The Urban Studies Journal

Spring 2004 Volume 1, Issue 1

A University and a City: Brown’s Financial Relationship with Providence

BY LAURA LEHMAN '04

“As citizens and as major institutions in the city, we have a stake in the success of the city as great as anybody else.” Ruth Simmons

The growth of Ivy League universities often parallels that of the cities in which they are located. Recently, this symbiotic relationship is being further emphasized. At many schools, the interdependence of city and university is creating changes in both the attitude of the city towards the university and vice versa.

Nonprofit Universities have long existed as tax-exempt institutions nationwide because they service the public interest, noted Richard Spies, Vice-President for Planning and Senior Advisor to the Brown University President. Nonetheless, in the last two decades, many Ivy League institutions such as Harvard, Yale and Princeton began paying a yearly contracted cash Table of Contents payment to their respective city. The reason behind this radical change is the recognition of the fact A University and a that, although universities provide countless services and assets to their cities, they also --however City: Brown's Finan- inadvertently -- drain the city of funds. Why? The land that the University buys is tax-exempt which cial Relationship with deprives the city of a large amount of property tax. Furthermore, city taxpayers pay for services from Providence ...... 1 which many off-campus university students benefit, including the fire department, police and hospital Editor's Note...... 2 assistance. Not surprisingly, in 2002, Harvard made a voluntary payment of $10.4 million to Getting off the Hill Cambridge in taxes, the Providence Journal reported. and Into the Commu- nity...... 3 Former mayor Buddy Cianci had already pushed Brown and fellow Providence universities to The Senegalese follow this course, but many were reluctant to provide the Cianci administration with free cash. Last Informal Economy.....4 year the new mayor of Providence, David Cicilline ‘84, was elected, and one of his first proposals was Housing: More to designate a city tax for Providence’s four private universities: Brown University, Johnson and Valuable than Orderly Wales (J&W), Providence College (PC) and Rhode Island School of Design (RISD). His argument was Papers...... 5 simple: cash was badly needed to help close a $59-million gap between city government revenues and Urban StudiesDUG....6 expenditures for the fiscal year of 2004. Therefore, Brown, among other universities should make Reflection:Providence financial contributions to the city. Public Schools...... 7 Student and Facutly In June of 2003, a memorandum of understanding was drawn between the City of Providence, Profiles...... 9 Brown, RISD, J&W, and PC. In it, the Institutions stated that they acknowledged the importance of the relationship between themselves and the City and, therefore, agreed to make additional contributions to Providence. The annual cash payments will be based roughly on the size of each institution’s budget. For the Fiscal Year of 2004, the City will receive roughly $1.7million, of which Brown will pay $1,065,161.

The funds paid by the universities will be used to balance the deficit in the city budget. Thus, the compromise struck between Universities and the city of Providence, now affectionately termed,

(continued on page 9) 1 The Urban Studies Journal ----- Editor's Note

Urban Studies - The Logic of Multi-Disciplined

Brown University encourages students to use resources. A steady stream of viewpoints is bestowed through the institution's open curriculum, and its students are provided with a plethora of ideas and information. This freedom of choice represents an opportunity to invest time and thought into the discovery of truth as well as into a variety of academic disciplines. An Urban Studies concentrator is awarded with an especially large number of resources. Since the concentration is multidisciplinary, classes from several subjects count towards a completed major. It might seem that a vast array of subjects and classes encompassed within one major inflates and interrupts the focus of the student too significantly, but the opposite is, in fact, true. The interdisciplinary approach allows the student to locate a specific curiosity and relate seemingly dissimilar information into a focal point. This year’s journal demonstrates an assortment of resources that Urban Studies “investigators” pursue. Laura Lehmann ’04, a student involved in Brown’s development, describes Brown’s newest financial relationship with Providence. Robin Ried ’04 gives a summary of her time as an intern in the policy-making offices of Providence government. Julian Jordan ’04 describes the Senegalese informal economy which he experienced while studying abroad. Hannah Bascom ‘05 provides a moving account of her volunteering experiences at a nearby Providence public school. Katie Miller ’04 shares her opinion on the national and local crisis of public housing, highlighting her experience in Providence with the committed assemblage, People to End Homelessness, as the archetype of a non-profit group experience. Christina Cambruzzi '04 makes it clear in her article, that Brown students should take at least one RISD class. Finally, Ethan Horowitz ’04, an incessant urban studier, gives a description of this year’s Department Undergraduate Group (DUG), which he tirelessly manages. The urban centers of cities and communities have become significant in defining the attitudes and cultures of whole regions. Knowing that the study of the city’s core factors is crucial, the teachers, staff, and students of Brown’s Urban Studies program employ a multitude of diverse resources to attain knowledge about the conditions of urban places. This journal is produced by Brown Undergraduate students in the Urban Studies department. Please read this Journal as a personal and unique perspective on Brown students and their interests. Also, please email me with any questions. Thank you! -Lee Reynolds '05 [email protected]

