July-Aug. 1956 Bot. Mag. Tokyo, Vol. 69, Nos. 817--818 311 rhizoid cell is cultured under adequate conditions.
Summary
1. An isolated single rhizoid cell of Nitella flexilis was cultured in a medium consisting of 0.8 % agar and a culture solution involving several salts in low con- centration both in the dark and in the light. This rhizoid cell continued its growth and showed cell reproduction. 2. When the rhizoid cell was exposed to illumination of fluorescent light of about 30 lux for ten hours a day, the cell which was fully developed was metamor- phosed into a small internodial cell. A new bud arose from this metamorphic cell and developed to a small complete form of Nitella. 3. An isolated single rhizoid cell of Nitella seems to have morphogenetic ability just as in the case of the isolated internodial cell. This morphogenetic ability may be activated under adequate conditions.
The author wishes to express his most cordial thanks to Prof. N. Kamiya of Osaka University for his kind direction and helpful criticism throughout this work and also to Prof. T. Nakamura for his valuable advice.
References
Bonner, J. I., Amer. Jour. Bot. 31: 175-182 (1944). Green, P. B., Amer. Jour. Bot. 41: 403- 409 (1954). Kusunoki, M., Bat. Mag. Tokyo 57: 274-276 (1934) (in Japanese). Osterhout, W. J. V., Jour. Gen. Physiol. 35: 519-529 (1952). Sandan, T., Bot. Mag., Tokyo 68: 274-280 (1955). Sasaki, M., Bot. and Zool. 3: 769-774 (1935) (in Japanese).
Notes on Some Grasses I
by Tuguo TATEOKA*
ReceivedApril 24, 1956
1. Systematic position of the genus Phaenosperma. The monotypic genus Phaenosperzna including P, globosum Munro is distributed in East Asia, and its systematic position was variously discussed. Bentham (1881), Hackel (1887), Bews (1929), a. o. placed this genus in Tristegineae. Pilger (1931) pointed out that this opinion was due to a misinterpretation of the spikelet structure of P, globosum. In the same paper, he also maintains the near relationship of this genus to Sporobolus.
* National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka Prei 国立遺伝学研究所 312 植 物 学 雑 誌 第69巻 第817-818号 昭 和31年7-8月
Roschevitz (1937) disposed of Phaenosperma as an independent tribe, Ph aenosper- meae, in Poatae-Festuciformes. Pilger (1954) assigned Phaenospermeae to Eragrost- oideae. Ohwi (1942) proposed the following classification of Pooideae-Phaenosper- meae : Phaenospermi nae.Phaenosperma; Diarrheninae-Diarrhena ; Moliniinae-Molina, Moliniopsis, Hakonechloa. Some inf ormatioii concerning the systematic position of Phaenospermeae, as well as the results of examination of leaf structure in P. globosum is presented as follows. Characteristics of leaf structure in P, globosum. In the epidermis no unicellular or bicelluiar hair is found. Siliceous cells are round in the lower epidermis, while dumbbell shaped or elliptical in the upper epidermis (Figs. 1 A, B). In the transverse section, mechanical tissues are well developed, and a cell layer which contains a few chloroplasts surrounds the vascular bundles. Assimilative parenchyma is arranged in comb shape, and motor cells are little developed (Figs. 1 C, D).
Fig. 1. Phaenosperma globosum. A, B. Siliceous cells in leaf epidermis (A--lower epidermis ; B--upper epidermis) x 600. C, D. Transverse leaf section. C x 210, D x ca.40. ap-assimilative paren- chma. cl-a cell layer which contains a few chloroplasts. le-lower epidermis. me-motor cell. mt--mechanical tissue. p - phloem. s -stoma. ue - upper epidermis. v - vessel. vb - vascular bundle.
As the description and figures show, the characteristics of leaf structure of P. globosum may be regarded on the whole as those of Festucoid type. Lack of bicellular hairs, the round shape of siliceous cells in the lower epidermis and the arrangement of assimilative parenchyma in comb shape do not clearly conform with Panicoid type. Somatic chromosomes of P, globosum, according to Avdulov (1931) and Tate- oka (1955), are reported as twenty four, and they are all small. The starch grains of endosperm in P, globosumn are simple and similar to those of Uniola species being large and round (cf. Tateoka 1954, Fig. 14). Lemmas of P. globosum have July-.Aug. 19'6 Bot. Mag. Tokyo, Vol. 69, Nos. 817-818 313 three thick nerves and one or two other pairs of fine nerves (Fig. 2 c). Large round seeds, 3- lodicu les, etc. are specific features of the external morphology of P. globosum.
