sound the American or French Revolution and compare it to the Chinese revolution of 1911. Which one more closely reasoning. matches the defi nition of a revolution? Why? Be sure to use specifi c examples. 23. Answers will vary based on a student’s research and choice of 19. Which of the following statements best expresses the mes- sage in the cartoon? American or French Revolution. A Russia wants to provoke war, while Japan wants to avoid it. The Chinese revolution of 1911 B If the confrontation leads to war, Japan will surely win. was more of a collapse of the old C Confronting Russia is a risky move for Japan. order than a true revolution. The D discussion of the American or The Russians fear Japanese military strength. (ISTORY /.,).% For additional test practice, use Self-Check Quizzes— French Revolution should include Chapter 15 at glencoe.com. mention of how the revolution caused the political and social

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Introduce students to chapter 0749_0751_C22_CA_879981.indd 750 8/20/08 10:27:28 AM 0749_0751_C22_CA_879981.indd17. B Sun 751 Yat-sen and his colleagues accepted 19. C After reading the question, students8/20/08 10:27:36 AM content(ISTORY and/.,).% key terms by hav- Yuan Shigai only because they lacked the mili- should examine the cartoon and identify its ingFor additionalthem access test the practice, Chapter use 22 tary force to compete with his control over the main idea before reading the answer choices. OverviewSelf-Check at Quizzes—Chapter glencoe.com. 15 army. Thus, choice B is correct. Then, as students read each choice, they can at glencoe.com. look for the one that agrees with their own 18. B The strongest distracter is choice D, main idea statement. Need Extra Help? which has the goals of the two rebellions Have students refer to the reversed. Therefore, B is correct. pagesNeed listedExtra Help?if they miss any of theHave questions. students refer to the pages listed if they miss any of the questions.

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Modern Times NOTEBOOK NOTEBOOK

Focus Step Lively! VERBATIM Introducing Those looking to trip the light fantastic should In a week, I suppose, I shall think it head south of the border. In cities from Ha- very“ natural, but the subservience of TIME Notebook vana, Cuba, to Buenos Aires, Argentina, the exu- the natives to a handful of white men, Invite volunteers to read aloud the berance and passion of Latin American countries who have got into this country, shocks is on display in their popular dances. A melting pot of me at the moment. interview between an English fac- ” FANNY EDEN,

African, native, and European cultures has produced CHRISTEL GERSTENBERG/CORBIS tory worker and a member of Par- many new styles of dance. Here are a few types of this sister of a British official, liament. Ask: How would you fantastic footwork. on arriving in India in 1836 Men of the South! It is better to describe the life of an English Tango: Workers created this dramatic dance in Buenos Aires, in the last quarter of the 19th die“ on your feet than to live on your factory worker in the nineteenth century. It borrows from African rhythms and knees. century? (A factory worker works from such traditional dances as waltzes. As a ” EMILIANO ZAPATA, couple moves around the dance fl oor, one guerrilla leader who fought in the long hours for little pay and proba- D Mexican Revolution of 1911 partner may stop while the other dances around bly has a short life span.) him or her. An individual should not have too Samba: much“ freedom. A nation should have This was once part of Carnival absolute freedom. parades in Brazil. Dancers move their ” SUN YAT-SEN, feet only a few inches and bend one knee the leader of the Nationalist revolution Teach at a time. They raise and lower their hips in China that toppled the imperial gov- in time to the music. The tango ernment and replaced it with a republic Rumba: The rumba began in Havana in the 1890s as an Afro-Cuban It was the secrets of heaven and Differentiated dance. The dancers’ movements are very slow and rhythmic, with much earth“ that I desired to learn. D Instruction hip movement and boxlike steps. VICTOR FRANKENSTEIN,” Merengue: Originating in the Dominican Republic in the 18th century, on his goal of bringing the merengue is a series of fast steps. Partners stand side to side and the Monster to life, in the 1818 novel Kinesthetic Show a video that Frankenstein, by Mary Shelley demonstrates popular dances from circle each other in short steps, always holding each other’s hands. Although the music is fast, the dancers keep their upper bodies still. Latin America. Encourage students to learn one of these dances to Q & A: AN ENGLISH FACTORY WORKER TELLS ALL present to the class. OL Not everyone’s life has been improved by the Industrial Revolution. Take factory workers, for example. They must toil long hours in mind-numbing, C Critical Thinking often dangerous jobs. This eye-opening interview took place in 1832 between 53-year-old Charles Aberdeen, who started working in a cotton factory at the Determining Cause and age of 12, and members of the British House of Commons. Effect According to the factory Q [Parliament members]: Is [your job] Q: Has this increased labour any worker in the interview, children dangerous employment? visible effect upon the appearance of the children? who work in factories tend to be C A [Aberdeen]: Very dangerous [for new pale. Ask: Why are these children workers], but they get used to it. A: It causes a paleness. A factory child may be known easily from another Q: Are the hours shorter or longer at pale? (Factory workers spend most child that does not work in a factory. present, than when you were appren- of their days inside.) BL tice to a cotton mill? Q: What is the age to which those that CLASSIC IMAGE/ALAMY have been accustomed from early A: Much the same. . . . I have done youth to work in factories survive? twice the quantity of work that I used to do, for less wages. Machines have A: I think that most of them die been speeded. under forty. Additional