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Scenes of Pawtucket by Rhode Island Cartoonist Nick Bertozzi Getting off the Hill and into the Community: The Providence Mayoral Fellowship

BY ROBIN RIED '04

As urban studies concentrators at an cigarette use in under-age children to saw first-hand the creative thought and international institution, we are privileged Mayor Cicilline and the board of chiefs. dedication needed to enhance city to have the resources and faculty to development and how policymakers examine urban issues of policy, planning, adapt allotted federal funds to foremost socioeconomics, the environment and The experience of working at City Hall city concerns. education in cities throughout the world. gave me new perspectives of Providence. Yet, while these opportunities should be The fellowship also provided a chance to fully explored, the rich setting that our look beyond the problems in Providence own city of Providence offers should not and realize the city’s wealth of be overlooked. The Providence Mayoral opportunities and culture. For example, Fellowship provides an excellent Providence has very active ethnic opportunity for urban studies students communities, particularly of Dominican to become involved in the city and learn and Southeast Asian origins. These and about urban issues first hand. other communities contribute much to Providence and surrounding areas The Fellowship program kicked off last culturally and serve to strengthen the summer at City Hall during the start of city as a whole. the Cicilline administration. The Providence Mayoral Fellowship provides For these and many other reasons, the a six-week intensive program that pairs Providence Mayoral Fellowship is upcoming seniors or recent graduates challenging and exciting. It is a great with a Department Chief or Director to way to get off College Hill for a little work on issues pertinent to that while and get your hands dirty in actual department. Depending on the student’s urban issues in a welcoming political interest, he or she is placed in a choice of environment. For more information about departments including Policy, Planning, the fellowship, please contact Ann Legal, or Police. Gooding at (401) 421-2489. Currently, Providence is in a unique As someone interested in environmental position politically for several reasons. policy and planning and community Based on the principles of an ‘open revitalization, I worked with the Chief of government,’ the city government under Policy, Carolyn Benedict-Drew, in the the Cicilline administration is, for the first Policy Department. Over the six weeks, I time in thirty years, opening itself to its researched and created policies for communities and uniting local experts projects relating to health, the with policymakers to help formulate new environment, and urban finance. At the directions for the city. This pivotal time end of the six weeks, I formally presented is an excellent opportunity to take an in- one of my projects which concerns depth look at the way the public policy world operates. Through the fellowship, I

