A Taxonomic study of Family in Goa

Thesis submitted to Goa University for the award of degree of

Doctor of Philosophy in

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By Harshala S. Gad

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Department of Botany Goa University, Goa — 403 206 June 2007 6 z STATEMENT

As required by the University Ordinance 0.19.8 (ii), I state that the present thesis "A

Taxonomic Study of Family Poaceae in Goa" is my original contribution and the same has not been submitted on any occasion for any other degree or diploma of this

University or any other University/ Institute. To the best of my knowledge, the present study is the first comprehensive work of its kind from the area mentioned. The literature related to the problem investigated has been cited. Due acknowledgments have been made wherever facilities and suggestions have been availed of.

6116 PO / Place: Goa University (Harshala S. Gad)

Date: .20 / C /2-001 Candidate CERTIFICATE

As required by the University Ordinance 0.19.8. (IV), this is to certify that the thesis

entitled "A Taxonomic Study of Family Poaceae in Goa", submitted by Miss Harshala

S. Gad for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Botany, is based on her

original and independent work carried out by her during the period of study, under my

supervision.

The thesis or any part thereof has not been previously submitted for any other

degree or diploma in any University or institute.

Place: Goa University Date: 2,0 6 . 7_oo7- Research Guide ACKNOWLEDGMENT

"Education is the way in which one learn skills, gains knowledge and understanding about the world around and oneself' Anonymous

I owe my indebtedness and gratitude to my research guide Dr. M. K. Janarthanam, Reader, Department of Botany, Goa University for introducing me to the world of grasses and inspiring me to step in the field of . He guided me patiently, with useful suggestions and constant encouragement and support throughout my work.

My sincere thanks to Prof. D. J. Bhat, Head Department of Botany, Goa University, for his encouragement and support.

I am extremely grateful to my fellow researcher friends, Ashish Prabhugaonkar, Jyotsna R. N. Dessai, Mrs. Emilia Mascarenhas (Lecturer, Department of Botany, St. Xavier's College, Mapusa), Mrs. Rupa Herlekar (Lecturer, Bhavan's College, Chowpatti, Mumbai) and brother Anil Gad for accompanying me in fieldwork and for the help extended by them in various ways during course of this work.

I am thankful to Joint Director and In-charge of BSI (Pune) and MH (Coimbatore) for permitting me to consult their respective herbaria and library.

I owe my sincere thanks to the Director of Meteorological Observatory of , Goa branch, Altinho, Panjim for permitting me to use meteorological records of the year 2003-2005.

My sincere thanks to the Head of the Department of Botany, Shivaji University, Kolhapur for permitting me to consult their herbarium.

My special thanks to Prof. S. R. Yadav, Department of Botany, Shivaji University, for all his help rendered to me during my stay at Kolhapur and for his valuable suggestions and encouragement.

My sincere thanks to Prof. N. Ravi, Kollam, , for confirmation of the identity and his comment on Ischaemum yadavii sp. nov.

I owe my thanks to Dr. J. E Veldkamp, Rijksherbarium, Ledien, Netherlands,for the Latin diagnosis of Ischaemum yadavii sp. nov.

I am grateful to Goa University, for granting me research studentship.

My sincere thanks to subject expert Dr. P. K. Sharma, Reader, Department of Botany Goa University, for his valuable comments, suggestion and encouragement.

I owe my thanks to Prof. G. N. Nayak, Dean of Faculty of Life Sciences and Environment & Chairman of FRC for his valuable comments and support.

I am thankful to my teachers Dr. Nandkumar Kamat, Dr. B. F. Rodrigues, Dr. S. Krishnan and Dr. (Mrs.) Vijaya Kerkar for their encouragement and support. My special thanks to Dr. Girish Potdar, Mayur Kamble, Shankar Shendage and Nilesh Malpure for their timely help during my stay at Kolhapur.

My sincere thanks to Sachin Punekar for extending his help during my stay in Pune.

My sincere thanks to research scholars and my friends Dr. Rupali Bhandari, Dr. Pratibha Jalmi, Janet Vaz, Radhika Nair, Puja Gawas, Govind Parab, Supriya Desai, Vanessa Rodrigues, Kavita Shivkumar for their cooperation and help.

Special thanks to my junior friends Deval Naik, Sonia Faldessai, Nagratna Chari, Namrata Mhalsekar, Santa Yadav, Nikita D'Souza and Swapnaja Dhargalkar for their help.

My special thanks to Mr. Vithal Naik, Mr. Gajanan Tani, Mr. Ramesh Tari, Mrs. Ana D'Souza, Mr. Krishna Velip, Mr. Satish Pereira and Mr. Suresh Fondekar technical and ministerial staff, Department of Botany, Goa University for extending their help.

Finally, I take this opportunity to thank my Parents and brother Raj endra Gad for their support and encouragement throughout my work. CONTENTS

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1

Chapter 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 7

Chapter 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

(i) Systematic treatment 16

(ii) Analysis 311

Chapter 4 CONCLUSION 319

Chapter 5 SUMMARY 320

REFERENCES 323

APPENDIX LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 1 Map of study area

Fig. 2. Monthly average rainfall of year 2003-2005

Fig 3. Tripogon sivarajanii Sunil.

Fig 4. Arthraxon lanceolatus (Roxb.) Hochst var. raizadae (Jain, Hemadri et Deshpande)

Fig 5. Bhidea burnsiana Bor

Fig 6. tandulingami P. V. Sreekumar, V. J. Nair & N. C. Nair.

Fig 7. Dichanthium paranjpyeanum (Bhide) W. D. Clayton.

Fig 8. Dimeria stapfiana C. E. Hubb. ex Pilger

Fig 9. Ischaemum bolei Almeida

Fig 10. Ischaemum manilaliana sp. nov.

Fig 11. Ischaemum muticum L.

Fig 12. Ischaemum sahyadrica sp. nov.

Fig 13. Ischaemum santapaui Bor

Fig 14. Ischaemum thomsonianum Stapf ex Fischer.

Fig 15. Ischaemum tranvancorense Stapf ex Fischer.

Fig 16. Ischaemum yadavii Harshala Gad & Janarth. sp. nov.

Fig 17. Vetiveria zizanoides (L.) Nash. Fig 18. Glyphochloa acuminata (Hack.) W. D. Clayton var. acuminata

Fig 19. Glyphochloa divergens (Hack.) W. D. Clyton.

Fig 20. Glyphochloa goaensis (R. S. Rao & Hemadri) W. D. Clayton

Fig 21. Glyphochloa henryii Janarth., Joshi et Rajkumar

Fig 22. Glyphochloa talbotii (Hook. f.) W. D. Clayton

Fig 23. Glyphochloa veldkampii M. A. Fonseca & Janarth.

Fig 24. Mnesithea clarkei (Hack.) Koning & Sosef

Fig 25. Ophiuros bombaiensis Bor

Fig 26. Isachne setosa Fischer

Fig 27. Urochloa panicoides P. Beauv.

Fig. 28: Schematic representation of taxonomic distribution of grass species in Goa.

Fig. 29: Endemic grass species of in Goa: their taxonomic and habitatwise distribution.

Fig. 30: Occurrence of grass taxa on lateritic plateaus in relation to altitude:

Fig. 31: Schematic representation of haibitatwise distribution of grass species in Goa.

Fig. 32: Dendrogram showing similarity between habitats based on the distribution of species.

Fig 33: Proportion of endemic to total endemic grasses on plateaus

Fig 34: Grasses on low and high altitude plateaus of Goa

Fig 35: Number of habitats vs number of grass taxa Clayton.

Fig. 19: Glyphochloa divergens (Hack.) W. D. Clyton.

Fig. 20: Glyphochloa goaensis (R. S. Rao & Hemadri) W. D. Clayton

Fig. 21: Glyphochloa henryii Janarth., Joshi et Rajkumar

Fig. 22: Glyphochloa talbotii (Hook. f.) W. D. Clayton

Fig. 23: Glyphochloa veldkampii M. A. Fonseca & Janarth.

Fig. 24: Mnesithea clarkei (Hack.) Koning & Sosef

Fig. 25: Ophiuros bombaiensis Bor

Fig. 26: Isachne setosa Fischer

Fig. 27: Urochloa panicoides P. Beauv.

Fig. 28: Schematic representation of taxonomic distribution of grass species in Goa.

Fig. 29: Endemic grass species of Western Ghats in Goa: their taxonomic and habitatwise distribution.

Fig. 30: Occurrence of grass taxa on lateritic plateaus in relation to altitude.

Fig. 31: Schematic representation of haibitatw* distribution of grass species in Goa.

Fig. 32: Dendrogram showing similarity between habitats based on the distribution of species.

Fig. 33: Proportion of endemic Andropogoneae to total endemic grasses on plateaus

Fig. 34: Grasses on low and high altitude plateaus of Goa

Fig. 35: Number of habitats vs number of grass taxa LIST OF PLATES

Plate 1: Spikelets — A. Leersia hexandra; B. Oryza rufipogon; C. Centotheca lappacea; D. Arundo donar, E. Aristida setacea; F. Danthonidium gammiei; G. Chloris barbata; H. Dactyloctenium aegyptium; I. Eragrostis atrovirens; J. E. tenella; K. E. viscosa; L. Indopoa pauperculus; M. Sporobolus piliferous; N. S. virginicus; 0. Tripogon capillatus; P. 7'. sivarajanii.

Plate 2: Spikelets — A. Arthraxon hipidus var. hispidus; B. A. lanceolatus vr. raizadae; C. Bhidea burnsiana; U. Dichanthium paranjpyeanum; E. D. pertusum; F. Dimeria blatteri; G. Eulalia fimbriata; H. Spodiopogon rhizophorus; I. Themeda triandra; J. Saccharum spontaneum; K. Sorghum halepense; L. Glyphochloa acuminata var. acuminata; M. G. acuminata var. stocksii; N. G. acuminata var. woodrowii; 0. G. divergens; P. G. forficulata; Q. G. goaensis; R. G. henryi; S. G. mysorensis; T. G. ratnagirica; U. G. talbotii; V. G. veldkampii.

Plate 3: Spikelets of Ischaemum — A. I. bolei; B. I. dalzellii; C. I. indicum; D. I. jayachandranii; E. I. mangaluricum; F. I. molle; G. I. muticum; H. I. raizadae; I. I. rugosum; J. I. santapaui; K. I. semisagittatum; L. I. thomsonianum; M. I. timorense; N. I. travancorense; 0. I. tumidum; P. I. yadavii sp. nov. ; Q. Ischamum sahyadrica sp. nov.; R. Ischaemum manilaliana sp. nov.

Plate 4: Spikelets — A. Acroceras munroanum; B. leptochloa; C. A. metzii; D. A. nepalensis; E. A. pumila; F. A. tuberculata; G. Brachiaria miliformis; H. Coelachne simpliuscula; I. Cyrtococcum oxyphyllum; J. Echinochloa colona; K. E. crusgalli; L. Eriochloa procera; M. Isachne setosa; N. Oplismenus compositus; 0. notatum; P. P. paludosum; Q. P. psilopodium; R (1 & 2). Paspalidium flavidum; S. Paspalum paspalode; T. Pennisetum polystachyon. INTRODUCTION

The family Poaceae forms the fourth largest group among the families of flowering and comprises of 793 genera and about 10, 000 species (Watson &

Dallwitz, 1994). Of the 793 genera, about 390 are monotypic or ditypic, and 23 have about 100 or more species, and contain approximately half of all grass species. Almost the third of the species are concentrated in 10 largest genera (viz. Agrostis, Aristida,

Calamagrostis, Digitaria, Eragrostis, Festuca, Panicum, Paspalum, Poaand Stipa), each with 200 or more species. With the few highly significant exceptions, the genera of family Poaceae are very homogeneous (Watson & Dallwitz, 1994). The grass family occurs in the great diversity of form and spread over a wide range of habitats.

Grasses survive in even the most stressful extremes of climate (Simpson, 1990).

Grasses are considered more essential to the nutrition, well being or even existence of human than any other group of plants (Simpson, 1990). Almost one-quarter of world's vegetation cover is composed of grasses (Jacob et al., 1999). The economic importance of grass lies in their paramount role as food as 70% of the world's farmland is planted with crop grasses and over 50% of world calories come from grasses (Sreekumar and Nair, 1991). , wheat, rice and maize forms first four grasses in global production.

Grass cover in India Poaceae is the largest family in India that comprises of about 1300 species

belonging to 268 genera (Karthikeyan et al., 1989). There is some consensus among

scientists that true do not occur in India. India is considered to be a land of

forests and grasses have spread and colonised in areas that have been opened up when

forests were cleared for various uses. Dabadghao and Shankarnarayan (1973) reduced

1 major types in India to four groups, viz. i) Sehimal Dichanthium, ii)

DichanthiumICenchrusl Lasiurus, iii) PhragmitesISacharuml Imperata, and iv)

Themeda/Arundinella. They include the tropical and sub tropical types and the temperate alpine type. Sehimal Dichanthium is the largest of the four grass zones of

India. All of the southern states supports this type of grass cover.

Phytogeographically, two grass domains occur in India, viz. Temperate Himalayan region including Indo-Gangetic plains and the Tropical Peninsular Indian region

(Sampson et al., 2001).

Endemism in grasses:

Being the largest family in India, it is also represented by large number of

endemic taxa. About 430 grass taxa are strictly endemic to India and 40% of them are

concentrated in Peninsular India (Jain, 1986). There are 14 genera endemic to India of

which 12 are monotypic (Kiran Raj et al., 2003). The monotypic endemic genera are

Chandrasekharaniana Nair et al., Danthonidium C. E. Hubb. Hubbardia Bor,

lndopoa Bor, Limnopoa C. E. Hubb., L., Pogonachne Bor,

Pseudodichanthium Bor, Silentvalleya Nair et al., Trilobachne Schenck ex. Henr. and

Triplopogon Bor. Other endemic genera are Bhidea Stapf (3 spp.), Glyphochloa W. D.

Clayton (10 spp. and 3 varieties) and Lophopogon Hack. (2 spp.). Genera such as

lschaemum L., Isachne R. Br., Arthraxon P. Beauv, Dichanthium Willemet, Dimeria

R. Br., and Ochlandra L. are known for their species diversity and endemism in India

(Kiran Raj et al., 2003).

Previous work in India

Several taxonomists contributed to the systematic study of grasses of India.

Lisboa (1896) dealt with grasses of Bombay. Hooker (1896) reported about 135 genera

including five new genera, 734 species including 126 new species, two subspecies and

2 39 varieties of grasses in 'Flora of British India'. The chapter on tribe Bambuseae was written by J. S. Gamble. The monumental work on grasses of India was by Bor (1960), whose extensive studies on grasses resulted in publication of 'Grasses of Burma,

Ceylon, India and Pakistan' which encompass 242 genera and 1274 species excluding

Bamboos. The checklist of the Monocots with updated nomenclature and distribution was published by Karthikeyan et al., (1989). At regional level several studies have been carried out that have relevance to the present work. Cooke (1901-1908) in his

'Flora of Presidency of Bombay' dealt with family Poaceae along with other

Angiosperm families and reported 72 genera (including four genera of ) and

223 species. Six species were mentioned under non-indigenous category and 15 under

cultivated species. Intensive studies on grasses of Bombay was carried out by Blatter

and McCann (1934) which resulted in compilation of 'Grasses of Bombay' which

provides illustrations for 189 species of the total described 312 species, 6 varieties and

2 sub varieties referable to 110 genera. Achariar and Mudaliar (1921) studied the

grasses of Madras and adjoining areas and published handbook on South Indian

Grasses which gave an account of 103 taxa including three varieties referred under 42

genera where Panicum included assemblage of several other genera viz.,

Isachne, Brachiaria, Echinochloa, Paspalidium etc and Genus included

assembage of genera such as Dichanthium, Ve tiveria, Heteropogon, Chrysopogon

etc., which were also treated under single genus by Hooker (1896). Fischer (1934-

1936) gave an account of 132 genera and 381 species and three varieties of grasses

including Bamboos in Gamble's Flora of Presidency of Madras.

Ved Prakash and Jain (1979) compiled 'Fascicles of Flora of India' for tribe

Garnotieae which accounted for two genera viz., Cyathopus comprising of one species

and Garnotia with 13 taxa including two varieties. They classified genus Garnotia into

3 two sections i.e. Garnotia and Scoparia based on leaf morphology and robustness of habit. Section Scoparia comprises of four species and remaining 10 taxa are included under section Garnotia. Accounts of tribe was compiled by Ved Prakash and Jain (1984) which gives description of four genera and 36 species including two varieties. Here, five taxa including two varieties are described under genus Coelachne,

29 species under genus Isachne and one species each under genus Limnopoa and

Sphaerocaryum. Patunkar (1980) published 'Grasses of Marathwada' () and 'Grasses of Junnar and surroundings' were studied by Hemadri (1980) wherein he described 144 taxa including 44 varieties of grass species referable to 64 genera.

Matthew (1982, 1988) illustrated 184 taxa by line drawings in 284 plates in

'Illustrations to flora of Tamilnadu Carnatic' and Britto and Matthew (1983) provided descriptions for all 183 species and one variety. Roy (1984) in Grasses of Madhya

Pradesh gave an account of 257 species referable to 102 genera. Kulkarni (1988) reported 114 grass species referable to 56 genera for adjacent Sindhudurg district of

Maharashtra. Almeida (1990) studied and gave an account of 153 species and seven varieties of grasses distributed under 57 genera in 'The Flora of Savantwadi', that forms part of the Sindhudurg district. Sreekumar and Nair (1991) worked on grasses of

Kerala and described 296 species distributed in 103 genera including two new genera,

28 new grass species and four species as new record to the Indian grass flora.

Negi and Naithani (1994) in Handbook on Indian Bamboos described 103 taxa including three varieties and one forma distributed under 19 ind Egenous and three

exotic genera. The handbook also provided concise information on the vernacular

names, description, distribution, phenology, silviculture, management and utilization

of important bamboos and provided list distibution note of 26 species, which

are rare in India. Lakshminarasimhan (1996) provided an account of 104 genera and

4 373 grass species in 'Flora of Maharashtra'. Shulda (1996) studied the grasses of

North-Eastern India which covered seven states of the region comprising of Arunachal

Pradesh, , Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura. His work resulted in describing 480 taxa distributed in 138 genera of which 88 taxa have been illustrated by line drawings. Among the 138 genera Bambusa accounts for maximum

(19 species) species in the region followed by Dendrocalamus (14 species). Moulik

(1997) gave an account of grasses and bamboos occurring in India, provided descriptions to 1274 taxa distributed in 250 genera. Bhat and Nagendran (2001) described 158 grass species under 72 genera from Dakshin Kannada and Udupi districts of . Fonseca (2003) carried out systematic studies on a genus

Glyphochloa restricted to Peninsular India. In the recent years work on grasses of

Maharashtra was carried out by Potdar (2006) who described 300 species and 10 varieties of grasses referable to 109 genera.

Many botanists have added grass species as new taxa to the family Poaceae from India. Ravi and Anil Kumar (1992), Ravi (1995, 1996), Mohanan and Ravi

(1996), Ravi and Mohanan (1997), Ravi et al., (1998), Muktesh Kumar et al., (1999),

Muktesh Kumar, Seethalakshmi et al., (1999), Muktesh Kumar et al., (2001), Pradeep

and Sunil (1999) Ravi et al., (2000a, 2000b), Muktesh Kumar et al., (2001), Ravi et al.,

(2001a, 2001b) and Sunil and Pradeep (2001) added new grass taxa from Kerala.

Veldkamp and Salunkhe (2000), Potdar et al., (2003), Salunkhe and Potdar (2004),

Potdar et al., (2004) added new grass taxa from Maharashtra. Additions of new taxa to

the family Poaceae in recent years show that eight species each were added under

genus Dimeria R. Br., and Ischaemum L., followed by five species under genus

Ochlandra L.,three species to genus Chrysopogon Trin, two species to Tripogon Roem

& Schutt and one each to genus Eulalia Kunth, Mnesithea Kunth and Themeda Forssk.

5 Previous work in study area

The family Poaceae occupies second position in dominance among the

Angiosperms of the state of Goa (Rao, 1985-1986). Earlier Vartak (1966) reported 92 grass species for the broader area of Gomantak encompassing areas from Karnataka and Maharashtra of which only seven grass species were actually referred from Goa.

Rao (1985-1986) listed 62 species of grasses in 38 genera for the state and later

Naithani et al., (1997) described 4 species of bamboo under four different genera along with other woody angiosperm tree species of Goa. To this 24 grass species were added by Rajkumar et al. (1999) and four by Joshi and Janarthanam (2004). Two new species were added under the genus Glyphochloa by Janarthanam et al. (2000) and Fonseca

and Janarthanam (2003). As these additions to the grass flora of Goa indicate to the

gaps in the existing taxonomic studies, an extensive survey of the grasses of the state is

needed. Hence, the present work has been undertaken with the following objectives:

OBJECTIVES

To survey, collect, document and critically carry out the taxonomic studies on

the grass flora of Goa. MATERIALS AND METHODS

The taxonomic study on family Poaceae of Goa state was taken up in the year

2003. Different habitats were intensively surveyed by undertaking periodical field trips from January 2003- November 2005. The specimens collected were given collection numbers and carried to laboratory in polythene bags to prevent desiccation and wilting. The field data such as habit, inflorescence details, phenology, habitat, associated species etc. were noted down in the field. The collected grass specimens were processed for herbarium using standard herbarium techniques. Ethyl alcohol saturated with mercuric chloride was used to poison specimens. The processed specimens were mounted on standard herbarium sheets. The morphological details were studied by dissecting specimens under WILD M3Z Leica stereo microscope. The

descriptions in details were written by observing dissected floral parts under stereo

microscope and illustrations of floral parts were drawn using drawing tube attached to

M3Z Leica stereo microscope. Photographs of floral parts were taken using Olympus

SZ 51 stereo microscope attached with DP 12 camera or with Olympus SZ 51 stereo

microscope using Nikon Coolpix 4500 camera.

The specimens described were identified using local and regional floras and

other relevent grass litrature. The identification of specimens was confirmed by

comparing with authentic herbarium specimens available at BSI (Botanical Survey of

India, Western Circle herbarium, Pune), MH (Madras herbarium of Botanical Survey

of India, Southern Circle, Coimbatore), SUH (Shivaji University herbarium at

Kolhapur), GUH (Goa University herbarium, Goa — GUH is not an acronym but used

for convenience). Specimens available in these herbaria were also studied for their

morphological details using hand lens and details on the herbarium labels were noted.

7 The identified, mounted herbarium specimens are deposited in the Herbarium,

Department of Botany, Goa University, Goa. During present study nine habitats were recognised for grasses following Joshi & Janarthanam (2004) with slight modification.

They are: 1. Cultivated land: cultivated and harvested paddy fields, coconut grooves, arecanut yards and banana plantations, 2. Epiphytic: tree trunks, 3. Forests: Under growth of moist deciduous forests, semi-evergreen forests and forest margins, 4.

Grassy hill slopes, 5. Halophytic: sandy beaches, Khazan lands, Mangroves, and other halophytic places, 6. Lateritic rocky plateaus: hard latrite, lateritic rocky plateau with little soil cover and water puddles on lateritic rocky plateaus, 7. Habitations: road sides, hedges, public parks, roof tops, compound walls and backyards, 8. Fresh watercourses: sandy riverbanks, stream banks, rocky stream beds, wet lands (fresh water) and 9. Water falls: on moist rocks, vertical rocky profiles moistened by seasonal waterfalls, water spray and trickles. Analysis of distributional data of grasses in various habitats was carried out using Multi Variate Statistical Package (MVSP).

Study area

The geographical area of study is confined to the state of Goa. Geographically,

Goa is situated between 73° 40' 33" and 74° 20' 13" E and 14° 53' 54" and 15° 48' N, with Sindhudurg district of the Maharashtra state in the North, Belgaum and Uttara

Kannada district in the East along the Western Ghats, Uttara Kannada district in the

South and by the Arabian Sea in the West. The total area is about 3702 km 2 and administratively divided into two districts, viz., North Goa and South Goa, which

comprises of 11 talukas, viz. Pernen, Bardez, Bicholim, Satari, Tiswadi, Ponda,

Mormagoa (smallest), Salcete, Sanguem (largest), Quepem and Canacona (Gune,

1979). Goa can be divided into three physiographic units (Rao, 1985 - 1986): 1) Hills

8 Fig. 1. Study Area — Goa State (IRS ID LISS-III Image)

rinheraMIrse

Kernm ekg

410011 = Evergreen 1-1 'Annatvergreen ri Mani DeCidt1005 1=1 Feenintinn Agnorhare. I Fellow = Ilgatedlady = SeMernerg

0 Kiemelets

ikhrra irdel *A Bairn firparmi,6es Ilium Oft and valleys along the Ghat zone, 2) Narrow coast line and 3) Undulating plateau on mainland between the hills and coast. The plateaus and the moist deciduous forests of

Western Ghats occupy the major portion of the land areas in the state of Goa (Gune,

1979). The Ghats occupy approximately 600 km 2 of area with an average height range of 800 m. The highest peak in Goa is Sonso gad (1,166 m) in Satari. The plateaus of mainland of Goa are of varying heights, which do not exceed beyond 100 m and not less than 30 m. Their tops are usually leveled and in few places deeply notched with gullies. The study area is well drained with rivers and streams. The principal rivers are

Mandovi and Zuari which empty themselves in the Arabian sea. Other small rivers are

Sinquerim, Chapora, Tiracol, Sal, Talpona, Galgibaga, Mapusa, and Madhaei, all

originating in the Sahyadri ranges which lie outside the state boundary.

Climate: The climate of Goa state can be categorised into four seasons, the winter

from December to February, summer from March to May, the south west monsoon

season from June to September, the post monsoon which begins in October and lasts

up to November. Most of the year faces a distinct dry period of six- seven months

from November to May.

Rainfall: The southwest monsoon winds bring rains to the state of Goa. These

monsoons reach Goa by the first week of June and the state receives maximum amount

of rainfall from June to August. The rainfall starts declining by September. The state

also receives pre-monsoon showers in month of April and May and post monsoon

showers in Month of October and November. A great variation (Fig. 2) in the rainfall

pattern in recent years have been witnessed in the state.

Temperature: The average temperature in the study area ranges from 30° C maximum

to 20 ° C minimum. The temperature rises from March to May.

Humidity: The climate in Goa is tropical and due to close proximity to Arabian Sea

9

the state is humid in condition and humidity ranges from 60 — 95 %.

Fig. 2. Monthly average rainfall of year 2003 - 2005

1400

1200

1000 m

in 800 20031 l l - 2004

fa 600 in 400 Ra

200

0 0 Feb April June Aug Oct Dec Months

Physiographic Units: The Goa state can be conveniently divided into three physiographic units. They are:

1. Hills and valleys along the ghat zone: The Western Ghats with continuous range of

Sahyadri hills form the commencement of the high hill range in the east. The foot- slopes of this hill range touch Ponda in the central Goa, Saari in the north, Sanguem in east and the interior of Canacona in the South. These ranges cover about one third of the total Goa.

2. Coast lines: The western and south-western parts of Goa constitute the coastal plains lined by Arabian sea. Coast line is layered with sandy soils and alluvium along river banks.

3. Plateaus: Covered with residual laterites of the detrital type.

Geology: The greater part of Goa is covered with Prec. ambrian rocks, except for a narrow strip along the north-eastern border of Goa in Saari taluka which is covered by the Deccan trap of Cretaceous to lower Eocene age. The Precambrian rocks consist of

10 quartzite, quartz-sericite schist, metavolacanics, quartz-chlorite-schist, quartz-chlorite- biotite schist, meta-gray-wacke, conglomerate (tilloid), pink phyllite with lenticular bodies of bended manganiferous and ferrogenous quartzites and upper meta- graywacke intruded by ultra basic sills and dykes, porphyritic granite and gneissic granite, dolerite dykes and vein quartz. In the recent times these rocks have under gone laterization. The pink phyllite are invariably converted into laterite at the surface, while the greywake are converted into metabasalts occassionally. The tilloid and gneissic granites are not laterized. The rocks along the coast have undergone laterization to varying degree where laterite profile extend to a depth of 50-75 m from the surface. The narrow strip of Deccan trap has some sporadic cover of laterite.

Meta -volcanics with beds of quartzite and quartz -sericite schist:

The meta-volcanics consist essentially of schistose and massive meta basalts

with the associated tufts agglomerate and partly of quartzporphyry. The schistose

meta-basalt is extensively present between Polem and Talpona, on the northern and

southern slopes of Barcem hill and between Betul and Adnem. Amygdular variety is

present in the Mormugao headlands, west of Xeldem and south of Gocoldem and

around Arvalem.The massive variety of meta basalt occurs on the conspicuously high

ridges of Morpirla-Molorem, Barcem-Vaul, Gocoldem-Mangal, Gaodongrem-

Cusquem, Banda-Usgao and Candepar and in the ghat section from Salguinim to

Kumari Peak. The quartz-porphyry which is present as narrow strip near Vaul, Xeldem

and Padi. The quartzites and quartz-sericite schist occur as narrow beds within the

meta-basalts. Good outcrops of quartzite are present near Caranzol, Codal, Tambdi and

on Asvelicho Dongor, on the Olon hill east of Molem and as narrow caught up patches

in the Quepem gneissic granite on the Cuncolim hill, south of Sanvordem between

Deulimola and Sanvorcotem and near Rowle.

11 Quartz-chlorite-biotite schist, quartz-chlorite schist with thin beds of quartzite, slate, meta-graywacke and conglomerate (Tilloid):

The entire Kalay hill and Tolsoi hill are completely comprises of conglomerate, the Bati hill and the area between Ribandar and Cumbarjua canal by graywake, the

Boma hill and the area between Moissal and Cundaim by quartz chlorite schist and the area between Durbhat to Agonda and querim by quartz-chlorite biotite schist while the area around cavorem, the area between Marangara and Mangueshi and that between

Borbatta and Vasco are made up of graywake, conglomerate and quartz-chlorite schist.

Pink ferruginous phyllite with limestone, manganigferrous chert-breccia and banded ferruginous qurtzite:

The pink ferruginous phyllite horizon has a wide distribution. It extends from river Talpona in the northwest to Salguinim in the southeast over a length of about 95

Km. In the central and south central parts of Goa, the pink phyllite occurs over an extensive area from Viliena on the east to Rivona on the west. Narrow strips are present near Betul and around Siroda. Magnesium rich crystalline limestone intercalated with chert bands occurs in the north-eastern part of Goa and are well exposed between Vainguinim on east and Ivrem Curdo on the west. The manganiferous chert breccia are present in the south Goa, south Sanvordem. The banded magnetite quartzite is fairly extensively present around Viliena and Barazon.

Upper Meta - Graywake:

The upper meta greywake overlies the pink phyllite conformably and occurs

over an extensive area between Vainguinim, Gonteli, Birondem in the north-east and

between Dodamarg, Mopa and beyond in northern Goa.

Ultrabasic and Basic intrusives:

12 Various schistose rocks are intruded by the ultrabasic rocks represented by talc- chlorite schist, peridotites and amphibolites and basic rocks represented by gabbro.

Talc-chlorite schist occurs near Xeldem in the gneissic granites and in the road cuttings of Pernem-Pacem-Corgaon road, around Malpem and MaMa. Peridotite occurs as long lenticular patches within the basic rocks on the Usgaon hill.

Porphyitic Granite: In the south Goa between Butpal on the east to the sea coast on the west, a linear granitic body occurs in general east-west direction. Deccan trap extend all along

Goa border from north east of Vainguinim up to the Goa-Karnataka-Maharashtra border north-east of Choraundem. It occurs at altitude varying from 600 m to 700 m.

Laterite: A mantle of laterite varying in thickness up to 15 m occurs extensively over almost all the rock types. Pink phyllite, graywake and quartz-chlorite schist are

generally less laterised. The metabasalts show partial laterisation. The thickness of

laterite mantle extend up to 15 m depending upon the vicinity to sea coast, the nature,

chemical composition of the original rocks and the topography.

Soil types: The major soil types of Goa are (Dhope, 1956): 1) The Lateritic soil which

is derived from pink phyllite is the major soil type observed in the study area and this

is formed due to heavy rainfall and high temperature. It is highly acidic, brownish

black to reddish brown, well drained, 2) Red gravel soil derived from micaceous

granite gneiss covers the undulated plateaus mixed with black soil adjoining the river

banks, 3) Alluvium Soils including coastal alluvium along coastal belt and in the low

lying situations, it is acidic, reddish brown to yellowish red with coarse texture, 4)

Sandy coastal soils .occurring along the coastal belt, is acidic with moderated organic

13 matter and 5) Saline soil occurring mostly in the Khazan land along the foot plains of the river. Its silty-clay looms are excessively saline where as the hills and valleys along the Ghat zone are with crystalline rocks of Granite and Quartz.

Vegetation types: Vegetation in the state is broadly classified by Rao (1985) into the following types: i) Estuarine vegetation of Mangroves, ii) Strand and creek vegetation, iii) Plateau vegetation including: a) scrub jungles and b) Moist deciduous forests the major vegetation type in Goa, iv) Semi-evergreen forests and v) Evergreen forests.

Semi-evergreen and evergreen forests are the second major vegetation type in Goa occurring in patches along the upper ghat regions above 500 m. The three types of forest found in Goa together constitute about 1591 km 2 which is about 43 percent of the total geographical area of the state. About 30 percent of the geographical area is covered with moist deciduous forest, which is about 71 percent of the total forest.

Semi evergreen covers an area of about 10 percent constituting about 23 percent of the forest area. Evergreen forest covers about 3 percent of the geographical area of the state, which is about six percent of the forest area (Anonymous, 2002). i) Estuarine vegetation of Mangroves: Occurring along the tidal fronts of swampy river banks. Major areas of mangrove vegetation are Mandovi and Zuari river banks, pure mangrove strands are found at Chorao wildlife sanctuary (Janarthanam et al., 1996-

1999). Other important Mangrove habitations are found along Ribandar cause way, inlet of Diwar, extending up to Banastari and Amona and Mapusa. Cortalim along

Zuari extends up to Shiroda, Sanvordem and to Maxem further South. The Main tree species are Bruguirea gymnorhizae, Rhizophora conjugata, R. mucronata, Kandelia candel, Sonneratia apetala, Avicennia officinalis, A. marina, Acanthus i•icifolius,

Aegiceras corniculata and shrubs found are Excoecaria agallocha, Clerodendrum inermis, Salvadora persica and halophytic climbers/stragglers includes Caesalpinia

14 crista, Derris trifolia etc. ii) Strand and creek vegetation: Confined to few patches along coastal region, the important plant species found here are Ipomoea pescaprae, Spinifex littoreus,

Sesuvium portulacastrum, Launea fallax, Cyperus arenarius and other Cyperaceae and

Poaceae members. iii) Plateau vegetation: Covers major portion of Goa with a) scrub jungles and b) moist deciduous forests. a) Scrub Jungles: This type of vegetation is rare in state and occurs on undulated gullies of rocky plateaus, extending from 50 — 200 m. Generally the plants found occurring are Calycopteris floribunda, Holarrhena pubescens, Ixora coccinea,

Zizyphus spp., Grewia nervosa, Neonotis foetida, Eriochloa spp. and Murdania semiteres. b) Moist deciduous forests: Much of the forest in Goa falls under this category with altitude range of 200 — 500 m. Mostly dominated by Terminalia-Xylia-Lagerstroemia association. Other plants found are Careya arborea, Catunaregam spinosa, Lannea coromandelica, Sapium insigne, Dendrocalamus strictus etc. iv) Semi-evergreen forests: Important tree species found are Holigarna arnottiana,

Aporusa lindleyana, Diospyros spp, Hopea ponga, Hydnocarpus pentandra, Olea dioica, Ixora brachiata, Terminalia spp., Dillenia pentagyna, Memecylon talbotianum,

Vateria indica etc.

v) Evergreen forests: The important tree species found are Calophyllum apetalum, Cinnamomum verum, Diospyros spp. Garcinia spp., Holigarna grahamii, Hopea ponga, Hydnocarpus pentandra etc.

15

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

(a) Systematic Treatment

POACEAE: The family Poaceae is represented by five subfamilies, 11 tribes, 70

genera. and 155 species and 5 infraspecific taxa in Goa. The systematic treatment of

the family is given below. Classification proposed by Watson and Dallwitz (1992) has

been followed in the present work. The tribe under each subfamily, genera under each

tribe and species within each genus are arranged in alphabetical order. Each species

has been provided with relevant nomenclature that has been updated by applying

ICBN (Greuter et al., 2000) and latest literature.

Key to the subfamilies:

1. Culms woody or herbaceous; internodes usually hollowed; lemma awn or awnless, awn when present mostly straight rarely geniculate (2) 1. Culms non woody mostly herbaceoues or rarely rigid; internodes usually solid; lemma awned or awnless, awn when present usually geniculate (3)

2. Leaf blade often pseudopetiolate, often with transverse veins, often spatheate, rarely espatheate; lemmas awned or awnless, awn when present non geniculate Bambusoideae 2. Leaf blade not pseudopetiolate, without transeverse veins; lemmas awned or awnless, awn when present straight or geniculate

3. Spikelets always with 2-florets, usually with basal staminate or rarely empty florets and upper hermaphrodite; axis articulated or non articulate; spikelets falling along with glumes or disarticulating in groups of two spikelets together 3. Spikelets with 1-many hermaphrodite florets; axis non articulated, persistent; spikelets usually falling above glumes or breaking rarely below the glumes (4)

4. Leaf blades mostly cross veined; spikelets compressed laterally, with an apically prolonged rachilla, with incomplete florets apically or both apically and basally Centothecoideae 4. Leaf blades without cross veins; spikelets compressed dorsiventrally, without apically prolonged rachilla, very rarely with proximal incomplete florets

16

Sub family: Arundinoideae

Key to the tribes:

1. Lemma with trifid awn Aristidaeae (Aristida) 1. Lemmas when awned with simple awn (2)

2. Rachilla forming spathulate structure; lemma lobed, awned in sinus Danthonieae (Danthonidium) 2. Rachilla not forming spathulate structure; lemma entire, acute, not awned

Tribe: Aristida L. L. Sp. Pl. 82. 1753. A genus of about 250 species distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions

of the world, of which 10 species occur in India and one in Goa.

Aristida setacea Retz. Obs. Bot. 4: 22. 1786; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 225. 1896;

Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 1008. 1908; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1809. 1934; Blatt. &

McCann, Bombay Grass. 211. 1935; Bor, Grass. India 412. 1960; Britto & Matthew in

Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1803. 1983; Rao, Fl. Goa 511. 1986; Kulkarni, Fl.

Sindhudurg 503. 1988; Matthew, Further Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic t. 714. 1988;

Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 247. 1989; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 146.

1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 328. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma

et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 397. 1996; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass.

155. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 560. 2002. Aristida adscensionis sensu

Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 511, 1986 non L. 1753.

Tufted perennial. Culms up to 150 cm high, erect; nodes, glabrous. Leaf sheath

keeled, up to 10 x 0.8 cm; ligule a membranous rim, fimbriate at apex; leaf blade

linear-lanceolate, up to 30 x 0.4 cm, rounded at base, acuminate at apex, convolute,

glaucous. Panicles spiciform, up to 35 cm long; main axis terete, smooth; racemes up

17 to 10 cm long; rachis terete, slender, smooth. Spikelets linear-lanceolate, c. 15 mm long, awned. Pedicel 1-10 mm long, flat, scabrid along the margins. Callus bearded, c.

3 mm long. Lower glume lanceolate, c. 8 x 1 mm, aristate at apex, chartaceous, 1- nerved, nerve keeled; arista c. 4 mm long, scabrid. Upper glume oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, c. 12 x 1 mm, aristate at apex, chartaceous, 1-nerved, nerve keeled; arista c.

3 mm long, scabrid. Lemma linear-lanceolate, c. 12 x 1.5 mm, awn at apex, chartaceous-subcoriaceous, convolute; awn c. 35 mm long, scabrid, trifid at apex.

Palea small, oblong, c. 1 x 0.3 mm, delicate, hyaline. Stamens 3; anthers c. 3 mm long, yellow. Ovary oblong, c. 6 mm long. (Plate 1 E).

Fl. & Fr.: September-March.

Habitat: Fairly common on lateritic rocky plateau, open hill slopes, dry open wastelands, along road sides and rare along field margins.

Note: This species is similar to A. adscensionis L. but differs by the awned glumes and robust taller culms.

Specimen examined: Goa: Gudi-Paroda, 1 mile beyond Margao, 7. 11. 1962, R. S.

Rao 84485 (BSI); Quepem, 18. 9. 1997, Vaishali Joshi & S. Rajkumar 975 (GUH);

Tilamol-Rivona, 29. 3. 1998, M. K. Janarthanam,Vaishali Joshi & S. Rajkumar 1470

(GUH); Arpora-Bardez, 21. 9. 2003, Harshala Gad 66 (GUH); Verna, 10. 10. 2003,

Harshala Gad 86 (GUH). Maharashtra: Nanja, 12. 10 1994, C. B. Salunkhe 7946

(SUH).

Tribe: Arundineae Key to the genera:

1. Lemmas silky hairy in the basal region; rachilla glabrous; ligule a membranous rim with entire apex; spikelets dense Arundo 1. Lemmas glabrous; rachilla densely silky hairy; ligule a membranous rim with fimbriate apex; spikelets not dense Phragmites

18 Arundo L. L. Sp. Pl. 81. 1753. A genus of about three species distributed in the tropical and temperate region of the world of which one species occur in India and Goa.

Arundo donax L. Sp. Pl. 1: 81.1753; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 302. 1896; Cooke, Fl.

Bombay 2: 1051. 1908; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1805. 1934; Blatt. & McCann,

Bombay Grass. 204.1935; Bor, Grass. India 413, f. 44. 1960; Matthew, Ill. Fl.