Fig. 2. Phaenosperma globosum... Lower glume. B. Upper glume. C. Lemma. h,E. Paleae. F. 3 lodicules. x 10.
Characteristics of P, globosum described above do not coincide with those of the members included in Eragrostoideae. In leaf anatomical characteristics, the Festucoid type is never found among them. Chromosome characteristics of P. globosum, i.e, b=12 (6) and small size, speak aginst referring this genus to Eragrostoideae, and suggests a relationship to some groups of Festucoideae. Pilger (1954) divided the grass family in nine subfamilies. If we follow Pilger's classification, Phaenospermeae must be placed in the subfamily Festucoideae. Considering the characteristics des- cribed above, it is the most natural conclusion. Festucoideae may be divided into Eufestuciformes group and the other groups (cf. Tateoka in press (B), then Phaeno- spermeae clearly belongs to the latter, because the characteristics not only of the external morphology but also of the chromosomes in P. globosum do not coincide with those of Eufestuciformes group. Some genera similar to Phaenosperma in chromosornal and leaf anatomical characteristics are found in Festucoideae-Non-festucoid genera. Studies of their relationship to Phaenosperma will be reported in another paper.
2. Systematic significance of leaf structure in the geuus Garnotia. The genus Garnotia includes 70---80 species which inhabit all over India, South East Asia and New Guinea. The systematic position of this genus has been discussed since a long time. Brongniart (1832) and Steudel (1854-55) placed it in Paniceae, and Bentham (1881) and Hillebrand (1888) assigned its place in Tristegineae. In his excellent paper on Garnotia, Santos (1950) notices the fact that such references of Garnotia are based on misinterpretation of the spikelet structure of G. stricta which repre- sents the type of this genus. The two tribes mentioned above have two florets in each spikelet : a lower reduced floret and an upper fertile one. The same is that of Arundinelleae to which Garnotia was referred by Mez (1921). But the spike- 314 植 物 、学 雑 誌 第69巻 第817-818号 昭 和31年7-8月
IetsofCσ グ〃o伽,whichweresupposedtoconsistofonesterilelemmaandonefertile
floretbyBrongniaxtandothers,Yncludeonlyonefertilefloret.HackelO1887),Bews
(1929a.o.referredthisgenustoAgrostideaeonthebasisofhavingonefertilefloret ineachspikelet.Santos(1950),followingtheiropinion,maintainsaclosere?ation-
shipbetweenO〃"oガ αa:ndPo砂 ρogoπ.Eragrosteae(orChlorideae)isanothergroup
inwhichthegenusθ07%o癩wasplacedbyseveralauthorities,forexampleby
Pilger(1954).
Gσ グ%o伽isalargegenusincludingmanyspecies,theirchromosomesbeing
neverexaminedanddataofleafstructuebeingscarcelyreported.Avdulov(1931)
onlyindicatesthatG,adscencensbelongstoTypeII,basedonIakovliev'sobserva-
tion.Thepresentauthorexaminedthecharacteristicsofepidermisandtransverse
leafsectionofO.s〃 魏 αBrongn,andO.ろo%勿6〃sゑsT・uyama.Theresultsobtained
areasfollows.
Epidermis-Bothspecieshavethreadlikebicellularhairs(Fig.3,Aa,Ba).Sili-
ceouscellsofG.strictaaresaddleshaped(Fig.3,Bb),andthoseofG.boninensishave
dumbbellshape(Fig,3,Ab).Thecharacteriaticsofepidermisofthetwospeciesare
ofPanicoYdsubtypeofPanicoidtype.