3 The Urban Studies Journal A Cultural and Economic Link:The Senegalese Informal Economy BY JULIAN JORDAN '04

I hop off the back of the moving van into developing African nation. It provides a valuable foreign exchange and buying a frenzy of traffic, pedestrians, and street good deal of employment as well as a everyday products from local informal vendors. This abrupt form of descent is critical channel which integrates Senegal boutiques. common in Dakar, the bustling capital of into the global economy. Senegal. Since I have been in this city for As I mill through the crowded downtown several months on a study abroad Sandaga demonstrates an economic commercial center, I am absorbed by the program, I have become accustomed to niche that is found in most developing bustling atmosphere and captivated by dismounting from these vans, known as countries in post-colonial periods of the sound of multiple foreign languages car rapides, while still in motion. This nation-state construction: an unofficial and the plethora of goods imported from somewhat precarious Asia, North America and Europe. I form of transportation realize here, in the market, that the represents something underground economy, inherently greater than just a defined by its deviation from the cheap ride; it also formal sector, is more than a exemplifies part of a means of avoiding regulation and thriving, multifaceted taxes. It is a central part of the Senegalese market Senegalese culture. It defines a knows as the “informal form of urban economic economy.” interactions and their spill-over effects into a broader economy. “The Subterranean Lastly, it delineates, for its Economy” and “The employees, a feeling of interaction Underground with a global economy. Economy” are terms that refer to the Recently, while walking in New economic activities York City, USA, near 28th and which are not regulated Broadway, I observed Senegalese by the state, even vendors selling goods from the though activities similar United States, Africa, and Europe. to them are regulated. These street merchants, part of In Senegal, two main informal economic the Senegalese trade Diaspora, are systems are the transportation system financial system carved by an extension of the Sandaga. They bring which runs routes as extensive as, or entrepreneurial individuals. These the Senegalese market’s goods to the more extensive than, the state-funded persons, in order to survive, find their global City of New York. I stop and buses, and the Sandaga, a massive refuge in informal ways like operating car bargain with a vendor and realize that outdoor market located near the edge of rapides, or trading at the market. This through these participants in the informal Downtown Dakar. system of survival is common to a state economy, these two cities, New York and which does not encompass a sufficient Dakar, are connected. It is here, at the Sandaga, where I economy to attend to the demands of its disembark. I make my way into the civil society and disadvantaged classes. labyrinth of boutiques, booths, stalls, and mobile merchants where I can find The informal economy in Senegal is anything from the latest Western rap CD, successful. It has become economically “knock-off” perfume from Paris, to plastic viable to the point where merchants make toys from Asia. Sandaga is, arguably, the more money than employees in the formal site of the majority of economic activity economy. Also, all Senegalese support in the whole country. The market is the the proliferation of the informal economy core of the informal economy in this by using it as a source for procuring

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Housing: More Valuable than Orderly Papers

BY KATIE MILLER '04

As I see it, this is a story about an attack contractors that own HUD subsidized government managed them. Contractors on a whole lot of non-profit organizations Section 8 projects are opting out of their receive money from the government, and that were involved in tenant organizing. contracts with HUD, usually by breach of in return they are held to a contract that Mel Martinez head of the Department of contract with the tenants, and HUD is outlines who can live in the housing Housing and Urban Development (HUD), failing to enforce its own rules. units, how much rent they can collect, the branch of the government in charge and how long the housing units need to of housing policy and administration, has CITY POLITICS, SECTION 8 remain affordable. consistently supported and created policies benefitting private corporations During the Clinton administration, that run buildings funded by contracts with these private HUD. The victims are the companies were beginning to run tenants, who are evicted more out. Many of the companies that and more each year as public managed the projects were opting housing rents become less and out of the contracts and returning less affordable. Three years the project’s rents to market-rates, ago, HUD illegally cut funding making it impossible for the for tenant organizing around residents to continue living there. these issues in Rhode Island. In response to this, HUD created Though HUD restored the the Outreach, Training and funding, they have since cut Assistance Grant (OTAG), to help the funds again. tenants of government-subsidized housing organize to keep the The housing market in owners from opting out of the Providence is tighter now than Section 8 project program. it has been in years. Rents are skyrocketing, and more people WITH OR WITHOUT HUD: THE are being evicted without STORY OF THE WHOLE THING being able to find new housing. The number of People to End Homelessness (PEH) homeless people in Providence has Section 8 is a voucher program run by is an advocacy organization that is jumped dramatically in the past few HUD in which tenants pay about 30 fighting for more affordable housing in years: between 2001 and 2002 the number percent of their income for rent, while the Rhode Island. I spent last summer of homeless people in Rhode Island rest is paid with federal money. Tenants helping PEH improve the documentation nearly doubled, and there is an who use this program either look for of shelter residents. During the summer, I increasing number of women and children apartments that are at or below the Fair met many dedicated people who had with no place left to go but to shelters Market Rent that is set arbitrarily by the been struggling against HUD for years. I that are often full. HUD is not solely to federal government, or they live in ate dinners at the soup kitchens with blame-the Boston housing market is projects owned by private contractors residents and I spent several nights insanely tight right now, and with the that were built specifically for tenants camped out with people spending the commuter rail to help, more people who with Section 8 vouchers. summer in tents. When the cops came to work in Boston and don’t want to pay harass them, we relied on my Brown ID the exorbitant rents there are moving to The creation of the Section 8 program for protection. Providence. Also, our “revitalized was a response to the perceived failure of downtown” is luring more professionals government-run projects. The idea was People to End Homelessness operates to live in newly created lofts. that by handing the management of the under the premise that more affordable buildings over to private contractors, the housing will reduce the competition for But there is one thing contributing to all problems facing the projects would be of this that you won’t learn about in an worked out more efficiently than if the Urban Studies course at Brown: private (continued on page 8) 5 The Urban Studies Journal

