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The Communist Nuclear Era : Bulgarian Atomic Community During the Cold War, 1944-1986

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The Communist Nuclear Era : Bulgarian Atomic Community During the Cold War, 1944-1986 The communist nuclear era : bulgarian atomic community during the Cold War, 1944-1986 Citation for published version (APA): Hristov, I. T. (2014). The communist nuclear era : bulgarian atomic community during the Cold War, 1944-1986. Amsterdam University Press. https://doi.org/10.6100/IR770869 DOI: 10.6100/IR770869 Document status and date: Published: 01/01/2014 Document Version: Publisher’s PDF, also known as Version of Record (includes final page, issue and volume numbers) Please check the document version of this publication: • A submitted manuscript is the version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can be important differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers. Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal. If the publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license above, please follow below link for the End User Agreement: www.tue.nl/taverne Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us at: [email protected] providing details and we will investigate your claim. Download date: 28. Sep. 2021 The Communist Nuclear Era 2 The Communist Nuclear Era This publication is made possible by Eindhoven University of Technology and the Foundation for the History of Technology. ISBN 978 90 8964 653 8 e-ISBN 978 90 4852 319 1 © 2014, Ivaylo Hristov No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Design and typesetting: Ellen Bouma, Alkmaar, the Netherlands Cover picture Loading a Reactor originates from the personal archive of Mitko Iankov. Amsterdam University Press, Herengracht 221, NL-1016 BG Amsterdam www.aup.nl Acknowledgments 3 The Communist Nuclear Era Bulgarian Atomic Community during the Cold War, 1944-1986 PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus, prof.dr.ir. C.J. van Duijn, voor een commissie aangewezen door het College voor Promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op donderdag 23 januari 2014 om 16.00 uur door Ivaylo Tsvetanov Hristov geboren te Plovdiv, Bulgarije 4 The Communist Nuclear Era Dit proefschrift is goedgekeurd door de promotor: Prof.dr. J.W. Schot Copromotoren: Dr. I. Tchalakov Dr.ir. E.B.A. van der Vleuten Acknowledgments 5 Acknowledgements The thesis is done. After more than four years of work, the entire text is ready. Writing a PhD dissertation was a very long journey, during which I met many people who did not understand what I was doing, many of whom asked me if I am a physicist. Dealing with nuclear technology seemed scary enough to forget that my main purpose was to reveal only the historical part of the story. Fortunately, I also met people and friends who attempted to understand the topic. Undoubtedly, the most fruitful contacts I had were with my colleagues and supervisors. Travelling to many places in Europe gave me a richer perspective and a better view of the European nature of my research, while summer schools in Greece, Germany, and Finland enriched my knowledge of many historical topics and approaches. In addition to being part of such a wonderful professional commu- nity, I also adopted the European manner of living. In this way, my work received a “lived” sense of open borders and thoughts. Of course, this would have been impossible without sharing the experience with my colleagues Jíra Janác, Emiliya Karaboeva, and Elitsa Stoilova, with whom I had very fruitful discussions. My three supervisors – Johan Schot, Ivan Tchalakov, and Erik van der Vleuten – contributed significantly to this dissertation. Their advice, patience, and regular discussions helped guide my thoughts to what is now the complete version of this work. Particularly influential was my Bulgarian supervisor, Ivan Tchalkov, who regularly reviewed my draft chapters and gave me guidance on how to write a good thesis. His interaction with my Bulgarian writings, from which this dissertation was actually born, was very important. In this respect, Erik van der Vleuten and Johan Schot provided useful comments and comprehensive explanations on the English versions of the chapters. My three supervisors significantly influenced the last stages of my writings. This reflected the most serious aspect of my work, which required methodological clarity and conceptualization. I would like to thank all of the colleagues I met at