Transversesection-Thevascularbundlesaresurroundedbyacelllayerwhich
containsmanychloroplasts.Inbothspecies,distYnctivecellswhichcontainplenty
ofchloroplastsandhavethickmembranesimilartothecellsdirectlysurrounding
f:hΩ ▽a5ミe111月丁口h11れd1ρら黛mρntテr》nρd51hnvρ ≧ジ暫γΩf∩11ηd5=ミrr.∫～±十ργ1ρr1十'hγ,n11σ}1n喧1士f}1ρrm越gnnl亀▽11
Althoughthespeciesexaminedare
onlytwo,thecharacteristicsoftheixleaf
structureshowaninterestingfeaturein
respecttothesystemat7cpositionof
Garnotia.AgrostideaeandEragrosteae
towhichGarnotiawasassYgnedbyvari-
ousinvestigatorsareclearlydifferent
fromGarnotiaregardingtheepidermis
andtheanatomicalleafcharacteristYCS,
namelyAgrostideaeshowsFestucoidtype
Fig. 3. Siliceous cells and bicellu- aidEragrosteaeshowsChloridoidsub-
lar hairs. A. Garnotia boninensis. 13. G. typeofPanicoidtype.Thereferenceof stricta. a - bicellular hair, b -siliceous Garnotiatosuchtribesisconsideredto cell. x375. beerroneousonthebasisofthecharac一 teristics of epidermis and leaf anatomy. Arundinella hirta Tanaka shares many features with the two examined species of Garnotia with respect to leaf structure. Regarding the feature of leaf structure of Arundinella hirta, the author prepared another detailed report (in press (A)). Other members of Arundinelleae have been scarcely examined either histologically or anatomically. So far observed, the exis- tence of distinctive cells, a characteristic cell layer and Panicoid subtype in epidermal July-Aug. 1956 Bot. Mag. Tokyo, Vol. 69, Nos. 817-818 315 characteristics are common to Garnotia and Arundinella, and the existence of dis- tinctive cells indicates their close relationship. While Garnotia is clearly different from Arundinelleae in the spikelet structure, much resemblance is found in their habits and in the constitution of spikelets. Considering the findings described above, the genus Garnotia may be treated as an independent tribe (Garnotieae) which should be placed near Arundinelleae. But this regiures further studies of leaf structure in other many species of Garnotia and also in other Arundinelleae.
I wish to express my cordial thanks to Dr. J. Ohwi and Dr. Y. Takenaka who gave me various useful advices during the course of the present investigation. Literature cited. 1. Avdulov, N., Bu11.Appl.Bot.etc. Suppl. 44: 1-428 (1931). 2. Bentham, G., Jour.Linn.Soc. 19: 14-134 (1881). 3. Bews, J. W., Longmans, Green and Co., London. (1929). 4. Brongniart, A., Bot.Voyage Cog. 1832: 105-136 (1832). 5. Hackel, E., Nat.Pflanz. II 2 (1887). 6. Hille- brand, W., London. (1888). 7. Mez, C., Fedde Repert.Spec.Nov.Reg.Veg. 11: 83-86 (1921). 8. Ohwi, J., Acta Phytotax.Geobot. 11: 145 493 (1942). 9. Pilger, R., Notizbl.Bot.Gart.Mus. Berlin-Dahlem 11: 237-247 (1931). 10. , Bot.Jb. 79: 281-384 (1954). 11. Roschevitz, R.J., Graser. (1937). 12. Santos, J.V., Nat.Appl.Srime Bull. 10 (1 & 2) (1950). 13. Steudel, E.G., Stuttgart. (1854-55). 14. Tateoka, T., Jour.Jap.Bot. 29: 341-347 (1954) (in Japanese). 15. , Cytologia 20: 296-306 (1955). 16. , in press (A). Jour.J ap.Bot. (in Japanese). 17. in press (B). Ibid. (in Japanese).
Miscellaneous Notes on Myriangiales from Japan II*
by Eiichi KUROSAWA*& Shigetaka KATSUKI**
ReceivedMay 14, 1956
(1) Elsinoe randii Jenkins & Bitancourt Phytopath. 28(1) : 75-78 (1938); Kurosawa & Katsuki, Plant Prot. 9(9) : 367- 368 (1955) (in Japanese). Hab. and distr.: On spp. of Juglans. North and South America. Specimens examined : On Juglans regia var. orienlalis (Kashikurumi). Saitama Pref.: Hatogaya, Aug. 21, 1938. E. K. (SK 1062) (IB 5987) (NFC 91092); Aug. 21, 1938. E. K. (KU-K 3) ; Sept. 15, 1938. E. K. (SK 1063) (KU-K 2) ;
* NihonTokushu Noyaku Co ., Ltd. Kurosawapassed away in March1953. ** Toa NoyakuCo ., Ltd. *** Kurosawa,E. & S. Katsuki, Miscellaneousnotes on Myriangialesfrom Japan (1) Ann. Phytopath.Soc. Japan 21(1): 13-16,1956.