Standardizing Minority Languages
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The English Language: Did You Know?
The English Language: Did You Know? **English is the most widespread language in the world and is more widely spoken and written than any other language. Over 400 million people use the English vocabulary as a mother tongue, only surpassed in numbers by speakers of the many varieties of Chinese. **Here are all the countries in which English is the official spoken language: **Of all the world's languages (over 2,700) English is the richest in vocabulary with approximate- ly 250,000 different words. The Oxford English Dictionary lists about 500,000 words, and there are a half-million technical and scientific terms still uncatalogued. **Three-quarters of the world's mail is in English, and the most widely published language is Eng- lish. In fact, more than half of the world's technical and scientific periodicals are in English, and English is the medium for 80% of the information stored in the world's computer and on the In- ternet. **Five of the largest broadcasting companies in the world (CBS, NBC, ABC, BBC and CBC) trans- mit in English, reaching millions and millions of people all over the world. **Of the 163 member nations of the U.N., more use English as their official language than any other. After English, 26 nations in the U.N. cite French as their official tongue, 21 Spanish and 17 Arabic. **English is used as the lingua franca (common language on which to build relations) between nations where English is not the primary language. In a globalized world, the number of English learners around the world is only expected to further grow. -
The Cambridge Handbook of Phonology
This page intentionally left blank The Cambridge Handbook of Phonology Phonology – the study of how the sounds of speech are represented in our minds – is one of the core areas of linguistic theory, and is central to the study of human language. This state-of-the-art handbook brings together the world’s leading experts in phonology to present the most comprehensive and detailed overview of the field to date. Focusing on the most recent research and the most influential theories, the authors discuss each of the central issues in phonological theory, explore a variety of empirical phenomena, and show how phonology interacts with other aspects of language such as syntax, morph- ology, phonetics, and language acquisition. Providing a one-stop guide to every aspect of this important field, The Cambridge Handbook of Phonology will serve as an invaluable source of readings for advanced undergraduate and graduate students, an informative overview for linguists, and a useful starting point for anyone beginning phonological research. PAUL DE LACY is Assistant Professor in the Department of Linguistics, Rutgers University. His publications include Markedness: Reduction and Preservation in Phonology (Cambridge University Press, 2006). The Cambridge Handbook of Phonology Edited by Paul de Lacy CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521848794 © Cambridge University Press 2007 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. -
CUASI NOMÁS INGLÉS: PROSODY at the CROSSROADS of SPANISH and ENGLISH in 20TH CENTURY NEW MEXICO Jackelyn Van Buren Doctoral Student, Linguistics
University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository Linguistics ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations Fall 11-15-2017 CUASI NOMÁS INGLÉS: PROSODY AT THE CROSSROADS OF SPANISH AND ENGLISH IN 20TH CENTURY NEW MEXICO Jackelyn Van Buren Doctoral Student, Linguistics Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/ling_etds Part of the Anthropological Linguistics and Sociolinguistics Commons, and the Phonetics and Phonology Commons Recommended Citation Van Buren, Jackelyn. "CUASI NOMÁS INGLÉS: PROSODY AT THE CROSSROADS OF SPANISH AND ENGLISH IN 20TH CENTURY NEW MEXICO." (2017). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/ling_etds/55 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Linguistics ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Jackelyn Van Buren Candidate Linguistics Department This dissertation is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication: Approved by the Dissertation Committee: Dr. Chris Koops, Chairperson Dr. Naomi Lapidus Shin Dr. Caroline Smith Dr. Damián Vergara Wilson i CUASI NOMÁS INGLÉS: PROSODY AT THE CROSSROADS OF SPANISH AND ENGLISH IN 20TH CENTURY NEW MEXICO by JACKELYN VAN BUREN B.A., Linguistics, University of Utah, 2009 M.A., Linguistics, University of Montana, 2012 DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico December 2017 ii Acknowledgments A dissertation is not written without the support of a community of peers and loved ones. Now that the journey has come to an end, and I have grown as a human and a scholar and a friend throughout this process (and have gotten married, become an aunt, bought a house, and gone through an existential crisis), I can reflect on the people who have been the foundation for every change I have gone through. -