Eindhoven Technical University, including Alexander Badenoch, Vincent Lagendijk, Suzanne Lommers, Gijs Mom, Ruth Oldenziel, Frank Schipper, and M. Luísa Sousa. Of course, these were not the only colleagues who supported my work. I am also grateful to Dobrinka Parusheva and Iliana Marcheva for their comments and supportive discussions in Sofia and Plovdiv. I would also like to thank the EDF Foundation 6 The Communist Nuclear Era for awarding me with a research grant, which enabled me to spend one and a half years in Sofia and fulfill my research at the archives there. In addition, the SHOT organization gave me the opportunity to be an international scholar and partici- pate in a professional community of historians of technology, which was a very useful part of my scientific experience. My project was part of the PhD Program on Hidden Integration in Central, Eastern and South Eastern Europe, organized and managed by the Foundation for the History of Technology. Therefore, I owe special thanks to the foundation and its staff, particularly Jan Korsten and Sonja Beekers. My special thanks are due to the people from the nuclear centers and the nuclear plant, who were extremely kind and created a friendly atmosphere. The most supportive person was Professor Nikola Balabanov from the Physical faculty in Plovdiv University, who connected me with people from the Bulgarian Nuclear Regulatory Agency, the nuclear experimental base near Sofia, and the Kozloduy nuclear power plant. During these meetings, I met such individuals as Natalia Ianeva, Sergei Tzotchev, Mitko Iankov, Stoian Stoianov, Rangel Simov, Over Tadjer, and Kiril Nikolov, among many others. During my journey, I also received support from my friend Elena Raykova and from my colleague Tihomir Mitev, as well as my family, my parents, my brother, and my son Kaloyan. All of these people were patient and waited with me until the end of this long journey. Acknowledgments 7 Table of Contents Acknowledgements 5 Introduction 9 Nuclear Power Relations in Eastern Europe 10 Concepts and Research Focus 13 A Brief Historiography of Nuclear Power 15 Sources 17 Thesis Outline 19 Chapter 1 Techno-political Revolutions in the Soviet bloc 23 The Bulgarian Communist Party’s Techno-politics 25 Company Pathways for Techno-politics 33 The Case of Bulgaria’s Communist Electrification 39 CMEA Techno-politics 42 Interpretation: Communist Techno-political Regimes 47 Conclusion 55 Chapter 2 Nuclear Science Networks in Eastern Europe 57 A Non-aggressive Soviet Nuclear Program 58 High Power Channel-type Reactors (RBMK) 62 Bulgarian Nuclear Scientists and their International Relations 66 Nuclear Technology Transfer 69 International Organization 77 Conclusion 82 Chapter 3 Bulgarian Nuclear Power: Socialist Internationalism in Action (1962-1975) 85 Nuclear Internationalism in the CMEA 86 Constructing the CMEA Power Grid 95 Bulgaria’s Nuclear Power Program 100 Techno-Political Symbols and Cultural Legitimation 109 Conclusion 112 8 The Communist Nuclear Era Chapter 4 Momentum and Decline of the East European Nuclear Power Network (1970-1986) 115 The Growing Role of International Organizations 116 Nuclear Safety in Eastern Europe 124 Bulgaria’s Nuclear Program in a New International Context 129 Bulgarian Nuclear Power in the Early 1980s 134 Decline of the East European Nuclear Network 138 Conclusion 141 Conclusion 143 Pictures 151 Pictures from the Personal Archive of Mitko Iankov 151 Pictures from the Information Center of “Kozloduy” NPP 152 Notes 153 Bibliography 181 Summary of thesis 203 Curriculum Vitae 205 Introduction 9 Introduction On March 4, 1977 a devastating earthquake hit Romania’s Vrancea region in the Eastern Carpathian Mountains. It measured 7.2 on the Richter scale and killed over 1500 people. Across the River Danube, Bulgarians too felt the quake in their houses; in the Bulgarian town of Svishtov, three concrete apartment blocks col- lapsed, killing more than a hundred people. In Kozloduy, some 150 kilometers east of Svishtov and slightly closer to the epicenter, Bulgaria’s first nuclear power plant had been inaugurated three years earlier. Its Soviet-made reactors were running at full power on the night of the quake. Although the operators and experts were not prepared for such natural catastrophes, the engineers on duty remained calm and stopped only one of the reactors while the other continued working. In actual fact, the earthquake did not seriously damage the nuclear plant and no radiation leaked.
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