Tamilnadu Carnatic tt. 812 & 813. 1982; Britto & Matthew in Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu

Carnatic 3: 1807. 1983; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 187. 1989; Almeida,

Fl. Savantwadi 2: 113. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 330. 1991; Bhat &

Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 116. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 563. 2002.

Perennial. Cu1ms reed like, up to 220 cm high, erect rarely decumbent, with creeping rhizomes, rooting at lower nodes; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath rounded, up to

2.5 cm wide, rigid, bearded at mouth; ligule a membranous rim; leaf blade lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, up to 50 x 3 cm, rounded to shallowly cordate at base. Panicles up to 40 cm long, compact, densely spiculate; main axis terete; branches erect, verticillate, up to 15 cm long; rachis angular, scabrid. Spikelets lanceolate, c. 15 mm

long, 2-3 flowered. Pedicel angular, up to 5 mm long, scabrid on angles. Rachilla up to

1.5 mm long, glabrous. Lower glume lanceolate, c. 12 x 2 mm, acuminate at apex,

chartaceous, 3-nerved. Upper glume lanceolate, c. 11 x 2 mm, acuminate, chartaceous,

3-nerved, seated on c. 0.5 mm long rachilla at base. Florets hermaphrodite. Lemmas

lanceolate, c. 12 x 2 mm, acuminate at apex, chartaceous-subhyaline, 5-nerved,

densely villous in basal region; hairs silky white, up to 5 mm long. Paleas elliptic-

oblong, c. 5 x 1 mm, margins infolded, truncate and ciliate at apex, subhyaline, 2-

nerved, 2-keeled; keels ciliolate at apical region. Stamens 3; anthers c. 2 mm long,

19 yellow. Ovary oblong, c. 1 mm long; style c. 2 mm long; stigma c. 2 mm long. (Plate 1

D).

Fl. & Fr.: Throughout the year.

Habitat: Common in marshy fields, cultivated lands, in gardens, habitations.

Note: This species is often confused with Phragmites vallatoria (Pluk. ex L.) Veldk. due to its close resemblance of habit. But Arundo donax differs in having yellowish - purple to greenish purple panicles, broader leaves, hairy lemma and glabrous rachilla.

Species is commonly known as `Knell', rhizomes are considered to have medicinal value and are used in curing stomach ailments.

Specimen examined: Goa: Agoada, 5. 7. 1965, John Cherian 88600 (BSI);

Saldolsem-Canacona, 20. 10. 2004, Harshala Gad 144 (GUH). Maharashtra: Wathar,

5. 10. 1989, C. B. Salunkhe 7107 (SUH). Tamilnadu: Bunds of Vedanthgal water birds Sanctuary Chingleput Dt. Tamilnadu, 29. 9. 1974, A. N. Henry 45507 (MH).

Phragmites L. L. Sp. Pl. 81. 1753 et Gen. P1. ed. 5. 35. 1754. A genus of about three species, distributed in tropical and temperate regions of

the world, of which two species occur in India and one in Goa.

Phragmites vallatoria (Pluk. ex L.) Veldk. in Blumea 37. 233. 1992;

Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et at, Fl. Maharashtra Monocot 569. 1996; Yadav &

Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 601. 2002. Arundo vallatoria Pluk. ex L. Herb. Amb. 15. 1754.

Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. ex Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 324. 1841; Hook. f., Fl.

Brit. India 7: 304. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 1007. 1908; Fischer in Gamble, Fl.

Madras 1807. 1934; Bor, Grass. India 416. 1960; Vartak, Enum. Plant. Gomantak,

India. 117. 1966; Matthew, Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic tt. 914 & 915. 1982; Britto &

20 Matthew in Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1890. 1983; Karthikeyan et al., Fl.

Ind. Enum. Mono. 247. 1989; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 331. 1991. Arundo karka Retz. Obs. Bot. 4: 21. 1786. Phragmites maxima Blatt. & McCann, Bombay

Grass. 202.1935.

Perennials. Cu1ms rhizomatous, up to 200 cm high, reed like, erect, tufted;

nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath rounded, longer than internodal region, up to 1.5 cm wide,

rigid, glaucous; ligule a membranous rim, fimbriate at apex; leaf blade linear to linear-

lanceolate, up to 48 x 2 cm, rounded at base, acuminate at apex, convolute. Panicles

pyramidal, up to 40 cm long, lower nodes bearded. Spikelets linear-lanceolate, c. 12 x

0.8 mm, 2-3-flowered; rachilla densely villous; hairs silky, white, up to 8 mm long.

Pedicel angular, up to 1 cm long, scabrid. Lower glume oblong-lanceolate, c. 4 x 1

mm, acute to acuminate at apex, chartaceous, purplish green in coloured, 1-nerved,

nerve keeled. Upper glume lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, c. 5 x 1.5 mm, acute at

apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved, seated on c. 0.5 mm long rachilla at base. Florets

hermaphrodite. Lemmas oblong-lanceolate, c. 10 x 1 mm, margins incurved,

mucronate in centre of obtuse apex, chartaceous, 1-nerve. Palea oblong, c. 3 x 0.5 mm,

acute at apex, subhyaline, 2-nerved, 2-keeled; keels scabrid. Caryopsis oblongoid.

Fl. & Fr.: May to June.

Habitat: Rare; along sandy coastal areas.

Note: Found growing along with Saccharum spontaneum L. This species is similar to

Arundo donax L. but differs by its narrow leaves, densely villous rachilla and glabrous

lemmas. Species forms new distributional record to Goa.

Specimen examined: Goa: Miramar, Tiswadi, 12. 5. 2004, Harshala Gad 108 (GUH).

Maharashtra: Ghumiki, 13. 9. 1992, C. B. Salunkhe 8532 (SUH). Kerala: Chindakki

21 forest, 12. 1. 1980, N. C. Nair 65416 (MH); Kidangara, Changancherry, 24. 10. 1984,

V. T. Antony 902 (MH); Along the bank of Vembanad Lake, Alleppey, 18. 4, 1988,

M. S. Swaminathan 88235 (MH).

Tribe: Danthonieae Danthonidium C. E. Hubb. C. E. Hubb. in Hook. Ic. P1. t. 3331. 1937. A monotypic genus endemic to Peninsular India.

Danthonidium gammiei (Bhide) C. E. Hubb. in Hook. Ic. Pl. sub t. 3331. 1937; Bor,

Grass. India 479. f. 53. 1960; Vartak, Enum. Plant. Gomantak, India 115. 1966;

Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 516. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 204.

1989; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 120. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass.

361. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 447. 1996;

Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 118. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Koihapur

571. 2002. Danthonia gammiei Bhide in J. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal n. s. 7: 513, t. 6.

1912; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 200.1935.

Annual. Culms slender, 12 — 78 cm high, puberulous, erect; nodes glabrous.

Leaf sheath keeled, up to 4 x 0.4 cm, sparsely hairy along the margins; ligule a rim of hairs; leaf blade linear-filiform, up to 9 x 0.5 cm, rounded at base, acuminate at apex, covered with long hairs on adaxial surface. Racemes solitary, spiciform, 2-9 cm long, rachis filiform, puberulous. Spikelets lanceolate, c. 15 x 1.5 mm, awned. Callus hairy, sharply acute at base; hairs c. 2 mm long. Lower glume lanceolate, c. 12 x 2 mm, aristate at apex, chartaceous, 5-nerved, nerves scabrid; arista c. 3 mm long, scabrid.

Upper glume lanceolate, c. 11 x 2 mm, acuminate or aristate at apex, chartaceous, 3-5- nerved; arista c. 4 mm long, scabrid. Lemma oblong, c. 4 x 2.5 mm, coriaceous, lobed at apex, awned in sinus; lobes ending into setae at apex and tuft of hairs at base on

22 both sides; awn up to 15 cm long, with c. 6 mm long, column, dark brown, twisted; setae c. 5 mm long, scabrid. Palea oblong to oblong-lanceolate, c. 3.5 x 0.8 mm, margins delicate, hyaline, ciliate, notched at apex, subhyaline, keeled; keel forming a spathulate rachilla; rachilla c. 1 mm long. Stamens 3, anthers c. 2 mm long. Ovary oblong, c. 2 mm long; style 1.5 mm long; stigma c. 1.5 mm long, purple coloured.

(Plate 1 F).

Fl. & Fr.: September to October

Habitat: Fairly common on lateritic rocky plateaus.

Note: This species is endemic to peninsular India.

Specimen examined: Goa: Verna plateau, 10. 10. 2003, Harshala Gad 90 (GUH).

Maharashtra: Nangartas-Ambolim, Savantwadi, Ratnagiri district, 10 . 10. 1970, B.

G. Kulkarni 121566 (BSI); Chowke, 3. 10. 1993, C. B. Salunkhe 8306 (SUH). Kerala:

Bela, 1. 10. 1982, R. Ansari 74424 (MH).

23

Subfamily: Bambusoideae

Key to the supertribes of Bambusoideae:

1. Culms herbaceous, commonly unbranched above; spiklelets espatheate; lodicules commonly 2, rarely ciliate; stigma usually two Oryzodae (Tribe: Oryzeae) 1. Culms woody, branched above; spikelets spatheate; lodicules usually 3 or more, ciliate; stigma usually 3 or more . Bambusodae (Tribe: Bambuseae)

Tribe: Bambuseae

Key to the genera ( Adapted from Naithani et al., 1997):

1. Culms unarmed (2) 1.Culms armed Bambusa

2. Stamens 6; caryopsis small (3) 2. Stamens 6-120; caryopsis large Ochlandra 3. Culms stout, branching extra vaginal Denrocalamus 3. Culms week, vinelike, branching extravaginal Pseudoxytenanthera

Bambusa Schreber Schreber. Gen. 236. 1789 (nom. cons.) A genus of about 120 species, distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of

the world, mostly , Africa and America, of which 15 species occur in India and

one in Goa.

Bambusa bamboos (L.) Voss, Besch. Pflanzendeutsche Gaerten 2: 584. 1896; Negi &

Naithani, Handbook of Indian Bamboos 97. 1994; Naithani et al., Forest Fl. Goa t.

131, 615. 1997. Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.) Willd. Sp. Pl. 2: 245. 1799; Gamble in

Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 395. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 1046. 1908; Fischer in

Gamble, Fl. Madras 1859. 1934; Britto & Matthew in Matthew Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic

3: 1808. 1983; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 490. 1986; Majumdar in Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind.

24 Enum. Mono. 274. 1989; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra

Monocot. 412. 1996. Bambos arundinacea Retz. Obs. Bot. 5: 24, 1789.

Thorny, strong bamboo. Culms hollow, deep green, root stock stout, up to 30 m tall, up to 10 cm in diameter at base, nodes swollen, lower nodes armed with 2-3 recurved spines, intrenodes 15-30 cm long; with recurved branches. Culm sheaths up

12 — 40 x 12-30 cm broad at base, coriaceous, rounded at apex, covered with dense golden brown ciliate hairs; ligule entire to fringed rim. leaf sheath up to 20 cm long, glabrous to pubescent with blackish hairs, rounded at apex, imperfect blade triangular, up to 10 cm long, ciliate along margins, acuminate at apex, glabrous on dorsal surface, covered with deep brown on black hits on adaxial surface. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 18 x 3 cm, scabrid along margins, acute at apex, glabrous to puberulous on abaxial surface. Panicle bearing loose clusters of spikelets. Spikelet sessile, lanceolate, 4-6 flowered, 2.5 cm long, acute at apex. Glume 2 or absent, ovate, 5.5 mm long, lanceolate, shortly mucronate at apex. Lemma lanceolate, as long as glumes. Palea lanceolate, as long as or longer than lemma, 2-keeled. Lodicules 3, two sub-obtuse, the third lanceolate. Stamens 6. Ovary elliptic-oblong. Caryopsis oblong, up to 6 mm long,

grooved on one side.

Fl. & Fr.: Gregarious flowering, a flowering gap of 44-49 years has been mentioned

by Bennet & Gaur (1990) c. f. Negi & Naithani 1994.

Habitat: Along banks of streams and in semi evergreen forest.

Note: Locally known as 'Velu' and culms are used as secondary timber, scaffolding

material, making articles like baskets, mats, bags, caps and furniture etc. Young tender

shoots locally known as 'Keel' are harvested and used as vegetable and made into

25 pickles. Description is adapted from sources cited above as specimen was not found in flowering.

Specimen examined: Satari, s. d. Harshala Gad & M. K. Janarthanam s. n. (GUH).

Dendrocalamus Nees Nees in Linnaea 9: 476. 1835. A genus of about 35 species, distributed in , Indomalayan region,

Indomalesian, Indian, Indo-Chinese and Malesian, of which 10 species and two varieties occur in India and one in Goa.

Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees in Linnaea 9: 476. 1834; Gamble in Hook. f.,

Fl. Brit. India 7: 404. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 1049. 1908; Fischer in Gamble, Fl.

Madras 1858. 1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 285. 1935; Vartak, Enum.

Plant. Gomantak, India. 117. 1966; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 496. 1986; Majumdar in

Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 276. 1989; Negi & Naithani, Handbook of

Indian Bamboos 32. 1994; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra

Monocot. 449. 1996; Naithani et al., Forest Fl. Goa 611. 1997. Bambos stricta Roxb.,

PI. Cor. 1: 58, t. 80. 1795.

A deciduous densely tufted bamboos, culms up to 15 m high, up to 7 cm in diameter, culms glaucous when enclosed in sheath, dull green when young turning to straw yellow colour when grows old or on drying, rooting at basal nodes; nodes

swollen; internodes up to 30 cm long. Culm sheaths 6-25 x 10-15 cm, ciliate along

margins, shallowly auricled at base of imperfect leaf blade, coriaceous, covered with

golden yellow to golden brown hairs, ligule a narrow rim; imperfect blade triangular,

3-6 cm long, hairy on both surfaces. leaves linear-lanceolate, 2.5 - 20 x 2.5 cm,

acuminate at apex; acuminate tip twisted. Panicle vary in length, spikelets collected

26 into globular heads. Spikelets spinescent, mixed with many sterile spikelets; with 2 or

3 fertile florets. Glumes elliptic-lanceolate, c. 1 cm long. Lemma ovate, c. 8 mm long, ciliate along margins, acuminate or ending into 2 mm long spine at apex. Palea ovate to obovate, 2-keeled, emarginate at apex; keels ciliate. uppermost paleas not keeled.

Stamens 6. Stigma plumose. Caryopsis ovoid or ub-globose, c. 6.5 mm long, beaked.

Fl. & Fr.: Flowering irregularly, usually November-March.

Habitat: Occurring in forest and grown around habitations. A component of moist deciduous forest.

Note: Locally known as 'Maan'. Culms used as secondary timber and secondary timber, as scaffolding material, making articles like baskets, mats, bags, caps and furniture etc.

Specimen examined: Goa: Camurlim, Bardez, s.d., Harshala Gad 346 (GUH).

Ochlandra Thw. Thw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 376. 1864. A genus of about 12 species, distributed in Madagascar, India and Ceylon, of which seven species occur in India and one in Goa.

Ochlandra talbotii Brandis, hid. Trees 684. 1906; Cooke 2: 1050; Majumdar in

Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 279. 1989; Naithani et al., Forest Fl. Goa

611. 1997.

Culms numerous, growing in dense clumps, slender, 3-6 m, tall, 6-18 mm in

diameter, hollow, sometimes scandent; nodes thickened, shining. Culms sheath

smooth, striate, rounded with 2 small ciliate auricle at the top; ligule short fimbriate;

imperfect blade subulate, acuminate at apex. Leaf sheath smooth; ligule short; leaves

20-30 x 3.5 x 6 cm, lanceolate, ending in a long setaceous point at apex. Inflorescence

27 terminal spike, 10-20 cm long spike, whorls about 2.5 cm apart at the base, congested at apical region. Spikelet 2-6, 6-30 mm long, fertile spikelets few, 3 cm Ion. Glumes 3-

6, broadly ovate, acute, spinulose-mucronate. Lemma larger than glumes, acute at apex. Lodicules 6, linear, veined. Stamens 25-40, exserted; filaments free; anthers 12 mm long, sagittate at the base. Ovary prolonged into a slender style; stigma 5.

Caryopsis ovoid, 50 x 8 mm, glabrous, shining, narrowed into long beak, supported by persistent glumes.

Fl. & Fr.: Monocarpic.

Habitat: In forests along riverbanks

Note: Rare in study area. Description is adapted from sources cited above, as specimen could not be collected in flowering. (This species has not been included in analysis as it was collected later).

Specimen examined: Colem, s. d. Harshala Gad & M. K. Janarthanam s. n. (GUH).

Pseudoxytenanthera Soderstrom & Ellis, R. Soderstrom & Ellis, R., Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 72: 52. 1988. Monotypic genus, Endemic to Southern India and .

Pseudoxytenanthera stocksii (Munro) Naithani in J. Nat. Hist. Soc. 87: 440. 1990.

Oxytenanthera stocksii Munro in Linn. Soc. Lond. 26: 130. 1868; Gamble in Hook. F.,

Fl. Brit. India 7: 403. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 1048. 1908. Pseudotenanthera

stocksii (Munro) Majumdar in Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 280. 1989.

A medium-sized bamboo. CuIms up to 9 m tall; internodes 15-30 x 2.5-3.5 cm,

branches few at the node. Cu1m sheath 15-22 x 7-17 cm, covered on dorsal surface

with deciduous reddish brown hairs mixed with black bulbous-based white hairs.

Imperfect blade subulate, rounded at base, acuminate at apex, with long fringed auricle

28 on the top of the sheath; ligule c. 7 mm long, fimbriate at apex. Leaves 10 -20 x 1-2 cm, liner-lanceolate; sheath striate, glabrous or pubescent when young, ligule long, lacerate. Panicle of spicate heads with many closely packed spinous spikelets; heads about 2.5 cm in diameter supported by rounded, chaffy bracts. Spikelets 1- 1.2 cm,

long, many fertile florets mixed up with a few sterile florets. Glumes ovate,

mucronate, 5-7-nerved. Lemma ovate, sub-acute, mucronate at the back. Palea of the

lower flowers as long as the lemmas, 2-keeled; that of upper flower concave,

convolute, blunt. Stamens long exserted. Ovary ovoid, hairy.

FL & Fr.: Monocarpic

Habitat: In evergreen forests along streams.

Note: Locally known as 'Kondo' used for poles etc. Description is adapted from

sources cited above as specimen could not be collected in flowering.

Specimen examined: Sanguem, s.d. Harshala Gad & M. K. Janarthanam s. n. (GUH).

Tribe: Oryzeae Key to the genera:

1. Lower glumes absent; keel of lemma and palea spinulose Leersia 1.Lower glumes present; keel of lemma and palea scabrid (2)

2. Glumes > 2 mm long; culms rigid; leaves linear, rigid Porteresia 2. Glumes < 2 mm long; culms not as above; leaves linear- lanceolate, not rigid Oryza

Leersia Soland. ex Sw. Sw., Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 21. 1788.

A genus of about 18 species distributed in tropical and temperate regions of the

world, of which two species occur in India and one in Goa.

29 Leersia hexandra Sw., Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 21. 1788; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 94.

1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 1042. 1908; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1845. 1934;

Bor, Grass. India 599. 1960; Matthew, Ill. FL Tamilnadu Carnatic tt. 888 & 889.

1982; Britto & Matthew in Matthew, FL Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1871. 1983;

Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 241. 1989; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 140.

1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 430. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 534. 1996; Rajkumar et al., in J. Bombay Nat. Hist.

Soc. 96: 182. 1999; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 111. 2001; Yadav &

Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 590. 2002. Homalocenchrus hexandrus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl.

777. 1891; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 272, t. 185. 1935.

Perennial. Cu1ms up to 80 cm high, erect or trailing, rooting at lower nodes; upper nodes vinous; hairs retrorse. Leaf sheath up to 5-10 x 0.25 cm, rounded, scaberulous; ligule truncate, c. 3 mm long, lacerate at apex, membranous; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, up to 9-13 x 0.6 cm, rounded to shallowly cordate at base, acuminate at apex, scabrid. Panicle up to 10 cm long; racemes 1-3.5 cm long; rachis angular, scabrid. Spikelets asymmetrically oblong, compressed, c. 4 x 1.2 mm, subacute at apex, subcoriaceous, greenish yellow. Pedicel angular, 1-10 mm long, scabrid. Glumes absent. Lemma oblong, laterally compressed, c. 4 x 1 mm, acute at apex, coriaceous,

5-nerved, keeled; lateral nerves scabrid; keel spinulose; spines c. 0.5 mm long. Palea oblong, laterally compressed, c. 4 x 0.5 mm, acute at apex, coriaceous, 3-nerved, central nerve keeled; keel spinulose; spines c. 0.5 mm long. Lodicules 2, denticulate at apex. Stamens 6; anthers c. 3 mm long, yellow. Ovary oblong; stigma c. 2 mm long, white to cream coloured. (Plate 1 A).

Fl. & Fr.: August to November.

30 Habitat: Common along field margins, wetlands, marshy areas, shallow ponds, lakes; rare in backwater areas.

Note: Culms hollowed, rooting at nodes when submerged or floating in water. This grass superficially looks like Oryza species, but differs in having slender culms, retrorse hairs on nodes, retrorse spines on culms, smaller spikelets and longer spines on keels of lemma and palea.

Specimen examined: Goa: Ciba campus, 4. 1. 1997, S. Rajkumar 465 (GUH);

Calangute 21. 9. 2003, Harshala Gad 63 (GUH); Khorlim-Old Goa, 2. 11. 2004,

Harshala Gad 162 (GUH). Maharashtra: Kudal, 11. 10. 1992, C. B. Salunkhe 8650

(SUH).

Oryza L. L., Sp. Pl. 333. 1753. A genus of about 25 species distributed in the tropical region of the world, of

which 13 species occur in India and two in Goa.

Key to the species:

1. Lemma awned or aristate at apex; culms purplish green 0 rufipogon 1. Lemma acute to apiculate at apex; culms green 0. sativa

Oryza rufipogon Griff. Notul. 3: 5. 1851; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono.

241. 1989; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 142. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala

Grass. 432. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 545.

1996; Rajkumar et al., in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 96: 182. 1999; Bhat & Nagendran,

Sedges and Grass. 113. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 595. 2002.

Annual. Cu1ms up to 50 cm high, erect, tufted, rooting at lower nodes; nodes

glabrous. Leaf sheath keeled, up to 9 x 0.8 cm, with prominent veins on dorsal surface;

31 ligule ovate, c. 1 cm long, membranous; leaf blade linear lanceolate, up to 20 x 0.6 cm, lower ones narrowed at base, upper ones rounded to shallowly cordate at base, serrulate along the margins, acuminate at apex, scabrid on the adaxial surface. Panicles up to 15 cm long; branches up to 5 cm long; rachis trigonous, c. 0.5 mm wide.

Spikelets oblong, laterally compressed, c. 8 x 3 mm, awned, deciduous. Pedicel up to

1.5 mm, long, dilated at apex. Lowe and upper glumes similar, subequal,ovate-oblong, c. 2 x 0.5 mm, acuminate at apex, chartaceous, 1-nerved, nerve keeled; keel scabrid.

Lemma ovate-oblong, laterally compressed, c. 7 x 4 mm (when spread), cuspidate ,at apex, coriaceous, 3-nerved, central nerve keeled; cusp up to 8 mm long, scabrid; nerves scaberulous. Palea oblong, c. 8 mm long, apiculate at apex, coriaceous, scaberulous, 1-nerved, nerve keeled; keel scabrid. Lodicules 2, oblong, c. 1 mm long.

Stamens 6; filaments short, c. 0.5 mm long; anthers 2-3 mm long, yellow. Stigma c.

1.5 mm long, purple. Caryopsis oblongoid, c. 5 mm long. (Palte 1 B).

Fl. & Fr.: August-October.

Habitat: Very common in marshy fields, shallow ponds and puddles on lateritic rocky plateaus.

Note: This species is similar to 0. sativa but can be distinguished from its purplish green culms and panicles and long awned spikelets. It is considered as an obnoxious weed in paddy fields as it is found competing with cultivated rice. The grains are known to have long viability.

Specimen examined: Goa: Loliem, 24. 8. 1996, M. K. Janarthanam, Vaishali Joshi &

S. Rajkumar 76 (GUH); Near Bodgeshwar temple-Mapusa, 16. 8. 2003, Harshala Gad

36 (GUH). Maharashtra: Yawateshwar, 1. 9. 1991, C. B. Salunkhe 8461 (SUH);

Yawteshwar, December 1992, Bachulkar-Cholekar 3121 (SUH).

32 Oryza sativa L. Sp. Pl. 333. 1753; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 92. 1896; Cooke, Fl.

Bombay 2: 1043. 1908; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1844. 1934; Blatt. & McCann,

Bombay Grass. 274.1935; Bor, Grass. India 605. 1960; Vartak, Enum. Plant.

Gomantak, India. 117. 1966; Britto & Matthew in Matthew Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3:

1878. 1983; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 509. 1986; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 546. 1988;

Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 241. 1989; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 142.

1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 433. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 545. 1996; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 595.

2002.

Annual. Culms up to 100 cm high, erect, tufted; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath rounded, ciliate along the margins; ligules ovate, up to 8 mm long, membranous; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, up to 35 x 1 cm, rounded at base, scabrid along margins, acuminate at apex, scabrid on both the surfaces. Panicles up to 25 cm long; rachis angular, scabrid. Spikelets oblong, 5-10 mm long. Pedicel angular, scabrid, discoid at apex. Lower and upper glumes reduced to minute scales, lanceolate, subequal in size, c. 1.5 x 0.3 mm, acute at apex, coriaceous, 1-nerved. Lemma laterally compressed, ovate-oblong, c. 8 x 4 mm (when spread), acute to apiculate at apex, coriaceous, scaberulous on dorsal surface, 3-nerved, central nerve keeled; keel scabrid. Palea laterally compressed, oblong, c. 8 x 3.5 mm, apiculate at apex, coriaceous, scaberulous on dorsal surface, 1-nerved; nerve keeled; keel scabrid. Stamens 6; anthers c. 3 mm long. Caryopsis oblongoid, brown coloured.

FL & Fr.: August to March.

Habitat: Cultivated as staple food.

Note: Cultivated throughout the state for its edible grains.

33 Specimen examined: Goa: Aloma, Pernem, 29. 9. 2005, Harshala Gad 222 (GUH).

Porteresia Tateoka Tateoka in Bull. Nat. Sci. Mus. Tokyo 8: 406. 1965.

A monotypic genus, distributed in India and Burma.

Porteresia coarctata (Roxb.) Tateoka in Bull. Nat. Sci. Mus. Tokyo 8: 406. 1965;

Kathikeyan, Fl. Ind. Enum. Monocot. 252. 1989. Oryza coarctata Roxb. Fl. India 2:

206. 1832; Hook. f , Fl. Brit. India 7: 93. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 1042. 1908;

Bor, Grass. India 604. 1960.

Perennial. Culms angular, rigid, up to 60 cm high, erect, tufted, rhizomatous; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath rounded, keeled; ligule short, membranous; leaf blade linear lanceolate, up to 23 x 0.4 cm, rounded at base, acuminate at apex, rigid. Panicles up to

15 cm long; rachis trigonous, smooth. Spiklets asymmetrically oblongoid. Lower and upper glumes similar in shape and size, subulate, c. 2.5 x 0.2 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous. Lemma laterally compressed, oblong, c. 12 x 2 mm, margins narrowly inturned, scabrid, acuminate at apex, coriaceous, 5-7-nerved. Palea laterally

compressed, c. 12 x 1.5 mm, margins narrowly inturned, acuminate at apex,

coriaceous, scabrid, 3-nerved. Stamen 6; anthers c. 5 mm long. Caryopsis oblongoid.

Fl. & Fr.: August-September.

Habitat: Occasional along back water areas.

Note: A component of Mangrove vegetation. Similar to Oryza sativa L. but differs

from it by long scaly glumes.

Specimen examined: Goa: Chorao. 20. 11. 2004, Harshala Gad 171 (GUH).

34 Subfamily: Centothecoideae

Tribe: Centotheceae

Centotheca Desv. Desv., Nouv. Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 2: 189. 1810 (Centosteca)

A genus of about four species distributed in tropical Africa, Asia and

Polynesia, of which one species occur in India and Goa.

Centotheca lappacea (L.) Desv. in Nouv. Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 2: 189. 1810;

Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 322. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 1043. 1908; Fischer in

Gamble, Fl. Madras 1848. 1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 274. 1935, p. p.;

Bor, Grass. India 457, f. 50. 1960; Vartak, Enum. Plant. Gomantak, India. 117. 1966;

Matthew, Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic tt. 821 '& 822. 1982; Britto & Matthew in

Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1878. 1983; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 492. 1986; Kulkarni,

Fl. Sindhudurg 511. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 196. 1989;

Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 115. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 354.

1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 422. 1996; Bhat

& Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 121. 2001. Cenchrus lappaceus L. Sp. P1. ed. 2.

1488. 1763.

Perennial. Culms up to 100 cm high, tufted, erect, nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath rounded, shorter than internodal region, up to 13 x 0.7 cm, slightly keeled, margins

imbricate, ciliate along one margin, bearded at mouth; ligule a membranous rim, c. 1

mm long, ciliate at apex; leaf blade elliptic-lanceolate, up to 14 x 3 cm, obliquely

rounded at base, undulated along one margin, acute to acuminate at apex, with

projection of false reticulate veins on abaxial surface. Panicles pyramidal, up to 30 cm

long, open; main axis angular, scabrid. Racemes alternately whorled, up to 16 cm long.

35 Spikelets elliptic-lanceolate, c. 8 x 2 mm, 2-4 flowered. Pedicel up to 6 mm long, scabrid. Rachilla extended above last apical floret. Lower glume ovate-lanceolate, c.

2.5 x 1.2 mm, acuminate at apex, chartaceous, 3-5 nerved, central nerve scabrid. Upper glume elliptic-lanceolate, c. 4 x 1.5 mm, acuminate at apex, chartaceous, scaberulous,

7-nerved. Lemma oblong-lanceolate, c. 5 x 2 mm, margins with retrorse tubercle- based bristles at apical region, acute at apex, chartaceous, with reticulate venation pattern on inner surface, 7-nerved; nerves scabrid at the basal region, covered with retrorse tubercle-based bristles at apical region; bristles c. 1 mm long. Palea linear- lanceolate, c. 3.5 x 1 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 2-nerved, 2-keeled; keels scabrid towards apex. Stamens 3; anthers c. 2 mm long, yellow. Ovary ovate, c. 1 mm long; style c. 1 mm long; stigma c. 1.5 mm long, white. (Plate 1 C).

FL & Fr.: September-November.

Habitat: Occasional on forest floors, along forest margins in shade, rarely in cultivated areas.

Notes: Leaves with reticulate false venation on abaxial surface from which grass can be identified in field in its vegetative condition.

Specimen examined: Goa: Molem-Anmode, 19. 10. 1997, M. K. Janarthnam,

Vaishali Joshi & S. Rajkumar 1157 (GUH); Mopa-Pernem, 29. 9. 2005, Harshala Gad

226 (GUH). Maharashtra: Danoli, 6. 11. 1994, C. B. Salunkhe 7286 (SUH).

36

Sub family: Chloridoideae Tribe: Chloridoid assemblage

Key to the genera:

1. Inflorescence a solitary raceme or digitate or subdigitate spikes (2) 1. Inflorescence a panicle (9)

2. Spikelets single flowered (3) 2. Spikelets usually 2 to many-flowered (4)

3. Inflorescence a cylindrical raceme; lower glume present; both the glumes aristate at apex, chartaceous Perotis 3. Inflorescence a narrow, lanceolate, spiciform raceme; lower glume absent; upper glume acute to sub acute at apex, coriaceous to crustaceous Zoysia

4. Inflorescence a spike, solitary or many, digitate to subdigitate; lemma entire, awnless (5) 4. Inflorescence a solitary raceme or spike; lemma lobed at apex, awned in sinus (8)

5. Lemma aristate; florets dissimilar, lower one fertile and upper sterile or empty Chloris 5. Lemma aristate or not; florets similar, fertile (6)

6. Spikelets with 1-floret Cynodon 6. Spikelets with many-florets (7)

7. Lemma aristate; axis of spikes ending into a sharp pointed tip Dactyloctenium 7. Lemma not aristate; axis of the spikes ending into a spikelet Eleusine

8. Inflorescence a spiciform spike; lemma 2-lobed at apex Indopoa 8. Inflorescence a raceme; lemmas 2- 4 lobed at apex Tripogon

9. Spikelets with 1-floret, not laterally compressed Sporobolus 9. Spikelets with 2 to many-florets, laterally compressed (10)

10. Lemmas often lobed or toothed at apex Leptochloa 10. Lemmas entire; not lobed or toothed at apex (11)

11. Rachis flat, winged on both sides; glumes acuminate to cuspidate at apex; spiklets falling entire Dinebra 11. Rachis flexuous, not winged; glumes acute at apex; spikelets usually breaking up at maturity, not falling entire Eragrostis

37 Chloris Sw. Sw. Prod. Veg. Ind. Occ. 25. 1788 A genus of about 55 species distributed in tropical and warm temperate region of the world, of which about 10 species occur in India and two in Goa.

Key to the species:

1. Spikes wide open; spikelets with 2-sterile lemmas; upper glume not winged along the margins at apical region, acuminate at apex C. barbata 1. Spikes not wide open; spikelets with solitary sterile lemma; upper glume winged along margins at apical region, aristate at apex C. virgata

Chloria barbats Sw. Prod. Veg. Ind. Occ. 25. 1788; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 292.

1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 1035. 1908; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1838. 1934;

Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 256. t. 171. 1935; Bor, Grass. India 465. 1960;

Vartak, Enum. Plant. Gomantak, India. 116. 1966; Britto & Matthew in Matthew, Fl.

Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1820. 1983; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 493. 1986; Matthew, Further Ill.

Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic t. 732. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 197.

1989; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 146. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass.

357. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 425. 1996;

Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 127. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur

567. 2002.

Annual. Culms up to 54 cm high, tufted, erect; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath keeled; ligule a membranous rim, c. 0.3 mm long, fimbriate at apex; leaf blade linear- lanceolate, up to 24 x 0.4 cm, rounded at base, acuminate at apex. Spikes digitate, 3-8 in number, up to 5 cm long, densely spiculate. Spikelets subsessile, 2-seriate, obovate, c. 2 mm long, 2-flowered. Lower glume lanceolate, c. 1 x 0.4, acuminate at apex, hyaline, 1-nerved, nerve keeled; keel scabrid. Upper glume lanceolate, c. 2 x 0.5 mm,

38 acuminate at apex, hylaline, purple in colour, 1-nerved, nerve keeled; keels scabrid.

Lower floret hermaphrodite, upper floret empty. Fertile lemma ovate to ovate-elliptic,

c. 2 x 1 mm, awned at apex, coriaceous, 3-nerved, with submarginal fringes of white

hairs; awn c. 5 mm long, scabrid. Palea oblong-elliptic, c. 1.8 x 0.5 mm, mucronate,

hyaline, 2-nerved, 2-keeled. Sterile lemmas 2, seated on c. 1 mm long glabrous

rachilla; lemmas obovate, c. 1 x 1 mm, awned in center of truncate apex, coriaceous,

3-nerved; awn c. 5 mm long, scabrid. Caryopsis trigonous, c. 0.6 mm long. (Plate 1 G).

FL & Fr.: Throughout the year.

Habitat: Very common along roadsides, habitations, open dry wastelands, cultivated

fields, and salt marshes.

Note: This species differs from other species of the genus by its pink wide open

spikes, and presence of 2-sterile lemma. This species form new distributional record to

Goa.

Specimen examined: Goa: Goa University campus, Taleigao, 23. 10. 1996, Vaishali

Joshi & S. Rajkumar 348 (GUH); Goa University campus, Taleigao, 5. 8. 2003,

Harshala Gad 24 (GUH). Kerala: Paravur, 23. 5. 1978, C. N. Mohanan 55753 (MH).

Maharashtra: Samberwadi, December 1995, Bachulkar-Cholekar 20188 (SUFI);

Ashta, 26. 9. 1993, C. B. Salunkhe 7507 (SUH). Tamilnadu: Pattukottai, 19. 5. 1978,

V. J. Nair 56508 (MH).

Chloris virgata Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 1. 203.-1797; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 291. 1896;

Blatt. & Mc Cann, Bombay Grass. 255. t. 170. 1935; Bor, Grass. India 468. 1960;

Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 197. 1989; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et

al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 427. 1996; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 567. 2002.

39 Annual. Culms up to 50 cm high, erect; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath keeled, shorter than internodal region, 2.5-4.5 x 0.3 cm; ligule a membranous rim, c. 0.5 mm

long, fimbriate at apex; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, up to 7 x 0.2 cm, rounded at base,

acuminate at apex, sparsely tubercle-based hairy on both surfaces. Spikes digitate 4-6

in number, up to 4 cm long, densely spiculate; rachis trigonous, scabrid. Spikelets

sessile to subsessile, 2-seriate, obovate, 3 mm long, 2-flowered. Glumes persistent on

rachis. Lower glume oblong-lanceolate, c. 1.5 x 0.3 mm, subacute at apex,

chartaceous, 1-nerved, nerve keeled; keel scabird. Upper glume elliptic-lanceolate, c. 2

x 0.5 mm, obtuse at apex, chartaceous, 1-nerved, nerve keeled; keel scabrid, ending

into cusp; cusp c. 1 mm long, scabrid. Lower floret hermaphrodite. Lower lemma

oblong-ovate, c. 2 x 2 mm, acute at apex, apex fringed by tuft of hairs on both sides,

chartaceous, 3-nerved, central nerve keeled, with submarginal fringes of hairs; hairs c.

3 mm long; keel, hairy, aristate at subapical region; arista c. 10 mm long, scabrid.

Palea obovate, c. 2 x 0.5 mm, margins inflexed, cleft at apex, subhyaline, 2-nerved, 2-

keeled; keels scabrid. Sterile lemma solitary, seated on c. 1 mm long rachilla; lemma

obovate, c. 1.5 x 1 mm, margins winged on both the sides at apical region, hyaline,

apex truncate, lobed in center, aristate in sinus, chartacaeous, 3-nerved; arista up to 8

mm long, scabrid. Caryopsis oblongoid, 1 mm long.

Fl. & Fr.: September to January.

Habitat: Common in open dry waste palces, along roadsides, habitation areas,

cultivated lands.

Note: This species differs from other species of the genus by greyish-green spikes,

cuspidate upper glume winged aristate and solitary sterile lemma. A weed in cultivated

lands. This species form new distributional record to Goa.

40 Specimen examined: Goa: St cruz, Tiswadi, 25. 9. 2003, Harshala Gad 70 (GUH).

Maharashtra: Bhidae tank, Nagpur, 13. 11. 1957, K. Subramanyam 4569 (MH);

Majra village, Bhiwkund, 20. 12. 1976, S. Karthikeyan 148525 (BSI); Gadinglaj, 3.

10. 1989, C. B. Salunkhe 8425 (SUH); Kathavadi, January 1993, Bachulkar-Cholekar

3409 (SUH). : Kattupalli, Ponneri Taluka, 7. 9. 1985, D. Narasimhan 912

(MN).

Cynodon Rich. Rich. in Pres. Syn. Pl. 1:85. 1805. A genus of about 10 species distributed in tropical and subtropical region of the

world, of which three species occur in India and one in Goa.

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Syn. Pl. 1: 85. 1805; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 288.

1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 1033. 1908; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1835. 1934;

Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 249, t. 166. 1935; Bor, Grass. India 469, f. 52. 1960;

Vartak, Enum. Plant. Gomantak, India. 116. 1966; Matthew, Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu

Carnatic t. 838. 1982; Britto & Matthew in Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1829.

1983; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 495. 1986; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 203. 1989;

Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 118. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 360.

1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 422. 1996; Bhat

& Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 128. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 570.

2002.

Perennial. Culms terete, slender, up to 25 cm long, creeping, rhizomatous,

rhizomes slender; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath keeled, laterally compressed, more than

half the length of internodes, c. 2 mm wide, margins hyaline; ligule a membranous

rim, fimbriate at apex; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, up to 5 x 0.2 cm, rounded at base,

41 acuminate at apex, glabrous, sparsely hairy at base. Racemes digitate, 3-5 in number, c. 3 cm long, rachis trigonous, scabrid along the angles. Spikelets elliptic-lanceolate, c.

2 x 1 mm; lower glume elliptic-lanceolate, c. 2 x 0.2 mm, margins hyaline, acute at apex, chartaceous, 1-nerved, nerve keeled; keels scabrid. Upper glume elliptic- lanceolate, c.1.2 x 0.3 mm, margins hyaline, acute at apex, chartaceous, 1-nerved, nerve keeled; keels scabrid. Lemma ovate-oblong to oblong, c. 2 x 1 mm, margins narrowly incurved, hyaline, ciliolate, acute-subacute at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved, central nerve keeled. Palea elliptic lanceolate, c. 2 x 0.8 mm, margins hyaline, narrowly winged at apex, acute at apex, subhyaline, 1-nerved, nerve keeled; keels scabrid. Stamens 3; anthers c. 1 mm long, cream coloured. Ovary oblong, c. 0.5 mm long; style c. 0.5 mm long; stigma c. 1 mm long.

Fl. & Fr.: Throughout the year.

Habitat: Common in cultivated fields, habitations, backwaters, sandy coasts, wetlands, marshy areas, salt marshes and along roadsides.

Note: This is a cosmopolitan species and is considered as very good grass and very good fodder. This species is considered an obnoxious weed in cultivated fields.

Locally this grass is known as `Haryali' or `Durva' and is used in religious rituals, and also considered to have medicinal value.