The Urban Studies Department Undergraduate Group (DUG) 2003-2004 BY ETHAN HOROWITZ '04

Since last winter’s newsletter, urban specifically with the most recent round of English, Hispanic Studies and studies concentrators have been busily federal highway projects to affect the city Comparative Literature continuing the tradition of a revived – the reconstruction of the Washington departments in order to Department Undergraduate Group (DUG), Bridge, the relocation of Interstate 195 incorporate literature courses re-established by Dan Restuccia ’02 two and the redevelopment of the Jewelry and literature academics into the years ago, in order to provide urban District. Although plans for the urban studies core curriculum. studies students and other interested conference are still tentative, Caci hopes Faculty members have also undergraduates with extra-curricular to line up a variety of speakers to written a brief curriculum guide, programming on city-oriented topics. address the complexities of this dividing urban studies courses ambitious transportation project, into three sections (Literature Perhaps the biggest contribution to the including Providence politicians and and Arts, Social Sciences and larger urban studies community at Brown planners, real estate developers, Urban Built Environment), to has been the establishment of an preservation experts, representatives help concentrators better plan a annual Harriet David Goldberg course of study around Conference on Urban Affairs, their individual interests. funded by generous contributions from the Harriet The DUG has also David Goldberg fund, the Brown continued to bring a Urban Studies Program and number of speakers to other University administrative campus to discuss urban- departments. Last year’s related issues with conference “Community students. In October, Ned Organizing and the Future of Connors, the former American Cities,” held in April, research director for Grow brought five nationally Smart Rhode Island, talked renowned community activists/ with urban studies intellectuals to campus to students, over Indian food, discuss the potential impact that about the problems of grassroots community organizing may from the state and federal departments of metropolitan sprawl and the lack have on the revival of disenfranchised transportation and academic experts on of growth management policy in and resource-deprived urban centers. the interrelation between highways and Rhode Island. In November, These five guests shared their decades cities. The conference is scheduled to Mike Cassidy and Barney Heath, of community organizing experience with take place in February of 2004. the Director and Assistant students through two animated Director of the Pawtucket discussion panels as well as a series of Beyond the large conferences, urban Planning Department, spoke activism workshops. The panels and studies students have also been active in about the planning profession workshops not only drew Brown working with program faculty to make and various planning projects students but academics and students changes to the existing urban studies currently underway in our from other universities as well as program curriculum. After more than a neighboring city to the north. Providence-area community activists. semester of discussion, students Although the second semester submitted a proposal to the program will be dominated by the This year’s Goldberg conference chair in September that outlined a broad conference, the DUG will “Providence on the Move: The Highway strategy for reorganizing and broadening continue to capitalize on and the City,” organized by Caci the current selection of courses offered students’ suggestions by Cambruzzi ’04, will treat the impact that by the program. Although the faculty is bringing interesting speakers highway/transportation planning still discussing much of the proposal, and free food to urban studies projects have made on the city of efforts have already been made to reach concentrators. Providence. The conference will deal out to a number of professors in the