Puerto Rican Pupils in Mainland Schools. TTP 003.08. Puerto Rican Spanish
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 103 375 SP 008 981 TITLE Modular Sequence: Puerto Rican Pupils in Mainland Schools. TTP 003.08. Puerto Rican Spanish. Teacher Corps Bilingual Project. INSTITUTION Hartford Univ., West Hartford, Conn. Coll, of Education. SPONS AGENCY Office of Education (DREW), Washington, D.C. Teacher Corps. NOTE 30p.; For related documents, see ED 095 128-143 and SP 008 975-987 BDRS PRICE MF-$0.76 HC-$1.95 PLUS POSTAGE DESCRIPTORS *Bilingualism; *Language Usage; *Le7.,.ning Activities; Linguistic Patterns; Linguistics; *Puerto Ricans; *Spanish Speaking IDENTIFIERS. *Learning Modules; Puerto Rico ABSTRACT Of the multitude of dialects which exemplify the Spanish language, Puerto Rican Spanish has suffered the most severe rejection by language purists and pseudolinguists. The need to take a Clear and open look at Spanish spoken in Puerto Rico is preeminent. It is the purpose of this module to clarify some major points of controversy regarding Puerto Rican Spanish by presenting an extensive discussion concerning the background and intent of the language. A preassessment and a postassessment test are included. (Author/MJM) BEST COPY TEACHER CORPS BILINGUAL PROJECT UNIVERSITY OF HARTFORD WEST HARTFORD, CONNECTICUT DR. PERRY A. ZIRKEL, DIRECTOR MODULAR SEQUENCE: PUERTO RICAN PUPILS IN MAINLAiiD SCHOOLS TTP 003.08 PUERTO RICAN SPANISH U S. DEFAMER? OP REALM. EOUCAtION & WELFARE NATIONAL INStlfUTE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO DUCEb EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGIN ATING It POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRE SENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY COLLEGE OF EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF HARTFORD WEST HARTFORD,' CONNECTICUT t)R. -
Prioritizing African Languages: Challenges to Macro-Level Planning for Resourcing and Capacity Building
Prioritizing African Languages: Challenges to macro-level planning for resourcing and capacity building Tristan M. Purvis Christopher R. Green Gregory K. Iverson University of Maryland Center for Advanced Study of Language Abstract This paper addresses key considerations and challenges involved in the process of prioritizing languages in an area of high linguistic di- versity like Africa alongside other world regions. The paper identifies general considerations that must be taken into account in this process and reviews the placement of African languages on priority lists over the years and across different agencies and organizations. An outline of factors is presented that is used when organizing resources and planning research on African languages that categorizes major or crit- ical languages within a framework that allows for broad coverage of the full linguistic diversity of the continent. Keywords: language prioritization, African languages, capacity building, language diversity, language documentation When building language capacity on an individual or localized level, the question of which languages matter most is relatively less complicated than it is for those planning and providing for language capabilities at the macro level. An American anthropology student working with Sierra Leonean refugees in Forecariah, Guinea, for ex- ample, will likely know how to address and balance needs for lan- guage skills in French, Susu, Krio, and a set of other languages such as Temne and Mandinka. An education official or activist in Mwanza, Tanzania, will be concerned primarily with English, Swahili, and Su- kuma. An administrator of a grant program for Less Commonly Taught Languages, or LCTLs, or a newly appointed language authori- ty for the United States Department of Education, Department of Commerce, or U.S. -
Finnish Inserted Vowels: a Case of Phonologized Excrescence
Nordic Journal of Linguistics (2021), page 1 of 31 doi:10.1017/S033258652100007X ARTICLE Finnish inserted vowels: a case of phonologized excrescence Robin Karlin University of Wisconsin-Madison, Waisman Center, Madison, WI, 53705, USA Email for correspondence: [email protected] (Received 12 March 2019; revised 1 September 2020; accepted 10 December 2020) Abstract In this paper, I examine a case of vowel insertion found in Savo and Pohjanmaa dialects of Finnish that is typically called “epenthesis”, but which demonstrates characteristics of both phonetic excrescence and phonological epenthesis. Based on a phonological analysis paired with an acoustic corpus study, I argue that Finnish vowel insertion is the mixed result of phonetic excrescence and the phonologization of these vowels, and is related to second-mora lengthening, another dialectal phenomenon. I propose a gestural model of second-mora lengthening that would generate vowel insertion in its original phonetic state. The link to second-mora lengthening provides a unified account that addresses both the dialectal and phonological distribution of the phenomenon, which have