Specimen examined: Goa: Masarde village near Valpoi, 2. 5. 1963, K. C. Kanodia

88371 (BSI); Harmal beach, 3. 9. 1997, Vaishali Joshi & S. Rajkumar 923 (GUH);

Camurlim-Bardez, 8. 1. 2003, Harshala Gad 5 (GUH). Maharashtra: Jakatwadi, July

1992, Bachulkar-Cholekar 3209 (SUH).

42 Dactyloctenium Willd. Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. 1029. 1809. A genus of about 13 species distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world of which four species occur in India and one in Goa.

Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd. Enum. Pl. Hort. Berol. 1029. 1809; Fischer in

Gamble, Fl. Madras 1840. 1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 262, t. 176. 1935;

Bor, Grass. India 489, f. 54. 1960; Vartak, Enum. Plant. Gomantak, India 116. 1966;

Matthew, Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic t. 839. 1982; Britto & Matthew in Matthew, Fl.

Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1831. 1983; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 496. 1986; Kulkarni, Fl.

Sindhudurg 516. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 204. 1989; Almeida,

Fl. Savantwadi 2: 120. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 367. 1991;

Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 445. 1996; Bhat &

Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 130. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 571. 2002.

Cynosurus aegyptius L. Sp. Pl. 72. 1753; Eleusine aegyptia (L.) Desf., Fl. Atlant. 1:

85. 1798; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 295. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 1038. 1908.

Annual. Culms up to 70 cm high, erect or creeping, stoloniferous; rooting at

lower nodes; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath rounded, keeled on back, basal sheath as

long as or longer than internodal region and upper ones less than half the length of

internodal region; up to 0.8 mm wide, sparsely to densely tubercle-based hairy in

apical region; hairs up to 2 mm long; ligule a membranous rim, c. 1 mm long,

fimbriate at apex; leaf blade linear to linear-lanceolate, up to 18 x 0.5 cm, rounded at

base, margins scabrid, acuminate at apex, densely hirsute on abaxial surface; hairs

tubercle-based, c. 2 m long. Spikes digitate, 1-5 in number, each up to 5 cm long;

rachis triangular, ending into short apicualate tip. Spikelets broadly ovate, c. 4 x 5 mm,

up to 4-flowered. Lower glume laterally compressed, boat shaped or elliptic-ovate

43 when spread, c. 3 x 1.5 mm, acuminate at apex; chartaceous, 1-nerved, nerve keeled; keel scabrid. Upper glume broadly oblong-ovate to orbicular, c. 2 x 2 mm, aristate at

apex, chartaceous, 1-nerved, nerve keeled; arista c. 1.5 mm long, scabrid; keel scabrid.

Lemmas ovate-elliptic, c. 3 x 2 mm, aristate, chartacaeous, 1-nerved, nerve keeled;

arista c. 1 mm long, scabrid; keels scabrid. Paleas elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, c. 2 x 1

mm, margins inflexed, acute at apex or cleft at apex, subhyaline, 2-nerved, 2-keeled;

keels narrowly winged; wings ciliolate along the margin. Caryopsis oblong-ovate,

laterally compressed, 1 mm long. (Plate 1 I-I).

Fl. & Fr.: Throughout the year

Habitat: Common in moist open areas, cultivated paddy fields, along roadsides,

habitations, lateritic rocky plateaus, and along sandy coastal halophytic areas.

Note: Closely related to D. aristatum Link. but differs by the stoloniferous culms and

shorter apiculate tip of the rachis. Species is considered as good fodder grass before

spikelets mature. As mentioned by Bor (1960) it is rich in cyanogenetic glycosides and

therefore is a danger to stock at certain times. The grains were eaten in India and

Africa in times of scarcity, and have unpleasant taste and said to cause internal

disorders.

Specimen examined: Goa: Miramar, 25. 3. 1998, M. K. Janarthanam & Vaishali

Joshi 1447 (GUI-); Goa university Campus, Taleigao, 18. 7. 2003, Harshala Gad 20

(GUH); Miramar, 15. 8. 2003, Harshala Gad 32 (GUH). Maharashtra: Visapur, 30. 9.

1992, C. B. Salunkhe 7118 (SUH); Kanher, Janaury 1994, Bachulkar-Cholekar 6104

(SUH).

44 Dinebra Jacq. Jacq. Fragm. Bot. Ill. 77. 1809. A genus of about three species distributed in tropical regions of the world, of which one species occur in India and Goa.

Dinebra retroflexa (Vahl) Panz. in Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Munchen 270, t. 12. 1814;

Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1841. 1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 264, t.

177. 1935; Bor, Grass. India 491. 1960; Vartak, Enum. Plant. Gomantak, India. 116.

1966; Matthew, Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic tt. 849 & 850. 1982; Britto & Matthew in

Matthew Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1843. 1983; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 498. 1986;

Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 210. 1989; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 470. 1996; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 576. 2002.

Cynosurus retroflexus Vahl, Symb. Bot. 2: 20. 1791. Dinebra arabica Jacq. Fragm.

Bot. 77. t. 121. f. 1. 1809; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 297. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2:

1039. 1908.

Annual. Cu1ms up to 90 cm high, erect or geniculate, tufted; nodes glabrous, brancing at nodes. Leaf sheath keeled, up to 5 x 0.7 cm, margins hyaline; ligule truncate, membranous, c. 1.5 mm long, lacerate at apex; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, up to 15 x 0.5 cm, truncate or rounded at base, acuminate at apex, sparsely hairy; hairs silky white up to 3 mm long. Panicles up to 30 cm long, densely spiculate, main axis angular; spikes whorled, up to 6 cm long. Rachis flat, c. 1 mm wide, deeply channeled

on abaxial surface, winged on both sides. Spikelets sessile, arranged alternately on

rachis; 2 or 3-flowered. Florets hermaphrodite. Lower glume oblique-lanceolate, c. 5 x

0.8 mm, acuminate-cuspidate, chartaceous, 1-3-nerved; cusp short, scabrid. Upper

glume obliquely-oblong, c. 6 x 1 mm, cuspidate at apex, chartaceous, 1-nerved, nerve

keeled; cusp scabrid. Rachilla glabrous. Lemma ovate to elliptic lanceolate, c. 2 x 1

45 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 1-nerved, keeled; keel scabrid. Palea lanceolate, c. 1.5 x 0.5 mm, margins infolded, subacute at apex, chartaceous, 2-nerved, nerves keeled; keel scabrid. Stamens 3; filaments c. 0.2 mm long; anthers c. 0.2 mm long, yellow.

Ovary ovate, c. 0.2 mm long; style c. 0.2 mm long; stigma c. 0.5 mm long, purple in colour.

Fl. & Fr.: August-October.

Habitat: Occasionally seen in saline marshes, rare on gravel red soil along road sides.

Note: Found growing in halophytic conditions along with Leptochloa malabarica (L.)

Veldk.

Specimen examined: Goa: way to Molem, 27. 9. 1998, M. K. Janarthanam & S.

Rajkumar 1663 (GUH); Panaji, 3. 9. 2005, Harshala S. Gad 199 (GUH). Tamil Nadu:

Kumbakonam, Thanjavur dist. 16. 4. 1987, S. Ragupathi 361 (MH).

Eleusine Gaertn. Gaertn. Fruct. 1: 7: 1789. A genus of about nine species distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of

the world of which two species occur in India and Goa.

Key to the species:

1. Ligule a tuft of hairs; grains exposed when mature E. coracana 1. Ligule truncate, membranous; grains remain enclosed in the floral parts when mature E. indica

Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. Fruct. 1: 8, t. 1. f. 11. 1789; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7:

294. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 1939. 1908; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1839.

1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 260, t. 173. 1935; Bor, Grass. India 492.

1960; Vartak, Enum. Plant. Gomantak, India 116. 1966; Britto & Matthew in

Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1848. 1983; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 526. 1988;

46 Matthew, Further Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic tt. 768 & 769. 1988; Karthikeyan et al.,

Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 212. 1989; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 127. 1990; Sreekumar &

Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 370. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl.

Maharashtra Monocot. 475. 1996; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 133. 2001;

Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 577. 2002. Cynosurus coracanus L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10.

2: 875. 1759.

Annual. Culms up to 60 cm high, erect, nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath laterally compressed, keeled, as long as or longer than internodal region, up to 10 x 1 cm; ligule a tuft of hairs, c. 1 mm long; leaf blade linear to linear-lanceolate, c. 35 x 0.5 cm, rounded at base, acute at apex, glabrous, midrib keeled on abaxial surface. Spikes digitate to subdigitate, 4-7 in number, each up to 6 cm long, turning inwards during maturity of grains. Rachis trigonous, 1.5 mm wide, flat on abaxial surface. Spikelets compact, dense, broadly oblong-ovate or orbicular, c. 5 x 5 mm, 3-5-flowered. Lower

glume ovate-elliptic to elliptic-oblong, c. 3 x 1 mm, subacute at apex, chartaceous, 1-

nerved, nerve keeled; keel winged, scabrid. Upper glume oblong to ovate-oblong, c. 4

x 2 mm, obtuse at apex, chartaceous, 1-nerved, nerve keeled; keel winged, scabrid.

Lemma ovate-elliptic, c. 4 x 2.2, acute at apex, chartaceous, 1-nerved, nerve keeled;

keel winged, scabrid. Palea elliptic, c. 3 x 1.5 mm, margins inflexed, subacute at apex,

subhyaline, 2-nerved, nerves keeled; keels winged; wings scabrid along the margins.

Caryopsis orbicular, c. 2 x 2 mm, dark brown in colour.

Fl. & Fr.: August to March

Habitat: Cultivated.

Note: Cultivated for edible grains; commonly known as "Nachne"

Specimen examined: Goa: Taleigao, Tiswadi, 18. 2. 2005, Harshala Gad 173 (GUH).

47 Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Fruct. 1: 8. t. 1, f. 11. 1789; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7:

293. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 1037. 1908; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1839.

1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 259. t. 172. 1935; Bor, Grass. India 493.

1960; Vartak, Enum. Plant. Gomantak, India 116. 1966; Matthew, Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu

Carnatic tt. 855 & 856. 1982; Britto & Matthew in Matthew Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3:

1848. 1983; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 499. 1986; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 526. 1988;

Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 212. 1989; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 127.

1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 371. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma

et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 473. 1996; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass.

133. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 579. 2002. Cynosurus indicus L. Sp. Pl.

72. 1753.

Annual. Cu1ms up to 75 cm high, tufted, erect; nodes glabrous, swollen;

internodes laterally compressed. Leaf sheath as long as internodal region, c. 0.5 cm

wide, glabrous shiny, keeled; ligule truncate, membranous, c. 0.5 mm long; leaf blade

linear to linear lanceolate, up to 28 x 0.5 cm, rounded to shallowly cordate at base,

acute at apex, midrib keeled on abaxial surface, sparsely hairy on adaxial surface; hairs

soft, c. 4 mm long. Spikes digitate to subdigitate, 1-8 in number, up to 10 cm long.

Spikelets oblong-lanceolate, c. 6 x 2 mm, up to 6-flowered. Lower glume oblong to

ovate- oblong, c. 2 x 0.8 mm, subacute at apex, chartaceous, 1-3-nerved, central nerve

keeled; keel scabrid. Upper glume oblong, c. 2.5 x 1 mm, margins hyaline, obtuse at

apex, chartaceous, 5-nerved, central nerve keeled; keels scabrid above middle region.

Lemmas ovate-oblong, c. 3.5 x 1.5 mm, subacute, chartaceous, 3-nerved, central nerve

keeled; keel scabrid above middle region. Palea oblong-lanceolate, c. 2.5 x 1 mm,

margins infolded, subacute at apex, subhyaline, 2-nerved, nerves keeled; keels scabrid.

48

Lodicules 2, c. 0.5 mm long, denticulate at apex, cuneate at base. Stamens 3; anthers

c. 0.8 mm long, yellow. Ovary ovate to obovate, c. 0.5 mm long; style c. 1 m long;

stigma c. 1 mm long, deep purple in colour.

Fl. & Fr.: Throughout the year.

Habitat: In moist places, fields, along roadsides, and habitations.

Note: Cosmopolitan; a polymorphic species showing variation in number and length

of spikes, differs from other species of the genus by it subdigitate spikes and

unexposed grains. Considered as very good fodder grass.

Specimen examined: Goa: Barazon (Goa), 7. 10. 1970, N. P. Singh 125094 (BSI);

Goa University campus, 18. 10. 1997, M. K. Janarthanam, Vaishali Joshi & S.

Rajkumar 1123 (GUH); Taleigao, Tiswadi, 8. 1. 2003, Harshala Gad 6 (GUH).

Maharashtra: Lanja, 12. 10. 1994, C. B. Salunkhe 7374 (SUH).

Eragrostis Wolf Wolf, Gen. Pl. 23. 1776. A genus of about 350 species; distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of

the world; 36 species occur in India and nine in Goa.

Key to the species: 1. Spiklelets breaking up at maturity from below upwards (2) 1. Spikelets breaking at maturity from above downwards (6)

2. Spikelets up to 3 mm long; lemma with purple spot at the tip; culms slender E. pilosa 2. Spikelets over 3 mm long; lemma without purple spot at the tip; culms stronger (3)

3. Spikelets puplish pink, > 20-flowered (4) 3. Spikelets laden-grey, < or up to 20-flowered (5)

4. Spikelets up to 20 mm long, drooping, 8-60-flowered E. tremula 4. Spikelets up to 5 mm long rarely > 5 mm long, not drooping, up to 20 flowered E. uniloides

49

5. Ligule a rim of hairs; leaves glaucous; culms > 100 cm long E. atrovirens 5. Ligule a membranous rim; leaves not glaucous; culms < 60 cm long .. E. gangetica

6. Panicles effuse (7) 6. Panicle spiciform (8)

7. Plants viscous; panicle narow; spikelets dense, branches not hairy in the axils E. viscosa 7. Plants not viscous; panicle spreading; spikelets sparse, branches hairy in the axils E. tenella

8. Keels of palea smooth or scabrid but never ciliate; panicles up to 40 cm or more long E. japonica 8. Keels of palea ciliate; panicles up to 15 cm long E. ciliaris

Eragrostis atrovirens (Desf.) Trin. ex Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 562. 1840; Bor,

Grass. India 503. 1960; Britto & Matthew in Matthew Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1854.

1983; Matthew, Further Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic tt. 772 & 773. 1982; Karthikeyan

et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 215. 1989; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 377, t. 77.

1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 481. 1996; Bhat

& Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 136. 2001. Poa atrovirens Desf. Fl. Atlant. 1: 73. t.

14. 1798.

Perennial. Culms up to 110 cm high, tufted; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath

slightly keeled, up to 8 x 0.6 cm, glabrous; ligule a rim of hairs; leaf blade linear-

lanceolate, up to 17 x 0.5 cm, rounded at base, acuminate at apex, involute, sparsely

covered with tubercle-based hairs; hairs up to 4 mm long. Panicles ovate-pyramidal,

up to 22 x 12 cm, lax; branches comprising of 2-10 spikelets. Spikelets oblong-

lanceolate, c. 5 x 1.5 mm, 4-10 flowered, purplish green. Lower glume ovate, c. 1 x

0.5 mm, subacute to obtuse at apex chartaceous, 1-nerved. Upper glume ovate, c. 1.5 x

0.8 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 1-nerved. Lemmas ovate c. 1.8 x 1 mm, acute at

apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved; nerves scabrid. Palea deciduous, elliptic-lanceolate, c. 1.5

x 0.5 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved, lateral nerves keeled; keels ciliolate.

50 Stamens 3; anthers c. 0.8 mm long. Ovary elliptic, c. 0.5 mm; style c. 0.5 mm long; stigma c. 0.5 mm long; cream coloured. Caryopsis ellipsoid, c. 1 mm long, dark brown. (Plate 1 I).

Fl. & Fr.: July to October.

Habitat: Occasional in fields, marshlands, shallow ponds.

Note: This species forms new distributional record to the state of Goa. Considered as weed in cultivated paddy fields.

Specimen examined: Goa: Shirlim, Salcete, 17. 7. 2004, Harshala Gad 120 (GUH);

Shirlim, Salcete, 14. 9. 2005, Harshala Gad 202 (GUH). Kerala: Thenmala, Quilon dt.

18. 5. 1978, N. Mohanan 54857 (MH); Kurisumala, Kottayam dt. Kerala, 8. 11. 1984.

V. T. Antony 934 (MH). Maharashtra: Mangao, 20. 10. 1991, C. B. Salunkhe 8123

(SUH).

Eragrostis ciliaris (L.) R. Br. in Tuckey, Narr. Congo. App. 478. 1818; Stapf in

Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 314. 1896; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1825. 1934; Blatt.

& McCann, Bombay Grass. 231, t. 154. 1935; Bor, Grass. India 506. 1960; Rao, Fl.

Goa 2: 500. 1986; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 215. 1989;

Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 483. 1996; Yadav &

Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 580. 2002. Poa ciliaris L. 'Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 875. 1759.

Eragrostis ciliaris var. brachystachya Boiss., Fl. Orient. 5: 582. 1884; Stapf in Hook.

f., Fl. Brit. India 315; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 1023. 1908; Bor, Grass. India 506. 1960.

Annual. Cu1ms 15-60 cm high, procumbent at base, geniculate to erect. Leaf

sheath striate, usually bearded at mouth with long hairs; ligule a fringe of short hairs;

leaf blade linear, acuminate. Panicles up to 15 cm long, spiciform, interrupted, 362

51 compact and cylindric, appearing hairy from the long cilia of the paleas; branches short, glabrous. Pedicel short, glabrous. Spikelets c. 2.5 mm long, 6-12-flowered, laterally compressed. Glumes subequal, ovate-lanceolate, 1-5 mm long, acute.

Lemmas oblong, c. 1 mm long, subtruncate at apex; palea oblong laterally compressed, c. 1 mm long, 2-nerved, 2-keeled; keels with long, rigid cilia; stamens 3. Caryopsis ovoid.

Fl. & Fr.: November.

Habitat: Sandy coast.

Note: The occurrence of this species in state is reported on authority of Rao (1986). however, there are no specimens from Goa at BSI to confirm its occurrence. The description is adapted from sources cited above.

Eragrostis gangetica (Roxb.) Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 266 1854; Cooke, Fl. Bombay

2: 1025. 1908 p. p.; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1826. 1934; Blatt. & McCann,

Bombay Grass. 236. 1935; Bor, Grass. India 508. 1960; Vartak, Enum. Plant.

Gomantak, India 116. 1966; Britto & Matthew in Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3:

1829. 1983; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 495. 1986; Matthew, Further Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic t.

774. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 216. 1989; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl.

Kerala Grass. 380. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra

Monocot. 483. 1996; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 580. 2002. Poa gangetica Roxb.

Fl. India 1: 341. 1820. Eragrostis stenophylla Hochst. ex Miq. in Verh. Konink-Ned.

Inst. 3. 4: 39. 1851 p. p.; Stapf in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 318. 1896.

Annual. Culms tufted, up to 58 cm high, erect, branching at lower nodes; nodes

slightly geniculate, glabrous. Leaf sheath laterally compressed, up to 3 mm wide,

52 keeled; lower ones as long as or longer than internodal region; upper ones half the length of internodal region; ligule a membranous rim, c. 0.5 mm long; leaf blade

linear-lanceolate, up to 12 x 0.2 mm, rounded and hairy at base, acuminate at apex.

Panicles up to 15 cm long, branches alternate, angular, scabrid, up to 3 cm long;

racemes up to 3 cm long, comprising of 1-6 spikelets; rachis angular scabrid. Pedicel

angular, scabrid, 1-10 mm long. Spikelets oblong-lanceolate, 3-6 x 1.5 mm,

comprising of up to 20- florets, greenish grey in colour, florets falling from below

upward; rachilla zig-zag. Lower glume elliptic-laneolate, c. 0.8 x 0.5 mm, acute to

subacute at apex, chartaceous, 1-nerved; nerve scabrid. Upper glume ovate-lanceolate,

c. 1 x 0.5 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 1-nerved; nerve scabrid. Lemmas ovate, c.

1.2 x 1 mm, subacute, chartaceous, 3-nerved; central nerve keeled, scabrid in apical

region. Paleas oblanceolate, c. 1 x 0.25 mm, margins infolded, obtuse at apex,

chartaceous, 2-nerved; nerves keeled, keels ciliate. Lodicules 2, obovate, c. 1 mm

long, denticulate at apex. Stamens 2; anthers 0.2 mm long, purple in colour; filaments

c. 1 mm long. Ovary ovate, c. 0.2 mm long; style c. 0.5 mm long; stigma c. 0.5 mm

long, white. Caryopsis c. 0.25 x 1 mm, ovate-orbicular.

Fl. & Fr.: September-October.

Habitation: Occasional to rare in marshy land and fields

Specimen examined: Goa: Querim, 16. 10. 1996, M. K. Janarthanam, Vaishali Joshi

& Rajkumar 220 (GUH); Molem, 12. 10 2005, Harshala Gad & M. K. Janarthanam

283 (GUH). Maharashtra: Narayangaon (Junnar), Poona District, 14. 10 1965, K.

Hemadri 107094 (BSI); Shivaji University campus, Kolhapur, 13. 9. 1992, C. B.

Salunkhe 7363 (SUH).

53 Eragrostis japonica (Thunb.) Trin. in Mem. Acad. Sci. Petersb. 6. 1: 405. 1831; Bor,

Grass. India 509. 1960; Matthew, Ill, Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic tt. 864 & 865.,1982;

Britto & Matthew in Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1855. 1983; Kulkarni, Fl.

Sindhudurg 528. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 216. 1989; Almeida,

Fl. Savantwadi 2: 128. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 382. 1991;

Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 484. 1996; Yadav &

Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 580. 2002. Poa japonica Thun. Fl. Japon. 51. 1784. Eragrostis

diarrhena (Schult.) Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 266. 1854; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras

1826. 1934; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 500. 1986. Poa diarrhena Schult. Syst. Veg. 2. Mant. 616.

1867. Eragrostis interrupta sensu Stapf in Hook. f., Brit. India 7: 316. 1896 non (R.

Br.) P. Beauv. 1812; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 233. 1935 p. p. E. interrupta

var. diplachnoides (Steud.) Stapf in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India. E. interrupta var. koenigi

Stapf in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 316. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 1024. 1908. E.

interrupta var. tenuissima Stapf in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 316. 1896.

Annual. Culms up to 80 cm high, erect, tufted; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath

longer than internodal region, up to 12 x 0.5 cm; ligule truncate, membranous,

fimbriate at apex; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, up to 26 x 0.6 cm, narrowed or cordate

at base, acuminate at apex. Panicles lanceolate, up to 40 cm long, effuse-lax, branches

verticillate; racemes up to 4 cm long; rachis angular, scabrid on angles. Spikelets

ovate, 5-7 flowered, purplish green. Pedicel trigonous, angular, scabrid on angles.

Lower glume oblong, c. 0.5 x 0.2 mm, obtuse at apex, chartaceous, 1-nerved, nerve

keeled. Upper glume oblong-lanceolate, c. 0.8 x 0.2 mm, subacute and fimbriate at

apex, chartaceous, 1-nerved, nerve keeled. Lemmas ovoid c. 1 x 0.5 mm, obtuse and

fimbriate at apex chartceous, 3-nerved, central nerve keeled. Palea obovate-oblong, c.

54 0.8 x 0.2 mm, subacute at apex, hyaline, 2-nerved, nerves keeled; keels scabrid.

Stamens 2; anthers c. 0.2 mm long. Ovary ovoid, c. 0.1 mm long.

Fl. & Fr.: October-November.

Habitat: Common in cultivated lands and along harvested paddy field bunds.

Note: Differs from other species of the genus by its effuse purplish pink panicle.

Considered a weed in cultivated fields.

Specimen examined: Goa: Querim, 16. 10. 1996, M. K. Janarthanam, Vaishali Joshi

& S. Rajkumar 229 (GUH); Palyem, Pernem, 29. 10. 2005, Harshala Gad & M. K.

Janarthanam 302 (GUH); Ghodemal, Quepem, 15. 11. 2005, Harshala Gad 314

(GUH). Kerala: Thannimoodu, Mukkali, Palghat District, 27. 1. 1980, 65724 (MH).

Maharashtra: Vengurla, 10. 10. 1993, C. B. Salunkhe 8009 (SUH).

Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P. Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 71. 162. 175. 1812; Stapf in Hook. f., Fl.

Brit. India 7: 323. 1812; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 1028. 1908; Fischer in Gamble, Fl.

Madras 1827. 1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 241. 1935; Bor, Grass. India

512. 1960; Britto & Matthew in Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1859. 1983; Rao,

Fl. Goa 2: 501. 1986; Matthew, Further Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic t. 778. 1988;

Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 217. 1989; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala

Grass. 385. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 487.

1996; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 138. 2001. Yadav & Sardesai, Fl.

Kolhapur 581. 2002. Poa pilosa L. Sp. Pl. 68. 1753.

Annual. Culms up to 80 cm high, erect. Leaf sheath keeled; ligule a membranous rim, fimbriate at apex; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, up to 12 x 0.3 cm, rounded at base, acuminate at apex. Panicles 5-30 cm long; branches angular, 1-13 cm

55 long. Spikelets elliptic-lanceolate, c. 3 x 0.5 mm, scabrid. Lower glume oblong, c. 0.3 x 0.2 mm, obtuse at apex, chartaceous. Upper glume oblong-lanceolate, c. 1 x 0.5 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 1-nerved, nerve keeled; keel scabrid. Lemmas ovoid, c. 1.2 x 0.5 mm, obtuse at apex, subcoriaceous, 1-nerved, nerve keeled; keel scabrid. Palea boat shaped, c. 0.8 x 0.5 mm, acute at apex, subcoriaceous, 2-nerved, nerves keeled; keels scabrid. Stamens 3; anthers c. 0.2 mm long, purple. Ovary oblong; stigma purple.

Fl. & Fr.: August-September.

Habitat: Occasionally seen growing around habitations.

Note: Spikelets breaking from below upward, lemmas often with purple spot at apex.

Specimen examined: Goa: Margao-near Rest house, K. C. Kanodia 89457 (BSI); Goa

University campus, 24. 4. 1997, M. K. Janarthanam, S. Rajkumar & Vaishali Joshi 781

(GUH); Curtorim, 29. 9. 1997, Vashali Joshi & S. Rajkumar 1042 (GUH); Children's park, Campal, Panajim, 15. 8. 2003, Harshala Gad 28 (GUH). Maharashtra: Aajra,

13. 10 1991, C. B. Salunkhe 8125 (SUH).

Eragrostis tenella (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem & Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 576. 1817; Stapf in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 315. 1896; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 232, t. 154.

1935; Bor, Grass. India 513. 1960; Rao, Fl. Goa 501. 1986; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg

528. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 217-218. 1989; Almeida, Fl.

Savantwadi, 2: 129. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 390. 1991;

Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 489. 1996; Bhat &

Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 138. 2001. Poa tenella L. Sp. Pl. 69. 1753. Eragrostis tenella (L.) P. geauv. ex Roem. & Schult. var. breviculmis Stapf in Hook. f., Fl. Brit.

India 7: 316. 1896. E. tenella (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. var. plumosa (Retz.)

Stapf in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 315. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 1024. 1908; Blatt.

56 & McCann, Bombay Grass. 232. 1935. Eragrostis plumosa (Retz) Link, Hort. Berol.

1: 192. 1827; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1826. 1934. Poa plumosa Retz. Obs. Bot.

4: 20. 1786.

Annual. Culms slender, up to 45 cm high, tufted, erect to rosette; nodes glabrou. Leaf sheath keeled, less than half the length of internodal region, up to 2.5 x

0.3 mm, sparsely-densely hairy in apical region, ciliate along one margin, bearded at mouth; hairs tubercle-based; ligule a membranous rim, fimbriate at apex; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, c. 7 x 0.3 mm, rounded at base, glabrous. Panicles pyramidal, up to

10 x 3.5 cm, branches whorled, up to 2.5 cm long, hairy in axils; hairs c. 1 mm long; rachis trigonous, scabrid. Spikelets oblong-ovate, c. 2 x 1 mm, 5-flowered. Lower glume ovate-lanceolate, c. 1 x 0.5 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 1-nerved. Upper glume oblong-lanceolate, c. 1.2 x 0.5 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 1-nerved, nerves scabrid. Lemmas ovoid, c. 1 x 0.5 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved. Palea oblong-lanceolate, c. 1 x 0.3 mm, 2-nerved, nerves keeled; keels ciliate. Stamens 3; anthers c. 0.1 mm, long, yellow. Ovary ovate. (Plate 1 J).

Fl. & Fr.: October-November.

Habitat: Occasional along road sides, and sandy coasts in shade.

Note: This species differs from other species of the genus by the presence of hairs at the juncture of main axis. This species form new distributional record to Goa.

Specimen examined: Goa: Morjim, Pernem, 29. 10. 2005, Harshala Gad & M. K.

Janarthanam 299 (GUH). Maharashtra: Sonala hills near Bavanbir, 17. 12. 1982, P.

G. Diwakar 163094 (BSI); Sangli city, 29. 9. 1989, C. B. Salunkhe 8348 (SUH).

Tamilnadu: Gopalapuram, Puduppatti, 15. 2. 1979, S. R. Srinivasan 60813 (MH);

Athikkadavu, 31. 7. 1975, E. Vajravelu 46392 (MH).

57 Eragrostis tremula Hochst. ex Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 269. 1854; Hook. f., Fl. Brit.

India 7: 320. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 1027. 1908; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras

1827; Bor, Grass. India 514. 1960; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 501. 1986; Kulkarni, Fl.

Sindhudurg 529. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 218. 1989; Sreekumar

& Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 392. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl.

Maharashtra Monocot. 491. 1996; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 139. 2001.

Annual or perennial. Culms up to 85 cm high, erect; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath slightly keeled, up to 8 cm long, glabrous; ligule a rim of hairs; leaf blade linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, up to 15 x 0.4 cm, rounded to shallowly cordate at base, acuminate at apex. Panicles up to 35 cm long, lax, loosely spiculate, bearded in axils; hairs up to 5 mm long, silky white. Spikelets oblong, c. 20 x 2 mm, 8-58 flowered, drooping. Pedicel up to 2 cm long, scabrid. Lower glume lanceolate, c. 2 x 0.5 mm, acuminate at apex, chartaceous, 1-nerved. Upper glume c. 1.5 x 0.5 mm, acuminate at apex, chartaceous, 1-nerved. Lemmas ovoid, c. 2 x 2 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous,

3-nerved, central nerve scabrid in apical region. Palea elliptic-oblong, persistent, c. I x

0.5 mm, acute at apex, 2-nerved, nerves keeled; keels scabrid. Stamens 3; anthers c.

0.3 mm long. Ovary orbicular, c. 0.5 mm long; style c. 0.5 mm long; stigma c. 0.5 mm long, cream-white in colour.

Fl. & Fr.: September-November.

Habitat: Very common along sandy coast and rare in salt marshes.

Note: This species differs from other species of the genus by long drooping spikelets.

A component of sandune vegetation and a very good sand binder.

58 Specimen examined: Goa: Terekhol near Shiroda, 16. 11. 1965, B. G. Kukarni

108018 (BSI); St. Cruz, 25. 3. 1998, M. K. Janarthanam & Vaishali Joshi 1464

(GUH); Miramar, 13. 11. 2003, Harshala Gad 95 (GUH); Morjim, Pernem, 29. 10.

2005, Harshala Gad & M. K. Janarthanam 297 (GUH). Maharashtra: Dapoli, 17. 10.

1993, C. B. Salunkhe 7230 (SUH). Kerala: Muzhappilangad, Cannanore District, 16.

12. 1979. V. S. Ramchandran 65259 (MH).

Eragrostis uniloides (Retz.) Nees ex Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 264. 1854; Fischer in

Gamble, Fl. Madras 1826. 1934; Bor, Grass. India 515. 1960; Vartak, Enum. Plant.

Gomantak, India 116. 1966; Britto & Matthew in Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3:

1858. 1983; Rao, Fl. Goa 501. 1986; Matthew, Further Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic t.

783. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 218. 1989; Almeida, Fl.

Savantwadi 2: 129. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 392. 1991;

Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 491. 1996; Bhat &

Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 140. 2001. Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 581. 2002.

Poa uniloides Retz. Obs. Bot. 5: 19. 1789. Eragrostis ambilis sensu Stapf in Hook. f.,

Fl. Brit. India 7: 317. 1896 non Wight & Arn. Ex Nees, 1838; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2:

1025. 1908.

Annual. Culms up to 46 cm high, tufted, erect or geniculate; nodes glabrous.

Leaf sheath rounded, ligule a membranous rim, fimbriate at apex; leaf blade linear to

linear-lanceolate, up to 15 x 0.6 mm, acute at apex. Panicles up to 15 cm long, lax,

densely spiculate. Spikelets ovate-oblong, up to 20-flowered, purplish green. Lower

glume lanceolate, c. 1.5 x 0.5 mm, acuminate at apex, chartaceous, 1-nerved. Upper

glume ovate- lanceolate, c. 2 x 0.7 mm, chartaceous, 1-nerved. Lemmas oblong-ovate,

c. 2 x 1.8 mm, acuminate at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved. Palea elliptic, c. 1.8 x 0.6

59 mm, margins ciliate, hyaline, 2-nerved, 2-keeled; keels scabrid. Stamens 3; anthers c.

0.6 mm long, violet. Ovary ovate; style c. 0.5 mm long; stigma c. 1 mm long, white.

Caryopsis obovate, c. 0.5 x 0.3 mm, reddish brown.

Fl. & Fr.: July-November.

Habitat: Very common in cultivated fields, moist places, lateritic rocky plateaus, halophytic conditions, along the road sides, habitations and puddles.

Note: Cosmopolitan in distribution; considered a very good fodder grass.

Specimen examined: Goa: Porvorim, Bardez, 8. 11. 1963, S. R. Rao 92858 (BSI);

Goa University campus, Taleigao, Vaishali Joshi & S. Rajkumar 980 (GUH); Chorao,

24. 9. 1997, Vaishali Joshi & S. Rajkumar 1031 (GUH); Miramar, 29. 9. 2003,

Harshala Gad 77 (GUH). Maharashtra: Dodamarg, 3. 11. 1991, S. R. Yadav 7449

(SUH); Kas, December 1995 Bachulkar-Cholekar 20084 (SUH).

Eragrostis viscosa (Retz.) Trin. in Mem. Acad. Sci. Petersb. 6. 1: 397. 1830; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1826. 1934; Bor, Grass. India 515. 1960; Britto & Matthew in

Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1858. 1983; Rao, Fl. Goa 501. 1986; Matthew,

Further Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic t. 784. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum.

Mono. 218. 1989; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 393. 1991;

Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 493. 1996; Bhat &

Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 140. 2001. Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 581. 2002.

Poa viscosa Retz. Obs. Bot. 4: 20. 1786. Eragrostis tenella (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. &

Schult. var. viscosa (Retz.) Stapf in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 315. 1896; Cook, Fl.

Bombay. 2: 1024. 1908.

60 Annual. Cu1ms up to 30 cm high, erect to genicualte; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath keeled; ligule a membranous rim, fimbriate at apex; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, up to 8 x 0.3 cm, rounded to shallowly cordate at base, acuminate at apex. Panicles up to 10 x 5 cm long, pyramidal densely spiculate, viscous or glandular; branches 0.5 —

2.5 cm long, angular, hairy at joints with main axis. Spikelets lanceolate, 2 x 0.5-0.8 mm, 5-flowered; pedicel angular, 0.5-1.5 mm long, scabrid, slightly dilated at apex.

Lower glume ovate, c. 0.8 x 0.5, acute at apex, chartaceous, 1-nerved. Upper glume ovate-lanceolate, c. 1 x 0.5 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 1-nerved. Lemmas elliptic, c. 0.8 x 0.3 mm, obtuse at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved. Palea elliptic-lanceolate to falcate, c. 0.6 x 0.3 mm, obtuse at apex, subhyaline, 2- nerved, nerves keeled; keels ciliate. Caryopsis obovate, c. 3 x 2 mm, yellowish brown. (Plate 1 K).

Fl. & Fr.: August-November.

Habitat: Common along road sides, habitations, in gardens, and on open gravely red soil.

Note: This species differs from other species of the genus by its viscous culms and panicle. This species is a new distributional record to Goa.

Specimen examined: Goa: Goa university Campus, Taleigao, 18. 10. 1997, Vaishali

Joshi & S. Rajkumar 385 (GUH); Dona Paula, 15. 8. 2003, Harshala Gad 29 (GUH);

Kakra village, Taleigao, 23. 9. 2003, Harshala Gad 69 (GUH). Maharashtra:

Jamwadi tank, 22. 9. 1978, S. Karthikeyan 156545 (BSI); Ajra, 13. 10. 1991, C. B.

Salunkhe 7535 (SUH); Parli, December 1995 Bachulkar-Cholekar 20055 (SUH).

Indopoa Bor Bor in Kew Bull. 13: 225. 1958.

A monotypic genus endemic to Peninsular India.

61 Indopoa paupercula (Stapf) Bor in Kew Bull. 13: 225. 1958; Bor, Grass. India 523.

1960; Vartak, Enum. Plant. Gomantak, India. 117. 1966; Kulkami, Fl. Sindhudurg

537. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 229. 1989; Lakshminarasimhan in

Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 506. 1996; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and

Grass. 142. 2001. Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 585. 2002. Tripogon pauperculus

Stapf in Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 2442. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 1036. 1908; Blatt. &

McCann, Bombay Grass. 266. 1935; Bor, Grass. India 522. 1960.

Annual. Culms up to 10 cm high, slender, tufted. Leaf sheath 1-1.5 x 0.2 cm, margins hyaline; ligule a membranous rim, lacerate at apex; leaf blade linear to linear- lanceolate, up to 3.5 x 0.15 cm, rounded at base, acuminate at apex involute. Spike spiciform, interrupted, up to 6 cm long. Spikelets subsessile to sessile, 3 or 4 flowered.

Callus densely hairy; hairs c. 0.25 mm long. Lower glume ovate-oblong, c. 2 x 1 mm, cleft at apex, chartaceous, 1-nerved. Upper glume ovate, c. 3 x 1 mm, cleft at apex, cuspidate in sinus, chartaceous, 1-nerved, nerve keeled. Lemmas oblong-lanceolate, c.

4 x 1 mm, lobed at apex, awned in sinus, chartaceous to subcoriaceous, 3-nerved, central nerve keeled; lobes aristate at apex; arista short unequal, up to 4 mm long; awn up to 8 mm long with 3 mm long column, twisted, scabrid; keel scabrid. Palea elliptic, c. 2.5 x 0.5 mm, margins serrulate, acute at apex, hyaline, 2-keeled. Oval) , oblong, c.

2.2 mm long; style 0.5 mm long; stigma 0.5 mm long. (Plate 1 L).

Fl. & Fr.: August to November.

Habitat: Common on lateritic rocky plateaus.

62 Note: This species is endemic to Peninsular India and easily identified by its slender small culms and spiciform spikes. This species flowers first among the grasses growing on lateritic rocky plateaus.

Specimen examined: Goa: Camurlim plateau, Bardez, 5. 10. 2004, Harshala Gad 130

(GUH); Kundaim Plateau, Ponda, 28. 8. 2005, Harshala Gad & M. K. Janartham 187

(GUH).

Leptochloa Beauv. Beau. Agrost. 71. 166, t. 15, f. 1. 1812. A genus comprising of 37 species distributed in tropical and warm temperate regions of the World of which one species occur in Indiaoneone in Goa.

Leptochloa malabarica (L.) Veldk. Blumea 19: 64. 1971; R. Nowack in Rheedea 4

(2): 84. 1994; Rajkumar et al., 182. 1999. Diplachne fusca (L.) Beauv. ex Roem. &

Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 615. 1817; Hook. f., Fl. Brit India 7: 329. 1896; Cooke, Fl.

Bombay 2: 1030. 1908; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1829. 1934; Blatt. & McCann,

Bombay Grass. 246, t. 163. 1935; Bor, Grass. India 492. 1960; Matthew, Ill. Fl.

Tamilnadu Carnatic tt. 851 & 852. 1982; Britto & Matthew in Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu

Carnatic 3: 1844. 1983; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 368, t. 75. 1991;

Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 471. 1996. Festuca fusca L. Sp. ,131. ed. 2. 109. 1762.

Perennial. Culms tufted up to 100 cm high, rooting and branching at lower

nodes; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath keeled, glaucous; ligule ovate, memebranous, c. 3

mm long, acute; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, up to 36 x 0.3 cm, rounded at base,

acuminate at apex, rigid glaucous. Panicles up to 30 cm long, lax, densely spiculate.

Spikelets oblong-lanceolate, 5-9 x 1.5 mm, up to 8-flowered. Lower glume lanceolate,

63 c. 2 x 0.5 mm, acuminate, chartaceous, 1-nerved. Upper glume oblong-lanceolate, c. 3 x 0.8 mm, mucronate at apex, chartaceous, 1-nerved. Lemmas oblong, c. 3.5 x 1 mm,

3-lobed at apex, chartcaeous, 3-nerved, villous along the nerves below middle region; lateral lobes acute, central lobe shortly cuspidate. Palea oblong, c. 2 x 0.5 mm, delicate, hyaline, 2-nerved, nerves keeled; Keels scabrid. Stamens 3; anthers c. 1 mm long, yellow. Ovary oblanceolate, c. 0.5 mm long; style c. 0.5 mm long; stigma c. 1 mm long, white.

Fl. & Fr.: August-October.

Habitat: Common in salt marshes and other halophytic conditions.

Note: Grows in halophytic conditions along with Ischaemum rugosum Salisb occupying large areas.

Specimen examined: Goa: Cortalim, 14. 11. 1996, Vaishali Joshi & S. Rajkumar 331

(GUH); Loutolim, Salcete, 9. 8. 2003, Harshala Gad 26 (GUH); Panajim, 03. 9. 2005,

Harshala Gad 200 (GUI-1). Maharashtra: Gangavati on Kanakgiri Road 6 Km. 8. 5.

