L'italiano Neostandard
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L’ITALIANO NEOSTANDARD: UN’ANALISI LINGUISTICA ATTRAVERSO LA STAMPA SPORTIVA by BENIAMIN KAZIMIERZ CHALUPINSKI A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY School of Languages, Cultures, Art History and Music Department of Modern Languages Italian Studies University of Birmingham September 2013 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Abstract Since the first definition of “italiano neostandard” appeared in the Eighties, more and more often “neostandard” forms, while already present in common speech, feature today in the written media, and even find their space in contemporary grammaticography. Through a corpus-based analysis, this dissertation aims at assessing the vitality of the neostandard as it appears in the written columns of three daily papers during a selected period of time in 2007. In particular, two phenomena are explored: the usage of the clitics ci, ne and lo in function of case marker (marca complementare); and the tendency to reduce the use of the subjunctive in epistemic modality. This contribution proposes the integration of different approaches into one interpretation of mechanism of cliticization as a continuum which goes from facultative usages of case markers to obligatory ones. In the second case the phenomenon of reduction of usage of epistemic subjunctive is described here as a reorganization (ristrutturazione). According to this study, within the category of epistemic subjunctive it is necessary to distinguish particular contexts after which the subjunctive preserves its status from the ones in which tends to be substituted by the indicative or the conditional. Acknowledgements This Ph.D. dissertation could not have been completed without the help, support and patience of many kind people, to only some of whom it is possible to give particular acknowledgement here. I would like first to thank my supervisor, Dr. Paolo De Ventura, for his patient guidance, encouragement and advice throughout the duration of my research. I have been fortunate to have a supervisor who cared so much about my work. He has been of great help on both an academic and a personal level, for which I am and will always be extremely grateful. I would like also to acknowledge Dr. Jacqueline Visconti for her invaluable advice, Dr. Clodagh Brook for her constant encouragement, Prof. Lorenzo Renzi for his linguistic consultations and special thanks go to Prof. Michael Caesar for having inspired me to start this journey six years ago. Finally, I must express my gratitude to my wife Diana, for her personal support and patience. Indice Introduzione.......................................................................................................................1 I Capitolo Le varietà dell’italiano contemporaneo e lo spazio linguistico in movimento 1.1. I modelli del repertorio linguistico italiano..........................................................7 1.2. Lo spazio linguistico in movimento.....................................................................19 1.2.1. La nozione di italiano standard normativo.........................................................20 1.2.2. La nozione di italiano neostandard.....................................................................24 II Capitolo Descrizione del corpus e obiettivi della ricerca 2.1. Criteri per la progettazione del corpus..................................................................28 2.2. Elementi settoriali del corpus................................................................................35 2.3. Criteri per la scelta e la struttura del corpus..........................................................44 2.4. Software e metodologia usata per l’analisi del corpus..........................................48 2.5. Fenomeni considerati.............................................................................................51 III Capitolo Il clitico ci come marca di caso 3.1.Osservazioni generali sullo status attuale della particella ci nell’italiano contemporaneo..............................................................................................................58 3.2. Ci di ripresa in frase segmentata............................................................................66 3.2.1. Ci di ripresa locativa...........................................................................................68 3.2.2. Ci di ripresa referenziale.....................................................................................73 3.3. Ci presentativo........................................................................................................78 3.3.1. Esserci presentativo.............................................................................................80 3.3.1.1. Esserci presentativo con la localizzazione espressa.........................................81 3.3.1.2. Esserci presentativo con la localizzazione non espressa..................................88 3.3.2. Volerci presentativo.............................................................................................93 3.3.2.1. Volerci presentativo con l’oggetto indiretto referenziale espresso..................94 3.3.2.1. Volerci presentativo con l’oggetto indiretto referenziale non espresso...........96 3.3.3. Starci presentativo................................................................................................97 3.4. Ci desemantizzato...................................................................................................99 3.4.1.1. Ci desemantizzato morfologizzato al verbo.....................................................100 3.4.1.2. Ci desemantizzato non necessario per la semantica del verbo.........................106 3.4.2. Ci desemantizzato nelle polirematiche................................................................111 3.5. Conclusioni.............................................................................................................115 IV Capitolo Il clitico ne come marca di caso 4.1. Il clitico ne in rassegna grammaticale..................................................................132 4.2. Ne in frase segmentata..........................................................................................137 4.2.1. Ne come ripresa partitiva...................................................................................138 4.2.2. Ne come ripresa dei complimenti indiretti.........................................................145 4.3. Ne in usi particolari...............................................................................................154 4.3.1. Ne desemantizzato..............................................................................................155 4.3.2. Ne desemantizzato nelle polirematiche..............................................................157 4.3.3. Ne in frasi ellittiche............................................................................................160 4.4. Conclusioni ..........................................................................................................162 V Capitolo Il clitico lo neutro come marca di caso 5.1. Il clitico lo in rassegna grammaticale...................................................................167 5.2. Lo neutro accusativo.............................................................................................170 5.3. Lo predicativo.......................................................................................................188 5.4. Conclusioni...........................................................................................................189 VI Capitolo Il congiuntivo in approccio di modalità epistemica 6.1. Il congiuntivo: uso neostandard e descrizione grammaticale...............................193 6.2. Congiuntivo dopo verbi epistemici.......................................................................200 6.3. Congiuntivo dopo nomi e aggettivi epistemici.....................................................220 6.4. Conclusioni...........................................................................................................239 Conclusioni.......................................................................................................................247 Bibliografia.......................................................................................................................266 Abbreviazioni e notazioni convenzionali O IND– oggetto indiretto S – soggeto V – verbo SVO – Soggetto Verbo Oggetto OSV – Oggetto Soggetto Verbo SN – sintagma nominale SP – sintagma preposizionale *A – A è agrammaticale (A) – A è facoltativo (?) A – A è ai limiti di accettabilità CS – Corriere dello Sport – Stadio GS – La Gazzetta dello Sport Ts - Tuttosport Introduzione Sono passati vari anni dalle descrizioni dell’italiano dell’uso medio o del neostandard presentate da Sabatini (1985) e Berruto (1987) in cui vengono anche indicati i tratti tipici del parlato, che cominciano a penetrare a livello scritto, creando una varietà