not been linked in previous literature. Keywords: excrescence; epenthesis; Finnish; gestures; phonetics; phonology 1. Introduction In this paper, I examine a case of vowel insertion found in Savo and Pohjanmaa dialects of Finnish that has typically been analyzed as a phonological repair, but which demonstrates characteristics of both phonetic excrescence and phonological epenthesis. Using both acoustic data and a phonological analysis of the distribution, I argue that Finnish vowel insertion originated as a phonetic intrusion, but then became phonologized over time. I follow Hall (2006) in assuming that excrescent vowels are the result of gestural underlap, and argue that the original gestural underlap was caused by second-mora lengthening, another phenomenon present in these dialects. -
Adopting a Chinese Mantle: Designing and Appropriating Chineseness 1750-1820
This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Adopting a Chinese Mantle Designing and Appropriating Chineseness 1750-1820 Newport, Emma Helen Henke Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 24. Sep. 2021 Adopting a Chinese Mantle: Designing and Appropriating Chineseness 1750-1820 Emma Helen Henke Newport King’s College London Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English Research 1 Abstract The thesis examines methods of imagining and appropriating China in Britain in the period 1750 to 1820. -
Department of English and American Studies English Language And
Masaryk University Faculty of Arts Department of English and American Studies English Language and Literature Jana Krejčířová Australian English Bachelor’s Diploma Thesis Supervisor: PhDr. Kateřina Tomková, Ph. D. 2016 I declare that I have worked on this thesis independently, using only the primary and secondary sources listed in the bibliography. …………………………………………….. Author’s signature I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor PhDr. Kateřina Tomková, Ph.D. for her patience and valuable advice. I would also like to thank my partner Martin Burian and my family for their support and understanding. Table of Contents Abbreviations ........................................................................................................... 6 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 7 1. AUSTRALIA AND ITS HISTORY ................................................................. 10 1.1. Australia before the arrival of the British .................................................... 11 1.1.1. Aboriginal people .............................................................................. 11 1.1.2. First explorers .................................................................................... 14 1.2. Arrival of the British .................................................................................... 14 1.2.1. Convicts ............................................................................................. 15 1.3. Australia in the -
Colonialism Postcolonialism
SECOND EDITION Colonialism/Postcolonialism is both a crystal-clear and authoritative introduction to the field and a cogently-argued defence of the field’s radical potential. It’s exactly the sort of book teachers want their stu- dents to read. Peter Hulme, Department of Literature, Film and Theatre Studies, University of Essex Loomba is a keen and canny critic of ever-shifting geopolitical reali- ties, and Colonialism/Postcolonialism remains a primer for the aca- demic and common reader alike. Antoinette Burton, Department of History, University of Illinois It is rare to come across a book that can engage both student and specialist. Loomba simultaneously maps a field and contributes provocatively to key debates within it. Situated comparatively across disciplines and cultural contexts, this book is essential reading for anyone with an interest in postcolonial studies. Priyamvada Gopal, Faculty of English, Cambridge University Colonialism/Postcolonialism moves adroitly between the general and the particular, the conceptual and the contextual, the local and the global, and between texts and material processes. Distrustful of established and self-perpetuating assumptions, foci and canonical texts which threaten to fossilize postcolonial studies as a discipline, Loomba’s magisterial study raises many crucial issues pertaining to social structure and identity; engaging with different modes of theory and social explanation in the process. There is no doubt that this book remains the best general introduction to the field. Kelwyn Sole, English Department, University of Cape Town Lucid and incisive this is a wonderful introduction to the contentious yet vibrant field of post-colonial studies. With consummate ease Loomba maps the field, unravels the many strands of the debate and provides a considered critique. -
2.4. Code-Mixing 70 2.5