1977, N. P. Singh 147024 (BSI).

Perotis Aiton Aiton, Hort. Kew 1: 85. 1782. A genus of 10 species distributed in the tropical region of the world of which two species occur in India and one in Goa.

Perotis indica (L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 787. 1891; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras

1814. 1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 220. 1935; Bor, Grass. India 611. 1960;

Vartak, Enum. Plant. Gomantak, India 117. 1966; Matthew, Ill. Fl.Tamilnadu Carnatic tt. 912 & 913. 1982; Britto & Matthew in Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1888.

64 1983; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 511. 1986; Kulkarni, FL Sindhudurg 551. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 216. 1989; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 434. 1991;

Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 483. 1996; Bhat &

Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 123. 2001. Anthoxanthum indicum L. Sp. Pl. 28. 1753.

Perotis latifolia Aiton, Hort. Kew ed. 1: 85. 1789; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 98. 1896;

Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 1016. 1908.

Annual. Cu1ms terete, up to 60 cm high, erect or geniculate, rooting at basal nodes, nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath rounded, up to 5 cm long, imbricate; ligule membranous rim; leaf blade oblong to oblong-lanceolate, up to 5 x 1 cm, rounded or cordate at base, undulate along margins, acute at apex, glabrous, scabrid. Raceme up to

20 mm long. Spikelets oblong to oblong-lanceolate, c. 3 x 0.2 mm, awned. Pedicel short. Lower glume lanceolate, c. 2.5 x 0.5 mm, cuspidate at apex, chartaceous, 1- nerved, nerve sacbrid; cusp up to 15 mm long, scabrid, purple in colour. Upper glume oblong to oblong-lanceolate, c. 3 x 1 mm, cuspidate at apex, chartaceous, 1-nerved, hispid; cusp up to 15 mm long, scabrid. Lemma oblong-lanceolate, c. 1 x 0.2 mm, acute at apex, subhyaline to chartaceous, 1-nerved. Palea oblong-lanceolate, c. 1 x 0.2 mm, acute at apex, delicate, hyaline. Stamens 3, minute, c. 0.2 mm, long, yellow.

Ovary ovate, c. 1 mm long; style short; stigma c. 0.2 mm long.

Fl. & Fr.: September-November.

Habitat: Common along sandy coast.

Note: A component of sand dune vegetation, very good sand binder.

Specimen examined: Goa: Panajim along Coastal areas, 6. 11. 1962, S. R. Rao 84378

(BSI); Miramar, Panajim, 29. 9. 2003, Harshala Gad 73 (GUH); Morjim, Pemem, 29.

65

10 2005, Harshala Gad & M. K. Janarthanam 294 (GUH). Maharashtra: Ratnagiri,

29. 9. 1991, C. B. Salunkhe 7691 (SUH).

Sporobolus R. Br. R. Br. Prod. 169. 1810. A genus of about 160 species distributed in tropical and warm temperate region

of the world, of which 19 species occur in India and four in Goa.

Key to the species:

1. Plant a perennial; culms stoloniferous, creeping; leaves involute S. virginicus 1. Plant an annual or perennial; culms not stoloniferous, erect; leaves flat .... (2)

2. Culms up to 20 cm long; panicles spiciform, up to 5 cm long; lower glume more than half the length of spikelet S. piliferous 2. Culms more than 20 cm long; panicle effuse, > 5 cm long; lower glume less than half the length of spikelet (3)

3. Plant an annual; lower glume orbicular; panicles effuse S. tenuissimus 3. Plant a perennial; lower glume oblong; panicle spiciform .... S. indicus var. flaccidus

Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br. Prodr. 170. 1810 var. flaccidus (Roem. & Schult.)

Veldk. in Blumea 35: 433. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra

Monocot. 613. 1996; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 608. 2002. Agrostis elongata (R.

Br.) Roth ex R. & S. var. flaccida Roth ex Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2: 368. 1817.

Sporobolus diander (Retz) P. Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 26. 147. 178. 1812; Hook. f., Fl.

Brit. India 7: 247. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 1017. 1908; Fischer in Gamble, Fl.

Madras 1817. 1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 221. 1935; Bor, Grass. India

629. 1960; Britto & Matthew in Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1905. 1983; Rao,

Fl. Goa 2: 515. 1986; Matthew, Further Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic t. 826. 1988.

Sporobolus indicus var. diander (Retz.) Jovet & Guedes in Bull. Centre Et. Rech. Sc.

66 Biarritz 7: 65. 1968 & in Taxon 22: 163. 1973; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum.

Mono. 264. 1989; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 437. 1991; Bhat & Nagendran,

Sedges and Grass. 152. 2001.

Perennial. Culms up to 120 cm high, tufted; nodes glabrous. Leaves linear 10 -

40 x 0.2 — 0.8 cm, rounded or shallowly cordate at base; ligule truncate, membranous

or row of hairs. Panicles contracted, spiciform, 15-35 cm long. Spikelet obovoid, 1.5-

2.5 mm long, greyish. Lower glume oblong, obtuse or rounded at apex, chartaceous.

Upper glume ovate, 0.5-1 mm long, chartaceous, 1-nerved. Lemma ovate, 1.5-2 mm

long, delicate, 2-nerved. Stamens 3; anthers c. 0.5 mm long, cream colured with violet

margins; stigma cream coloured. Grain oblong, c. 1 mm long.

Fl. & Fr.: June-December.

Habitat: Moist-gravelly area.

Note: This species has been inculded on the authority of Rao (1986). The description

is adapted from sources cited above.

Sporobolus piliferous (Trin.) Kunth. Enum. Pl. 1: 211. 1833; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India

7: 251. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 1020. 1908; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1817.

1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 226, t. 151. 1935; Bor, Grass. India 632.

1960; Britto & Matthew in Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1906. 1983; Kulkarni,

Fl. Sindhudurg 558. 1988; Matthew, Further Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic t. 827. 1988;

Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 264. 1989; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 157.

1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 438. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma

et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 614. 1996; Bhat & Nagendran, Seds and Grass.

67 152. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 608. 2002. Vilfa pilifera Trin. Diss. Bot.

157. 1824.

Annual. Culms up to 20 cm high, tufted, erect, branching at lower nodes; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath rounded c. 3 mm wide, hairy along one margin, bearded at mouth; ligule a fimbriate rim, c. 0.2 mm; leaf blade linear lanceolate, up to 5 x 0.3 cm, rounded at base, acuminate at apex, sparsely tubercle-based hairy on both surfaces; hair, c. 1.5 mm long. Panicles spiciform, up to 5 cm long; racemes short, contracted.

Spikelets elliptic-lanceolate to lanceolate, c. 2 x 0.8 mm. Pedicel angular, up to 2 mm long; abscission slightly dilated at apex. Lower glume elliptic-lanceolate to lanceolate, c. 1.5 x 0.5 mm, chartaceous, acute. Upper glume ovate-lanceolate, c. 2 x 1.5 cm, subacute to obtuse at apex, chartaceous, 1-nerved, scabrid on nerve. Lemma ovate- lanceolate, c. 2 x 1 mm, margins narrowly inturned, acute at apex, chartaceous, shiny,

3-nerved. Palea ovate-oblong, c. 2 x 2 mm, subacute at apex, subhyaline, 2-nerved.

Caryopsis ovoid, c. 1.5 x 1 mm. (Plate 1 M).

Fl. & Fr.: August-November.

Habitat: Occasionally common on lateritic rocky plateaus.

Note: This species differs from other species of the genus by its smaller culms and shorter spiciform panicles. Found growing along with Indopoa paupercula (Stapp Bor on lateritic rocky palteau. It is a new report to the state of Goa.

Specimen examined: Goa: Camurlim plateau, Bardez, 5. 10. 2004, Harshala Gad 128

(GUH); Kundaim plateau, 28. 8. 2005, Harshala Gad & M. K. Janarthanam 186

(GUH). Maharashtra: Gaganbavada, 3. 9. 1989, C. B. Salunkhe 8885 (SUH);

Malwan, 2. 9. 1990, C. B. Salunkhe 8305 (SUH). Tamilnadu: Attakatti, Coimbatore

District, 20. 11. 1980, M. Chandrabose 69034 (MH).

68 Sporobolus tenuissimus (Schrenk) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 3: 369. 1893; Bor, Grass.

India 633. 1960; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 516. 1986; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono.

265. 1989; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 440. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in

Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 615. 1996; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and

Grass. 153. 2001. Panicum tenuissimum Schrenk in Denkschr. Bot. Ges. Regensb. 2:

26. 1822. Sporobolus minutiflorus (Trin) Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. 1: 88. 1827; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India, 7: 248. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 1019. 1908; Fischer in Gamble,

Fl. Madras 1816. 1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 223. 1935.

Annual. Culms erect, up to 75 cm high, nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath rounded; ligule a membranous rim, fimbriatum at apex; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, up to 30 x

0.5 cm, rounded at base, acuminate at apex. Panicles effuse, up to 40 x 6 cm, branches angular, up to 4 long. Spikelets lanceolate, c. 1 x 0.2 mm, acute at apex, greyish green.

Lower glume orbicular, c. 0.2 x 0.2 mm, rounded at apex, hyaline. Upper glume ovate- orbicular, c. 0.5 x 0.3 mm, acute and sparsely bearded at apex, subhyaline, 1-nerved.

Lemma lanceolate, c. 1 x 0.5 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved. Palea oblong- elliptic, c. 0.4 x 0.2 mm, obtuse at apex, chartaceous, 2-nerved, nerves keeled. Stamens

3; anthers c. 0.3 mm long, violet in colour. Caryopsis oblong, c. 0.5 mm long.

Fl. & Fr.: August-November.

Habitat: Common in moist places and around habitations.

Specimen examined: Goa: Miramar, 31. 8. 1996, M. K. Janarthanam, Vaishali Joshi

& S. Rajkumar 108 (GUH); Camurlim, Bardez, 7. 9. 2003, Harshala Gad 40 (GUH).

Kerala: Tellicherry, Cannannore District, 16. 8. 1980, V. S. Ramachandran 66989

(MH). Maharashtra: Vengurla, 6. 10. 1991, C. B. Salunkhe 7976 (SUH)

69 Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 67. 1829; Hook. f., Fl. Brit India 7:

249. 1896; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1818. 1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay

Grass. 224, t. 149. 1935; Bor, Grass. India 634. 1960; Britto & Matthew in Matthew,

Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1907. 1983; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 516. 1986; Kulkarni, Fl.

Sindhudurg 558. 1988; Matthew, Further Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic t. 830. 1988;

Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 265. 1989; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 157.

1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 440. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 615. 1996; Rajkumar et al., J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.

96: 182. 1999; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 153. 2001. Agrostis virginica L.

Sp. Pl. 63. 1753.

Perennial. Culms up to 25 cm high, erect, stoloniferous, rhizomatous, rhizome creeping; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath rounded, c. 0.6-2.5 cm long, glabrous; ligule a row of hairs, 0.2-1.5 mm long; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, 0.5-6 x 0.3 cm, rounded at base, acuminate at apex, involute. Panicles up to 8 cm long, contracted-subspiciform; racemes 0.5-2.5 cm long. Spikelets lanceolate, c. 2.5 x 0.5 mm, shortly pedicelled.

Pedicel up to 2 nun long. Lower glume lanceolate, c. 2 x 0.5 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 1-nerved, nerve keeled. Upper glume lanceolate, c. 2.5 x 1 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 1-3-nerved, 2-keeled. Lemma lanceolate c. 2.2 x 1 mm, 1-nerved,

1-keeled. Palea elliptic, c. 2 x 1 mm, truncate at apex, delicate-hyaline, 2-nerved, nerves keeled. Stamens 3; anthers 1-1.5 mm long, purple; connectives up to 2 mm long. Ovary oblong, 0.5 nun long; style c. 0.5 mm long; stigma c. 1 mm long, white.

(Plate 1 N).

Fl. & Fr.: June-November.

70 Habitat: Common in saline marsh lands and along sandy coast.

Note: Very good sand binder; primary colonizer on sand dunes along with Ipomea pes-capre (L.) R. Br.

Specimen examined: Goa: Miramar, 31. 8. 1996, M. K. Janarthanam, Vaishali Joshi

& S. Rajkumar 109 (GUH); Miramar, 24. 7. 1997, Vaishali Joshi & S. Rajkumar 109

(GUH); Miramar, 24. 7. 1997, Vaishali Joshi & S. Rajkumar 789 (GUH); Miramar,

Harshala Gad 71 (GUH); St. Cruz, Tiswadi, 12. 10. 2004, Harshala Gad 139 (GUH);

Cumbhar-Jua, Ponda, 10. 6. 2005, Harshala Gad & M. K. Janarthanam 176 (GUH).

Tripogon Roem & Schult Roem & Schult. Veg. 2: 34. 1817; Hook f. Fl. Brit. India 7: 285. 1896. A genus of about 30 species distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions

of the world, of which about 17 species occur in India and two in Goa.

Key to the species:

1. Awn of the lemma flexous, as long as or longer than lemma; spikelets up to 4-flowered T capillatus 1. Awn of lemma not flexous, shorter than lemma; spikelets up to 9-flowered T. sivarajanii

Tripogon capillatus Jaub. & Spach, Ill. Pl. Or. 4: 47 t. 332. 1851; Hook. f., Fl. Brit.

India 7: 284. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 1036. 1908; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras

1833. 1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 269. t. 179. 1935; Bor, Grass. India

629. 1960; Vartak, Enum. Plant. Gomantak, India 117. 1966; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg

560. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 270. 1989; Almeida, Fl.

Savantwadi 2: 160. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 401. 1991;

71 Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 628. 1996; Bhat &

Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 148. 2001.

Annual. Cu1ms slender, up to 40 cm high, erect or geniculate; nodes glabrous.

Leaf sheath as long as or longer than internodal region, up to 1.5 mm wide, shiny; ligule short, membranous, fimbriate at apex; leaf blade filiform up to 30 cm long, hairy on adaxial surface; hairy soft silky, c. 2.5 mm long. Racemes up to 26 cm long, rachis trigonous, flat, shallowly channeled on adaxial surface. Spikelets up to 42 in number, oblong lanceolate, 6 x 1.5 mm, 4-flowered, subsessile; the uppermost floret imperfect or reduced. Lower glume lanceolate, shallowly notched on one side, c. 2 x 1.5 mm, acuminate-cuspidate at apex, chartaceous, 1-nerved. Upper glume oblong-lanceolate, c. 3.5 x 1 mm, cuspidate at apex, chartaceous, 1-nerved; cusp up to 2.5 mm long, scabrid. Floret 1 mm apart. Lemmas elliptic-lanceolate c.. 3 x 1 mm, bearded at base, two-lobed at apex, awned in sinus, chartaceous; lobes cuspidate at apex; cusp c. 4 mm long; awn up to 25 mm long, flexuous, scabrid. Paleas oblanceolate-oblong, c. 2 x 0.5 mm, margins infolded, subacute, ciliate at apex chartaceous, 2-nerved, 2-keeled; keels ciliate, ovary oblong, c. 1.5 mm long. (Plate 1 0).

Fl. & Fr.: September-October.

Habitat: Rare on tree trunks among moss, and on black boulders.

Note: Mostly found growing on trees found on plateaus at higher elevations. Differs from other species of the genus by flexuous, long awn.

Specimen examined: Goa: Surla plateau, Saari, 2. 10. 2005, Harshala Gad & M. K.

Janarthanam 243 (GUH). Maharashtra: Durga Khilla 30 Km West of Junnar, 20. 9.

1968, K. Hemadri 117916 (BSI); Gaganbawda, 3. 9. 1989, S. R. Yadav 7938 (SUH);

72 Yawteshwar, October 1994, Bachulkar-Cholekar 6109 (SUH); Mahableshwar, 15. 9.

1991, C. B. Salunkhe 7502 (SUH).

Tripogon sivarajanii Sunil, Sida 18 : 809. 1999.

Tufted perennial. Cu1ms up to 80 cm long; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath longer

than or double the length of internodal region; internodes rounded, slightly keeled, up

to 15 x 0.6 cm, glabrous, closely clasping culms, rigid; ligule narrow truncate,

membranous, fimbriate at apex, c. 0.5 mm long; leaf blade linear-lanceolate to

filiform, up to 60 x 1 cm, bearded at mouth, narrowed at base, acuminate at apex, pale

green and villous on adaxial surface; veins distinct on upper surface, smooth shiny and

dark green on abaxial surface. Racemes up to 35 cm long, rachis subangular-flattened,

c. 1 mm wide, glabrous. Spikelets oblong-lanceolate, c. 8 x 2 mm, 9-flowered. Lower

glume broadly lanceolate, shallowly notched on one side, c. 2 x 1 mm, acute at apex,

chartaceous, 1-nerved. Upper glume elliptic lanceolate, c. 2.5 x 1 mm, acute at apex,

chartaceous, 1-nerved. Lemmas ovate, 3 x 1.5 mm, margins hyaline, 2-lobed at apex,

awned in sinus, chartaceous, 3-nerved; lobes acuminate at apex; awn c. 2 mm long,

scabrid. Palea elliptic-lanceolate, c. 2.5 x 0.5, margins infolded, bifurcate-shortly lobed

at apex, chartaceous, 2-keeled; keels ciliate. Lodicules 2, c. 0.2 mm long, denticulate at

apex. Stamens 3; anthers c. 1.2 mm long. Ovary elliptic, minute; style c. 0.5 mm long;

stigma c. 0.5 mm long. (Fig. 3; Plate 1 P).

Fl. & Fr.: September-November.

Habitat: Common on cliffs.

Note: Considered endemic to Kerala and known only from type locality. Its

occurrence in Goa forms extended distribution and new record to the state.

73 Fig 3. Tripogon sivarajanii Sunil. A. habit; B. spikelet; C. lower glume; D. upper glume; E. lemma; F. palea Specimen examined: Surla-Satari, 2.10.2005, Harshala Gad & M. K. Janarthanam

244 (GUH).

Zoysia Willd. Willd. in Neul. Schr. Ges Naturf. Fr. Berlin 3: 440. 1801 A genus of about 10 species distributed in the Coastal areas of Tropical and subtropical regions of the world of which two species occur in India in Goa.

Key to the species:

1. Ligule a membranous rim, fimbriate at apex; pedicel subangular, dilated at apex; racemes up to 3.5 cm Z matrella 1. Ligule obscure or a narrow membranous rim, entire at apex; pedicel angular, discoid at apex; racemes up to 1.5 cm long Z. japonica

Zoysia matrella (L.) Men. in phillip J. Sci. Bot. 7: 230. 1912; Fischer in Gamble, Fl.

Madras 1815. 1934; Bor, Grass. India 684. 1960; Vartak, Enum. Plant. Gomantak,

India. 117. 1966; Matthew, Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic tt. 959 & 960. 1982; Britto &

Matthew in Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1914. 1983; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 519.

1986; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 216. 1989; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2:

162. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 445. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in

Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 632. 1996; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and

Grass. 125. 2001. Agrostis matrella L. Mant. Pl. 2: 185. 1771. Zoysia pungens Willd.

In Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin Neue. Schrift. 3: 441. 1801; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 99.

1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 1016. 1908 (repr. ed). Ostredamia matrella (L.) Kuntze,

Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 781. 1891; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 219. t. 146. 1935.

Perennial. Culms tufted, rhizomatous, up to 30 cm high, erect to trailing; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath rounded, keeled on dorsal surface, up to 2 x 0.3 cm; ligule a membranous rim, fimbriate at apex; leaf blade linear-lanceolate up to 10 x 0.2 cm, rounded at base, acute at apex. Racemes up to 3.5 cm long, densely spiculate.

74 Spikelets concealing rachis; rachis trigonous, scabrid on angles. Spikelets obliquely oblong lanceolate, 1-flowered, shortly pedicelled. Pedicel subangular, dialated at apex.

Lower glume absent. Upper glume ovate, laterally compressed, c. 3 x 2 mm (when spread), acute at apex, coriaceous to crustaceous, 1-3 nerved, lateral nerves obscure.

Lemma elliptic-lanceolate, c. 2 x 1 mm, margins hyaline, acute at apex, chartaceous,

1-nerved. Palea oblong lanceolate, c. 2 x 0.8 mm, delicate hyaline, 2-nerved, 2-keeled.

Stamens 3, anthers c. 1 mm long. Stigma 2 mm long, white coloured.

Fl. & Fr.: August-September.

Habitat: Common along sandy coast and saline marsh lands.

Note: This species forms new report to the state of Goa. A very good sand binder and grown as lawn grass.

Specimen examined: Goa: Harmal beach, 3. 9. 1997, Vaishali Joshi & S. Rajkumar

925 (GUH); Morjim, 29. 10. 2005, Harshala Gad, & M. K. Janarthanam 295 (GUH).

Maharashtra: Malwan, 2. 9. 1990, C. B. Salunkhe 7287 (SUH).

Zoysia japonica Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 414. 1855; Bor, Grass. India 684. 1960.

Perenial. Cu1ms up to 8 cm high, erect to geniculate, branching at lower nodes, nodes glabrous. Leaf blade rounded, c. 1.5 mm wide, rigid; ligule obscure to narrow membranous rim; leaf blade acicular, linear lanceolate, 1 x 3.5 x 0.1 cm, rounded at base, acute at apex, convolute. Racemes up to 1.5 cm long, densely spiculate consealing rachis; rachis triangular, scabrid on angles. Spikelet oblong-lanceolate, c.

2.5 x 0.5 mm, 1-flowered, pedicelled. Pedicel up to 1.5 mm, long, angular, slightly dilated to discioid at apex, scabrid on angles. Lower glume absent. Upper glume oblong to oblong lanceolate, c. 2.5 x.1.2 mm, subacute at apex, coriaceous, 1-nerved.

75 Lemma oblong-lanceolate, c. 2 x 0.8 mm, obtuse at apex, chartaceous, 1-nerved. Palea minute, hyaline. Ovary oblong, c. 0.5 mm long; style c. 1 mm long.

Fl & Fr.: August to October.

Habitat: Cultivated.

Note: An introduced lawn grass.

Specimen examined: Goa: Goa University campus, Taleigao, 20. 9. 2003, Harshala

Gad 58 (GUH).

76 Subfamily: Panicoideae

Key to the super tribes:

1. Inflorescence usually espatheate, the axes persistent or condensed into deciduous spikelet clusters; spikelets solitary, always pedicelled, all alike in form; female-fertile lemma well developed, firm or indurated, usually awnless, entire at apex; the palea well developed Panicodae

1 Inflorescence often spatheate, the axes usually disarticulating, not condensed into spikelets; spiklelets in pairs or in threes, combinations of sessile and pedicelled, female fertile lemma usually reduced to a hyaline base, often bifid at apex, palea commonly reduced, vestigial or absent Andropogonodae

Super tribe: Andropogonodae

Tribe: Andropogoneae

Key to the subtribes:

1. Spikelets unisexual; without hermaphrodite florets; the male and female-fertile florets in different spikelets; lodicules absent Maydeae 1. Spikelets bisexual, with hermaphrodite and staminate florets mixed in same spikelets; lodicules present (2)

2. Joints of rachis without a basal callus knob and usually with a basal hairy callus; spikelets not embeded or sunken in the cavities of rachis; pedicel not fused with rachis; proximal incomplete floret usually sterile; upper lemma of sessile spikelet very often incised or cleft; usually awned; upper palea of sessile spikelet often absent, otherwise generally relatively short or much reduced, commonly nerveless Andropogoninae 2. Joints of rachis with a basal callus knob, without a hairy callus; spikelets more or less embeded or sunken in the cavities of rachis; pedicel fused with rachis; proximal incomplete florets often staminate; upper lemma of the sessile spikelet entire, awnless; upper palea of sessile spikelet present, often relatively long, often 2-nerved Rottboelliinae

Subtribe: Andropogoninae Presl

Key to the genera

1. Spiklelets solitary Dimeria

• 1. Spikelets mostly paired or rarely in threes; one sessile and the other two pedicelled (2)

2. Inflorescence a true or false panicle (3) 2. Inflorescence a solitary, digitate or subdigitate raceme (13)

77

3. Panicles interrupted by spathes (4) 3. Panicles not interrupted by spathes .(7)

4. Leaves aromatic; racemes fascicled 4. Leaves not aromatic; racemes not fascicled .(5)

5. Basal joints of racemes bulbous; upper glume beaked at apex Apluda 5. Basal joints of racemes not bulbous; upper glume not beaked (6)

6. The sessile and pedicelled spikelets subtended with 2 pairs of involucral spikelets at base Themeda 6. The sessile and pedicelled spikelets not subtended with involucral spikelets at base Pseudanthistiria

7. Panicle densely silky villous (8) 7. Panicles not silky villous (10)

8. Spikelets awned; leaves petiolate, elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate; joints of rachis linear; lower glumes toothed at apex Spodiopogon 8. Spikelets awnless; leaves not petiolate, lanceolate to linear- lanceolate; joints of rachis terete; lower glumes subacute to acute at apex (9)

9. Panicle spiciform, cylindrical; leaves not rigid lmperata 9. Panicle effuse; leaves rigid Saccharum

10. Spikelets awnless; lower glume muricate or spinulose Ve' tiveria 10. Spikelets awned; lower glume glabrous to hairy, not muricate or spinulose (11)

11. Inflorescence a panicle or digitate to subdigitate raceme; joints of rachis and pedicels with translucent median furrow; upper lemma of sessile spikelet reduced to a hyaline base of the awn Dichanthium 11. Inflorescence a panicle; joints of rachis and pedicel without translucent median line; upper lemma of sessile spikelet well developed, not as above, often bifid and awned in sinus (12)

12. Spikelets in threes, with one sessile and the other two pedicelled; glumes usually arsitate, rarely without arista Chrysopogon 12. Spikelets paired, one sessile the other pedicelled; glumes not aristate Sorghum

13. Racemes solitary, with homogamous spikelets arranged at base of racemes and heterogamous spikelets arranged above Heteropogon 13. Racemes mostly two, spikelet not as above (14)

14. Spikelets not disarticulating in groups; sessile and pedicelled spikelets similar Eulalia

78 14. Spikelets disarticulating in groups; sessile and pedicelled spikelets dissimilar (15)

15. Racemes two to many; upper lemma of the sessile spikelets usually acute, rarely cleft at apex, awned from back or awn basifixed Arthraxon 15. Racemes usually two rarely three or more; upper lemma of sessile spikelet cleft at apex, awned in sinus, awn not basifixed (16)

16. Upper glume of sessile spikelet deeply lobed, aristate in sinus Bhidea 16. Upper glume of sessile spikelet entire, not lobed or aristate at apex . Ischeamum

Apluda L. L. Gen. P1. ed. 5. 35. 1754. A monotypic genus distributed in tropical regions of the world.

Apluda mutica L. Sp. Pl. 82. 1753; Bor, Grass. India 93. 1960; Vartak, Enum. Plant.

Gomantak, India 113. 1966; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 485. 1986; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 502.

1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 183. 1989; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi

106. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 32. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in

Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 390. 1996; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur

558. 2002. A. varia Hack. in DC Monogr. Andropog. 6: 196. 1889; Cooke, Fl.

Bombay 2: 956. 1908; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 150. 1896. A. varia Hack. subsp. aristata Hack. in DC Mon. Phan. 6: 96. 1889; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 150. 1896;

Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 29, t. 20. 1935. A. varia subsp. aristata Hack. var. ciliata Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 151. 1896. A. varia subsp. aristata var. rostrata

Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 151. 1896. A. varia subsp. aristata Hack. var. villosula

Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 151. 1896. A. varia subsp. mutica Hack. var. ciliata Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 151. 1896. A. varia subsp. mutica Hack. var. humilis Hook. f., Fl.

Brit. India 7: 151. 1896.

Annuals or perennials. Cuims up to 240 cm high, creeping or erect; nodes

79 glabrous. Leaves pseudo petiolate at base; petiole up to 2 cm long; ligule membranous, c. 2 mm long; leaf blade elliptic-lanceolate, up to 22.5 x 1 cm, attenuate, petiolate, scabrid on both sides. Inflorescence a false panicle, interrupted, up to 50 cm long; raceme solitary, enclosed in spathe; spathe peduncled, elliptic-ovate, up to 8 x 4 mm, hyaline and ciliate along margins, caudate or bearing rudimentary blades at apex, several nerved. Basal joints bulbous, c. 2 x 2 mm, chartaceous, bearing clusters of triose of spikelets. Sessile spikelets c. 6 mm long, laterally compressed, awned. Lower glume lanceolate, c. 6 x 2.5 mm, narrowly winged above middle region along margins, shortly bifid at apex, chartaceous, 12-nerved; wings ciliate, hairy on ventral surface.

Upper glume boat shaped, c. 6 x 3 mm, ciliate along margins, beaked at apex, chartaceous, 10 - nerved, central nerve keeled. Lower floret staminate. Lower lemma oblong-lanceolate c. 5 x 2 mm, winged at apical region along margins, obtuse at apex, delicate, hyaline, hairy on dorsal surface, faintly 3-nerved; wings ciliate. Palea oblong, c. 5 x 1 mm, hyaline, 2-nerved, nerves keeled. Lodicules 2, obovate, c. 0.5 x 0.5 mm, denticulate at apex. Stamens 3. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma oblong, c. 4 x 2 mm, margins ciliate, 2-lobed at apex, awned in sinus, delicate, hyaline, 3-nerved; lobes acute at apex; awn c. 6 mm long, geniculate, scabrid, with 3 mm long dark brown column. Palea ovate, c. 2 x 1.5 mm, acute at apex, delicate, hyaline, 2-nerved, nerves keeled. Stamens 3; anthers c. 3 mm long. Ovary oblong, c. 1 mm long; style c.

2.5 mm long; stigma c. 4 mm long, pink in colour. Sterile pedicelled spikelets lanceolate-falcate, c. 5 x 1 mm, laterally compressed, ciliate along margins, subcoriaceous, 9- nerved. Pedicelled fertile spikelets oblong-lanceolate, c. 5 x 1.5 mm.

Pedicel oblong, c. 5 x 2 mm, ciliate along margins, faintly 5- nerved. Lower glume

lanceolate, c. 5 x 1.5 mm, chartaceous, 13 - nerved. Upper glume ovate-lanceolate, c. 5 x 1.5 mm, infolded and hyaline along margins, chartaceous, puberulous, 10-nerved.

80

Florets similar to that of sessile spikelets; upper lemma entire, unawned.

Fl. & Fr.: September - December.

Habitat: Found growing along roadsides in open areas on lateritic rocky plateaus with

thin layer of top soil and gravel.

Note: A highly variable species; due to its polymorphic characters several subspecies

and varieties have been erected. Culms rarely small and slender, usually tall and

robust. Whole plant serves as fresh and dry fodder. Dry inflorescence are coloured and

used in flower arrangement.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Chimbel water reservoir, 8. 11. 1963, R. S. Rao 92898

(BSI); Kakra, 4. 11. 1996, Vaishali Joshi & S. Rajkumar 293 (GUH); Molem, 22. 11.

1996, Vaishali Joshi & S. Rajkumar 293 (GUH); Bambolim, 16. 10. 2003, Harshala

Gad 94 (GUH). Maharashtra: Islampur, 20. 10. 1989, C. B. Salunkhe 7791 (SUH);

Devgad, 17. 10. 1990, S. R. Yadav 7932 (SUH); Chalkewadi, November 1992,

Bachulkar-Cholekar 3120 (SUH).

Arthraxon P. Beauv. P. Beauv. 111, t. 11. 1812. Phalaris Thunb., Fl. Japan 44. 1784. A genus of about seven species of which four species occur in India and three

in Goa.

Key to the species

1. Pedicelled spikelets present; racemes usually two, rarely three with broad based spicules on marginal and submarginal nerves .A. lanceolatus 1. Pedicelled spikelets absent; racemes more than two, digitate or subdigitate without any broad based spicules on maginal and sumarginal nerves (2)

2. Pedicelled spikelets reduced to scabrid pedicel or hirsute projection or absent; glumes of sessile spikelets acute at apex A. hispidus 2. Pedicelled spikelet absent; glumes of sessile spikelets aristate at apex..A lancifolius

81 Arthraxon hispidus (Thunb.) Makino in Bot. Mag. Tokyo 26: 214. 1912; Fischer in

Gamble, Fl. Madras 1728. 1934; Bor, Grass. India 99. 1960; Jain in J. Indian Bot. Soc.

51 (1) 173. 1972; Welzen in Blumea 27: 266. 1981; Kulkami, Fl. Sindhudurg 54.

1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 197. 1989; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2:

108. 1990; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 398. 1996;

Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 242. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur

561. 2002. Phalaris hispida Thunb., Fl. Japan 44. 1784. Arthraxon ciliaris P. Beauv.,

Ess. Agrost. 111, t. 11. f. 6. 1812; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 145. 1896; Cooke, Fl.

Bombay 2: 970. 1908. A micans (Nees) Hochst. in Flora 39: 188. 1856; Bor, Grass.

India 101. 1960. A. nudus (Steud) Hochst., in Flora 188. 1856; Bor, Grass. India 101.

1960; Jain in J. Indian Bot. Soc. 51 (1) 178. 1972; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 110.

1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 39. 1991; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and

Grass. 244. 2001. A. submuticus (Nees ex Steud) Hochst., in Flora 188. 1856; Hook. f.,

Fl. Brit. India 7: 144. 1896; Bor, Grass. India 102. 1960. A. breviaristatus Hack. in

DC. Monogr. Phan. 6: 350. 1889; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 144. 1896; Bor, Grass.

India 99. 1960. A. inerinis Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 145. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2:

968. 1908; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 74, t. 45. 1935; Bor, Grass. India 100.

1960; Vartak, Enum. Plant. Gomantak, India. 114. 1966; Jain in J. Indian Bot. Soc. 51:

174. 1972; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 109. 1990; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 487. 1986. A.

quartinianus (A. Rich.) Nash in N. Amer. Flora 17: 99. 191; Fischer in Gamble, Fl.

Madras 1728. 1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 78, t. 49. 1935; Bor, Grass.

India 102. 1960; Jain in J. Indian Bot. Soc. 51: 179. 1972; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg

54. 1988; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 110. 1990; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 487. 1986;

Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 41. 1991; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass.

242. 2001. A. hookeri (Hack.) Henr. in Blumea 4: 526. 1941; Bor, Grass. India 99.

82 1960; Jain in J. Indian Bot. Soc. 51: 174. 1972. A. nitidulus Stapf ex Bor, Grass. India

101. 1960; Jain in J. Indian Bot. Soc. 51: 174. 1972. A. satarensis Almeida J. Bombay

Nat. Hist. Soc. 66: 515. 1970; Jain et al., in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 12: 274. 1970; Jain, in J. Indian Bot. Soc. 51: 181. 1972. A. inermis Hook. f. var. tzvelevii Jain in Sci &

Cult. 37: 55. 1971; Jain in J. Indian Bot. Soc. 51: 174, f. 6. 1972.

Annuals. Culms up to 90 cm long, erect, decumbent to trailing, rooting at basal nodes; nodes villous. Leaf sheath covering more than half the length of internodal region, densely tubercle-based hairy along one margin, dorsal surface glabrous to sparsely covered by tubercle-based hairs; ligule membranous, c. 1 mm long, lacerate to fimbriate at apex; leaf blade ovate-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, 3 - 6 x 0.8 - 1.5 mm, caudate to amplexicaul at base, ciliate in basal region along margins, acute to acuminate at apex, tubercle-based hairy; hairs c. 1 mm long. Racemes digitate to sub- digitate, 2-9 in number, 2.5 - 5 cm long. Joint of rachis angular to linear, shallowly channeled on ventral surface, scabrid to hairy. Sessile spikelets linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, 3 - 4 mm long, awned. Lower glume lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, 3 - 4 x 1 mm, inturned and hyaline along margins, acute at apex, chartaceous to subcoriaceous, purplish-green in colour, 7 - 10-nerved, echinate to scabrid on nerves above middle region. Upper glume boat shaped, 3 - 4 x 1 mm, hyaline and retrorsely ciliate along margins, acute at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved, central nerve keeled; keel echinate on back above middle region. Lower floret epaleate, empty. Lower lemma lanceolate, c. 1.5 x 0.5 mm, acute at apex, hyaline. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma linear-lanceoalate c. 2 x 0.5 mm, basifixed awn, acute at apex, hyaline, 1- nerved; awn c. 10 mm long, geniculate, with c. 5 mm long, twisted, dark brown column. Ovary oblong. Pedicelled spikelets absent or reduced to c. 3 mm long scabrid pedicel, or to a hirsute projection at the base of sessile spikelets. (Plate 2 A).

83 FL & Fr.: August - November.

Habitat: Common on open grassy hill slopes, on field bunds, habitations, road sides, moist vertical surfaces of black boulders and along stream banks.

Note: This species is polymorphic and shows lot of variations in length of culms, digitate to subdigiatate arrangement of racemes, angular to linear and scabrid to hairy joints of rachis and pedicelled spikelets that is absent or reduced to a minute hairy projection at the base of sessile spikelets or to c. 3 mm long scabrid pedicel. Based on different morphotypes collected from different areas, several species and varieties have been erected and treated under different names. Due to polymorphic nature of this species, the two different morphotypes collected from study area are treated under single species following Welzen (1981).

Specimens Examined: Goa: Caranzol, 30. 9. 1970, N. P. Singh 124837 (BSI);

Kolem, 9. 10. 1996, M. K. Janarthanam, Vaishali Joshi & S. Rajkumar 220 (GUH);

Calem, 9. 9. 2004, Harshala Gad 122 (GUH); Chorla Ghat, 2. 10. 2005, Harshala Gad

& M. K. Janarthanam 230 (GUH); Gaondongri, Canacona, 15 . 11. 2005, Harshala

Gad 320 (GUH). Surla, Saari, 22. 11. 2005, Harshala Gad 340 (GUH).

Arthraxon lanceolatus (Roxb.) Hochst. in Flora XXXIX 188. 1856. A species of about four varieties of which two occur in Goa.

Key to the varieties

1. Lower glume of sessile spikelets glabrous on dorsal surface var. meeboldii 1. Lower glume of sessile spikelets densely woolly on dorsal surface ..... var. raizadae

Arthraxon lanceolatus (Roxb.) Hochst var. meeboldii (Stapp Welzen in Blumea 27:

287. 1981; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind: Enum. Mono. 185. 1989; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 401. 1996; Rajkumar et al., in J. Bombay

84 Nat. Hist. Soc. 96: 181. 1999; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 244. 2001;

Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 561. 2002. A. meeboldii Stapf in Kew Bull. 449.

1908; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 969. 1908; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1728. 1934;

Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 76, t. 47. 1935; Bor, Grass. India 101. 1960; Vartak,

Enum. Plant. Gomantak, India. 114. 1966; Jain in J. Indian Bot. Soc. 51: 176. 1972.

Arthraxon purandharensis Bharucha in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 52: 481. 1954; Bor,

Grass. India 102. 1960; Jain in J. Indian Bot. Soc. 51: 179. 1972.

Annuals. Culms prostrate, up to 20 cm long; nodes villous. Leaf sheath rounded, more than half the length of internodal region, up to 3 x 0.2 cm, densely ciliate along one margin, upper ones enclosing inflorescence spatheolate; ligule membranous, c. 0.5 mm long, lacerate at apex; leaf blade lanceolate to elliptic- lanceolate, up to 2 x 0.6 cm, cordate at base, bulbous-based hairy along margins, acute at apex, bulbous-based hairy on both surfaces. Racemes 1-3 in number, up to 4.5 cm long. Peduncle terete, filiform, glabrous. Joints of rachis linear-subangular, c. 3 mm long, chartaceous, densely hairy on lateral sides; hairs c. 2 mm long. Sessile spikelets linear-lanceolate, c. 5 x 1 mm, awned; callus annular, short, c. 0.5 mm long, bearded.

Lower glume linear-lanceolate, dorsally compressed, c. 5 x 1 mm, infolded hyaline wings along margins, subacute at apex, chartaceous, 4-nerved, 2-keeled; keels pectinate or tubercle-base hairy above middle region; hairs c. 1 m long. Upper glume boat shaped, c. 4 x 2 mm, hyaline and cilaite along margins, shortly 2-lobed at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved, keeled on back, scabrid on lateral sides of keel; cilia c. 0.5 mm long; keel serrulate. Lower floret epaleate, empty. Lower lemma oblong-lanceolate, c.

1.5 x 0.2 mm, acute at apex, hyaline. Upper floret epaleate, hermaphrodite. Upper lemma boat shaped, c. 2.5 x 0.8 mm, acute at apex, subhyaline, deeply channeled on back, awned; awn basifixed, up to 13 mm long, geniculate, scabrid, with c. 6 mm long,

85 dark brown, twisted, column. Stamens 3; anthers c. 1 mm long, yellow. Ovary lanceolate. Pedicelled spikelets lanceolate, dorsally compressed, unawned. Pedicel linear, c. 1 mm long, hairy along the lateral sides; hairs c. 2 mm long, silvery white.

Lower glume oblong-lanceolate, c. 3 x 1.5 mm, acute at pex, chartaceous, 6-nerved,

scabrid on nerves. Upper glume elliptic-lanceolate, c. 3 x 1 mm, hyaline along

margins, acute at apex, chartaceous, scabrid on dorsal surface, 3-nerved. Lower floret

epaleate, empty. Lower lemma oblong-lanceolate, c. 2 x 1 mm, narrowly winged

above middle region along margins, subacute at apex, hyaline; wings hyaline, delicate.

Upper floret epaleate, staminate. Upper lemma elliptic-lanceolate, c. 2 x 0.8 mm, acute

at apex; subhyaline.

Fl. & Fr.: October - November.