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Child Labor during the Industrial developed in England and were based in The British government attempted to limit Revolution By the middle of the eigh- the textile industry. As the number of facto- the number of hours children could work. teenth century, life in Great Britain began to ries increased, the number of working poor At first, regulations only applied to children change. These changes make up the Indus- likewise grew. In London in 1840 only about in the textile industry. Children who worked trial Revolution, which occurred roughly 20 percent of the children attended school. in other occupations, such as chimney between 1750 and 1830. It was a time when Most children had to work full time, often sweeping, weren’t so lucky. In 1847, how- machines began to replace individual crafts- under dreadful conditions and for very low ever, the government finally decreed that people and factories took over produc- wages. In the textile industry, children as children and adults could not work longer tion from family farms. The first factories young as five worked sixteen-hour days. than ten hours a day.

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Modern Times AN ERA OF EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM: NOTEBOOK 1800–1914 D Differentiated Spreading BY THE NUMBERS Instruction Verbal/Linguistic Invite stu- the Word 8 Hours it took to take the first photograph, called a “heliograph,” by dents to brainstorm a list of Span- Great Britain has received Frenchman Joseph Niépce in 1826 ish words that have found a home more than trade benefi ts from India, its prize terri- 90.4 in English, and to speculate on tory. The British Empire’s Percentage of Africa controlled by colonial powers in 1900 how Spanish words in general “jewel in the crown” has given Britain the gift of D 3 might have become part of the words. Many Indian words The number of countries out of 13 English vocabulary. OL STAPLETON COLLECTION/CORBIS have been incorporated into on the South American mainland that have not gained independence at the the English language, from end of the 19th century curry to jungle. Here are just a few of these linguistic 285 emigrants. However, one of Number of athletes that Assess/Close competed in the first modern Olympic the words is not Indian. Games, held in Athens, Greece, in Summarizing Have students Can you guess which? 1896 write a paragraph summarizing 1. bandanna 4. pajamas 7. shampoo 10. bungalow the era of European imperialism. 2. juggernaut 5. loot 8. safari 11. guru

3. thug 6. khaki 9. candy 12. cot OL Answer: Answer: 8 Milestones Visit the TIME Web site at www.time.com for up-to-date DIED. GEORGE GORDON, Lord By- experiments with radium, she car- news, weekly magazine articles, ron, in 1824, at age 36, after a brief ries around test tubes of it and stores illness. The English Romantic poet is the radioactive material in her desk. editorials, online polls, and an one of today’s most famous and con- This top scientist is sure to have an archive of past magazine and Web

troversial writers. Among his works POPPERFOTO/ALAMY even more glowing future! articles. are Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage and INFECTED. CATTLE IN AFRICA Don Juan. Like the subjects of his by writings, Byron was a rebellious anti- a disease called rinderpest. By 1897, hero. At the time of Byron’s death, he the contagious virus had killed was fi ghting for Greece’s indepen- between 90 and 95 percent of all dence from Turkey. To Greeks, he is cattle. It also took large numbers 32 Answers: not an anti-hero—he is a hero. of buffalo, giraffes, antelopes, and The millions of people who died warthogs. The epidemic has caused from lack of food during famines in 1. Answers may include that ABOLISHED. SLAVERY in the British starvation among Africans and has India between 1800 and 1900 factory conditions needed Empire, by the Slavery Abolition also affected the social life of many to be changed. Act of 1833. Slave holders have been ethnic groups: for cattle owners, paid for freeing the people they had their animals are an important 2. Families could no longer sus- enslaved. In one instance, the British source of wealth and power. tain themselves. Entire vil- government gave plantation owners in the Caribbean a total of 20 million CRITICAL THINKING lages might have fallen into pounds. ruin as people moved else- AWARDED. THE NOBEL PRIZE for 1. Identifying Central Issues What conclusion do you think where in order to survive. Chemistry in 1911, to Marie Curie, the members of the House of Commons who interviewed for the discovery of the elements Charles Aberdeen came to about factory conditions? polonium and radium. Madame Curie is so intensely focused on her 2. Hypothesizing What social effects might the death of cattle have had on Africans?

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Making Connections Ask: What are conditions. Not all workers benefited from safety codes to protect themselves against workers’ rights? During the Industrial these reforms, however. Toward the end of black lung disease. Have students investi- Revolution in England, workers had none the century, many organized themselves gate recent efforts involving workers’ rights of the benefits or safeguards that many of into labor unions in order to press for using Internet sources. Encourage students today’s workers enjoy in the United States. changes. The struggle for workers’ rights to cite information that they have found In response to the plight of English work- has continued in many countries around while discussing why supporting workers, Parliament in the nineteenth century the world. For example, in the 1960s, Appa- ers’ rights continues to be an important passed legislation designed to improve lachian coal miners organized for improved issue. AL

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Modern Times