6 The Urban Studies Journal

An Experience of Providence Public Schools BY HANNAH BASCOM '05

"What do you think it would take to fix because of inadequate support systems, this school?"“Bulldozers.” ~Teacher in and insufficient resources. I know many “My big dream right now is to get into Providence Public High School of these students will not live up to their MIT. I think it’s going to be pretty hard, full potential because of a school that but I’ll try. If I don’t get into MIT, I’ll go The social factors studied at Brown such does not teach them, encourage them and to Brown. I’ll see you there.” ~ High as urban inequality, poverty, and provide them fully with the means that school student who immigrated to demographic shifts rarely present they need. I am startled at how poorly Providence two and a half years ago themselves in physical form on campus. many of them write and at their However, in Public Schools nearby, these improperly spoken English. However, the The patience of the teachers and the social facets are apparent. A personal kids take responsibility for themselves. I confidence of the students give me faith experience in these schools has revealed am repeatedly amazed by their maturity for success in education reform. Change the sheer determination of students and and their optimism. is never easy, especially in the teachers despite the bleak educational environment that exists in the majority of facilities. "What they lack in background, they public schools in Providence and make up for in enthusiasm and elsewhere in the country. However “I’m not saying this is a bad school, perseverance.” ~Principal of a difficult, I hope to contribute to finding a Miss. But I want my brothers to go to a Providence High School way of change that can and must be better school.” ~High school student achieved to instill confidence into High who immigrated to Providence two and a Getting a high school education cannot School students. half years ago always be the first priority for a teenage mom or a brother who works to support “Why do you still teach if you’re so For the past three years, I have taught his family. In the current era of the No embittered with the system?” classes at a Providence middle school Child Left Behind controversy, debate “The students, I really love these kids.” through a program called Communities in rages on school reform. How can we ~Teacher Classroom. This year I also began make our schools better? spending time in high school classrooms. At first, I went to see what Providence I believe that we have to recognize the was really like, for a dose of reality reality of circumstances in the lives of outside of Brown. Now, I keep going these students before anything will back because I have discovered that change. Standardized testing cannot although the reality of the conditions is change the culture of a poorly performing harsh, the attitudes of the kids are, quite school, nor can it compensate for a truthfully, miraculous. student’s underprivileged background. We need a system that supports kids In the halls of Providence’s public throughout their lives and gives them the schools, the emotions are real. I have skills to thrive in today’s competitive seen violence, frustration and despair. I economy. have also seen camaraderie, strength and resolution. I am constantly amazed at the These kids have the determination;they victories achieved within these schools have the dreams. We need to build upon every day. Often I am discouraged this already established determination and further encourage it.

7 The Urban Studies Journal

Housing: More Valuable...... Continued (continued from page 5) housing units and open them up to a This man proceeded to pick through all This will exacerbate the housing crisis in larger population, leading to more stable of the files in the office, which were Rhode Island. Usually, during the housing situations for everyone. In 1998 packed away in boxes because People to summer, homeless shelters clear out as People to End Homelessness applied for End Homelessness had just changed people are more able to find temporary and received an OTAG grant, and used offices. Overwhelmed by the disorder at housing or sleep outside comfortably, the money to hire Maggie McCann People to End Homelessness, the auditor but this year the shelters were full and specifically to organize around the issue concluded that they lacked the “internal people have been turned away on a of contractors opting out of Rhode controls” to properly administer the number of nights. This has elicited Island contracts funds. People to End Homelessness is an protest from many advocates for organization of homeless people-it’s not affordable housing. In response, It didn’t take McCann very long to find run like your typical non-profit. Because Governor Carcieri approved the violations of contract by Hedco, a of its grassroots structure and allocation of $100,000 for the building of corporation that was running Section 8 transitional office, it was no surprise that 100 new units of subsidized housing. projects that made up 200 units of the auditor found chaos. This has served to quiet the protests affordable housing in Rhode Island. In its from advocacy groups who say that they contract, Hedco is required to give the The only misused funds that the auditor just won a major battle and think that tenants two years notice before opting could find were several hundred dollars they shouldn’t agitate more or they will out of the section 8 voucher program. spent on parking that they hadn’t lose favor with policy makers. The reality, But McCann found that the company received a receipt for, though they had though, is that the housing market is was giving tenants as little as two the cleared checks. HUD grabbed at this extremely tight right now, forcing up months notice, and evicting them when and again cut all of People to End rents when the economy is in a worse they couldn’t meet escalating payments. Homelessness’s funding from OTAG. state than it has been in since the 1980’s. In turn, People to End Homelessness People to End Homelessness contested Advocates should not be content with sued HUD for not enforcing the rules the cut in funds, mostly because they only an additional 100 units of affordable written up in its contract with Hedco. had already spent some of the money housing. Meanwhile, George Bush was elected that they had received. However, the president and appointed Mel Martinez funding still has not been restored. HUD defines its first priority as director of HUD. When it became An audit is an extremely powerful way for increasing homeownership. While I apparent that tenant groups were using the government to justify cutting funding understand the value in owning property, HUD money to organize and sue HUD for for programs that it doesn’t like any the reality is that many people cannot not enforcing contracts with groups like more. Under the guise of “creating own homes independently. Hedco, Martinez cut all funding for accountability,” the government has cut Homelessness is an unfortunate outcome OTAG. The organizations receiving the funding for public schools, homeless for many as a result of HUD’s ineptitude, funding lashed back, though, and programs, and Head Start. I’m sure there and comes with huge societal effects. It funding was restored. Only months later, are other cut programs that I don’t know makes employment harder to maintain an auditor sent by HUD showed up at about. The repercussions of this in and find for the homeless; it makes People to End Homelessness. Ostensibly Rhode Island are huge. Hedco is going to voting nearly impossible; it places a there to make sure there was no fraud in be allowed to sell all 200 of its housing burden upon taxpayers, and it has the way the HUD money was being units at market rate. I don’t know if you countless psychological effects. The spent, the auditor was actually little have been paying attention to rents, but federal government needs to put money concerned with People to End $851 (the Fair Market Rent) is pretty low into providing affordable housing and Homelessness’ accounting-the auditor for a three-bedroom apartment. I was stop deferring to private companies, was a ploy by Martinez to shut down the hard-pressed to find the $900 a month especially private companies which cheat OTAG-funded organization. three-bedroom apartment I live in now. their tenants, or homelessness will only The rents are going to jump, forcing out continue to increase. To do this, the This auditor was one of a slew sent to all the residents who will have nowhere to federal government needs to increase organizations receiving OTAG money. go. and not take away funding for the local governments and community organizations that understand the needs 8 of the populace. The Urban Studies Journal