Habitat: Common along hill slopes, moist vertical surfaces of black boulders along

road cuttings of ghat areas, and rarely on lateritic rocky plateaus.

Note: This species closely resembles Arthraxon lanceolatus (Roxb.) Hochst var.

raizadae (Jain, Hemadri et Deshpande) Welzen and can be distinguished by glabrous

non woolly ghillies. This species is found growing along with Ischemum raizadae

Hemadri & Billore and Arthraxon lanceolatus var. raizadae on black boulders

withstanding heavy flow of waterfalls.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Surla, 3. 11. 1996, M. K. Janarthanam & S. Rajkumar

309 (GUH); Surla, Satan, 2. 10. 2005, Harshala Gad & M. K. Janarthanam 246

(GUH), Vagueri hill, Satan, 19. 11. 2005, Harshala Gad 325 (GUH); Chorla, 22. 11.

2005, Harshala Gad 331 (GUH). Maharashtra: Sangameshwar, 21. 10. 1994, C. B.

Salunkhe 8760 (SUH); Kas, October 1995 Bachulkar-Cholekar, 20021 (SUH).

86 Arthraxon lanceolatus (Roxb.) Hochst var. raizadae (Jain, Hemadri et Deshpande)

Welzen in Blumea 27: 287. 1981; Karthikeyan et al., FL Ind. Enum. Mono. 185. 1989;

Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 401. 1996. A. raizadae Jain et al., in J. Indian Bot. Soc. 51: 103. 1972; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2:

111. 1990.

Annuals. Culms up to 65 cm high, creeping or ascending, rooting at lower nodes; upper nodes villous, puple in colour. Leaf sheath rounded, more than half the length of internodal region, up to 3 x 0.3 cm, densely ciliate along one margin, sparsely tubercle-based hairy on dorsal surface above middle region, upper ones enclosing inflorescence spatheolate; ligule a membranous rim, c. 1 mm long; leaf blade lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, up to 2 x 0.8 cm, cordate at base, tubercle-based hairy along margins, acuminate at apex, tubercle-based hairy on both surfaces; hairs c.

2 mm long. Racemes rarely solitary, mostly 2 or 3 in number, up to 5 cm long. Joints of rachis linear-subangular, c. 3 mm long, chartaceous, densely hairy on dorsal surface and at apex; hairs c. 2 mm long. Spikelets paired. Sessile spikelets linear-lanceolate, c.

5 x 1 mm, awned; callus annular, short, c. 0.5 mm long, sparsely bearded at base.

Lower glume linear-lanceolate, dorsally compressed, c. 5 x 0.8 mm, margins narrowly inturned, subacute at apex, chartaceous, densely woolly on dorsal surface with silky shaggy hairs, 2-keeled, 6-nerved, lateral nerves with broad based spicules; keels pectinately toothed; spicules on lateral nerves with bundle of stiff hairs. Upper glume boat shaped, c. 5 x 2 mm, hyaline along margins, acute at apex, chartaceous, hirsute, 3- nerved, keeled on back. Lower floret epaleate, empty. Lower lemma oblong- lanceolate, c. 2 x 0.2 mm, subacute at apex, hyaline, 1-nerved. Upper floret epaleate, hermaphrodite. Upper lemma boat shaped, c. 3 x 1 mm, acute at apex, subhyaline, deeply channeled on back, awned; awn basifixed, up to 16 mm long, geniculate, with

87 c. 5 mm long, dark brown, twisted, column. Stamens 3; anthers c. 1 mm long, yellow.

Ovary lanceolate. Pedicelled spikelets lanceolate, dorsally compressed, unawned.

Pedicel linear, c. 1.5 mm long, hairy along lateral sides; hairs c. 2 mm long, silvery white. Lower glume lanceolate, c. 4 x 1 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, densely woolly on dorsal surface, 7-nerved, submarginal and marginal nerves covered with broad based spicules. Upper glume elliptic-lanceolate, c. 3.5 x 1 mm, hyaline along margins, acute at apex, chartaceous, scabrid on dorsal surface, 3-nerved. Lower floret epaleate, empty. Lower lemma oblong-lanceolate, c. 3 x 0.5 mm, subacute at apex,

subhyaline, 1-nerved. Upper floret epaleate, staminate. Upper lemma elliptic-

lanceolate, c. 3 x 0.8 mm, shortly cleft at apex, subhyaline, 1-nerved. (Fig. 4; Plate 2

B)

Fl. & Fr.: October - November.

Habitat: Common along hill slopes, moist vertical surfaces of black boulders along

road cuttings of ghat areas, open forest hill slopes near streams.

Note: This species closely resembles Arthraxon lanceolatus (Roxb.) Hochst var.

meeboldii (Stapp Welzen and can be distinguish by woolly glumes. This species is

found growing in close association with Arthraxon lanceolatus var. meeboldii on hill

slopes and on black boulders withstanding heavy flow of annual water falls. So far

known to be endemic to Maharashtra, its forms new record to Goa.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Vagueri hill, Safari, 19. 11. 2005, Harshala Gad 326

(GUH); Chorla, Satari, 22. 11. 2005, Harshala Gad 332 (GUH). Maharashtra:

Mahableshwar, Satara Dt., 25. 12. 1969, K. Hemadri 98585 J-Isotype (MH); Kelghar

Ghat, 8. 11. 1994, C. B. Salunkhe 8690 (SUH).

88 H G

I mm

5 cm

Fig 4. Arthraxon lanceolatus (Roxb.) Hochst var. raizadae (Jain, Hemadri et Deshpande) Welzen. A. habit; B. joint of rachis; C-E. sessile spikelet: C. lower glume; D. upper glume; E. upper lemma; F. pedicel; G. lower glume of pedicelled spikelet; H. upper glume of pedicelled spikelet. Arthraxon lancifolius (Trin.) Hochst., in Flora 39: 188. 1856; Fischer in Gamble, Fl.

Madras 1729. 1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 77, t. 48. 1935. Bor, Grass.

India 100. 1960; Jain in J. Indian Bot. Soc. 51: 176. 1972; Welzen in Blumea 27: 288.

1981; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 487. 1986; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 185. 1989;

Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 38. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al.,

Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 402. 1996; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 244.

2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 562. 2002. Andropogon lancifolius Trin. In

Mem. Acad. Sci. Petersb. 6, 2: 271. 1832. Arthraxon microphyllus auct. non. (Trin.)

Hochst 1856; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 147. 1896 p. p.; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 970.

1908; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 110. 1990. A. lancifolius var. hindustanicus Jain et al., in J. Indian Bot. Soc. 51: 176. 1972. A. microphyllus Trin. var. hindustanicus (Jain, et al.,) S. M. & S. R. Almeida in J. Nat. Hist. Soc. 82: 445. 1985; Almeida, Fl.

Savantwadi 2: 110. 1990.

Annual. Cu1ms up to 100 cm long, creeping, geniculate or erect, rooting at lower nodes; upper nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath slightly keeled on back; ligule a row hairs, c. 0.5 mm long; leaf blade lanceolate, up to 3 x 0.6 cm, rounded to cordate at base, tubercle based hairy along the margins, acuminate at apex, tubercle-based hairy at the basal region. Racemes enclosed in spatheolated leaf sheath when young, 3 - 8 in number, up to 2.5 cm long. Joints of rachis linear, c. 1 mm long, densely hairy; hairs c.

2 mm long. Spikelets solitary, pedicelled spikelets absent. Sessile spikelets lanceolate, c. 3 x 0.3 mm. Lower glume.lanceolate, c. 3 x 0.5 mm, chartaceous, bifid, aristate at apex, 6-nerved. Upper glume lanceolate, c. 2 x 0.6 mm, hyaline along margins, aristate at apex, chartaceous; arista c. 1.5 mm long. Lower floret epaleate, empty. Lower lemma linear-lanceolate, c. 1 x 0.2 mm, acute at apex, hyaline. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma lanceolate, c. 1 x 0.5 mm, awned, delicate, hyaline; awn

89 up to 8 mm long, geniculate, scabrid, with c. 3 mm long, twisted, brown colour column. Stamens 2; anthers c. 0.5 mm long, yellow-purple in colour. Ovary oblong, c.

1 mm long; style short; stigma c. 1 mm long, white in colour.

Fl. & Fr.: August to November.

Habitat: Common on compound walls, walls of old fort, field margins and habitations, and rarely on grassy hill slopes and on vertical cut surfaces of moist black boulders.

Note: This species differs from other species of the genus by its aristate lower and upper glume. This species is considerer as very good fodder grass and is known locally as 'Karpill.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Valpoi, 3. 10. 1970, N. P. Singh 124097 (BSI); Borim,

24. 9. 1997, M. K. Janarthanam, Vaishali Joshi & S. Rajkumar 1036 (GUH);

Camurlim, Bardez, 7. 9. 2003, Harshala Gad 42 (GUH); Raibandar, Tiswadi, 28. 8.

2005, Harshala Gad & M. K. Janarthanam 191 (GUH); Alorna fort, Alorna, Pernem,

29. 9. 2005, Harshala Gad, 224 (GUH); Vaguerim hill, Satari, 19. 11. 2005, Harshala

Gad 327 (GUH). Kerala: Kurisumala, Kottayam Dt. 8. 11. 1984, V. T. Anthony

947(MH). Maharashtra: Sangli, 25. 9. 1990, S. R. Yadav 8549 (SUH); Devgad 26. 9.

1992, C. B. Salunkhe 8106 (SUH); Kari, November 1992, Bachulkar-Cholekar 5139

(SUH).

Bhidea Stapf ex Bor Stapf ex Bor in Kew Bull. 1948: 445. 1949. A genus of three species, distributed in India of which two species occur in

Goa.

90 Key to the species

1. Ligule fimbriate at apex; abscission of rachis slightly oblique B. burnsiana 1. Ligule lacerate at apex; abscission of rachis extremely oblique B. fischeri

Bhidea burnsiana Bor in Kew Bull. In 1948: 445. 1949 & Grass. India 103. 1960;

Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 188. 1989; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala

Grass. 45, t. 5. 1991; Lakshminarsimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot.

413. 1996: Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 246, t. 72. 2001.

Annuals. Culms tufted, up to 40 cm high, erect, 4-nodded; nodes swollen, geniculate, basal nodes glabrous, upper nodes villous. Leaf sheath rounded, keeled on dorsal surface, up to 3 x 0.3 cm, glabrous; ligule a membranous rim, c. 1 mm long, fimbriate at apex; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, up to 7 x 0.2 cm, narrowed and rounded at base, sparsely hairy along margins; acuminate at apex; hairs c. 3 mm long. Racemes

2, up to 6 cm long, shortly exerted from spathes. Joints of rachis linear-clavate, c. 4 mm long, slightly oblique at apex, coriaceous, densely villous on dorsal angle; hairs c.

1 mm long. Sessile spikelets lanceolate, 8 x 1-1.5 mm, acuminate at apex, coriaceous, faintly 3- nerved, lateral nerves keeled; keels broadly winged; wings subequal, hyaline.

Upper glume oblong, c. 5 x 2 mm,3- hyaline along margins, lobed at apex, subcoriaceous, 3-nerved, scabrid on both sides of central nerve; lateral lobes acute, central lobe broad at base, aristate at apex; arista 3 x 0.5 mm. Lower floret empty, epaleate. Lower lemma oblong, c. 4 x 1 mm, winged along margins, slightly truncate to obtuse at apex, hyaline, 1-nerved; wings subequal, delicate hyaline. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma c. 4 x 1.5 mm, hyaline along margins, lobed at apex, awned in sinus, chartaceous, 3-nerved; lobes acute; awns up to 15 mm long, geniculate, scabrid, with c. 9 mm long, twisted, dark brown column. Palea ovate, c. 1.5 x 0.5 mm, acute at apex, delicate, hyaline. Stamens 3; connective 0.5 mm long; anthers

91 Fig 5. Bhidea burnsiana Bor A. habit; B. joint of rachis; C. sessile and pedicelled spikelet; D. lower glume of sessile spikelet; E. upper glume of sessile spikelet; F. pedicel; G. lower glume of pedicelled spikelet; H. upper glume of pedicelled spikelet. _ _ unequal in size; smaller two c. lmm long and larger one c. 1.5 mm long. Ovary oblong; style c. 1.5 mm long; stigma c. lmm long, cream coloured. Caryopsis oblong, c. 2 x 0.5 nun. (Fig. 5; plate 2 C)

Fl. & Fr.: September — October.

Habitat: Common on lateritic rocky plateaus in the crevices of rocks.

Note: Found growing along with Dimeria woodrowii Stapf and Danthonidium gammiei (Bhide) C. E. Hubb.; endemic to Peninsular India, forms new record to Goa.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Verna, 16. 10. 2003, Harshala Gad 89 (GUH); Pernem,

29. 9. 2005, Harshala Gad 227 (GUH); Tisk-Usgao, Ponda, 12. 10. 2005, Harshala

Gad & M. K. Janarthanam 272 (GUH). Maharashtra: Ganpatiphule, 20. 8. 1990, C.

B. Salunkhe 7826 (SUH).

Bhidea fischeri Sreekumar in Kew Bull. 42: 683. 1987; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala

Grass. 47, t. 6. 1991.

Annual. Culms up to 28 cm high, erect, 4-nodded; nodes swollen, geniculate, lower ones glabrous, upper villous. Leaf sheath c. 2 x 0.3 cm, slightly keeled, glabrous; ligule membranous, truncate and lacerate at apex, up to 1 mm long; leaf blade up to 4 x 0.2 cm, linear-lanceolate, sparsely hairy along margins, narrowed and rounded at base, acuminate at apex; hairs c. 3 mm long. Racemes 2, 1 - 3.5 cm long, shortly exerted from spathe. Joints of rachis c. 4 mm long, linear-clavate, coriaceous, extremely oblique at apex, densely villous on dorsal angle, hairs c. 1 mm long. Sessile spikelets c. 6 x 1.5 mm (excluding aristate central lobe), lanceolate, awned; callus c. 1 mm long, cuneate at base, densely villous. Lower glume lanceolate, c. 6.5 x 1.5 mm, acuminate at apex, coriaceous, 2-nerved, nerves keeled; keels winged; wings hyaline,

92 unequal, c. 0.5 mm wide on one side, and 0.25 mm wide on other. Upper glume oblong, 5 - 6 x 2 mm, hyaline, infolded along margins, 3-lobed at apex, coriaceous, 3- nerved; lateral lobes acute, central lobe broad at base aristate at apex, c. 4 mm long.

Lower floret empty. Upper floret hermphrodite. Upper lemma oblong-lanceolate, c.

3.5 x 1 mm, hyaline along margins, lobed at apex, awned in sinus, subcoriaceous, 3- nerved; lobes acute at apex; awn up to 10 mm long, geniculate, scabrid, with c. 6 mm long, twisted, dark brown column. Palea ovate, c. 1 x 0.6 mm, acute at apex, delicate, hyaline. Lodicules two, denticulate at apex, c. 0.5 mm long. Stamens 3; anthers c. 1.5 mm long, yellow. Ovary oblong, c. 0.5 mm long; style c. 1.5 mm long; stigma c. 1 mm

long, cream coloured. Caryopsis oblongoid. Pedicelled spikelets c. 7 x 1.5 mm, empty.

Pedicel linear-clavate, c. 0.2 mm long, densely villous on dorsal angle, hairs c. 1 mm

long, white in colour; callus sparsely bearded. Lower glume asymmetrically-

lanceolate, c. 6 x 1.5 mm, chartaceous, faintly 3-nerved, broadly winged on one side;

wing hyaline. Upper glume lanceolate, c. 6 x 1 mm, hyaline along margins, shortly

aristate at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved, lateral nerves keeled.

FL & Fr.: September - October.

Habitat: Common on lateritic rocky plateaus in crevices of the rocks.

Note: Found growing in association with Bhidea burnsiana Bor; endemic to Kerala,

forms a new distributional record to Goa.

Specimens Examined: Goa University campus, Taleigao, 9. 10. 2003, Harshala Gad

82 (GUH); Shiroda, Ponda, 20. 9. 2004, M. K. Janarthanam 126 (GUH); Surla, Saari,

2. 10. 2005, Harshala Gad & M. K. Janarthanam 247 (GUH). Kerala: Mukkarikandam,

Cannanore Dt., 18. 10. 1981, P. V. Sreekumar 71754-Holotype (MH).

93 Chrysopogon Trin. Trin. Fund. Agrost. 187. 1820. A genus of about 25 species, distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world of which 16 species occur in India and two in Goa.

Key to the species

1. Upper lemma of sessile spikelets aristate; culms creeping at base; panicles up to 10 cm long C. aciculatus 1. Upper lemma of sessile spikelets distinctly awned; culms not creeping at base ; panicle over 10 cm long C. tandulingamii

Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin. Fund. Agrost. 188. 1822; Fischer in Gamble,

Fl. Madras 1738. 1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 68. 1935; Bor, Grass. India

115. 1960; Vartak, Enum. Plant. Gomantak, India 114. 1966; Matthew, Ill. Fl.

Tamilnadu Carnatic tt. 829 & 830. 1982; Britto & Matthew 'in Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu

Carnatic 3: 1822. 1983; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 493. 1986; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 512.

1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 197. 1989; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2:

140. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 59. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in

Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 429. 1996; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and

Grass. 248. 2001; Andropogon aciculatus Retz. Obs. Bot. 5: 22. 1789; Hook. f., Fl.

Brit. India 7: 188. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 984. 1908.

Perennials. Cu1ms stoloniferous, tufted, up to 50 cm high, creeping and decumbent, nodes glabrous. Leaves basally aggregated; leaf sheath keeled; ligule a membranous rim, c.1 mm long; leaf blade linear lanceolate, 1-12 x 0.5 cm, rounded at base, acute at apex. Panicle pyramidal, up to 8 cm long, open; branches whorled.

Spikelets in clusters of triads; one sessile and other two pedicelled. Sessile spikelets

lanceolate, awned; callus densely bearded, c. 0.5 mm long. Lower glume lanceolate, c.

3.5 x 1 mm, chartaceous, 3-nerved, lateral nerves keeled, sparsely villous and scabrid

94 on dorsal surface. Upper glume lanceolate, c. 3 x 0.8 mm, ciliate along margins, chartaceous, 3-nerved, lateral nerves keeled, scabrid on dorsal surface, margins ciliate.

Lower floret epaleate, empty. Lower lemma c. 2.5 x 1 mm, ciliate along margins, hyaline, 2-nerved, nerves keeeled. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma ovate, c.

2 x 1 mm, aristate at apex, delicate, hyaline, 1-nerved; arista c. 6 mm long, straight, scabrid. Palea oblong c. 2 x 0.2 mm, delicate, hyaline. Caryopsis oblongoid, c. 2 x 0.8 mm. Pedicelled spikelet lanceolate, c. 3 x 1 mm, unawned. Pedicel linear, c. 2 mm long, glabrous. Lower glume lanceolate, c. 3 x 1 mm, chartaceous, 3-5-nerved. Upper glume lanceolate, c. 3 x 0.8 mm, hyaline, ciliate along margins, chartaceous, 3-nerved.

Lower floret epaleate, empty. Upper floret staminate. Floral parts similar to that of sessile spikelets. Upper lemma non aristate.

Fl. & Fr.: July - October.

Habitat: Commonly grown as lawn grass, found in moist open waste lands.

Note: Grown as lawn grass.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Margao, 22. 8. 1963, K. C. Kanodia 89455 (BSI); Goa

University Campus, Taleigao, 11. 7. 1997, Vaishali Joshi & S. Rajkumar 736 (GUH);

Bondla wildlife Sanctuary, 2. 8. 2003, Harshala Gad 22 (GUH); Goa University campus, Taleigao, 10. 10. 2003 Harshala Gad 84 (GUH). Kerala: Tellicherry,

Cannanore Dt., 15. 7. 1978, V. S. Ramachandran 57664 Bekal, Kasargod Dt.

28. 9. 1982, R. Ansari 74370 (MH). Maharashtra: Aajgao, 25. 9. 1992, S. R. Yadav

7897 (SUH).

95 Chrysopogon tandulingami P. V. Sreekumar, V. J. Nair & N. C. Nair in J. Bombay

Nat. Hist. Soc. 80: 198, f. 15. 1983; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 198.

1989; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 63, f. 10. 1991. C. lancearius sensu

Rajkumar et al., in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 96: 181. 1999, non (Hook. f.) Haines,

1924.

Perennials. Culms rhizomatous or stoloniferous, up to 100 cm high, tufted, erect; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath rounded, keeled, up to 12 cm long, glabrous; ligule a membranous rim, c. 1 mm long, fimbriate at apex; leaf blade acicular or linear, rigid, convolute in dry condition, up to 10 x 0.3 cm, rounded at base, acute at apex, sparsely hairy at basal region. Panicles up to 18 cm long, wide open; branches whorled at basal node, alternate above, 2-8 cm long; nodes villous. Peduncle slender, terete, glabrous to villous at basal region bearing cluster of three spikelets; one sessile spikelet flanked by two pedicelled spikelets. Sessile spikelets oblong to oblong-lanceolate, laterally compressed, grooved, c. 6 mm long; callus c. 3 mm long, densely bearded with c. 1 cm long golden-brown hairs. Lower glume oblong, c. 5 x 1 mm, coriaceous, setose towards apex, yellow-green. Upper glume oblong, c. 6 x 1.5 mm, obtuse and cuspidate at apex, coriaceous to crustaceous, setose on dorsal surface, 5-7-nerved; cusp up to 15 mm long, scabrid. Lower floret epaleate, empty. Lower lemma linear-oblong, c. 5 x 1 mm, ciliate along margins, obtuse at apex, delicate, hyaline, 3-nerved. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma oblong to oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at base, awned at apex, delicate, hyaline below middle region and coriaceous above, 3-nerved; awn up to 60 mm long, geniculate, scabrid, golden-yellow in colour, with c. 30 mm

long, twisted, densely hairy, golden-yellow column. Lodicules 2, obovate, denticulate

at apex, c. 0.5 mm long. Stamens 3; anthers c. 4 mm long, yellow in colour. Ovary

ovate, c. 0.5 mm long; style c. 1 mm long; stigma c. 2.5 mm long, cream colour.

96 Pedicelled spikelets lanceolate, c. 9 mm long, purplish in colour, unawned. Pedicel angular, c. 4 mm long, dilated at apex, covered with c. 1 mm long golden-yellow hairs; callus glabrous to hairy; hairs c. 1 mm long, golden-brown. Lower glume lanceolate, c.

9 x 1.2 mm, infolded, hyaline and sparse setose hairs all along the margins, cuspidate at apex, chartaceous, 7-nerved; cusp up to 12 mm long, scabrid, golden-yellow. Upper glume lanceolate, c. 9 x 1.5 mm, infolded, hyaline, lined by sparse shaggy hairs along the margins, acute to acuminate at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved. Lower floret epaleate,

empty. Lower lemma oblong-lanceolate, c. 8 x 1 mm, ciliate along margins, delicate,

hyaline, faintly 2-nerved. Upper floret staminate. Upper lemma oblong-lanceolate, c. 4

x 0.8 mm, ciliate along margins, acute at apex, delicate, hyaline, 3-nerved. Palea

oblong, c. 1.5 x 0.4 mm, obtuse at apex, delicate, hyaline. Stamens 2; anthers c. 6 mm

long, yellow. (Fig. 6)

Fl. & Fr.: October.

Habitat: Lateritic rocky plateaus.

Note: This species can be differentiated from other species of the genus by its

convolute, rigid leaves, wide open panicle with few spikelets. So far known to be

endemic to Kerala, its occurrence in Goa flips extended distribution' to species and

new record Goa..

Specimens Examined: Goa: Taleigao, 23. 10. 1996, Vaishali Joshi & S. Rajkumar

348 (GUH); Goa University campus, Taleigao, 6. 10. 2003, Harshala Gad 81 (GUH);

Verna, Salcete 10. 10. 2003, Harshala Gad 91 (GUH). Kerala: Near Cashew Project,

Periye, Cannanore Dt. 18. 10. 1981, P. V. Sreekumar 71758 — Isotype (MH); Periye,

Kasargod Dt. Kerala, 2. 10. 1982, R. Ansari 74464 (MH).

97 Fig 6. Chrysopogon tandulingami P. V. Sreekumar, V. J. Nair & N. C. Nair. A. habit; B. joint of rachis; C-E. sessile spikelet: C. sessile spikelet; D. lower glume of sessile spikelet; E. upper glume of sessile spikelet. Cymbopogon Spr. Spr. Pl. Min Cogn. Pugil 2: 14. 1815.

A genus of about 40 species distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of

Africa, Asia and , of which 20 species occur in India and one in Goa.

Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf in Kew Bull. 1906: 357. 1906; Fischer in Gamble,

Fl. Madras 1756. 1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 103. 1935; Bor, Grass.

India 126. 1960; Vartak, Enum. Plant. Gomantak, India. 116. 1966; Karthikeyan et al.,

Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 201. 1989; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 70. 1991;

Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 441. 1996; Bhat &

Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 259. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 568. 2002.

Andropogon citratus Dc. Cat. Hort. Monsp. 78. 1813.

Perennials. Culms stoloniferous, up to 200 cm high, tufted, erect. Leaf sheath

rounded, up to 18 x 1 cm, distinctly ridged, serrate on margins; ligule membranous, c.

2 mm long, lacerate at apex; leaf blade lanceolate, up to 70 x 1 cm, rounded at base,

serrate along margins, acuminate at apex. Panicles interrupted, lax, up to 60 cm long,

racemes enclosed in spathe, boat shaped, enclosing 2 or 3 racemes; peduncle up to 4

mm long, glabrous. Racemes up to 1.5 cm long. Joints of rachis flattened, linear, c. 1.5

mm long, channeled on adaxial surface, hairy along margins; hairs c. 1 mm long.

Sessile spikelets lanceolate, c. 5 x 1 mm, awned. Lower glume lanceolate, c. 5 x 1 mm,

infolded, and winged above middle region along margins, acute at apex, chartaceous to

subcoriaceous, 5-nerved, lateral nerves keeled; wigs membranous, serrate along

margins. Upper glume elliptic-lanceolate or boat shaped, c. 4 x 1 mm, hyaline and

retrorsely ciliate along margins, acute at apex, coriaceous, 3-nerved, central nerve

keeled; keel winged above middle region. Lower floret epaleate, empty. Lower lemma

oblong-lanceolate, c. 3.5 x 0.5 mm, winged along margins above middle region,

98 notched at apex delicate, hyaline, 1-nerved; wings hyaline, retrorsely ciliate. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma oblong, c. 2 x 0.5 mm, lobed at apex, awned in sinus, delicate, hyaline; lobes acute at apex; awn c. 9 mm long, with c. 4 mm long, brown column. Stamens 3; connectives short; anthers c. 1.2 mm long. Ovary oblong;

style c. 1 mm long; stigma c. 1 mm long, off white in colour. Pedicelled spikelets

lanceolate. Pedicel linear, c. 2.5 mm long, channeled on adaxial surface, hirsute along

lateral sides; hairs c. 1.5 m long. Lower glume lanceolate, c. 4 x 1 mm, chartaceous, 9-

nerved, keeled on back; keel serrulate. Upper glume ovate, c. 4 x 1.5 mm, infolded and

winged along margins above middle region, chartaceous, 5-nerved; wings hyaline,

retrorsely ciliate. Lower floret empty. Upper floret epaleate, staminate; floral parts

similar to that of sessile spikelets.

Fl. & Fr.: January - March.

Habitat: Cultivated in kitchen gardens.

Note: This species is grown in kitchen gardens due to its medicinal properties and is

locally known as 'Ganjan'. Leaves are boiled in water along with leaves of Oscimum

sanctum L. and the decoction taken orally to cure common cold. Leaves are also used

in preparing tea commonly known as Lemon tea.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Taleigao, 9. 2. 2005, Harshala Gad 172 (GUH).

Dichanthium Willemet Wilimet in Listen, Ann. Bot. 18: 11. 1796 A genus of about 65 species distributed in tropical regions of the world of

which 32 species occur in India and four in Goa. The genus Bothriochloa Kuntze,

Capillipedium Stapf and Dichanthium Willemet are considered as congeneric (de Wet

& Harlan 1966) based on their cytogenetical studies and hence the species belonging

99 to all three genera are treated under single genus Dichanthium. Their treatment has been followed by Clayton (1977) and Jain and Deshpande (1978). de Wet & Harlan's views is followed in the present work.

Key to the species: 1. Inflorescence a panicle D. filiculme 1. Inflorescence solitary digitate racemes (2)

2. Raceme solitary; upper glume of sessile spikelets apiculate at apex D. paranjpyeanum 2. Racmes more than two, digitate or subdigitate; upper glume of sessile spikelets not apiculate at apex (3)

3. Lower glume of sessile spikelets shortly lobed at apex and with circular pit on dorsal surface D. pertusa 3. Lower glume of sessile spikelet obtuse at apex and never pitted on dorsal surface D. annulatum

Dichanthium annulatum (Forssk.) Stapf in Prain, Fl. Trop. Afr. 9:; 178. 1917;

Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1741. 1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 94.

1935; Bor, Grass. India 133. 1960; Matthew, Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic tt. 844 &

845. 1982; Britto & Matthew in Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1833. 1983; Rao,

Fl. Goa 2: 497. 1986; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 517. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind.

Enum. Mono. 205. 1989; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 121. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair,

Fl. Kerala Grass. 76. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra

Monocot. 452. 1996; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 260. 2001; Yadav &

Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 572. 2002. Andropogon annulatus Forssk. Fl. Aegypt-Arab.

173. 1775; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 196. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 988. 1908.

Annuals. Cu1ms up to 150 cm high, erect, creeping or geniculate at basal nodes; branching at each node; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath keeled, shorter than internodal region, up to 9 x 0.5 cm, bearded at mouth with long hairs; hairs up to 6 mm long, silky, white; ligule truncate, membranous, c. 1.5 mm long, lacerate at apex. Leaf blade

100 linear-lanceolate, up to 16 x 0.5 cm, narrowed and rounded at base, acute at apex, tubercle-based hairy on adaxial surface. Racemes 2-5 in number, subdigitate, each up to 6 cm long, shortly pedunculate; peduncle up to 0.5 cm long, glabrous. Joints of rachis subangular to linear flattened, c. 2 mm long, villous along one side and at apex; hairs c. 1 mm long. Sessile spikelets oblong, c. 3 mm long, awned, hairy. Lower glume oblong, c. 3 x 1 mm, narrowly winged at apical region and wings ciliate along margins, obtuse at apex, chartaceous, 5-7-nerved, hairy below middle region, lateral nerves covered with tubercle-based hairs; hairs c. 2 mm long. Upper glume oblong- lanceolate, c. 3 x 1 mm, narrowly infolded and retrorsely ciliate along margins, subacute and bearded at apex, chartaceous, 2-keeled; keels scabrid. Lower floret epaleate, empty. Lower lemma lanceolate, c. 2 x 0.8 mm, acuminate at apex, chartaceous-subhyaline. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma stipitate, c. 1.5 mm long, subhyaline, awned; awn up to 12 mm long, golden yellow, with c. 8 mm long twisted column. Palea linear-lanceolate, c. 2 x 0.8 mm, acuminate at apex, delicate, hyaline. Ovary oblong, c. 1.5 mm long. Pedicelled spikelets oblong, c. 3 x 1 mm, unawned. Pedicel subangular to linear, flattened, c. 2 mm long, villous along one margin and at apex. Lower glume oblong, c. 3 x 1 mm, tubercle-based hairy along margins, obtuse to rounded at apex chartaceous, 7-9-nerved. Upper glume oblong- lanceolate, c. 3 x 0.5 mm, infolded and retrorsely ciliate along margins, acute at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved. Lower floret absent. Upper floret staminate. Upper lemma oblong, c. 2 x 1 mm, hyaline to subhyaline, obtuse at apex. Stamens 3, anthers minute, c. 0.2 mm long, yellow.

FL & Fr.: August - November.

Habitat: Common in open areas other then lateritic rocky platelts, open waste lands, field margins, halophytic conditions, habitations and along road sides.

101 Note: This species is considered as an excellent fodder for cattle.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Raibandar, Panajim, 11. 11. 1997, Vaishali Joshi & S.

Rajkumar 1174 (GUH); Taleigao 12. 10. 2004, Harshala Gad 132 (GUH); St. Cruz,

12. 10. 2004, Harshala Gad 135 (GUH); Anjuna, Bardez, 2. 9. 2005, Harshala Gad

194 (GUH); Goa University campus, Taleigao, 22. 9. 2005, Harshala Gad 214 (GUH).

Maharashtra: Pusegaon, 15. 10. 1989, C. B. Salunkhe 7149 (SUH); Debewadi,

August 1994, Bachulkar-Cholekar 6151 (SUH).

Dichanthium filiculme (Hook. f.) Jain & Deshpande in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 20: 134.

(1978) 1979; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 454.

1996; Rajkumar et al., in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 96: 181. 1999; Bhat &

Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 261. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 573. 2002.

Andopogon filiculmis Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 181. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 982.

1908. Capillipedium filiculme (Hook. f.) Stapf in Hook. Ic. Pl. sub, t. 3085. 1922;

Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1730. 1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 82.

1935; Bor, Grass. India 111. 1960; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 511. 1988; Karthikeyan

et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 194. 1989.

Annual. Culms up to 85 cm high, slender, decumbent or trailing, rooting at

nodes; upper nodes villous. Leaf sheath rounded, keeled, covering more than half the

length of internodal region, c. 0.5 cm wide; ligule ovate, membranous, c. 0.5 mm long,

fimbriate at apex; leaf blade lanceolate, up to 13 x 0.8 mm, lower leaves narrowed at

base, upper ones rounded at base, acuminate at apex, scabrid. Panicles up to 10 cm

long, open, branches whorled, up to 5 cm long, densely villous at nodes. Rachis

filiform, terete, up to 1 cm long, hairy at base, discoid at apex. Rachilla linear, flat, c. 2

mm long, hairy on both sides. Spikelets in pairs of two, one sessile the other

102 pedicelled. Sessile spikelets elliptic-oblong, c. 2.2 x 0.5 mm, awned; callus short, densely hairy. Lower glume ovate-oblong, c. 2.2 x 1 mm, subacute to obtuse at apex, chartaceous to subcoriaceous, villous on dorsal surface, 5-7-nerved. Upper glume elliptic c. 2.2 x 0.8 mm, narrowly inturned and sparsely ciliate along margins, subacute and bearded at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved. Lower floret epaleate, empty. Lower lemma ovate, c. 0.8 x 0.5 mm, acute to shallowly 3-lobed at apex, delicate, hyaline.

Upper floret epaleate, hermaphrodite. Upper lemma c. 2 mm long, stipitate and

subhyaline at base, awned at apex; awn c. 12 mm long, scabrid, with 7 mm long,

scabrid, twisted, golden brown column. Stamens 3; anthers c. 2 mm long, yellow.

Pedicelled spikelets elliptic-lanceolate, c. 3 x 0.8 mm. Pedicel linear to filiform, c. 2

mm long, hairy. Lower glume elliptic-lanceolate, c. 2.8 x 1 mm, acute at apex,

chartaceous to subcoriaceous, hairy on dorsal surface, 9-nerved. Upper glume

lanceolate, c. 2.5 x 1 mm, hyaline margins, acute at apex, chartaceous, 5-nerved,

margins hyaline, ciliate above middle region. Lower floret epaleate, empty. Upper

floret absent. Lower leinma oblong-elliptic, c. 2.5 x 1 mm, delicate, hyaline.

Fl. & Fr.: October-November.

Habitat: Common on cut surfaces of hills, along field bunds and compound walls.

Note: Mostly found growing in Sugar cane cultivation. This species is an excellent

fodder grass.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Surla, 8. 11. 1996, M K. Janarthanam, Vaishali Joshi &

S. Rajkumar 339 (GUH); Molem, 22. 11. 1996, M K. Janarthanam, Vaishali Joshi & S.

Rajkumar 413 (GUH); Molem 12. 10. 2005, Harshala Gad & M. K. Janarthanam 280

(GUH); Ghodemal, Quepem, 15. 11. 2005, Harshala Gad 316 (GUH). Maharashtra:

Paud, Pune, 18. 10. 1956, S. K. Jain 8266 (BSI); Thoseghor, August 1995, Bachulkar-

103 Cholekar 21021 (SUH); Devdari 26. 10. 1989, C. B. Salunkhe 7328 (SUH). Kerala:

Bank of Kunthipuzha, Palghat Dt., 4. 12. 1980, N. C. Nair 69107 (MH).

Dichanthium paranjpyeanum (Bhide) W. D. Clayton in Kew Bull. 32: 579. 1978;

Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 758. 1996;

Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 206. 1989. Andropogon paranjpyeanus

Bhide in J. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal (n. s.) 7: 514. 1911. Eremopogon paranjpyeanus

(Bhide) Blatt. & McCann, in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 32: 427. 1928; Blatt. &

McCann, Bombay Grass. 94. 1935. Schizachyrium paranjpyeanum (Bhide) Raiz. &

Jain in Proc. Indian Sci. Congr. Abs. 3: 130. 1953; Bor, Grass. India 216. 1960;

Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 556. 1988; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 155. 1990;

Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 588. 1996; Yadav &

Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 604. 2002.

Annual. Culms tufted, wiry, up to 50 cm high, erect, nodes glabrous, upper most bearded, leaf sheath half the length or more than half the length of internodal region, up to 5 x 0.4 cm, keeled on back; ligule a membranous rim, c. 1 mm long,

ciliate at apex; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, up to 12 x 0.3 cm, rounded at base,

undulated along one margin, acuminate at apex, densely hairy on both surfaces, midrib

prominent. Raceme solitary, up to 5 cm long. Joints of rachis linear, flattened, c. 3.5

cm long, coriaceous, hairy on lateral sides, abscission slightly oblique at apex, hairy.

Sessile spikelets oblong, 4 x 1 mm, awned. Lower glume oblong, c. 4 x 0.6 mm,

inturned and ciliate at apical region along margins, subacute to obtuse and hyaline at

apex, coriaceous, 7-nerved. Upper glume boat shaped, oblong, c. 4 x 1.5 mm (when

spread), ciliate at apical region along margins, apiculate at apex, chartaceous to

subcoriaceous, 3-nerved, central nerve scabrid. Lower floret absent. Upper floret

104 Fig 7. Dichanthium paranjpyeanum (Bhide) W. D. Clayton. A. habit; B. sessile and pedicelled spikelet; D-F. sessile spikelet: D. lower glume (dorsal view); E. lower glume (ventral view); F. upper glume; G. lower glume of pedicelled spikelet; H. upper glume of pedicelled spikelet. harmaphrodite. Upper lemma stipitate, c. 3 mm long, awned; awn up to 20 mm long, scabrid, with c. 10 mm long, dark brown column. Palea oblong, c. 2 x 0.5 mm, winged and ciliate along margins, obtuse at apex, delicate, hyaline. Ovary ovate; style c. 0.5 nun long; stigma c. 1.5 mm long. Pedicelled spikelets oblong lanceolate, unawned.

Pedicel linear, flattened, c. 3 mm long, hairy lateral sides. Lower glume oblong- lanceolate, c. 5.5 x 1.5 mm, inturned along margins, truncate and lacerate at apex, chartaceous, 7-nerved, lateral nerves keeled; keels and central nerve scabrid. Upper glume boat shaped, lanceolate, c. 5.2 x 1 mm, inflexed and ciliate along margins, acute at apex, chartaceous to subcoriaceous, 3-nerved. Lower floret absent. Upper floret epaleate, staminate. Upper lemma oblong, c. 4.5 x 1 nun, ciliate along margins, obtuse at apex, subhyaline, 1-nerved. Stamens 3; anthers c. 3 mm long. (Fig. 7; Plate 2 D).

Fl. & Fr.: September - October.

Habitat: Lateritic rocky plateaus.

Note: This species has been shifted from genus to genus before placing it in genus

Dichanthium; this species is distinct from other species of the genus in having solitary raceme. So far known to be endemic to Maharashtra, its collection from Goa forms new distributional record. This species is relished by cattle before spikelets mature and usually avoided due to its long awn.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Surla, 2. 10. 2005, Harshala Gad & M. K. Janrthanani

235 (GUH). Maharashtra: Radhanagari, 1. 10.1994, S. R. Yadav 7376 (SUH).

Dichanthium pertusa (L.) W. D. Clayton in Kew Bull. 32: 4. 1977;

Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 459. 1996; Yadav &

Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 575. 2002. Holcus pertusus L. Mant. 301. 1771. Andropogon

105 pertusus (L.) Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 922. 1806; Hook. f., Fl. Brit India 7: 173. 1896; Cooke,

Fl. Bombay 2: 978. 1908. Amphilophis pertusa (L.) Nash ex Stapf in Agric. News W.

Indies 15: 179. 1916; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1731. 1934; Blatt. & McCann,

Bombay Grass. 84. 1935. Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus in Ann. Soc. Linn.

Lyon, 1930, n. s. 76: 164. 1931; Bor, Grass. India 109. 1960; Matthew, Ill. Fl.

Tamilnadu Carnatic t. 816. 1982; Britto & Matthew in Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu

Carnatic 3: 1809. 1983; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 189. 1989;

Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 54. 1991.