8 El gallego y el castellano en contacto: code-switching, convergencias y otros fenómenos de contacto entre lenguas 8 Marta Pawlikowska El gallego y el castellano en contacto: code-switching, convergencias y otros fenómenos de contacto entre lenguas Łódź 2020 Marta Pawlikowska – Universidad de Łódź, Facultad de Filología, Departamento de Filología Española/ Uniwersytet Łódzki, Wydział Filologiczny, Katedra Filologii Hiszpańskiej 90-236 Łódź, ul. Pomorska 171/173 Colección/Seria “Manufactura Hispánica Lodziense” Director/Redaktor naczelny Wiaczesław Nowikow Comité de Redacción/Rada Redakcyjna Marek Baran, Agnieszka Kłosińska-Nachin, Ewa Kobyłecka-Piwońska, Agnieszka Kruszyńska Antonio María López González, Marta Pawlikowska, Amán Rosales Rodríguez, Witold Sobczak Anna Wendorff, Maria Judyta Woźniak Comité Científico/Komitet Naukowy Urszula Aszyk-Bangs (Varsovia), Beata Baczyńska (Wrocław), Janusz Bień (Lublin), Rafael Cano Aguilar (Sevilla), Silvia Dapía (New York), Santiago Fortuño Llorens (Castellón de la Plana) Francisco García Marcos (Almería), Joaquín García-Medall (Soria), Mario García-Page (Madrid) Justino Gracia Barrón (París), Tomás Jiménez Juliá (Santiago de Compostela) Silvia Kaul de Marlangeon (Río Cuarto), Margarita Lliteras (Valladolid), Rocío Luque (Udine) Juan de Dios Luque Durán (Granada), Lucía Luque Nadal (Córdoba), Luis Luque Toro (Venecia) Alfonso Martín Jiménez (Valladolid), Emilio Montero Cartelle (Santiago de Compostela), Antonio Narbona (Sevilla), Antonio Pamies Bertrán (Granada), Janusz Pawlik (Poznań), Magda -
Corpus Collection for Under-Resourced Languages with More Than One Million Speakers
Corpus collection for under-resourced languages with more than one million speakers Dirk Goldhahn1, Maciej Sumalvico1, Uwe Quasthoff1,2 Natural Language Processing Group, University of Leipzig, Germany Department of African Languages, University of South Africa, South Africa Email: { dgoldhahn, janicki, quasthoff, }@informatik.uni-leipzig.de Abstract For only 40 of about 350 languages with more than one million speakers, the situation concerning text resources is comfortable. For the remaining languages, the number of speakers indicates a need for both corpora and tools. This paper describes a corpus collection initiative for these languages. While random Web crawling has serious limitations, native speakers with knowledge of web pages in their language are of invaluable help. The aim is to give interested scholars, language enthusiasts the possibility to contribute to corpus creation or extension by simply entering a URL into the Web Interface. Using a Web portal URLs of interest are collected with the help of the respective communities. A standardized corpus processing chain for daily newspaper corpora creation is adapted to append newly added web pages to an increasing corpus. As a result we will be able to collect larger corpora for under-resourced languages by a community effort. These corpora will be made publicly available. Keywords: corpora, under-resourced languages, Web portal, community 1. Introduction links require the execution of JavaScript code by the There are about 350 languages with more than one million crawler which often produces errors. So, if a website speakers1. For about 40 of them, the situation concerning heavily uses JavaScript links and there are no other links text resources is comfortable: there are corpora of pointing to special pages (coming from another website, reasonable size and also tools like POS taggers adapted to for instance), then all but the main page might be these languages. -
Sixth Periodical Report Presented to the Secretary General of the Council of Europe in Accordance with Article 15 of the Charter
Strasbourg, 1 July 2014 MIN-LANG (2014) PR7 EUROPEAN CHARTER FOR REGIONAL OR MINORITY LANGUAGES Sixth periodical report presented to the Secretary General of the Council of Europe in accordance with Article 15 of the Charter NORWAY THE EUROPEAN CHARTER FOR REGIONAL OR MINORITY LANGUAGES SIXTH PERIODICAL REPORT NORWAY Norwegian Ministry of Local Government and Modernisation 2014 1 Contents Part I ........................................................................................................................................... 3 Foreword ................................................................................................................................ 3 Users of regional or minority languages ................................................................................ 5 Policy, legislation and practice – changes .............................................................................. 6 Recommendations of the Committee of Ministers – measures for following up the recommendations ................................................................................................................... 9 Part II ........................................................................................................................................ 14 Part II of the Charter – Overview of measures taken to apply Article 7 of the Charter to the regional or minority languages recognised by the State ...................................................... 14 Article 7 –Information on each language and measures to implement