A University and a City...... Continued (continued from page 1) Payment In Lieu Of Taxes (PILOT), establishes new means for Brown and the City to reduce the budget deficit. PILOT offers remedial help to the city in the short term, but questions remain about how this extra funding from the universities will stabilize the city’s budgeting process.

Another interesting quality of the contract concerns property tax: under the new contract, schools will make time- calculated disbursements for taxable properties bought in Providence instead of paying property taxes. This will lessen the financial strain on the city. In the past, once a school bought property, it was no longer taxed and this sudden loss of income put a great strain on the city. To remedy this loss, it was agreed under the new contract, that the institutions would ease the transition for newly bought buildings by paying a decreasing percentage of the initial property tax for 15 years. The institutions will pay 100 percent of the assessed rate for the first five years they own a property, and then decrease the sum to 66 percent for the next five years and 33 percent for the final five years. After 15 years, the properties would become fully tax- exempt, according to Vice-President Spies.

Universities across the country are beginning to realize their roles in their respective cities. “The ivory tower is being chipped away,” Richard Spies said, alluding to the idea that universities are now thoroughly involved with their cities. Brown has become an “institutional citizen,” Spies enthused. Brown, now more than ever, is interlocked with the future of Providence, through its financial assistance. As this relationship unfolds, an innovative and optimistic attitude should form between Providence’s private universities and the City of Providence.

What's Happening In The Department......

FACULTY PROFILE: DAVID MEYER Caci is especially interested Professor Meyer loves the Professor David Meyer’s in transportation within cities. She is city of Hong Kong. He uses the book, The Roots of American writing her thesis about the relocation words,“dynamic,” “sublime,” and “A Industrialization, was published in of I-195 and its effects on fairyland of modernity” to describe this May 2003. Recently, he sent a Providence.Under Brown's Harriet city. Professor Meyer says, “If you go manuscript for a new book to be David Goldberg grant, she researched to Hong Kong, you have to handle published entitled Networked the I-195 project this past summer. cognitive dissonance.” Perhaps the Machinists Forge America’s First High Caci also ventured into the City of stimulating architectural and cultural Efficiency Industries. New York last summer while working facets in Hong Kong mirror the Professor Meyer left for Hong under Kate Kerrigan'99 at the dynamic personality of this professor. Kong this December to continue his Downtown Alliance during an David Meyer is a favorite of studies in Asian businesses. During internship which focused on the his students. His knowledge, energy this specific trip, he intends to focus reconstruction of Lower Manhattan. and enthusiasm make him an on the analysis of Chinese-born Caci is an avid runner of both essential part of the Brown Urban businesspersons who have acquired track and cross country. After her 10- Studies program. business degrees while studying mile runs in New York City, she would abroad. This group, he says, hop on a bus or a subway and is encompasses the Chinese business quoted as saying, “I love public STUDENT PROFILE: CACI networks because they were not only transportation.” born in China, but because they also CAMBRUZZI have foreign degrees. He will also be Christina (Caci) Cambruzzi will studying major Chinese family firms graduate in the Spring of 2004. She is and their interaction with each other in interested in attending graduate the business world. school to acquire a degree in Urban Planning.

9 The Urban Studies Brown University Urban Studies Program Box 1833 Providence, RI 02912

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