Perennial. Cu1ms stoloniferous, up to 100 cm high, erect, creeping or geniculate at base; nodes densely bearded, branching at each node. Leaf sheath laterally compressed, keeled, shorter than intemodal region, lower ones up to 5 cm long and upper most up to 10 x 0.5 cm, sparsely hairy at basal region, bearded at mouth; ligule a membranous rim, c. 1 mm, fimbriate at apex. Leaf blade linear to linear-lanceolate, up to 17 x 0.5 cm, rounded at base, acuminate at apex, sparsely hairy at base; hairs up to 5 mm long. Racemes subdigitate to digitate, up to 7 in number, each up to 6 cm long, hairy. Joint of rachis linear, c. 2 mm long, subcoriaceous, densely villous on dorsal surface and at apex; hairs c. 2 mm long, silky white. Sessile spikelets oblong, c. 3 x 1 mm, awned, purple in colour; callus c. 0.5 mm long, densely villous; hairs c. 2 mm long. Lower glume elliptic-oblong, c. 2 x 0.5 mm, subacute and shortly lobed at apex, chartaceous, densely hairy below middle region with circular pit above in centre, faintly 7-nerved, 2-keeled; keels pectinate above. Upper glume boat shape or elliptic-lanceolate, c. 3.2 x 1 mm, acuminate at apex, subcoriaceous, 3- nerved. Lower floret absent. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma stipitate, c. 1.5 nun long, awned at apex; awn up to 12 mm long, scabrid, golden yellow in colour, with c. 8 mm long, dark brown twisted column. Palea ovate-lanceolate, c. 3 x 0.8 mm,

106 narrowly winged along margins, subacute at apex, delicate, hyaline, 2-nerved, nerves keeled. Stamen 3; anthers c. 1.5 mm long. Ovary ovate. Pedicelled spikelets elliptic- lanceolate, c. 4 x 1 mm, unawned. Pedicel linear, c. 2.5 mm, long, subhyaline, densely villous; hairs c. 2.5 mm long, silky white. Lower glume elliptic-oblong, c. 3 x 1 mm, shortly bifid at apex, chartaceous, 12-nerved, 2-keeled, scabrid on dorsal surface; keels pectinate. Upper glume elliptic-lanceolate, c. 3.5 x 0.8 mm, retrorsely hairy along margins, chartaceous to subcoriaceous, acute at apex, faintly 3-nerved, lateral nerves keeled. Lower floret absent. Upper floret staminate. Upper lemma elliptic-oblong, c. 3 x 0.8 mm,winged and retrosely ciliate along margins, delicate, hyaline, 2-nerved, nerves keeled. (Plate 2 E)

Fl. & Fr.: September- November.

Habitat: Occasionally along road sides, field margins, and on latentic rocky plateaus with top gravel soil cover.

Note: This species is a new record to Goa. This species is similar to Dichanthium

annulatun (Hook. f.) Jain & Deshpande and differentiated from it by its pitted lower

glume. This species is an excellent fodder grass.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Shirlim, Salcete, 14. 9. 2005, Harshala Gad, 203 (GUH);

Saligao, Bardez, 29. 10. 2005, Harshala Gad & M. K. Janarthanam 287 (GUH);

Mandrem, Pernem, 29. 10. 2005, Harshala Gad & M. K. Janarthanam 301 (GUH).

Maharashtra: Gadhinglaj 14. 12. 1989, C. B. Salunkhe 7803 (SUH). Tamil Nadu:

Vedanthangal, W. B. Sanctuary, Chengalepatu Dt. 29. 1. 1976, A. N. Henry 47112

(MH); Kanadukathan, Karaikkudi, Ramnathapuram Dt., N. C. Nair 52992 (MH).

107

Dimeria R. Br. R. Br. Prodr. 204. 1810. A genus of about 79 species distributed in tropical Asia and Madagascar of

which 46 species occur in India and four in Goa.

Key to the species 1. Racemes always two; spikelets up to 4 mm long; upper glume not winged on keel (2) 1. Racemes more than two; spikelets > 4 mm long; upper glume winged on keel (3)

2. Spikelets < 3 mm long; rachis trigonous, flexuous, serrulate along margins; ligule lacerate D. ornithopoda 2. Spikelets > 3 and < 4 mm long; rachis angular, not flexuous, entire along margins; ligule fimbriate D. woodrowii

3. Spikelets < 6 mm long; culms slender; racemes 4-6 in number D. hohenackeri 3. Spikelets > 6 mm long; culms not slender; racemes 2-4 in number (4)

4. Spikelets 8-12 mm long; upper glume up to 12 mm long, broadly winged on back of the keel; rachis c. 0.5 mm wide D. blatteri 4. Spiklelets up to 8 mm long; upper glume c. 8 mm long, narrowly winged on back of the keel; rachis c. 0.1 mm wide D. stapfiana

Dimeria blatteri Bor in Kew Bull. 1949: 70. 1949; Bor, Grass. India 140. 1960;

Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 520. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 209.

1989; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 124. 1990; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl.

Maharashtra Monocot. 467. 1996; Rajkumar et al., in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 96:

181. 1999; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 576. 2002.

Annuals. Culms tufted, up to 70 cm high, erect; nodes sparsely villous. Leaf

sheath half the length of internodal region, 1-5 cm long, upper most enclosing

inflorescence spatheolate, up to 10 cm long, keeld on back, glabrous; ligule a

membranous rim, c. 0.5 mm long, fimbriate at apex; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, up to

10 x 0.5 cm, oblique and rounded at base, acuminate at apex, densely tubercle-based

108 hairy; hairs c. 4 mm long. Racemes 2 or 3 in number, each up to 8 cm long; rachis terete, c. 0.5 mm wide. Spikelets laterally compressed, oblong, c. 12 x 1.5 mm, awned, pedicelled. Pedicel terete, curved, lower most c. 2 mm long and upper ones c. 1 mm long, abscission oblique at apex. Callus oblong, c. 1 mm long, densely hairy; hairs c. 1 mm long. Lower glume elliptic-oblong, c. 7 x 1 mm, hyaline along margins, acute at apex, coriaceous in lower 314 th region, chartaceous above, 1-nerved, nerve keeled; keel rounded on back, densely hairy below, scabrid above. Upper glume laterally compressed, elliptic-oblong, c. 12 x 2 mm, acute at apex, coriaceous, nerves obscure, keeled on back; keel broadly winged; wing c. 5 mm wide above, narrowed at base, subcrustaceous at basal 2/3 rd region, with sparsely hairy, hyaline above with few hairs at the apex of wing; hairs c. 4 mm long. Lower floret epaleate, empty. Lower

lemma oblong-lanceolate, c. 5 x 0.8 mm, delicate, hyaline along margins, acute at

apex, hyaline. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma oblanceolate, c. 5 x 1 mm

(when spread), lobed at apex, awned in sinus, coriaceous, 1-nerved; lobes acute at

apex, awn up to 18 mm long, geniculate, scabrid, with c. 11 mm long, dark brown

column. Stamens 2, anthers c. 5 mm long. Stigma c. 1 mm, long, white. Caryopsis

oblong. (Plate 2 F).

Fl. & Fr.: September - October.

Habitat: Occasional on lateritic rocky plateaus.

Note: This species differs from other species of the genus by its larger more then 8

mm long spikelets, and broadly winged keel of upper glume. This species is endemic

to Peninsular India.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Goa University campus, Taleigao, 11. 9. 2003, Harshala

Gad 51 (GUH); Calem, Sanguem, 12. 10. 2005, Harshala Gad & M. K. Janarthanam

109 286 (GUH). Maharashtra: Pawas, 6. 10. 1991, C. B. Salurikhe 8682 (SUH).

Dimeria hohenackeri Hochst ex Miq. in Verh. Ned. Inst. 3, 4: 35. 1851; Hook. f., Fl.

Brit. India 7: 103. 1896; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1713. 1934; Bor, Grass. India

142. 1960; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 522. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., FL Ind. Enum.

Mono. 210. 1989; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 124. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl.

Kerala Grass. 90. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra

Monocot. 468. 1996; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 269. 2001; Yadav &

Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 576. 2002.

Annuals. Culms up to 80 cm high, erect; nodes sparsely villous. Leaf sheath rounded, up to 4.5 x 0.5 cm, glabrous; ligule a membranous rim, c. 1 mm long, fimbriate at apex; leaf balde linear-lanceolate, up to 11 x 0.3 cm, rounded at base, acuminate at apex, sparsely covered with tubercle-based hairs on both surfaces.

Racemes 4 - 6 in number, digitate, each up to 10 cm long; rachis trigonous, slender, c.

0.3 mm wide. Spikelets laterally compressed, linear-lanceolate, c. 5.5 x 1 mm, awned,

shortly pedicelled. Pedicel c. 1 mm long. Callus short, hairy; hairs c. 0.3 mm long.

Lower glume linear-lanceolate, c. 5 x 1 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 1-nerved,

nerve keeled; keel ciliate on back. Upper glume oblong-lanceolate, c. 5. 5 x 2 mm,

hyaline and ciliate along margins, acuminate at apex, chartaceous, 1-nerved, nerve

keeled; keel winged above; wing narrow, hairy on back; hairs c. 0.5 - 3 mm long.

Lower floret epaleate, empty. Lower lemma oblanceolate, c. 4 x 0.3 mm, ciliate above

middle region along margins, acute at apex, hyaline, 1-nerved. Upper floret

hermaphrodite. Upper lemma oblong c. 5 x 1 mm, notched at apex, awned in sinus,

delicate, hyaline, 1-nerved; lobes acute at apex; awn up to 12 mm long, geniculate,

scabrid, with c. 8 mm long, dark brown column. Stamens 2, anthers c. 2.5 mm long,

110 yellow. Ovary oblong; stigma c. 1 mm, long, white. Caryopsis oblong.

Fl. & Fr.: September - November.

Habitat: Common on lateritic rocky plateaus, with gravel and topsoil cover, rare in fields.

Note: This species is characterized by its long slender weak culms, slender angular rachis and forma an excellent fodder grass. This species forms a new record to Goa.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Goa University Campus, Taleigao, 11. 9. 2003, Harshala

Gad 48 (GUH); Partagal Canacona,20. 10. 2004, Harshala Gad 146 (GUH); Polem,

Canacona, 9. 11. 2004, Harshala Gad & M. K. Janarthanam 170 (GUH); Netorlim, 15.

11. 2005, Harshala Gad 323 (GUH). Maharashtra: Akeri-Mangaon Rd. Savantwadi,

Ratnagiri Dt., 12. 11. 1965, B. G. Kulkarni 106428 (BSI); Sakharpa, 1. 10. 1989, C. B.

Salunkhe 8546 (SUH).

Dimeria ornithopoda Trin. Fund. Agrost. 167, t. 14. 1820; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7:

104. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 945. 1908; Fischer in Gamble Fl. Madras 1713.

1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 8. 1935; Bor, Grass. India 142. 1960; Vartak,

Enum. Plant. Gomantak, India. 113. 1966; Britto & Matthew in Matthew, Fl.

Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1842. 1983; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 498. 1986; Kulkami, Fl.

Sindhudurg 522. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 210. 1989; Almeida,

Fl. Savantwadi 2: 125. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 98. 1991;

Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 468, 1996; Rajkumar

et al., in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 96: 181. 1999; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur

576. 2002.

Annuals. Culms up to 38 cm high, erect, geniculate at basal node; nodes

111 villous. Leaf sheath laterally compressed, basal ones longer than internodal region, upper ones more than half the length of internodal region, c. 2.5 x 0.3 cm, keeled on back, glabrous; ligule a membranous rim, c. 1 mm long, lacerate at apex; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, up to 9 x 0.3 cm, truncate at base, sparsely tubercle-based hairy along szrulate margins, acuminate at apex. Racemes 2 in number, arising from axils of leaves above basal node, each up to 5 cm long; rachis flexuous, trigonous, c. 0.3 mm wide, serrate on angles. Spikelets laterally compressed, asymmetrically-oblong, c. 2.8 x 0.3 mm, awned, sessile. Callus short, c. 0.1 mm long, densely villous. Lower glume linear-oblong, c. 2.5 x 0.5 mm, hyaline along margins, acute at apex, coriaceous, 1-

nerved, nerve keeled; keel scabrid. Upper glume oblong-lanceolate, c. . 2.8 x 0.5 mm

(when spread), hyaline along margins, acute at apex, crustaceous below middle region, coriaceous above, 1-nerved, nerve keeled; keel scabrid. Lower floret epaleate, empty.

Lower lemma linear-lanceolate, c. 0.8 x 0.1 mm, acute at apex, delicate, hyaline.

Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma oblong-lanceolate c. 2 x 0.5 mm, shortly cleft at apex, awned in sinus, delicate, hyaline, 1-nerved; lobes acute at apex, awn up to 9 mm long, geniculate, scabrid, with c. 3.5 mm long, golden-brown, twisted column. Caryopsis oblong, c. 1.5 mm long, golden-yellow.

Fl. & Fr.: September-November.

Habitat: Common on cut surfaces of hills, along water puddles on open grassy areas

other then lateritic rocky plateaus, field bunds, compound walls and usually in moist

conditions.

Note: This species differs from other species of the genus by its flexuous, trigonous

rachis, slender racemes, smaller spikelets and glumes without wing.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Chimbel reservoir, 9. 11. 1963, R. S. Rao 92928 (BSI);

112 Queriem, 16. 10 1996, M, K. Janarthanam, Vaishali Joshi & S. Rajkumar 231 (GUH);

Mayem lake 31. 8. 1997, M. K. Janarthanam & Rajkumar 909 (GUH); Goa University campus, 1. 10. 1997, Vaishali Joshi & S. Rajkumar 1057 (GUH); Colem-Sonal, 11. 10.

1997, M, K. Janarthanam, Vaishali Joshi & S. Rajkumar 1086 (GUH); Nagargao,14.

11. 1997, M. K. Jnarthanam, Vaishali Joshi & S. Rajkumar 185 (GUH); Goa

University campus, Taleigao, 10. 10. 2003, Harshala Gad 85 (GUH); Camurlim,

Bardez, 5. 10. 2004, Harshala Gad 131 (GUH); Ghodemal, Quepem, 15. 11. 2005,

Harshala Gad 315 (GUH). Maharashtra: Kas, October 1991, Bachulkar-Cholekar

5141 (SUH); Radhanagari, 25. 10. 1992, S. R. Yadav 7790.

Dimeria stapfiana C. E. Hubb. ex Pilger in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. 14e: 109. 1940;

Bor, Grass. India 144. 1960; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 498. 1986; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 523.

1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 210. 1989; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2:

125. 1990; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 469. 1996;

Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 273. 2001. Woodrowia diandra Stapf in Hook.

Ic. Pl. t. 2447. 1996; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 241. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 1012.

1958. Dimeria diandra Stapf ex Bhide in J. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal (N. S. ) f: 516.

1911, non Griff. 1851; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 9. 1935.

Annuals. Culms tufted, up to 53 cm high, erect; nodes sparsely villous. Leaves

basally aggregated; leaf sheath less than half the length of intemodal region, c. 4 x 0.5

cm, basal ones laterally compressed, upper ones rounded, keeled on back; ligule a

membranous rim, c. 0.5 nun long, fimbriate at apex; leaf balde linear-lanceolate, up to

10 x 0.4 cm, truncate at base, serrulate along margins, acuminate at apex, densely

tubercle-based hairy on ventral surface and along margin. Racemes up to 4 in number,

each up to 8.5 cm long; rachis angular, c. 0.1 mm wide. Spikelets laterally compressed,

113 c. 8 x 1.5 mm, awned, pedicelled. Pedicel angular, c. 1 mm long, abscission discoid and oblique at apex. Callus oblong, c. 1 mm long, densely hairy. Lower glume oblong, c. 6 x 1 mm, hyaline along margins, acute at apex, coriaceous, 3-nerved, keeled; keel rounded on back, densely hairy at base, scabrid on back with 2 or 3 hairs at apex.

Upper glume oblong-lanceolate, c. 8 x 2 mm, hyaline and ciliate along margins, acute at apex, subcoriaceous, 3-5 nerved, keeled on back above middle region; keel rounded on back, smooth, shiny, densely hairy at base, scabrid at apical region, with sparse hairs at apex of the wing; hairs c. 2 mm long. Lower floret epaleate, empty. Lower lemma oblanceolate, c. 3.2 x 1 mm, ciliate along one margin, rounded at apex, hyaline,

1-nerved, nerve keeled. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma oblong, c. 5 x 1 mm, delicate, hyaline at narrowed base, lobed at apex, awned in sinus, coriaceous above, 1-nerved; lobes subacute at apex, awn up to 20 mm long, geniculate, scabrid, with c. 7 mm long, dark brown column. Stamens 2, anthers c. 3.2 mm long. Ovary elliptic-lanceolate, c. 0.5 mm long; style c. 1 mm long; stigma c. 2 mm, long. (Fig. 8).

Fl. & Fr.: September - November.

Habitat: Lateritic rocky plateaus.

Note: This species is similar to Dimeria blatteri Bor, but differs in having spikelets not more than 8 mm long, and upper glume with rounded corky narrow wing. This

species is used as dry fodder.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Foot hills of Patim, Sanguem, 14. 11. 1963, R. S. Rao

84753 (BSI), Porvorim, 7. 11. 1963, R. S. Rao 92843 (BSI); Polem, Canacona, 9. 11.

2004, Harshala Gad & M. K. Janarthanam 168 (GUH); Vagueri hill, 19. 11. 2005,

Harshala Gad 328 (GUH). Maharashtra: Vengurla 10. 10 1993, C. B. Salunkhe,7708

(SUH).

114 Fig 8. Dimeria stapfiana C. E. Hubb. ex Pilger A. habit; B. pedicel; C. spikelet; D. lower glume ; E. upper glume; F. lower lemma; G. upper lemma. Dimeria woodrowii Stapf in Hook., Ic. Pl. t. 2314. 1894; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7:

104. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 945. 1908; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 8.

1935; Bor, Grass. India 144. 1960; Vartak, Enum. Plant. Gomantak, India. 113. 1966;

Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 523. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 210.

1989; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 125. 1990; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl.

Maharashtra Monocot. 470, 1996.

Annuals. Cu1ms up to 13 cm high, erect, geniculate at basal nodes; nodes sparsely villous. Leaf sheath up to 2 cm long; ligule a membranous rim, c. 0.5 mm long, fimbriate at apex; leaf balde linear-lanceolate, up to 4 x 0.2 cm, rounded to cordate at base, acuminate at apex, tubercle-based hairy on ventral surface. Racemes digitate, 2 in number, each up to 3 cm long; rachis angular, c. 0.5 mm wide, narrowly winged on both sides. Spikelets laterally compressed, oblong-laneolate, c. 3.5 x 0.8 mm, awned, pedicelled. Pedicel trigonous, c. 0.8 mm long. Callus short, densely villous. Lower glume oblong, c. 3 x 0.5 mm, hyaline along margins, acute at apex, coriaceous, 3-nerved, central nerve keeled. Upper glume oblong, c. 3.3 x 1 mm, hyaline along margins, acute at apex, coriaceous, 1-nerved, nerve keeled; keel hairy on back. Lower floret epaleate, empty. Lower lemma oblong, c. 2.2 x 0.2 mm, acute at apex, delicate, hyaline, 1-nerved. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma oblong, c.

3 x 1 mm, lobed at apex, awned in sinus, delicate, hyaline, 1-nerved; lobes acute at apex, awn up to 12 mm long, geniculate, scabrid, with c. 7 mm long, dark brown

column. Stamens 3, anthers c. 1 mm long. Caryopsis oblong, c. 1.4 mm long, brown.

Fl. & Fr.: August - October.

Habitat: Lateritic rocky plateaus.

Note: This species shows unique seed dispersal mechanism, peduncle bends towards

115 ground when spikelets mature and racemes circinately coil towards the axis or inward to form a rounded ball which detaches from the parent plant and roll on the plateau to disperse the grains in crevices of the rocks.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Loliem, 10. 9. 1997, Vaishali Joshi & Rajkumar 944

(GUH); Taleigao, 23. 10. 1997,Vaishali Joshi & S. Rajkumar, 357 (GUH); Goa

University campus, Taleigao, 11. 9. 2003, Harshala Gad, 49 (GUH); Shiroda, Ponda

20. 9. 2004, M. K. Janarthanam 125 (GUH). Maharashtra: Malwan, 2. 9. 1990, C. B.

Salunkhe 7635 (SUH).

Eulalia Kunth Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 160. 1819. A genus of about 30 species, distributed in the tropical and subtropical region of which 14 species occur in India and two in Goa.

Key to the species 1. Culms slender, weak; racemes 2 - 4 in number, < 10 cm long E. fimbriata 1. Culms stout, rigid; racemes 4 - 12 in number, up to 20 cm long E. trispicata

Eulalia fimbriata (Hack) Kuntze, Rev. Gen pl. 2: 775. 1891; Bor, Grass. India 155.

1960; Vartak, Enum. Plant. Gomantak, India. 113. 1966; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 502. 1986;

Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 530. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 220.

1989; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 130. 1990; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl.

Maharashtra Monocot. 495, 1996; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 582. 2002. Pollinia fimbriata Hack. in DC. Mon. Phan. 6: 164. 1889; Stapf in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7:

122. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 950. 1908.

Annual. Culms weak, up to 76 cm high; nodes glabrous, leaves mostly basally

aggregated, internodes slender, glabrous, shiny. Leaf sheath laterally compressed,

116 covering less than half the length of internode, keeled on back, c. 4 x 0.4 cm, hairy at collar; ligule a membranous rim, c. 1 mm long, fimbriate at apex; leaf blade linear- lanceolate, up to 19 x 0.3 mm, truncate to rouged at base, acuminate at apex, sparsely villous on ventral surface; hairs c. 2 mm long. Racemes digitate to subdigitate, 2- 4, up to 7 cm long, densely villous. Joints of rachis triangular, c. 2 mm long, densely hairy along the angles, slightly oblique at abscission. Spikelets in pairs, one sessile the other pedicelled, awned, similar. Sessile spikelets oblanceolate, c. 4 x 1 mm. Lower glume oblanceolate, c. 4 x 1 mm, hyaline, infolded along margins, subacute to obtuse at apex, chartaceous, 2-nerved, nerves keeled; keels densely hairy; hairs c. 1.5 mm long, white in colour. Upper glume elliptic, c. 3.5 x 1 mm, hyaline, ciliate along margins, acute, chartaceous, 1-3-nerved. Lower floret epaleate, empty. Lower lemma oblanceolate, c.

3.8 x 0.5 mm, hyaline, infolded along margins, obtuse at apex, hyaline, 2-nerved, nerves keeled; keels ciliate. Upper floret epaleate, hermaphrodite. Upper lemma linear, hyaline at base, lobed at apex, awned in sinus; lobes acute at apex; awn c. 18 mm long, geniculate, scabrid, golden yellow in colour, with c. 9 mm long, twisted, golden yellow column. Ovary elliptic. Pedicelled spikelets same as that of sessile spikelets.

Pedicel triangular, c. 2 mm long, densely hairy along the angles, slightly oblique at

apex. (Plate 2 G).

FL & Fr.: September - November.

Habitat: Lateritic rocky plateaus and open areas with gravel and little soil cover;

rarely in fields.

Note: Cu1ms weak and slender. This species forms very good wet as well as dry

fodder.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Porvorim, 7. 11. 1963, R. S. Rao, 92844 (BSI); Goa

117 University campus 20. 9. 1997, Vaishali Joshi & S. Rajkumar 983 (GUH); Goa

University Campus, Taleigao, 15. 8. 2003, Harshala Gad 34 (GUH); Goa University

Campus, Taleigao, 22. 9. 2005, Harshala Gad 215 (GUH); Tisk Usgao, Ponda, 12. 10.

2005, Harshala Gad & M. K. Janarthanam 273 (GUH). Maharashtra: Amboli, 21. 10.

1990, C. B. Salunkhe 8475 (SUH); Kas, November 1991, Bachulkar-Cholekar 3057

(SUH).

Eulalia trispicata (Schult) Henr. in Blumea 3: 453. 1940; Bor, Grass. India 264. 1960;

Vartak, Enum. Plant. Gomantak, India. 114. 1966; Matthew, Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu

Carnatic tt. 870 & 871. 1982; Britto & Matthew in Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic

1860. 1983; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 502. 1986; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 530. 1988;

Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 221. 1989; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 130.

1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 104. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma

et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 496. 1996; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass.

274. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 582. 2002. Andropogon trispicatus Schult.

Veg. 2, Mant. 452. 1824. Eulalia argentea Brongn. in Duperr. Voy. Conquille Bot. 2

(2): 92. 1830; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 52. 1935. Eulalia tristachya Kuntze,

Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 775. 1891; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras. 1715. 1934. Pollinia

argentea Trin. in Bull. Acad. Sci. Petresb. 1: 71. 1836; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 111.

1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 950. 1908.

Perennial. Culms stoloniferous, reed like, up to 170 cm high; nodes glabrous,

internodes slender, glabrous, shiny. Leaves basally collected; leaf sheath as long as or

more than half the length of internodal region, rounded, mid rib slightly keeled on

back; ligule a membranous rim, c. 1 mm long, fimbriate at apex; line on back with row

of c. 5 mm long, white hairs; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, up to 28 x 0.6 mm, truncate

118 to rounded at base, acuminate at apex, densely tubercle-based hairy at base, sparsely hairy on ventral surface; midrib prominent, c. 1 mm wide, rounded on dorsal surface.

Racemes digitate to subdigitate, 4-12 in number, up to 19 cm long, densely villous.

Joints of rachis trigonous, c. 3 mm long, oblique at apex, densely hairy along the angles and at the apex; hairs on angles short and hairs at apex, c. 3 mm long. Spikelets in pairs, one sessile the other pedicelled, awned, similar. Sessile spikelets, elliptic- oblong, c. 4 x 1 mm, awned; callus short, trigonous, densely hairy. Lower glume elliptic-oblong, c. 4.x 1 mm, chartaceous, truncate at apex, 2-nerved, nerves keeled, densely hairy at basal region along the keels, margins hyaline, infolded; hairs c. 2 mm long. Upper glume elliptic, c. 3.8 x 1.2 mm, chartaceous, subacute at apex, 1-nerved, nerve keeled, submarginally and marginally hairy, margins hyaline, incurved; keel hairy below middle region. Lower floret epaleate, empty. Lower lemma lanceolate, c.

4 x 0.5 tnrn, subhyaline below middle region and hyaline above, ciliate at apical region. Upper floret epaleate, hermaphrodite. Upper lemma oblong, c. 2 x 0.5 mm, chartaceous, lobed, awned in sinus, 3-nerved; lobes acute at apex; awn c. 18 mm long,

geniculate, scabrid, golden yellow in colour, with c. 10 mm long, twisted, dark brown

column. Caryopsis obovate-oblong, c. 1.5 x 0.5 mm,brown. Pedicelled spikelets

elliptic-oblong, c. 3 x 0.8 mm, awned same as that of sessile spikelets. Pedicel angular,

c. 2 mm long, densely hairy along the angles. Florets same as that of sessile spikelets.

FL & Fr.: October - November

Habitat: Grassy hill slopes.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Molem 22. 11. 1996, Vaishali Joshi & Rajkumar 414

(GUH); Dodamarg, 8. 11. 2004, M. K. Janarthanam 163 (GUH); Arpora, Bardez, 29.

10. 2005, Harshal Gad & M. K. Janarthanam 290 (GUH); Chorla Ghat, 22. 11. 2005,

Harshala Gad 336 (GUH). Maharashtra: Ramghat, 22. 10. 1990, S. R. Yadav 7763

119 (SUH); Ghataei, August 1991, Bachulkar-Cholekar, 3102 (SUH).

Heteropogon Pers. Pers. Syn. Pl. 2: 533. 1807. A genus of about seven species distributed in tropical region of the world of which six species occur in India and one in Goa

Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2: 836. 18117;

Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1743. 1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 109.

1935; Bor, Grass. India 163. 1960; Vartak, Enum. Plant. Gomantak, India. 114. 1966;

Matthew, Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic U. 876 & 877. 1982; Britto & Matthew in

Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1864. 1983; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 503. 1986; Kulkarni,

Fl. Sindhudurg 536. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 226. 1989;

Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 132. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 112.

1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 503. 1996; Bhat

& Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 282. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 583.

2002. Andropogon contortus L. Sp. Pl. 1045. 1753; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 104.

1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 990. 1908.

Perennials. Cu1ms up to 150 cm high, tufted, erect; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath laterally compressed, longer than internodal region, c. 6 mm wide, sharply keeled on back, glaucous on inner surface; basal ones with long tubercle-based hairs at collar; ligule a membranous rim, fimbriate at apex; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, up to 15 x 0.5 cm, rounded at base, acute at apex, sparsely tubercle based hairy on adaxial surface; hairs c. 6 mm long. Racemes solitary, terete, up to 6 cm long (excluding awn), with

lower homogamous spikelets and upper heterogamous spiklets. Homogamous

spikelets sessile, lanceolate. Lower glume c. 7 x 1.2 mm, margins infolded, delicate

120 hyaline, acute at apex, chartaceous, 14-nerved, 2-keeled, tubercle based hairy on dorsal surface. Upper glume oblong-lanceolate, c. 6 x 1 mm, narrowly inturned, and winged above middle region along margins, acute at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved; wing hyaline, ciliate. Lower floret epaleate, empty. Lower lemma oblong-lanceolate, c. 5.5 x

1 mm, narrowly inturned and winged at apical region along margins, chartaceous, 1- nerved, nerve keeled; wings delicate, hyaline, ciliate. Upper floret staminate. Upper lemma oblong-lanceolate, c. 5 x 1 mm, narrowly winged along margins, acute at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved; wings hyaline, ciliate. Stamens 3; filaments c. 1 mm long, anthers c. 3 mm long, yellow. Homogamous pedicelled spikelets oblong-lanceolate, c.

7 x 1.2 mm. Pedicel subclavate to linear, c. 1 mm long. Lower glume asymmetrically lanceolate, c. 7 x 1.2 mm, winged along margins, acute at apex,, chartaceous, 1-nerved, rounded on one side and angled on the other, tubercle based hairy on dorsal surface; wings infolded, serrate along margin; hairs c. 2 mm long. Upper glume asymmetrically oblong-lanceolate, c. 7 x 1.5 mm, winged along one margin, acute at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved, central nerve keeled; wing delicate, hyaline, ciliate. Lower floret empty. Lower lemma oblong-lanceolate, c. 6 x 1 mm, narrowly winged along margins, truncate at apex, chartaceous to subhyaline, 1-nerved; wings delicate, hyaline, ciliate. Palea oblong-lanceolate, c. 5.5 x 1 mm, winged above middle region

along margins, subhyaline, 1-nerved; wings delicate, hyaline, ciliate. Heterogamous

sessile spikelets oblong-lanceolate, c. 6 mm long, awned. Lower glume elliptic-

oblong, c. 6 x 1.5 mm, margins inflexed obtuse to truncate at apex, coriaceous, 8-10

nerved, 2-keeled, densely hairy on dorsal surface. Upper glume c. 5 x 0.8 mm,

incurved along margins, hyaline and acute at apex, coriaceous, 3-nerved, central nerve

keeled. Lower floret epaleate, empty. Lower lemma oblong, c. 3 x 0.8 mm, truncate

and lacerate at apex, delicate, hyaline, 3-nerved. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper

121 lemma linear, hyaline at base of awn, c. 4 mm long, delicate, hyaline, 1-nerved; awn c.

75 mm long, golden-brown, geniculate, with c. 35 mm long, hirsute, twisted, dark brown colour column. Pedicelled spikelets unawned, similar to that of homogamous sessile spikelets.

Fl. & Fr.: September - November.

Habitat: Common on plateaus with gravely soil cover, along road sides, hill slopes, fields, saline conditions, open dry waste lands and habitations.

Note: This species shows variation in culm length and hairiness of leaves. Sparse to dense tubercle-based hairs on glumes. Considered as good fodder grass before spikelets matures; cattle avoid this grass after maturity of spikelets due to its long awns.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Porvorim, 8. 11. 1963, S. R. Rao 92851 (BSI); Goa

University campus, 15. 9. 1997, S. Rajkumar & Vaishali Joshi 960 (GUH); Goa

University campus, 11. 9. 2003, Harshala Gad 50 (GUH); Dodamarg, 9. 10. 2005,

Harshala Gad & M. K. Janarthanam 250 (GUH). Maharashtra: Parali, January 1991,

Bachulkar-Cholekar, 5142 (SUH); Oni, 13. 10. 1994, C. B. Salunkhe, 7211 (SUH)

Imperata Cyr. Cyr. Pl. Rar. Neap 2: 26, t. 11. 1792.

A genus of about eight species distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of

the world, of which one species occur in India and Goa.

Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. Nom. Bot. ed. 3: 10. 1797; Blatt. & McCann, 42.

1935; Bor, Grass. India, 169. 1960; Vartak, Enum. Plant. Gomantak, India. 113. 1966;

Matthew, Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu Camatic tt. 880 & 881. 1982; Britto & Matthew in

122 Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1864. 1983; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum.

Mono. 229. 1989; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 114. 1991;

Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 505. 1996; Yadav &

Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 585. 2002. Lagurus cylindricus L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 878. 1759.

Imperata arundinacea Cyr. Pl. Rar. Neap. 2: 26 t. 11. 1792; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7:

106. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 946. 1908. 1. cylindrica var. koenigi Dur. Et Schinz.

Consp. Flor. Afr. 5: 694. 1894; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1743. 1934. I. cylindrica var. major (Nees) N. E. Hubb. ex C. E. Hubb. & Vaughan, Grass. Maur. 96.

1940; Bor, Grass. India 170. 1960.

Perennials. Cu1ms up to 45 cm high, rhizomatous; nodes villous. Leaf sheath rigid up to 5 cm long; ligule a membranous rim, c. 1 mm long, fimbriate at apex; leaf

blade linear-lanceolate, up to 15 x 0.5 cm, narrowed at base, acute at apex, with

prominent midrib. Panicle cylindrical up to 7.5 cm long, fluffy white; racemes short, c.

2 cm long, densely silky villous; rachis angular. Spikelets solitary, pedicelled, oblong-

lanceolate, c. 3 mm long, callus densely silky hairy; hairs c. 10 mm long. Pedicel

angular, c. 1.5 mm, long, discoid at apex, sparsely silky hairy. Lower glume elliptic to

elliptic-lanceolate, c. 2.5 x 0.6 mm, subacute at apex, chartaceous, 3-5-nerved,

densely hairy on dorsal surface; hairs c. 10 mm long silky, white. Upper glume

elliptic-lanceolate, c. 2.5 x 0.6 mm, bearded at acute apex, chartaceous, 5-7-nerved,

sparsely hairy on dorsal surface; hairs c. 10 mm long, silky, white. Lower floret empty,

epaleate. Lower lemma oblong, c. 1 x 0.6 mm, lacerate and ciliate at apex, hyaline, 1-

nerved. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma broadly ovate-oblong, c. 1 x 0.8

mm, lacerate at apex, subhyaline, ciliate,00 1-nerved. Palea ovate, c. 1.5 x 2 mm,

truncate and fimbriate at apex. Ovary oblong, c. 1 mm long; style c. 1.5 mm long;

stigma c. 1.5 mm long.

123

Fl. & Fr.: August to September.

Habitat: Along fresh water canals and water stagnated fields.

Note: This species is a new record to Goa.

Specimen examined: Goa: Nagzar, Pernem 22. 8. 2006, M. K. Janarthanam s. n.

(GUH).

Ischaemum L. L., Sp. Pl. 1049. 1753. A genus of about 60 species distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of

the world of which 51 species occur in India and 18 in Goa.

Key to the species

1. Racemes usually paired, rarely 3; sessile spikelets usually awnless (2) 1. Racemes always two; sessile spikelets distinctly awned (4)

2. Racemes shortly exerted from the spathe or remain enclosed in spathe; sessile spikelets awnless 1. muticum 2. Racemes well exerted from the spathe; spikelets awned or awnless (3)

3. Cu1ms decumbent; racemes usually two, rarely 3; spikelets awnless to distinctly awned in upper region of the racemes; basal leaves sagittate to cordate at base 1. bolei 3. Cuims erect; racemes always two; spikelet with or without rudimentary awn; basal leaves rounded at base I jayachandranii

4. Lower glume of the sessile spikelets winged at apical region (5) 4. Lower glume of sessile spikelets not winged at apical region (7)

5. Lower glume of sessile spikelets broadly winged on both sides at apical region; lower glume of pedicelled spikelets not winged along lateral sides; shortly aristate at apex indicum 5. Lower glume of sessile spikelets broadly winged on one side with or without narrow wing on the other side at apical region; lower glume of pedicelled spikelet broadly winged on one of the lateral side; subacute at apex (6)

6. Lower glume of sessile spikelet oblong; winged on one side at apical region; lower glume of pedicelled spikelet winged

124

along one side 1 mangaluricum 6. Lower glume of sessile spikelet asymmetrically oblong; subequally winged on both sides at apical region; lower glume of pedicelled spiklelet broadly winged along one side and narrowly winged on the other side at apical region I sahyadrica

7. Joints of rachis with a tooth like projection on inner surface towards base (8) 7. Joints of rachis without tooth like projection on inner surface towards base (9)

8. Culms creeping, < 50 cm long; nodes villous; lower glume of sesile spikelets densely hairy on dorsal surface I. timorense 8. Culms erect, > 100 cm long, erect; nodes glabrous; lower glume of sessile spikelet glabrous on dorsal surface I. thomsonianum

9. Lower glume of sessile spikelet biforked, bulged in basal region, with tuft of hairs above middle region on lateral sides; upper glume of sessile spikelet with broad based arita at apex I. raizadae 9. Lower glume of sessile spikelet not biforked at apex; not bulged in basal region, without tuft of hairs above middle region on lateral sides; upper glume of sessile spikelet not aristate at apex (10)

10. Lower glume smooth on dorsal surface without ridges and furrows or wrinkles on dorsal surface (11) 10. Lower glume of sessile spikelet with prominent side nodules interconnected by sharp ridges and furrows or wrinkles (13)

11. Lower glume of sesile spikelets densely villous I molle 11. Lower glumes glabrous, not hairy (12)

12. Culms < 50 cm long, not stilt rooted at basal nodes; upper glume of sessile spikelets humped on back, keel narrowly winged at apex I yadavii 12. Culms > 50 cm long, stilt rooted at basal nodes; upper glume of sessile spikelet rounded on back, never humped, keel not winged at apex 1. santapaul

13. Culms always erect (14) 13. Culms decumbent (16)

14. Lower glume of sessile spikelets densely pilose; basal leaves hastate and petilolate 1. manilaliana 14. Lower glume of sessile spikelet glabrous, never pilose; basal leaves narrowed at base (15)

15. Lower glume of sessile spikelet with deep ridges and furrows across the dorsal surface interconnecting prominent nodules on lateral sides; pedicelled spikelets rudimentary to well developed, broadly winged along one of the lateral side I rugosum 15. Lower glume with or without obscure wrinkle on dorsal surface with prominent to shallow nodules on lateral sides;

125

pedicelled spikelets well developed, narrowly winged along one of the lateral side travancorense

16. Joints of rachis tumid; leaves not petiolate I.. tumidum 16. Joints of rachis subclavate to clavate; leaves petiolate or not ... ... (17)

17. Lower glume of sessile spikelet glabrous I. bolei 17. Lower glume of sessile spikelet pilose (18)

18. Basal leaves sagittate at base I. semisaggitatum 18. Basal leaves hastate at base I. dalzellii

Ischaemum bolei Almeida in Indian Forester 98: 236. 1972; Karthikeyan et al., Fl.

Ind. Enum. Mono. 231. 1989.

Annual. Culms tufted, up to 75 x 1.5 cm, diffuse, stilt rooted at basal nodes;

nodes glabrous, villous at base of peduncle. Leaf sheath up to 5 x 0.4 cm, keeled on

back, striate, glabrous, upper sheath enclosing inflorescence spatheolate; ligule broadly

ovate, 1.5-7 x 2 mm, sub acute to notched at apex, subcoriaceous, 2-keeled on back;

leaf blade linear-lanceolate, pseudopetiolate at base of culm and ovate-lanceolate to

ovate, up to 10 x 0.8-1.2 cm, lower blades sagittate to cordate at base and upper

blades rounded to hastate at base, margins serrulate, acuminate at apex, mid rib keeled

on abaxial surface; pseudopetiole up to 4.5 cm long. Inflorescence terminal with 1 or 2

peduncles from the axil of spathiolate sheath; racemes usually 2 (3), 2-6.5 cm long,

glabrous to pubescent or glabrous in lower half and long-villous above. Joints of rachis

linear-clavate at base, clavate to turbinate in upper half of the racemes; up to 4 x 1

mm, turbinate joints covered with long hair. Sessile spikelets awned or unawned,

mostly entire racemes unawned, or when awned the spikelets above middle region are

awned and hairy and the lower spikelets in the racemes unawned. Lower sessile

unawned spikelets linear-lanceolate and awned spikelets oblong-lanceolate, up to 6

mm long. Callus short, glabrous in unawned spikelets and c. 0.5 mm long, bearded at

126 base in the awned spikelets; hairs up to 1 cm long. Lower glume of sessile unawned

spikelets linear-lanceolate, c. 6 x 1.5 mm, margins inflexed, acute at apex, crustaceous

in the lower 314th region, coriaceous above, nerves obscure, glabrous to pubescent on

the dorsal surface in crustaceous region, scaberulous towards apical region, sharply

keeled on lateral sides; keels with 2-4 side nodules in the crustaceous region. Lower

glumes of sessile awned spikelets lanceolate, densely villous to pubescent on the

dorsal surface with or without 2-nodules on lateral sides; hairs up to 1.5 mm long.

Upper glume lanceolate, c. 6 x 2 mm (when spread), margins narrowly infolded, acute

at apex, subcoriaceous, 3-nerved, central nerve keeled on back; keel sparsely

scaberulous. Lower floret staminate. Lower lemma linear-lanceolate, c. 5 x 1 mm,

margins infolded, winged above, acute at apex, subhyaline, 3-nerved, smooth on dorsal

surface; wings hyaline. Lower palea linear-lanceolate, c. 5 x 1 mm, margins infolded,

winged above, acute at apex, subhyaline, 2-nerved, nerves keeled, sparsely

scaberulous above on dorsal surface; wings c. 0.5 mm wide, delicate, hyaline. Upper

floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma oblong-elliptic, c. 4 x 1.2 mm (when spread),

margins inflexed, ciliate, acute at apex (when unawned) or deeply cleft in center,

awned in sinus subhyaline, 3-nerved; lobes acute; awn up to 14 mm long with c. 5 mm

long, scabrid, dark brown, column, twisted in dry condition. Upper palea oblong-

lanceolate, c. 4.5 x 1 mm, margin inflexed, winged, lacerate at apex, subhyaline; wings

delicate, hyaline. Stamens 3; connectives c. 3 mm long; anthers c. 3 mm long, yellow.

Ovary oblong-elliptic, up to 1 mm long. Pedicelled spikelets oblong-lanceolate to

elliptic-lanceolate, spikelets in lower half of the racemes glabrous to pubescent on

dorsal surface and in the upper half of the racemes densely hairy on dorsal surface.

Pedicel trigonous, c. 1 cm long, crustaceous, glabrous, glossy to pubescent (in lower

half of the racemes) and long hairy on the angles (in the above portion of the raceme.

127 Lower glume linear-lanceolate to oblong-elliptic, c. 5.5 x 1.5 mm, margins inflexed, acute at apex, crustaceous to coriaceous in lower 2/3 rd region, coriaceous above, sharply 2-keeled; keel angled on one side and rounded on the other, scaberulous on the lateral sides of keels; the crustaceous to coriaceous region with 2-3 side nodules, glabrous or pubescent in spikelets situated in the lower half of the raceme and the lower glume of spikelets situated above are with obscure to shallow nodules and glabrous to sparsely villous on dorsal surface (nodules on lateral sides of the lower glume are more prominent in basal pedicelled spikelets, and nodules are inconspicuous or absent in lower glume of pedicelled spikelets in the upper half of the raceme), nodules if present are more prominent on angled keeled. Upper glume lanceolate, c. 5

x 2 mm (when spread), margins narrowly inflexed, acute at apex, subcoriaceous, 3-

nerved, central nerve keeled on back; keels sparsely scaberulous. Floral parts smaller

than similar to that of unawned sessile spikelets. (Fig. 9; Plate 3 A).

Fl. & Fr.: September - October.

Habitat: Lateritic rocky plateaus.

Note: This species shows lots of morphological variation in its inflorescence and

spikelets; the morphotypes collected showed presence of mostly two racemes and

rarely three racemes. The sessile spiklets in some were awnless throughout the

racemes where as in some awned sessile spikelets were seen in the upper half of the

raceme. The spikelets were completely glabrous shiny to puberulous throughout the

racemes in few morphotypes or the spikelets in lower half of the racemes were

completely glabrous and in the upper half they were densely pilose in most of the

morphotypes collected during present study.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Calem, Sanguem, 12. 10. 2005, Harshala Gad & M. K.

128 E El

Fig 9. Ischaemum bolei Almeida A. habit; B. joint of rachis at base of raceme; C. joint of rachis from the middle of the raceme; D. sessile and pedicelled spikelet; E-G. sessile spikelet: E lower glume (dorsal view); El lower glume (ventral view), F. lower glume from middle of the raceme; G. upper glume; H. pedicel; I-K. pedicelled spikelet; I. lower glume; J. lower glume from middle of raceme; K. upper glume. Janarthanam 285 (GUH).

Ischaemum dalzellii Stapf ex Bor in Kew Bull. 1951: 448; Bor, Grass. India 178.

1960; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 537. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono.

231. 1989; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 136. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala

Grass. 132. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 515.

1996; Rajkumar et al., in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 96: 182. 1999; Yadav & Sardesai,

Fl. Kolhapur Dt. 588. 2002; Joshi & Janarth. J. Biogeogr. 31: 1236. 2004.

Annuals. Cu1ms up to 60 cm high, decumbent, rooting at lower nodes. Leaf

sheath rounded, slightly keeled, shorter than internodal region, up to 3 x 0.3 cm,

glabrous; ligule ovate, membranous, c. 5 mm, long, obtuse at apex, 2-keeled,

subcoriaceous and sparsely tubercle-based hairy on lateral sides, central column or

interkarinal region hyaline, glabrous; leaf blade lanceoalate, c. 9 x 2 cm, cordate to

hastate at base, lower ones petiolate, serrulate along margins, acuminate at apex,

tubercle based hairy on both surfaces; petiole up to 2 cm long. Racemes 2, up to 7 cm

long, densely villous to glabrous, enclosed in leaf sheath when young. Peduncle terete,

glabrous, bearded at base. Joints of rachis linear-clavate, c. 5 mm long, coriaceous,

oblique and denticulate at apex, densely hairy on dorsal surface and along lateral

angles. Sessile spikelets oblong-lanceolate, c. 6 x 2 mm, awned, densely hairy to

glabrous. Callus c. 1 mm long, densely hairy; hairs c. 1.5 mm long. Lower glume

oblong-lanceolate, c. 5 x 1.5 mm, narrowly inturned along margins, and narrowly

winged at apical region, acute or cleft and hyaline at apex, crustaceous in lower 314 th

region, chartaceous above, 13-nerved; crustaceous region convex with 4 or 5 nodules

on lateral sides, with interlocking sharp ridges and furrows or irregularly wrinkled on

back, glabrous to densely hairy on dorsal surface; wings hyaline, ciliate. Upper glume

boat shaped, c. 5 x 1.5 mm, narrowly inturned along margins, with narrow wings at

129 apical region, acute at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved, central nerve keeled, serrulate; wings hyaline, ciliate. Lower floret staminate. Lower lemma oblong-lanceolate, c. 5 x

1 mm, narrowly inturned along margins, winged above, acute at apex, subhyaline, 3- nerved; wings delicate, hyaline, ciliate. Lower palea linear-lanceolate, c. 4.5 x 1 mm, infolded along margins, subacute, hyaline, 2-nerved, nerves keeled. Stamens 3; connectives c. 4 mm long, anthers c. 1 mm long, yellow. Upper floret hermaphrodite.

Upper lemma oblong-lanceolate, c. 4 x 2 mm, cleft above middle region, awned in sinus, subhyaline, 3-nerved; lobes acute at apex; awn c. 17 mm, long, geniculate, scabrid with c. 7 mm long, twisted, dark brown column. Upper palea oblong, c. 4 x 0.5 mm, obtuse at apex, hyaline, 2-nerved, nerves keeled. Caryopsis oblong, c. 2.2 x 0.8 mm. Pedicelled spikelets oblong, c. 5.5 x 1 mm, awnless. Pedicel linear-subclavate, c.

1 mm long, crustaceous, densely hairy on dorsal surface and along lateral anglei.

Lower glume oblong-lanceolate, c. 5.5 x 1 mm, inturned along margins and narrowly

winged at apical region on one side, acute at apex, crustaceous in lower 314 th region,

chartaceous above; wing hyaline, crustaceous region convex below with 2-4 prominent

nodules on lateral sides, connected by 'sharp interlocking ridges and furrows or

irregularly wrinkled on dorsal surface. Upper glume and florets similar to the florets of

sessile spikelets; floral parts similar to that of sessile spikelets, upper lemma acute,

awnless. (Plate 3 B).

Fl. & Fr.: October-December.

Habitat: Along open grassy hill slopes, road sides on cut surfaces of rocks and as

under growth in forest.

Note: This species occurs only along hill slopes. Shows lot of variations in floral

characters and hairiness of racemes. Lower spikelets in racemes are awned or

unawned, lower glume of sessile spikelets shows variation in ornamentation, the

130 lateral nodules on rounded keel are interconnected by prominent ridges or obscurely wrinkled, glabrous to hairy on dorsal surface. Endemic to peninsular India.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Dudhsagar, s. d. M. Y. Ansari 124067 (BSI); Chorla, 8.

11. 1996, M. K. Janarthanam, Vaishali Joshi & S. Rajkumar 327 (GUH); Chorla, Goa-

Karnataka Border, 4. 12. 1997, M. K. Janarthanam, Vaishali Joshi & S. Rajkumar,

1250 (GUH); Molem-Anmode road, 9. 11. 2005, Harshala Gad 307 (GUH).

Karnataka: Sangameshwar, 18. 9. 1994, C. B. Salunkhe 8681 (SUH). Maharashtra:

Ponda Ghat, s. n. C. B. Salunkhe, 7812 (SUH).

Ischaemum indicum (Houtt.) Merr. in J. Arnold Arbor. 19: 320. 1938. A species of about three subspecies and three varieties distributed in India, Burma and of which one variety and two subvarieties occur in Goa. Veldkamp (1991) treated this species under genus Polytrias Hack., in most of Indian literature this species is treated under genus Ischaemum L. and hence later views is followed in the present work

Key to the subvarieties 1. Culms robust, erect; leaves covered with dense hairs I indicum var indicum sub var. villosum 1. Culms not robust, mostly decumbent; leaves not covered with dense hairs I. indicum var. indicum subvar. indicum

Ischaemum indicum (Houtt.) Merr. in J. Arnold Arbor. 19: 320. 1938 var. indicum

subvar. indicum; Bor, Grass. India 180. 1960; Britto & Matthew in Matthew, Fl.

Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1869. 1983; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 505. 1986; Kulkarni, Fl.

Sindhudurg 541. 1988; Matthew, Further Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic tt. 790 & 791.

1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 231. 1989; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2:

137. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 137. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in

Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 517. 1996; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and

131 Grass. 290. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 588. 2002. Phleum indicum Houtt.

Nat. Hist. 2, 13: 198, t. 90. f. 2. 1782. Ischaemum ciliare Retz., Obs. Bot. 6: 36. 1791;

Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 133. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 962. 1908; Blatt. &

McCann, Bombay Grass. 18, t. 16. 1935. 1. aristatum auct. non L. 1753; Hook. f., Fl.

Brit. India 7: 126. 1896; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1721. 1934; Blatt. & McCann,

Bombay Grass. 11, t. 6. 1935.

Annuals. Culms up to 80 cm high, decumbent and rooting at lower nodes;

upper nodes densely villous, hairs c. 1.5 mm long. Leaf sheath keeled, up to 4 x 0.4

cm, covered with tubercle-based hairs on dorsal surface, margins hyaline. Ligule

ovate, membranous, c. 1.5 mm long; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, up to 7.5 x 0.5 cm,

rounded to shallowly cordate at base, acuminate at apex. Racemes 2, up to 5 cm long.

Joints of rachis trigonous, c. 3.5 mm long, coriaceous, villous on ventral surface and at

apex. Sessile spikelets elliptic-oblong, c. 5 x 1.5 mm, awned. Callus short, hairy.

Lower glume elliptic-oblong, c. 4.5 x 1.5 mm, inturned along margins, broadly winged

on both side at apical region, lobed at apex, coriaceous below middle region,

chartaceous above middle region, 6-nerved; wings equal, chartaceous, c. 2 x 1 mm,

serrulate along margins. Upper glume boat shaped, c. 4 x 2 mm, aristate at apex,

chartaceous, 7-nerved, 2-keeled, narrowly winged and ciliate along the keels; arista c.

2.5 mm long scabrid. Lower floret male. Lower lemma oblong-lanceolate, c. 3.5 x 1

mm, narrowly inturned along margins, chartaceous, 3-nerved. Lower palea oblong-

lanceolate, c. 3.5 x 1 mm, inturned along margins, chartaceous, 2-nerved, 2-keeled;

keels scabrid. Lodicules 2, denticulate at apex, c. 0.2 mm long. Stamens 3, anthers 2

mm long, yellow. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma c. 3 x 1 mm, narrowly

inturned along margins, cleft above middle region, awned in sinus, chartaceous, 3-

nerved; lobes acute at apex; awn up to 8 mm long, geniculate, scabrid with c. 5 mm

132 long, twisted, dark brown column. Palea oblong-lanceolate, c. 2.8 x 0.5 mm, narrowly winged along margins, obtuse at apex, delicate, hyaline, 2-nerved, nerves keeled.

Ovary oblong, c. 1 mm long; style c. 1.2 mm; stigma c. 2.5 mm long, purple in colour.

Pedicelled spikelets elliptic-lanceolate, c. 4 x 2 mm, awned. Pedicel trigonous, c. 3 mm long, coriaceous, hairy along lateral angles; hairs c. 1 mm long. Lower glume elliptic-lanceolate, c. 4 x 2 mm, mucronate at apex, coriaceous, 10-12 nerved, central nerve keeled; mucra c. 1.5 mm long, scabrid; keel winged on back, with tuft of hairs at base of wing; hairs c. 2 mm long. Upper glume boat shaped, c. 4 x 2 mm, mucronate at apex, chartaceous, 5 nerved, central nerve keeled; mucra c. 1.5 mm long, scabrid; keel narrowly winged on back. Lower floret staminate. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Floral parts similar to that of sessile spikelets. (Plate 3 C)

Fl. & Fr.: September to October.

Habitat: Very common in cultivated fields, field margins, along road sides, habitations, along water cou rses, halophytic condition and rarely on lateritic plateaus.

Note: Cosmopolitan in distribution, found occurring in almost every habitat. Highly

polymorphic species. Shows lot of variations in habit, where culms are slender

creeping to robust erect, hairiness of leaves, size of wing and hairiness of the lower

glume of sessile spikelets, hairiness of joints of rachis.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Gudi 1 mile beyond Margao, 9. 11. 1962, R. S. Rao

84505 (BSI); Gaondongri, 10. 11. 1967, R. S. Rao 84573 (BSI); Goa University

campus, 19. 10. 1997, Vaishali Joshi & S. Rajkumar, 1149 (GUH); Goa University

campus, Taleigao, 23. 9. 2003, Harshala Gad, 67 (GUH); Dharmapur, Salcete, 14. 9.

2005, Harshala Gad, 210 (GUH); Raibandar, 12. 10. 2005, Harshala Gad & M. K.

Janarthanam 265 (GUH). Maharashtra: Panhala, 29. 10. 1989 S. R. Yadav 7082

133 (SUH). Kerala: Periye, Kasargod Dt. 2. 10. 1982, R. Ansari 74461 (MH); Kumbla,

Cannanore Dt. 25. 1. 1979, V. J. Nair 59909 (MH).

Ischaemum indicum (Houtt.) Men. in J. Arnold Arbor. 19: 320. 1938 var. indicum

subvar. villosum (Nees) Bor, Grass. India 180. 1960; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind.

Enum. Mono. 232. 1989; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 138. 1991;

Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 519. 1996.

Spodiopogon villosum Nees in Hook. & Arn., Bot. Beech. Voy. 242. 1838. Ischaemum

ciliare var. villosum (Nees) Hack. in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 227. 1889; Hook. f., Fl.

Brit. India 7: 134. 1896.

Perennials. Culms rhizomatous, up to 125 cm high, erect, branching and

rooting at basal nodes; nodes densely villous; lower internodes short, puberulous,

upper ones long, glabrous, shiny. Leaf sheath half the length of internodal region,

keeled on back, up to 11 cm long, rigid, densely villous; hair c. 1 mm long, dirty white

in colour; ligule a membranous rim, c. 1.5 mm long, fimbriate at apex; lined on back

by long dirty white coloured hairs; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, up to 11 x 1.2 cm,

truncate or rounded at base, undulated along one margin, acute at apex, densely villous

on both surface and hairs dense at base; hairs c. 5 mm long, dirty white in colour.

Racemes 2 or 3, up to 8 cm long, enclosed in spatheolated leaf sheath when young,

largely exerted on long, terete peduncle when florets matures. Joints of rachis

trigonous, c. 3 x 1 mm, coriaceous, hairy on dorsal surface and on lateral angles; hairs

c. 2 mm long. Sessile spikelet elliptic-lanceolate, c. 5 x 1.5 mm, awned. Callus

sparsely bearded at base. Lower glume elliptic-lanceolate, c. 4.5 x 1.5 mm, inturned

along margins, winged on both sides at apical region, shortly lobed at apex,

crustaceous, 5-nerved; wings equal, chartaceous, serrulate along margins. Upper

134 glume boat shaped, c. 5 x 1.5 mm, cuspidate at apex, crustaceous, slightly humped on back, 5-nerved, central nerve keeled; keels scabrid; cusp c. 2 mm long, scabrid. Lower floret staminate. Lower lemma elliptic-lanceolate, c. 5 x 1.5 mm, retrorsely ciliate along margins, acute at apex, chartaceous, 1-nerved. Lower palea elliptic-lanceolate, c.

5 x 1 mm, broadly winged along margins, acute at apex, subhyaline, 2-nerved, nerves keeled; wings infolded, delicate, hyaline. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma oblong, c. 4 x 2 mm, cleft at apex, awned in sinus, subhyaline, 3-nerved; lobes acute at apex, awn up to 12 mm long, geniculate, scabrid, with c. 5 mm long twisted, scabrid, dark brown column. Upper palea lanceolate, c. 4 x 1 mm, acute at apex, delicate,

subhyaline, 2-nerved, nerves keeled. Pedicelled spikelet elliptic, c. 4 x 1.5 mm, with rudimentary awn or awnless. Pedicel trigonous, c. 3 mm long, crustaceous, hairy along the angles. Lower glume elliptic-lanceoalate, c. 4 x 1.5 mm, cuspidate at apex,

chartaceous, 9-nerved, central nerve keeled; cusp c. 1 mm long, scabrid; keel winged

on back. Upper glume boat shaped, c. 5 x 2 mm, retrorsely ciliate along margins,

cuspidate at apex, chartaceous, 5-nerved, central nerve keeled; keel winged on back.

Floral parts smaller than and similar to that of sessile spikelets, staminate. Upper

lemma cleft at apex, with rudimentary awn; awn up to 7 mm long with c. 1 mm long

column.

FL & Fr.: September-November.

Habitat: Occasionally seen along sandy coastal areas.

Note: This taxon is similar to other subvarieties in its floral parts but differ from them

in having perennial robust, stoloniferous culms and leaves clothed with dense white

hairs. This subvariety forms new record to Goa.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Miramar, 25. 3. 1998, M. K. Janarthanam, Vaishali Joshi

135 & S. Rajkumar 1454 (GUH); Miramar, 3. 11. 1998, Vaishali Joshi & S. Rajkumar

1680 (GUH); Miramar, 29. 9. 2003, Harshala Gad 76 (GUH); Keri, Pernern, 29. 10.

2005, Harshala Gad & M. K. Janarthanam 303 (GUH). Maharashtra: Malwan, 3. 10.

1993, C. B. Salunkhe 8495 (SUH).

Ischaemum jayachandranii R. Ansari, Ramchandran & P.V. Sreekumar in Curr. Sci.

53 (3): 151. 1984; Karthikeyan, et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 232. 1989; Sreekumar &

Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 140, t. 27. 1991.

Perennials. Cu1ms stoloniferous, up to 50 cm high, erect; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath up to 11 x 1 cm, glabrous, keeled on back; ligule ovate, membranous, c. 3 mm long; leaf blade linear to linear-lanceolate, up to 15 x 0.5 cm, rounded at base, acuminate at apex. Racemes 2, closely appressed when young, separating apart when florets mature, 5 - 14 cm long, peduncle terete, long, glabrous. Joints of rachis subclavate-trigonous, c. 4.5 x 2 mm, crustaceous. Sessile spikelets ovate-oblong, c. 5 x

2 mm, awnless. Callus short, c. 0.3 mm long, glabrous. Lower glume oblong, c. 4.5 x 2 mm, inturned along margins, narrowly winged at apical region, acute at apex, crustaceous in lower 314th region, chartaceous above, 18-nerved, keeled on lateral sides; keels rounded in crustaceous region with 2 or 3 nodules; narrowly winged at apical region; wings chartaceous, serrate along . margins. Upper glume boat shaped, c. 5 x 2 mm, narrowly inturned along margins, winged at apical region, acute at apex, subcoriaceous, scaberulous on dorsal surface, 5-nerved; wings delicate, hyaline. Lower floret staminate. Lower lemma lanceolate, c. 5 x 1 mm, inturned along margins, chartaceous, 1-nerved. Lower palea lanceolate, c. 4 x 1 mm, acute at apex, hyaline, 2-nerved, nerves keeled. Lodicules 2, oblong, c. 0.5 mm long, denticulate at apex. Stamens 3; connectives c. 0.5 mm long; anthers 3 mm long. Upper floret

136 hermaphrodite. Upper lemma elliptic-lanceolate, c. 4.5 x 1.5 mm, narrowly inturned along margins, obtuse at apex, cleft at apex when awned, awn rudimentary, chartaceous, 3-nerved, central nerve keeled. Upper palea lanceolate, c. 3 x 1 mm, obtuse at apex, delicate, hyaline, 2-nerved, nerves keeled. Ovary oblong-lanceolate, c.

0.8 mm long; styles c. 2 mm long; stigma c. 1 mm long, glassy white turning to brown.

Pedicelled spikelets deltoid-oblong, unawned. Pedicel c. 2 mm long, subclavate, crustaceous, glabrous. Lower glume deltoid-oblong, c. 4 x 1.5 mm, inturned along margins, acute at apex, coriaceous in lower 314 th region, chartaceous above, 12-nerved, e, laterally keeld; keel with rounded wing along one margin. Florets staminate, floral parts smaller than and similar to that of sessile spikelets. (Plate 3 D).

Fl. & Fr.: August to May.

Habitat: Marshy or water logged paddy fields, field margins and water logged areas.

Note: This species can be confused for I. mangaluricum (Hack.) Stapf ex Fischer but differs from it by its stoloniferous shorter culms, shorter leaves, sessile spikelets unawned or with rudimentary awn, lower glume of sessile spikelets with or without shallow nodules on rounded keel, and with narrowly winged or without wing at apex, lower lemma of upper spikelets acute when unawned, and cleft with rudimentary awn in the sinus. Intermediate are also found in study area and hence further studies along its geographical distribution are required to prove distinctness of this species. Endemic to Peninsular India; Vaishali and Janarthanam (1994) reported this species from Goa

Specimens Examined: Goa: Mollem, 12. 05. 2004, Harshala Gad 112 (GUH);

Mollem, 12. 10. 2005, Harshala Gad & M. K. Janarthanam, 278 (GUH). Kerala:

Nileshwar, Cannanore Dt. 29. 1. 1979, V. J. Nair 59981-Isotype (MH).

137 Ischaemum mangaluricum (Hack) Stapf ex Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1723.

1934; Bor, Grass. India 182. 1960; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 541. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 232. 1989; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 137. 1990;

Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 147. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al.,

Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 519, t. 521. 1996; Rajkumar et al., in J. Bombay Nat. Hist.

Soc. 96: 182. 1999; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 292. 2001. I. aristatum subsp. imberbe Hack. var. mangaluricum Hack. in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 204. 1889;

Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 127. 1896.

Perennials. Cu1ms tufted, up to 100 cm high, nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath rounded, longer than internodal region, up to 9.5 x 1 cm, glabrous; ligule ovate, membranous, c. 3 mm long, obtuse at apex; leaf blade linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, up to 24 x 1 cm, lower leaves petiolate, upper ones rounded to shallowly cordate at base, serrulate along margins, acuminate at apex, scabrid; petiole 0.4-1.5 cm long.

Racemes 2, closely appressed, up to 10 cm long. Joints of rachis trigonous, hairy along lateral angle, and at apex; hairs c. 5 mm long. Sessile spikelets oblong to oblong- lanceolate, c. 5.3 x 1.5 mm, awned. Callus glabrous, short, c. 0.3 mm long. Lower glume oblong-lanceolate, c. 5 x 1.5 mm, inturned along margins, winged on one side at apical region, acute at apex, crustaceous in lower 314 th region, chartaceous above,

13-nerved, laterally keeled; keels rounded in lower crustaceous region, with 3-5 side nodules; wing auriculate, chartaceous, serrulate along margin. Upper glume boat shaped, c. 5 x 2 mm, margins infolded, hyaline, acute at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved, central nerve keeled on back, scabrid on lateral sides of keels. Lower floret staminate.

Lower lemma oblong-lanceolate, c. 5 x 1.2 mm, infolded along margins, acuminate at apex, hyaline, scabrid above middle region on dorsal surface, 3- nerved. Lower palea elliptic-lanceolate, c. 5 x 1.5 mm, acute at apex, delicate, hyaline, scabrid in upper half

138 on dorsal surface, 2-nerved, nerves keeled. Lodicule 2 denticulate, 0.2 mm long.

Stamens 3; anthers 2.5 mm long, yellow with purple margins. Upper flow hermaphrodite. Upper lemma elliptic-oblong c. 5 x 2 mm, cleft at apex above middle region, awned in sinus, hyaline, scabrid on dorsal surface, 4-nerved; lobes acute, awn c. 10 n-un long. Palea oblong-lanceolate, c. 4 x 1.5 mm, acute at apex, delicate hyaline,

scabrid on dorsal surface, 2-nerved, 2-keeled. Stamens 3; connectives c. 1 mm long;

anthers 3 mm long, purple. Ovary oblong, c. 1 mm long; style c. 2 mm long; stigma c.

1.5 mm long, purple in colour. Pedicelled spikelet oblong-lanceolate, c. 5 x 2 mm,

awnless. Pedicel trigonous, c. 2 mm long, coriaceous, hairy along lateral angles; hairs

c. 1 mm long. Lower glume oblong-lanceolate, c. 5 x 2 mm, inflexed along margins,

acute at apex, crustaceous in lower 314 th region, chartaceous above, 11-nerved, broadly

winged on one side; wing chartaceous, serrulate along margins. Upper glume boat

shaped, c. 5 x 2 mm, infolded along margins, acute at apex, chartaceous, faintly 2-3

nerved, hyaline. Lower and upper florets staminate, floral parts smaller than and

similar to that of sessile spikelets; upper lemma awnless. Upper lemma entire, elliptic-

lanceolate, 4.5 x 1.5 mm, infolded along margins, acute at apex, delicate, hyaline,

scabrid on dorsal surface above middle region, 3-nerved. (Plate 3 E).

Fl. & Fr.: August - March.

Habitat: Very common in marshy palaces, cultivated paddy fields, water logged areas,

along puddles on lateritic rocky plateaus, wetlands, a semi aquatic species.

Note: This species is highly polymorphic. CuIms stoloniferous to non stoloniferous,

rooting at lower nodes or not, leaves hairiness varies from dense to sparse to glabrous.

The lower glume of sessile spikelets shows variation in ornamentation. The lower

glume of sessile spikelets with prominent nodules on rounded keels on both sides, or

nodules shallow to some times obscure along one keel, margin at apical region with

139 broad and auricular wing or wing narrowed to completely absent. Upper lemma in sessile spikelets distinctly awned or awn rudimentary hyaline, or completely absent.

This species is closely related to Ischaemum barbatum and differs from it by its

smaller culms, terminal and axillary racemes, bearded callus and auricled wing at

apical region of lower glume of sessile spikelets.

Species I. barbatum, I jayachandranii, I mangaluricum and I quinolensis form a

species complex due to their overlapping floral characters, intermediate forms

occurring in fields needs thorough biosystematic investigation to confirm their

distinctness as separate species.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Goa University campus, Taleigao, 14. 8. 1996, Vaishali

Joshi & S. Rajkumar 22 (GUH); Goa University Campus, 5. 8. 1997, Vaishali Joshi &

S. Rajkumar 824 (GUH); Calangute, 21. 9. 2003, Harshala Gad 64 (GUH); Asanora, 9.

10. 2005, Harshala Gad & M., K. Janarthanam 260 (GUH). Mollem, 12. 10. 2005,

Harshala Gad & M. K. Janarthanam 277 (GUH). Maharashtra: Pawas, 15. 10. 1990,

C. B. Salunkhe, 8631 (SUH). Kerala: Nileshwar, Kasargod Dt. 11. 5. 1982, V. J. Nair

73822 (MH); Periye, Kasargod Dt. 2. 10. 1982, R. Ansari 74460 (MH).

Ischaemum manilaliana Harshala Gad sp. nov.

Perennials. Culms stoloniferous, up to 103 cm high, erect; nodes glabrous.

Basal leaves petiolate; leaf sheath rounded, covering more than half the length of

intemodal region, up to 7.5 x 0.5 cm, margins imbricate; ligule at base of petiolated

leaves, oblong to ovate, up to 10 mm long, obtuse to cleft at apex, 2-keeled,

subcoriaceous, bulbous pilose on lateral sides of keels, interkarinal region hyaline,

glabrous; ligules at base of non petiolated leaves ovate, c. 2 mm long, membranous,

140 obtuse at apex, 2-keeled; leaf blade lanceolate, up to 9.5 x 0.8 mm, basal ones hastate and petiolate at base, upper ones rounded, sessile, acuminate at apex, covered with sparse tubercle-based hairs on both the surfaces; petiole up to 4 cm long. Racemes 2, up to 5 cm long, largely exerted on long terete, glabrous peduncle. Joints of rachis

linear, trigonous, c. 4 x 1.2 mm, crustaceous, oblique at abscission, hairy on dorsal

surface and along lateral angles. Sessile spikelets lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate,

awned, basal 2 or 3 spikelets in the awnless, glabrous, upper ones awned, sparsely to

densely pilose. Callus trigonous, c. 1 mm long, crustaceous, glabrous. Lower glume of

sessile spikelets lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, c. 7 x 2 mm, inflexed along margins,

thickened, acute and hyaline at apex, crustaceous to coriaceous in lower 314 th region,

herbaceous, 7-9-nerved; margins scaberulous; lower 314 th region with prominent 4

nodules on thickened rounded keels on both sides; nodules interconnected by shallow

or sharp ridges, upper spikelets shows presence of shallow ridges across back, covered

by dense pilose hairs. Upper glume elliptic-lanceolate, c. 6 x 2 mm, inrolled along

margins, acute at apex, coriaceous, 3-nerved, central nerve keeled, scabrid along the

lateral sides of keel. Lower floret staminate. Lower lemma elliptic-lanceolate, c. 5.5 x

1.5 mm, narrowly inturned along margins, acute at apex, subhyaline, 3-nerved, scabrid

in apical region on dorsal surface. Palea lanceolate, c. 5.5 x 1.2 mm, infolded along

margins, acute at apex, subhyaline, 2-nerved, nerves keeled, scabrid in apical region

on dorsal surface. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma elliptic-lanceolate, c. 4 x

1.5 mm, cleft above middle region, awned in sinus, subhyaline, 3-nerved; lobes acute

at apex; awn c. 13 mm long, geniculate, with c. 6 mm long, twisted, dark brown

column. Palea oblong-lanceolate, c. 5 x 0.8 mm, subacute at apex, hyaline, 2-nerved,

2-keeled. Stamens 3. Ovary oblong-lanceolate; style c. 2 mm long; stigma c. 3 mm

long. Caryopsis lanceolate, c. 2 mm long. Pedicelled spikelets deltoid-lanceolate,

141 unawned. Pedicel trigonous, coriaceous-crustaceous, c. 2 mm long, densely pillose.

Lower glume deltoid, asymmetrically oblong-lanceolate, c. 6 x 2 mm, inflexed along margins, acute and hyaline at apex, coriaceous in lower 3/4 th region, herbaceous above,

9-nerved, 2-keeled; coriaceous region smooth on dorsal surface in basal spikelets and densely pilose in the upper spikelets; keel angled on one side the other rounded; angled keel with 2-prominent or shallow nodules in lower coriaceous region, the other rounded keel narrowly winged. Upper glume and floral parts similar to that of sessile spikelets, lower floret staminate, upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma acute at apex, unawned. (Fig. 10; Plate 3 R).

Fl. & Fr.: October-November.

Habitat: Occasional along ditches on lateritic rocky plateaus of higher elevations.

Note: This species is similar to Ischaemum dalzellii Stapf ex Bor but differs in its erect culms, linear trigonous joints of rachis and deltoid to asymmetrically oblong- lanceolate lower glume of pedicelled spikelets.

Comparative account of Ischaemum dalzellii Stapf ex Bor and I. manilaliana sp. nov.

Characters I. manilaliana sp. nov. I. dalzellii Stapf ex Bor Culms erect, not rooting at basal decumbent, rooting at nodes. basal nodes. Ligule at basal leaves up to 10 at basal leaves up to 0.5 mmm long. mm long. Lower glume of deltoid to asymmetrically oblong-lanceolate. pedicelled spikelets oblong-lanceolate. Joints of rachis linear, trigonous. rachis linear-clavate.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Chorla, Goa-Karnataka border, 22. 11. 2005, Harshala Gad 344 (GUH).

1d1 C

Fig 10. Ischaemurn manilaliana Sp. nov. A. habit; B. joint of rachis; C. sessile and pedicelled spikelet; D. lower glume of sessile spikelet; E. upper glume of sessile spikelet; F. pedicel; G. lower glume of pedicelled spikelet; H. upper glume of pedicelled spikelet. Ischaemum molle Hook. f., Fl. Brit India 7: 128. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 959.

1908; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1722. 1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass.

13. 1935. Bor, Grass. India 183. 1960; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 232.

1989; Alrneida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 137. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass.

148. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 523, t. 522.

1996; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 295. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl.

Kolhapur 589. 2002.

Perennials. Cu1ms up to 150 cm high, erect, reed like, tufted; nodes villous; hair up to 2 mm long. Leaf sheath shorter than internodal region, up to 12 x 0.6 cm, covered with tubercle based hairs on dorsal surface and at mouth; ligule membranous, c. 5 mm long, truncate, lacerate at apex; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, up to 25 x 1.5 cm, rounded or narrowed at base, acuminate at apex. Racemes 2, up to 7 cm long, hairy.

Joints of rachis trigonous, c. 3 mm long, hairy along lateral angles; hair c. 2 mm long,

abscission slightly oblique, shallowly dentate and hairy at apex. Sessile spikelets

oblong, c. 5 mm long, awned, densely villous. Lower glume oblong, c. 5 x 2 mm,

inturned along margins, narrowly winged at apical region, shortly cleft at apex,

subcoriaceous, densely hairy, 11-nerved, laterally keeled; hair c. 2 mm long; keels

rounded, with shallow or prominent 3 or 4 side nodules. Upper glume boat shaped, c. 5

x 1.8 mm, inturned, ciliate above middle region along margins, acute at apex,

chartaceous, densely hairy, humped in middle or above middle region, faintly 5-

nerved, central nerve keeled. Lower floret staminate. Lower lemma lanceolate, c. 4.5 x

1.2 mm, infolded, ciliate above middle region along margins, acute at apex, hyaline,

faintly 3-nerved. Lower palea lanceolate, c. 4.2 x 1 mm, acute at apex, hyaline, 2-

nerved, nerves keeled. Stamens 3; anthers c. 2 mm long, yellow. Upper floret

hermaphrodite. Upper lemma oblong-lanceolate, c. 4 x 1.2 mm, ciliate along margins,

143 cleft above middle region, awned in sinus, hyaline, 1-3-nerved; lobes acute, delicate hyaline; awn up to 16 mm long, with c. 6 mm long, dark brown, twisted column.

Upper palea oblong-lanceolate, c. 3 x 1 mm, serrulate along margins; cleft at apex, delicate, hyaline. Ovary oblong-lanceolate, c. 2 mm long. Pedicelled spikelets asymmetrically oblong, c. 4.5 long, densely villous, awnless. Pedicel trigonous, c. 2 mm long, coriaceous, densely hairy along lateral angles; hairs c. 2 mm long. Lower glume asymmetrically oblong, c. 5 x 1.5 mm, infolded and ciliate along margins, winged at apical region on one side, chartaceous, densely hairy, 9-nerved. Upper glume boat shaped, c. 4.8 x 1.8 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved. Lower floret

staminate, upper floret hermaphrodite. Floral parts similar to that of sessile spikelets.

(Plate 3 F).

Fl. & Fr.: September - October.

Habitat: Occasional in marshy fields.

Note: Growing in dense culms, difficult to uproot due to it deep roots. This species

differs from other by its reed like culms, and lower glume of sessile spikelets which is

oblong, densely pillose, rounded to obscurely ridged dorsal surface, with or without

obscure 3 or 4 side nodules on rounded keels; endemic to Peninsular India, new

record to Goa.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Polem, Canacona, 9. 11. 2004, Harshala Gad & M. K.

Janarthanam 167 (GUH).

Ischaemum muticum L., Sp. Pl. 1049. 1753; Hook. f., Fl. Brit India 7: 132. 1896;

Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1723. 1934; Bor, Grass. India 183. 1960; Karthikeyan

et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 232. 1989; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 149.

144 1991.

Annuals. Culms loosely tufted, up 35 cm high, prostrate or rosette to erect, rooting at basal nodes; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath as long as or longer than internodal region, 3 mm wide, keeled on back, densely bearded at mouth with bulbous-base hairs; ligule membranous, c. 2 mm long, lacerate at apex; leaf blade ovate-lanceolate, up to 6 x 1 cm, caudate or sagittate at base, serrulate along margins, acute to acuminate at apex, tubercle-based hairy on both surfaces; lower leaves petiolate; petiole up to 1 cm long. Racemes 3, closely appressed together, up to 3 cm long, enclosed in a spatheolated leaf sheath when young and shortly exerted from spathe. Joints of rachis

subclavate, c. 3 mm long, crustaceous, glabrous. Callus short, crustaceous, shiny,

glabrous. Sessile spikelets oblong-lanceoalate, c. 5.5 x 1 mm, awnless. Lower glume

oblong-lanceolate, c. 5.5 x 2 mm, infolded and ciliate along margins, subacute at apex,

coriaceous in lower 314 th region, chartaceous above middle region, 8-9-nerved;

crustaceous region with 3 or 4 nodules on lateral sides, interconnected by shallow

ridges and furrows. Upper glume boat shaped, c. 5.5 x 2 mm (when spread), acute at

apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved, central nerve keeled with wart like out growth along the

lateral sides of the keel. Lower and upper floret hermaphrodite. Lower lemma ovate-

lanceolate, c. 5 x 1.5 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved. Lower palea

lanceolate, c. 5 x 1 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 2-nerved, nerves keeled; keels

scabrid. Lodicules 2, c. 1 mm long. Stamens 3; anthers c. 1.5 mm long, yellow. Ovary

oblong-lanceolate; style c. 2.5 mm long; stigma c. 2 mm long. Upper lemma elliptic-

lanceolate, c. 5 x 1 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous to subhyaline, 5-nerved, 2-keeled;

keels scabrid. Upper palea elliptic-oblong, c. 4 x 0.8 mm, infolded along margins,

truncate at apex, hyaline, 2-nerved, nerves keeled. Ovary oblong-lanceolate, c. 1 mm

long; style c. 3 mm long; stigma c. 4 mm long, white. Pedicelled spikelets oblong-

145 G H

1 mm

1 mm

D

B C

Fig 11. Ischaemum muticum L. A. habit; B. joint of rachis; C. sessile and pedicelled spikelet; D. lower glume of sessile spikelet (dorsal view) ; E. upper glume of sessile spikelet; F. pedicel; G. lower glume of pedicelled spikelet; H. upper glume of pedicelled spikelet. lanceolate, unawned. Pedicel trigonous, c. 1 mm long. Lower glume c. 5 x 1.5 mm, infolded along margins, acute at apex, coriaceous in lower 314 th region, chartaceous above, 8-10 nerved, 2-keeled; keels rounded at basal region with 2-nodules on lateral sides, smooth on dorsal surface. Upper glume boat shaped, c. 3 x 2 mm, inturned along margins, acute at apex, chartaceous to subcoriaceous, 5-nerved, winged at apical region, wings delicate, hyaline. Lower floret staminate, upper floret hermaphrodite.

Floral parts similar to that of sessile spikelets. (Fig. 11; Plate 3 G).

FL & Fr.: September - October.

Habitat: Common along sandy beaches.

Note: This species differs from other species of the the genus by its three closely

appressed racemes, concealed or shortly exerted from spathe and unawned sessile

spikelets. This species shows creeping habit on sandy coast and forms a very good

sand binder; is a new record to Goa.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Morjim, Pernem, 29. 10. 2001, Harshala Gad & M. K.

Janarthanam 298 (GUH). Kerala: Veli, Trivandrum, 4. 8. 1978, M. Mohanan 58562

(MH); 'R' block, Vembanad Lake, Alleppy Dt. 19. 4. 1988, M. S. Swaminathan 88260

(MH).

Ischaemum raizadae Hemadri & Billore in Indian Forester 96: 318. 1970; Bor, Grass.

India 183. 1960; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 542. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind.

Enum. Mono. 232. 1989; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 138. 1990; Lakshminarasimhan

in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 523, 1996; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and

Grass. 292. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 588. 2002. I borii Almeida in J.

Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 66: 513, t. (1969) 1970. 1. kingii sensu Rajkumar et al., in J.

146 Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 96: 182. 1999, non Hook. f., 1896.

Annuals. Cuims branched at each node, up to 20 cm high, erect, geniculate at basal nodes; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath as long as or longer than internodal region, laterally compressed, keeled on back, up to c. 4.5 x 0.6 cm, upper ones enclosing racemes modified to spathe; spathe boat shaped, c. 8 x 0.8 cm, margins hyaline, keeled

on back; ligule membranous, c. 2 mm long, lacerate at apex; leaf blade lanceolate, up

to 8 x 0.8 cm, narrowed at base, acuminate at apex, covered with sparse tubercle-based

hairs on abaxial surface. Raceme 2, closely appressed, appearing solitary, concealed in

spathe or hardly exerted from spathe, up to 4 cm long (excluding awn and cusps).

Joints of rachis trigonous, c. 2.5 mm long, coriaceous, shiny, fused at base with callus,

sharply dentate at apex, densely hairy on dorsal angle and with tuft of sparse hairs in

the middle of one of the lateral angle, the other glabrous, easily articulating when

specimen dries; hairs c. 2 mm long. Sessile spikelets long awned. Callus trigonous,

fused on lateral sides with bases of joints on one side and base of pedicel on the other,

c. 1 mm long, shiny, obtuse and bearded at base and hairy along the lateral angles.

Lower glume linear-lanceolate, c. 5 x 1 mm (excluding long cusps), inflexed along

margins, thickly coriaceous, forked and aristate at apex, subcoriaceous in lower 314 th

region, chartaceous or herbaceous above, 5-nerved; aristae unequal in size, scabrid,

shorter one c. 20 mm long, longer one c. 25 mm long; basal crustaceous region bulged

below middle hump region rounded along lateral sides), with tufts of hairs above

middle region along the lateral sides (2 mm above humped region). Upper glume boat

shaped, c. 9 x 1 mm, narrowly inturned along margins, shortly lobed, aristate at apex,

coriaceous in lower 3/4th region, subcoriaceous above; arista broader at base, keeled on

back at basal region, up to 55 mm long, straight, scabrid, crustaceous region rounded

and convex on back, fringed above by long tuft of hairs, warty hair like out growth on

147 lateral sides of convex region and at the base of tufts. Lower floret empty. Lower lemma linear-lanceolate, c. 4 x 0.5 mm, narrowly inflexed along margins, acute at apex, chartaceous to subhyaline, 3-nerved. Lower palea oblong, c. 2.2 x 0.3 mm, obtuse at apex, hyaline, 2-nerved, nerves keeled. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma oblong-lanceolate, c. 4 x 1 mm, cleft above middle region, awned in sinus, subhyaline, 3-nerved; lobes acute at apex; awn c. 35 mm long, scabrid, straight with c.

10 mm long, twisted, dark brown column. Upper palea oblong, c. 2.5 mm long, obtuse at apex, hyaline. Stamens 3, anthers c. 1 mm long, yellow. Caryopsis lanceolate, c. 2 x

0.5 mm, light brown. Pedicelled spikelets elliptic-lanceolate, c. 5 x 1.2 mm, unawned.

Pedicel similar to joints of rachis, fused at base with callus. Lower glume

asymmetrically lanceolate, c. 4.5 x 1 mm, inflexed along margins, forked at apex,

crustaceous below middle region, herbaceous above, sparsely hairy at base and at

apical region on dorsal surface, 9-nerved, 2-keeled; aristae unequal in size, smaller one

c. 2 mm long, longer one c. 10 mm long; keels scabrid. Upper glume elliptic-

lanceolate, c. 3.5 x 1.5 mm, aristate at apex, chartaceous, 3-5-nerved with submarginal

fringes of sparse, long hairs; cusp up to 20 mm long, scabrid. Florets similar to that of

sessile spikelet. Upper lemma entire, unawned. (Plate 3 H).

FL & Fr.: End of October - December.

Habitat: Common on moist vertical surfaces of black boulder.

Note: This species closely resembles 1. diplopogon Hook. f. which is endemic to

Maharashtra but differs by its long awn and cusps and erect taller culms. Occurrence

of this species in Goa forms extended distributional record to the species as it was

known to be endemic to Maharashtra. This species is found growing on wet surfaces

of rocks withstanding flow of water fall during rains; flowers late in post monsoon

season when the water flow is scanty or just in the form of drip. It is also similar to I.

148 kingii Hook. f. a species endemic to Maharashtra and differs from it as shown in table below:

Chara'ters L raizadae I. kingii ',- Joints of rachis linear, trigonous bulged

and pedicel

Lower glume of with two tufts of hairs on without two tufts of hairs on

sessile spikelets margins above middle region margins above middle region

Specimens Examined: Goa: Chorla, 24. 10. 1996, M. K. Janarthanam, Vaishali Joshi

& S. Rajkumar 265 (GUH); Chorla, 8. 11. 1996, M. K. Janarthanam, & S. Rajkumar

332 (GUH); Chorla, 8. 11. 1996, M. K. Janarthanam, & S. Rajkumar 333 (GUH);

Chorla, 22. 11. 2005, Harshala Gad 334 (GUH). Maharashtra: Amboli ghat, 10. 9.

1989, C. B. Salunkhe 8357 (SUH).

Ischaemum rugosum Salisb. Ic. Strip. Rar. 1, t. 1. 1791; Hook. f. Fl. Brit India 7:

127. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 959. 1908; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1722.

1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 12, t. 7. 1935. Bor, Grass. India 184. 1960;

Vartak, Enum. Plant. Gomantak, India. 113. 1966; Britto & Matthew in Matthew, Fl.

Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1869. 1983; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 505. 1986; Matthew, Further Ill.

Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic tt. 792 & 793. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono.

233. 1989; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 138. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala

Grass. 159. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 524.

1996; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 297. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl.

Kolhapur 589. 2002.

149 Perennials. Culms tufted, up to 100 cm high, erect, often branching at basal nodes; nodes hairy. Leaf sheath rounded, covered with tubercle-based hairs on dorsal surface, bearded at mouth; ligule membranous, lacerate at apex; leaf blade lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, up to 16 x 1 cm, lower one narrowed at base, upper rounded at base, acuminate at apex. Racemes fascicled, axillary or terminal, 2-3, up to 7 cm long.

Peduncle, terete, up to 9 cm long, bearded at base. Joints of rachis subclavate, c. 5 mm long, coriaceous, hirsute along lateral angles, hairs up to 2 mm long. Sessile spikelets oblong-lanceolate, c. 7 x 2.5 mm, awned. Callus densely bearded, hair c. 2 mm long.

Lower glume oblong-lanceolate, c. 7 x 2 mm, inturned and narrowly winged on one

side at apical region along margins, acute at apex, coriaceous in lower 314 th region,

chartaceous above, 9-nerved; lower 314 th region with prominent 3-5 side nodules on

thickened rounded keels, nodules interconected with sharp to obscure ridges and

furrows or rarely smooth on dorsal surface. Upper glume boat shaped, c. 6.5 x 2 mm,

acute at apex, chartaceous, slightly humped in middle, 5-nerved, central nerve keeled,

narrowly winged at apical region; wings chartaceous, serrulate along margin. Lower

floret staminate. Lower lemma oblong-lanceolate, c. 6 x 2 mm, inturned along

margins, acute at apex, hyaline, 3-nerved. Lower palea oblong-lanceolate, c. 6 x 2 mm,

infolded and hyaline wings along margins; sub-acute at apex, hyaline, 2-nerved, nerves

keeled. Lodicules 2, c. 0.5 mm long, denticulate at apex. Upper floret hermaphrodite.

Upper lemma oblong-lanceolate, c. 6 x 2 mm, narrowly winged along margins, cleft .

above middle region, awned in sinus, hyaline; lobes acute; awn up to 12 cm long,

geniculate with c. 7 mm long, twisted, dark brown, column. Upper palea lanceolate, c.

5 x 1 mm, winged below middle region along margins, obtuse at apex, hyaline, 2-

keeled. Caryopsis oblong, c. 3 x 1 mm. Pedicelled spikelets oblong-lanceolate, c. 6.5 x

2.2 mm, unawned. Pedicel trigonous, c. 2 x 1 mm, coriaceous. Lower glume oblong-

150 lanceolate, c. 6.5 x 2.2 mm, inflexed along margins, acute at apex, coriaceous, keeled on lateral sides; keel angular on one side and rounded on the other side; angular keel with or without nodules in lower region, rounded keel broadly winged; wing chartaceous, serrulate along margin. Upper glume boat shaped, c. 6 x 2 mm, narrowly winged above middle region along margins, acute at apex, chartaceous, scabrid on dorsal surface, 4-nerved. Florets staminate; floral parts similar to that of sessile spikelets, except the upper lemma which is entire and unawned. (Plate 3 I).

Fl. & Fr.: September - November.

Habitat: Very common along the margins of back waters and halophytic conditions.

Note: Found growing with Leptochloa malabarica (L.) Veldk. and Ischaemum

indicum (Houtt.) Merr. subvar. indicum. A polymorphic species showing variations in

its culms length, hairiness of cuims and leaf. Great variations in floral parts such as

ornamented to glabrous dorsal surface with obscure to distinct ridges and furrows inter

connecting nodules of lower glume of sessile spikelets is seen. Also pedicelled

spikelets are rudimentary to well developed and lower glume of pedicelled spikelets

with narrow to broad rounded wing along one margin. This species was reported from

Goa by Vartak (1966).

Specimens Examined: Andhra Pradesh: Kodimial, Karimnagar Dt. 19. 12. 1964, G.

V. Subbarao 21851 (MH); Way to Diguvametta, Kurnool Dt. 24. 10. 1964, J. L. Ellis

22160 (MH). Goa: St. Cruz, 12. 10. 2004, Harshala Gad 136 (GUH); Raibandar, 12.

10. 2005, Harshala Gad & M. K. Janarthanam 266 (GUH). Maharashtra: on way to

Wani-Mukutban, 14. 12. 1976, S. Kathikeyan 1484221 (BSI); Amboli, 21. 10. 1990, S.

R. Yadav 7557 (SUH).

151 Ischaemum sahyadrica Harshala Gad sp. nov.

Perennials. Culms tufted, up to 60 cm high, erect; nodes glabrous, dark brown, constricted in dry condition. Leaves largely basally aggregated. Leaf sheath laterally compressed, keeled on back, shorter than internodal region, c. 0.6 mm wide, bulbous- pilose on dorsal surface and towards mouth; ligule subcoriaceous, triangular-ovate, c.

4 mm long, 2-keeled on back, subacute-obtuse at apex, bulbous pilose on dorsal surface nearer to the base; leaf blade linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, up to 12 x 0.5-0.8 cm, lower ones narrowed at base, upper ones rounded, acuminate at apex, sparsely bulbous-pilose on both the surfaces, midrib keeled on dorsal surface. Racemes 2,

appressed together, up to 9 cm long, on largely exerted, long peduncle. Peduncle

terete, swollen at apex, glabrous. Joints of rachis trigonous, c. 4.5 x 1 mm, dentate at

apex, crustaceous, hairy on dorsal angle, scabrid along lateral angles; hairs c. 1 mm

long. Sessile spikelets asymmetrically-oblong, c. 8 x 2 mm (including callus), awned.

Callus c. 1.5 mm long, glabrous, sparsely ciliate at base. Lower glume asymmetrically-

oblong, c. 6.5 x 2 mm, incurved and winged above along margins, subacute to

shallowly lobed at apex, subcoriaceous in the lower 314 th region, chartaceous above,

12-nerved, laterally keeled; keels thickened with 2 or 3 obscure side nodules in the

lower 314th region; wings unequal, broad on one side, narrow on the other, chartaceous,

serrulate along margin. Upper glume boat shaped, c. 6 x 2 mm, incurved and ciliate

along margins, acute at apex, chartaceous to subcoriaceous, scaberulous above middle

region on dorsal region, 5-nerved, central nerve keeled; keels scabrid above. Lower

floret staminate. Lower lemma oblong-lanceolate, c. 5 x 1.2 mm, incurved and

narrowly winged at apical region along margins, subacute to obtuse at apex,

chartaceous, scaberulous on dorsal surface, 3-nerved, 2-keeled; wings hyaline,

152 delicate, ciliate. Lodicules 2, c. 0.2 mm long, denticulate at apex. Stamens 3; connectives short, anthers c. 2 mm long, yellow in colour. Upper floret hermaphrodite.

Upper lemma oblong-lanceolate, c. 5 x 1.5 mm, cleft below middle region, awned in sinus, subhyaline, 3-nerved; lobes subacute at apex; awn up to 16 mm long, geniculate, scabrid, with c. 7 mm long, twisted, dark brown column. Palea oblong-lanceolate, c. 4 x 1 mm, infolded and hyaline along margins, obtuse to truncate at apex, subhyaline, 2- nerved, nerves keeled. Ovary lanceolate, c. 0.5 mm long; style c. 1 mm long; stigma c.

1.5 mm long, white in colour. Caryopsis oblong-lanceolate, c. 3 x 1 mm. Pedicelled

spikelets asymmetrically oblong-lanceolate. Pedicel trigonous, c. 2 mm long,

crustaceous, densely hairy on dorsal angle. Lower glume asymmetrically oblong-

lanceolate, c. 6 x 1.5 mm, inflexed along margins, acute to subacute at apex,

subcoriaceous, 11-nerved, laterally 2-keeled; keels angled on one side and rounded on

the other; angled keel narrowly winged at apical region, rounded keel broadly winged

from base to apex; wing rounded, c. 1.5 mm wide, chartaceous, serrulate along the

margin, wavy in dry condition. Upper glume boat shaped, c. 5 x 1.5 mm, acute at apex,

chartaceous, 3-5 nerved, scaberulous on dorsal surface at apical region; central nerve

keeled. Lower floret staminate or empty. Lower lemma oblong-lanceolate, c. 5 x 1.5

mm, incurved and narrowly winged at apical region along margins, acute at apex,

subhyaline, 3-nerved, 2-keeled; wings delicate, hyaline, ciliate. Palea oblong-

lanceolate, c. 5 x 1 mm, narrowly winged along margins, acute at apex, subhyaline, 2-

nerved, nerves keeled, scabrid; wings delicate, hyaline, infolded. Upper lemma ovate-

oblong, c. 4.5 x 1.5 mm, narrowly winged along margins, cleft at apex, with

rudimentary awn in sinus, subhyaline, 3-nerved, 2-keeled; wings delicate, hyaline,

infolded. Palea oblong-lanceolate, c. 4 x 0.4 mm,margins winged, subacute at apex,

subhyaline, 2-nerved, nerves keeled. (Fig. 12; Plate 3 Q).

153 Fl. & Fr.: October-November.

Habitat: Occasional along ditches on lateritic rocky plateaus of higher elevation.

Note: This species is similar to Ischaemum barbatum Retz., I mangaluricum (Hack)

Stapf ex Fischer and I. quilonensis Ravi et Shaju but differs in its basally aggregated leaves, densely hairy trigonous joints of rachis, asymmetrically oblong, lower glume with narrow wings at apex on both sides, absence of wing at apex of upper glume of sessile spikelets, smooth surface of the upper palea of sessile spikelet and unequal wings on both sides of lower glume of pedicelled spikelets.

Comparative account of Ischaemum sahyadrica sp. nov. with other morphologically similar species of the genus Ischaemum. Characters I. sahyadrica I. barbatum I. mangaluricum I. quilonensis sp. nov. Culms tufted, erect. caespitose, culms erect, culms tufted, erect or tufted, decumbent creeping and decumbent at at base and rooting at base, rarely sometimes rooting nodes and mat sprawling and at lower nodes. forming. rooting at lower nodes. leaves mostly basally all along the all along the all along the aggregated. culms. culms. culms. Lower glume asymmetrical) ovate-oblong, oblong, winged at oblong- of sessile y oblong, winged at apex on one side, lanceolate to spikelet subequally apex on one wing auricule ovate-oblong winged at side. shaped. or almost apical region oblong, winged on both sides. at apical region; wings very slender to narrow on one side and slenderly winged on the other side. Upper glume without wing minutely winged at apex. shortly winged of sessile at apex. winged at at apex. spikelet apex. Upper palea smooth on with wart like wart like out finely of sessile outer surface. dots in the growth on dorsal scaberulous in spikelet upper region surface above the upper half on middle region. on dorsal

154 G

D E

Fig 12. Ischaemum sahyadrica sp. nov. A. habit; B. joint of rachis; C. sessile and pedicelled spikelet; sessile spikelet; D. lower glume; E. upper glume; F. lower lemma; G. lower palea; H. upper lemma; I. upper palea; J. lower glume of pedicelled spikelet; K. upper glume of pedicelled spikelet. UM Sal surface. surface. Lower glume broadly broadly broadly winged broadly winged of pedicelled winged on one winged on on one side. on one side. spikelet side and one side. narrowly winged at apex on the other side.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Chorla, Goa-Karnataka border, 22. 11. 2005, Harshala

Gad 343 (GUH).

Ischaemum santapaui Bor in J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. 49: 167. 1950; Bor, Grass.

India 185. 1960; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 542. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind.

Enum. Mono. 233. 1989; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 139. 1990; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 524, t. 526. 1996.

Perennials. Culms tufted, up to 150 cm high, erect, much branched at base, rarely branched at nodes; lower nodes glabrous, upper nodes villous. Leaf sheath rounded, up to 10 x 0.4 cm, tubercle-based hairy on dorsal surface; ligule ovate, membranous, c. 4 mm long; linear-lanceolate, up to 15 x 0.5 cm, lower ones narrowed at base, upper ones rounded at base, serrulate along margins, acuminate at apex, densely tubercle-based hairy on both surfaces, midrib prominent on abaxial surface.

Racemes 2, up to 11 cm long, closely appressed. Joints of rachis trigonous, c. 2.5 mm long, coriaceous, dentate at apex, hairy on dorsal surface and at apex, hair c. 1.5 mm long. Callus angular, short, densely hairy. Lower glume asymmetrically oblong- lanceolate, c. 4 x 1.5 mm, inturned and serrulate above middle region along margins, acute at apex, coriaceous, shiny and convex in lower 314 th region, chartaceous above,

11-nerved. Upper glume asymmetrically oblong-lanceolate, c. 4 x 1.2 mm, narrowly inturned along margins, subacute at apex, chartaceous, humped in middle, 3-nerved,

155 central nerve keeled, scabrid on back. Lower floret staminate. Lower lemma oblong-

lanceolate, c. 3 x 1 mm, narrowly winged along margins, acute at apex, hyaline, 3-

nerved; wings infolded, delicate, hyaline. Lower palea linear-lanceolate, c. 3 x 1 mm,

winged along margins, subacute at apex, hyaline, 2-nerved, nerves keeled, scabrid on

back; wings infolded, delicate, hyaline. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma

oblong-lanceolate, c. 3 x 1.2 mm, cleft above middle region, awned in sinus, hyaline;

lobes acute, awn up to 20 mm long, geniculate, scabrid, with c. 8 mm long, twisted,

dark brown column. Upper palea oblong-lanceolate, c. 2.5 x 0.8 mm, acute at apex,

hyaline. Caryopsis oblong, c. 1.2 x 0.5 mm. Pedicelled spikelets asymmetrically

lanceolate, c. 4 x 1 mm, unawned. Pedicel trigonous, hairy. Lower glume

asymmetrically lanceolate, c. 4 x 1 mm, narrowly inturned along margins, winged on

one side, at apecal region, acute at apex, coriaceous in lower 314 th region, chartaceous

above, obscurely 4-6-nerved; wings serrulate along margin. Upper glume boat shaped,

asymmetrically lanceolate, c. 3.8 x 1 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved. Lower

floret staminate, upper floret hermaphrodite. Floral parts similar that of sessile

spikelet, except upper lemma. Upper lemma oblong-lanceolate, c. 3 x 1 mm, broadly

winged along margins, acute at apex, hyaline, 1-nerved; wings delicate, hyaline. (Fig.

13; Palte 3 J).

Fl. & Fr.: October - November.

Habitat: Cultivated paddy fields.

Note: This species was hitherto considered endemic to Maharashtra; report of this

species forms extended distribution to species and new record to Goa.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Dodamarg, 8. 11. 2004, M. K. Janarthanam 163 (GUH);

Dodamarg, 9. 10. 2005, Harshala Gad & M. K. Janarthanam 253 (GUH); Assanora, 9.

156 Fig 13. Ischaemum santapaui Bor A. habit; B. joint of rachis; C. sessile and pedicelled spikelet; D. lower glume of sessile spikelet; E. upper glume of sessile spikelet. 10. 2005, Harshala Gad & M. K. Janarthanam 263 (GUH). Maharashtra: Kararyal

(Umkarthan range), Nasik Dt. 24. 9. 1984 P. L. Narasimhan 167612 (BSI); Oni, 1. 11.

1992, C. B. Salunkhe 8014 (SUH).

Ischaemum semisagittatum Roxb., Fl Indica 1: 322. 1820; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7:

130. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 961. 1908; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1722.

1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 15, t. 10. 1935; Bor, Grass. India 185. 1960;

Vartak, Enum. Plant. Gomantak, India 113. 1966; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 505. 1986; Kulkarni,

Fl. Sindhudurg 542. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 233. 1989;

Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 139. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 160.

1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 527. 1996; Bhat

& Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 299. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 589.

2002. Ischaemum conjugatum Roxb., Fl. Indica 1: 323. 1820; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India

7: 131. 1896. 1. semisagittatum var. dasyantha Hack., Monog. Phan. 6: 209. 1889;

Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 962.1908.

Annuals. Cu1ms up to 80 cm high, geniculate, erect, rooting at basal nodes; nodes glabrous, upper most at base of peduncle villous. Leaf sheath rounded, slightly keeled, up to 3 x 0.3 cm, glabrous; upper one enclosing inflorescence spatheolate, c. 3 x 0.7 mm; ligule ovate, c. 2 mm long, membranous, lacerate at apex; leaf blade ovate- lanceolate, c. 5 x 1.6 cm, cordate to sagittate at base, serrulate along margins, acute at apex. Racemes 2, up to 5 cm long. Peduncle terete up to 12 cm long. Joints of rachis subclavate, c. 4 mm long, 2 mm wide, dentate at apex, hairy on lateral angles and at apex. Sessile spikelet asymmetrically oblong-lanceolate, c. 6 mm long, awned. Lower glume asymmetrically oblong-lanceolate, c. 5.5 x 1.5 mm, inflexed along margins, acute at apex, coriaceous-crustaceous, in lower 314 th region, chartaceous, 8-nerved,

157 keeled on lateral sides; keels rounded in lower 3/4 th region, with 3-5 nodules interconnected by shallow ridges and furrows or wrinkles, glabrous to densely villous on dorsal surface. Upper glume boat shaped, c. 5 x 1.5 mm, inturned and ciliate along margins, acute at apex, chartaceous, humped in middle, 3-nerved, central nerve keeled, scabrid. Lower floret staminate. Lower lemma lanceolate, c. 5 x 1 mm, inturned along margins, winged at apical region, acute at apex, hyaline, 3-nerved; wings ciliate.

Lower paleas oblong-lanceolate, c. 4.5 x 1 mm, infolded along margins, winged at apical region, obtuse to truncate at apex, hyaline, 2-nerved, nerves keeled, scabrid.

Stamnes 3; anthers c. 3 mm long, yellow. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma oblong-lanceolate, c. 4 x 1.5 mm, winged along margins, cleft above middle region, awned in sinus, hyaline, 3-nerved; lobes acute at apex; awn up to 13 mm long scabrid, geniculate, with c. 6 mm long twisted, dark brown column. Palea lanceolate, c. 4 x 1 mm, infolded along margins, acute at apex, hyaline, scabrid on dorsal surface, 2- nerved, nerves keeled. Ovary ovoid, c. 0.8 mm long; style c. 2 mm long; stigma c. 1.2 mm long, purple in colour. Pedicelled spikelets oblong-lanceolate, c. 5 x 1.5 mm, awnless. Pedicel trigonous, c. 1 mm long, coriaceous, densely hairy. Lower glume oblong-lanceolate, c. 5 x 1.5 mm, inflexed and hyaline along margins, acute at apex, subcoriaceous, hairy or glabrous, 7-nerved, keeled on lateral sides, hairy along one of the lateral keel. Upper glume boat shaped, c. 4.5 x 1.5 mm, hyaline and ciliate along margins, acute at apex, chartaceous, 5-nerved, central nerve keeled, scabrid. Lower and upper floret similar to that of sessile spikelets, upper lemma unawned. (Plate 3 K).

Fl. & Fr.: September - November.

Habitat: Common on lateritic rocky plateaus, compound walls, fort walls, along road sides and habitations.

Note: This species is similar to I. dalzellii Stapf ex Bor but differs from it in its

158 sagittate leaf base. This species is confined to low lying areas where as the I dalzellii occurs at higher elevations along hill slopes. This species forms very good fodder grass.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Goa University Campus, Taleigao, 23. 9. 2003, Harshala

Gad 67 (GUH); Alorna, Pernem, 29. 9. 2005, Harshala Gad 225 (GUH). Madras:

Beltangadi, S. Canara Dt. 25. 11. 1900, C. A. Barbar 2541 (MH). Maharashtra:

Amboli, 21. 10. 1990, C. B. Salunkhe 8277 (SUH); Radhanagari, 1. 10. 1994, S. R.

Yadav 7724 (SUH).

Ischaemum thomsonianum Stapf ex Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1722. 1934; Bor,

Grass. India 185. 1960; Fl. Goa 2: 505. 1986; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono.

233. 1989; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 163. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in

Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 527, t. 528. 1996. I murinum auct. non Forsst.

1786; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 135. 1896.

Perennials. Culms stoloniferous, up to 120 cm high, decumbent, rooting at

basal nodes, nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath covering less than half the length of

internodal region, up to 10 x 0.8 cm, villous at mouth and around ligule, basal ones

rounded and keeled on back, margins imbricate, upper ones spatheolate enclosing

inflorescence; ligule a membranous rim, c. 1 mm long, fimbriate at apex; leaf blade

linear-lanceolate, up to 20 x 1 cm, basal ones attenuate or pseu dopetiolate, upper ones

narrowed and rounded at base, acuminate at apex, hispid on both the surfaces, midrib

prominent on abaxial surface; petiole up to 7 cm long. Racemes 2, up to 8 cm long.

Joints of rachis trigonous, c. 3.5 mm long, coriaceous, densely hairy on dorsal surface,

shortly ciliate on ventral angles, with tooth like projection on ventral angles towards

base. Sessile spikelets ovate-lanceolate, c. 6 x 2 mm, awned. Callus c. 1 mm long,

159 glabrous. Lower glume boat shaped, c. 5 x 2 mm, bicuspidate at apex, coriaceous in lower 314th region, chartaceous above, 11-13-nerved, 2-keeled; keels scabrid, narrowly winged; wing serrulate. Upper glume boat shaped, c. 5.5 x 2 mm, inrolled and ciliate along margins, shortly aristate at apex, coriaceous in lower 314 th region, chartaceous above, 5-nerved, central nerve keeled above; arista c. 0.1 mm long, scabrid; keel narrowly winged; wing scabrid with 2 or 3 long hairs at base of the keel. Lower floret

staminate. Lower lemma oblanceolate-elliptic, c. 4 x 1.5 mm, hyaline and ciliate at

apical region along margins, acute and hyaline at apex, chartaceous, 5-nerved. Palea

lanceolate, c. 4 x 1 mm, infolded and winged at apical region along margins, acute at

apex, subhyaline, 2-nerved, nerves keeled, scabrid; wings hyaline, delicate, ciliate.

Stamens 3; anthers c. 2.5 mm long, yellow. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma

elliptic, c. 3.5 x 1.5 mm, cleft at apex, hyaline, awned in sinus, 3-nerved; awn up to 9

mm long, geniculate, scabrid, with c. 4 mm long, twisted, dark brown column. Palea

linear-lanceolate, c. 4 x 0.8 mm, infolded and hyaline along margins, acute at apex,

hyaline, 2-nerved, nerves keeled, scabrid above middle region on dorsal surface.

Pedicelled spikelets oblong-elliptic, c. 5 x 2 mm, awned. Pedicel trigonous, c. 3 mm

long, coriaceous, densely long hairy on dorsal surface, shortly ciliate on ventral angles,

with tooth like projection on ventral angles towards base. Lower glume ovate-

lanceolate, c. 4 x 2 mm, inrolled along margins, acute at apex, coriaceous in lower

3146 region, chartaceous above, scabrid on dorsal surface, 11-13 nerved, central nerve

keeled; keel narrowly winged, wing serrulate. Upper glume boat shaped, c. 5.2 x 2

mm, narrowly inturned along margins, acute at apex, coriaceous below, chartaceous

above, scabrid, 9-nerved, central nerve keeled; keel narrowly winged, wing serrulate,

with sparse 6-8 hairs at the base of wing. Florets similar to that of sessile spikelets.

(Fig. 14; Plate 3 L).

160 Fig 14. Ischaemum thomsonianum Stapf ex Fischer. A. habit; B. joint of rachis; C. sessile and pedicelled spikelet; D. lower glume of sessile spikelet; E. upper glume of sessile spikelet; F. lower glurne of pedicelled spikelet; G. upper glume of pedicelled spikelet. Fl. & Fr.: October - November.

Habitat: Occasional along forest margins and along the roadsides of forest hill slopes.

Note: This species is similar to lschaeamum timorense Kunth but differs in its erect culms, joints of rachis with tooth like projection on ventral angles towards the base

and glabrous lower glume of sessile spikelets. This species is endemic to Peninsular

India and is new record to Goa.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Surla, 8. 11. 1996, M. K. Janarthanam & S. Rajkumar

312 (GUH); Gaondongri, Canacona, 15. 11. 2005, Harshala Gad 314 (GUH).

Ischaemum timorense Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 369, t. 98. 1830; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India

7: 136. 1896; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1722. 1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay

Grass. 19, 1935; Bor, Grass. India 185. 1960; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 543. 1988;

Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 232. 1989; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 139.

1990; Sreekumar & Nair, FL Kerala Grass. 164. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma

et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 527, t. 529. 1996; Rajkumar et al., in J. Bombay Nat.

Hist. Soc. 96: 182. 1999; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 589. 2002.

Perennials. Culms stoloniferous, tufted, up to 45 cm long, creeping or erect,

rooting and branching at basal nodes; nodes densely villous. Leaf sheath rounded

covering more than half the length of internodes, keeled on back, villous above and at

mouth; hair c. 2 mm long; ligule membranous, c. 1 mm long; leaf blade linear-

lanceolate, up to 8 x 0.7 cm, lower ones narrowed and upper ones rounded at base,

acuminate at apex. Racemes 2, closely appressed, appearing solitary, up to 3 cm long,

densely hairy. Joints of rachis linear-trigonous, c. 3.8 mm long, coriaceous, dentate at

apex, densely hairy on dorsal angle, ciliate along ventral angle, with shallow hollowed

161 depression on ventral angles towards base. Sessile spikelets elliptic-ovate, awned, densely hairy. Lower glume boat shaped, c. 5 x 2 mm, inflexed and scabrid along margins, bicuspidate at apex, crustaceous in lower 314 th region, chartaceous above, 9- nerved, keeled; crustaceous region with tuft of hairs towards base, chartaceous region hairy on dorsal surface. Upper glume elliptic-lanceolate, c. 5 x 1 mm, winged at apical region along margins, cuspidate at apex, crustaceous, shiny below middle region, chartaceous above, 1-nerved, nerve keeled; 1 wings hyaline, ciliate; cusp c. 3 mm long, scabrid; herbaceous region scaberulous or pubescent; keel winged above middle region, hairy at the base of wing; wing narrow, hyaline, scaberulous and serrulate

along margin. Lower floret staminate. Lower lemma elliptic-lanceolate, c. 4.5 x 1.2

mm, margins winged above middle region, acute at apex, subcoriaceous, shiny, 3-

nerved, central nerve keeled; wings delicate, hyaline, ciliate. Lower palea linear-

lanceolate, c. 4.2 x 0.8 mm, broadly winged above middle region along margins, acute

at apex, subcoriaceous, shiny; wings delicate, hyaline, ciliate. Stamens 3; anthers c. 2

mm long. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma elliptic-lanceolate, c. 4.5 x 1.5

mm, cleft at above middle region, awned in sinus, subcoriaceous, 3-nerved; lobes

acute at apex; awn 14 mm long, geniculate, scabrid, with c. 5 mm long, twisted, dark

brown column. Upper palea linear-lanceolate, c. 3.5 x 0.8 mm, winged at base along

margins, subacute at apex, hyaline, 2-nerved, scaberulous above middle region on

dorsal surface. Pedicelled spikelets elliptic-ovate, hairy, awned. Pedicel similar to

joints of rachis, c. 3.5 mm long. Lower glume similar to lower glume of sessile

spikelet but acuminate at apex. Upper glume and florets similar to that of sessile

spikelet. (Plate 3 M).

Fl. & Fr.: September - October.

Habitat: Common on lateritic rocky plateaus of higher elevation and as under growth

162 in moist deciduous forest.

Note: This species is similar to I thomsonianum Stapf ex Fischer and differs from it as shown in the table below:

Characters I. timorense I. thomsonian um Habit culms creeping. culms erect, robust. Nodes basal ones rooting, upper ones nodes glabrous. densely villous. Lower glume of densely hairy on dorsal glabrous on dorsal surface. sessile spikelet surface.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Surla, 2. 10. 2005, Harshala Gad & M. K. Janarthanam

239 (GUH). Maharashtra: Yethalmachi (near Vandra), Khed taluka, 30. 11. 1961, K.

P. Janardhanan 75995 (BSI); Amba ghat, 14. 10. 1990, C. B. Salunkhe 7176 (SUH);

Dajipur, 25. 10. 1992, C. B. Salunkhe, 8315 (SUH).

Ischaemum tranvancorense Stapf ex Fischer in Kew Bull. 1933: 353. 1933; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1723. 1934; Bor, Grass. India 186. 1960; Kulkarni, Fl.

Sindhudurg 543. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 233. 1989; Almeida,

FL Savantwadi 2: 139. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 165, t. 35. 1991;

Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 530, t. 531. 1996;

Rajkumar et al., in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 96: 182. 1999; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl.

Kolhapur 589. 2002. I. aristatum subsp. rottleri Hook. f, Fl. Brit. India 186. 1960.

Perennials. Culms up to 200 cm high, erect, rooting at lower nodes; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheaths slightly keeled on back, up to 12 x 6 mm, tubercle-based hairy on dorsal surface, glaucous on inner surface; ligule ovate, membranous, 3-8 mm long, subacute-obtuse at apex; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, up to 24 x 0.7 cm, lower ones narrowed at base upper ones rounded, acuminate at apex, tubercle-based hairy on both the surfaces. Racemes 2, appressed together and appears solitary, up to 12 cm long.

163 glabrous. Joints of rachis trigonous, 3.5 mm long, coriaceous, denticulate at apex, hairy on dorsal angle. Sessile spikelets oblong-lanceolate, c. 4 mm long, awnless or

very rarely awned. Callus, c. 0.5 mm long, glabrous. Lower glume ovate-oblong, c. 4.2

x 2.8 mm, inturned along margins, subacute at apex, coriaceous, glabrous, shiny in

lower 314th region, chartaceous above, 13-nerved; crustaceous region with 2-4 nodules on lateral sides, chartaceous region keeled at apex; keel serrulate. Upper glume boat-

shaped c. 4 x 1.5 mm (when spread), ciliate above middle region along margins, acute

at apex, subcoriaceous, humped in middle, 5-nerved, central nerve keeled; keel

scabrid on back. Lower floret staminate. Lower lemma elliptic-lanceolate c. 4 x 1 mm, narrowly inturned and winged at apical region along margins, acute at apex,

chartaceous, 3-nerved; wings hyaline, ciliate. Lower palea elliptic-lanceolate, c. 3.5 x

1 mm, infolded along margins, notched at apex, chartaceous, shiny, 2-nerved, nerves keeled. Stamens 3; anthers c. 2 mm long, yellow in colour. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma oblong, c. 3 x 1.5 mm, broadly winged along margins,

cleft at apex, awned or awnless, hyaline, 3-nerved; wings hyaline, ciliate; lobes acute

at apex; awn c. 12 mm long, geniculate, scabrid, with c. 5 mm long, twisted, dark

brown column. Upper plaea oblong, c. 2.5 x 1 mm, obtuse at apex, hyaline. Ovary

elliptic; style c. 1 mm long; stigma c. 1 mm long. Pedicelled spikelets deltoid or

asymmetrically oblong-lanceolate, unawned or with minute rudimentary awn. Pedicel

trigonous, c. 1 mm long, sparsely bearded at base. Lower glume deltoid or

asymmetrically oblong-lanceolate, c. 4 x 1.5 mm, inflexed along margins, acute at

apex, coriaceous in lower 314 th region, herbaceous above, 9-nerved, keeled on lateral

sides; keels angular on one side and rounded and narrowly winged on the other side;

serrulate at apical region on both sides. Upper glume asymmetrically boat shaped, c. 4

x 1.5 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, shiny, 4-nerved. Florets similar to that of sessile

164 F

B

Fig 15. Ischaemum tranvancorense Stapf ex Fischer. A. habit; B. sessile and pedicelled spikelet; C. lower glume of sessile spikelet; D. upper glume of sessile spikelet; E. lower glume of pedicelled spikelet; F. upper glume of pedicelled spikelet. spikelets; upper lemma notched at apex with or without rudimentary awn in sinus.

(Fig. 15; Plate 3 N).

Fl. & Fr.: September-October.

Habitat: cultivated paddy fields.

Note: This species is similar to Ischaemum vembanadense Patil & D'Cruz but differs

by its longer leaves, and broadly winged lower glume of pedicelled spiklets. The

morphotypes collected showed presence of awns rarely the spikelets are unawned or

with rudimentary awn. The sessile spikelets are awned or awnless in I. vembanadense.

But according to Sreekumar and Nair (1991) view I. vambanadense could be

accommodated in I. travancorenses as the diagnostic features with reference to both

this species are feeble and are quite unreliable and most of these characters often

overlap. Studies along its geographical distribution are required to prove the

distinctness of these species. Since specimen for I. vembanadens was not available for

study in any of the herbaria visited during this studies, no conclusion is drawn on

Sreekumar and Nair (1991) views. Species is endemic to Peninsular India, Joshi and

Janarthanam (2004) reported it from Goa.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Assanora, 9. 10. 2005, Harshala Gad & M. K.

Janarthanam 259 (GUH); Asanora, Bicholim, 9. 10. 2005, Harshala Gad & M. K.

Janarthanam 26 (GUH). Maharashtra: Kudal 11. 10. 1992, C. B. Salunkhe 8193

(SUH).

Ischaemum tumidum Stapf ex Bor in Kew Bull. 1951: 450. 1952; Bor, Grass. India

186. 1960; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 543. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum.

Mono. 233. 1989; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 139. 1990; Lakshminarasimhan in

Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 530, 1996; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur

165 589. 2002.

Annuals. Culms up to 65 cm high, decumbent, erect, rooting at basal nodes; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath rounded, keeled on back, covering less than half the

length of internodal region, up to 3 x 0.5 cm, margins imbricate, tubercle-based hairy along one margin, densely bearded at mouth and around ligule; ligule ovate,

membranous, subacute at apex, 2-keeled on back; leaf blade lanceolate, up to 5.4 x 1

cm, lower ones cordate, upper ones rounded at base, acuminate at apex. Racemes 2,

closely appresed together, up to 3 cm long, enclosed in spathe when young. Peduncle

enclosed in spathe, terete, glabrous, villous at base at juncture with culm, rounded and

oblique at abscission. Joints of rachis tumid or broadly clavate, c. 7.5 x 3 mm,

crustaceous, shiny, 5-nerved, narrowed at base with two bulbous appendages

(eliosomes), oblique at apex, ciliate along the lateral angles and at base, joints above

basal ones are shorter than lower one, densely ciliate along lateral angles and on dorsal

surface. Sessile spikelets oblong-lanceolate, c. 9 x 3 mm, awned. Callus oblong, c. 2

mm long, obtuse at base, crustaceous, shiny, bearded at base. Lower glume

asymmetrically oblong-lanceolate, c. 7.5 x 3 mm, infolded along margins, subacute at

apex, crustaceous in lower 3/4 th region, chartaceous above, nerves obscure, keeled on

lateral sides; margins thickly crustaceous, pubescent; lower crustaceous region with

prominent 3 or 4 nodules on thickened rounded keels, interconnected by sharp ridges

and furrows or irregular wrinkles; nodules pubescent; ridges shiny, glabrous;

chartaceous region narrowly winged or wingless at apical region, serrulate along

margins, hairy along one margin, sparse hairy along the other. Upper glume boat

shaped, c. 7 x 2 mm, narrowly inturned along margins, acute at apex, subcoriaceous,

crustaceous on back, 3-nerved, central nerve keeled, with wart like out growth along

the lateral sides of keel, margins scabrid, sparsely hairy. Lower floret staminate.

166 Lower lemma lanceolate, c. 7 x 1.5 mm, inflexed along margins, subacute at apex,

subcoriaceous, 3-nerved, scabrid in apical region. Lower palea linear-lanceolate, c. 7 x

1.3 mm, narrowly inflexed along margins, subacute at apex, chartaceous-

subcoriaceous, 2-nerved, 2-keeled, scaberulous on dorsal surface at apical region.

Stamens 3; anthers c. 4 mm long, yellow in colour. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper

lemma oblong-lanceolate, c. 7 x 1.5 mm, cleft above middle region, awned in sinus,

hyaline, 3-nerved; lobes acute; awn 18 mm long, geniculate, scabrid, with c. 9 mm

long, scabrid, twisted, dark brown column. Upper palea linear-lanceolate, c. 6.5 x 1

mm, infolded along margins, truncate at apex, hyaline, 2-nerved, scabrid on dorsal

surface above middle region. Caryopsis elliptic-oblong, c. 3 x 1 mm. Pedicel fused

with callus, oblong, c. 2.5 mm long, crustaceous, shiny, sparsely hairy. Pedicelled

spikelet oblong-lanceolate, c. 7 x 2.5 mm, unawned. Lower glume oblong-lanceolate,

c. 7 x 2.5 mm, subacute-obtuse at apex, infolded along margins, coriaceous in lower

3/4`h /4 region, chartaceous above, 5-nerved, laterally keeled; crustaceous region with 2

or 3 shallow nodules on rounded keels, chartaceous part serrulate on keels at apical

region; keel in apical region long hairy on one side, short hairs along the other. Upper

glume boat shaped, c. 6 x 2 mm, acute at apex, coriaceous-subcoriaceous, 3-nerved,

central nerve keled, scabrid on dorsal surface. Lower floret staminate. Upper floret

hermaphrodite. Florets smaller and similar to that of sessile spikelets. Upper lemma

entire, acute at apex, unawned. (Plate 3 0).

Fl. & Fr.: September - October.

Habitat: Lateritic rocky plateaus.

Note: This species is distinct from other species of the genus by its swollen tumid

joints of rachis. Shows variation in the lower glume of the sessile spikelet with distinct

side nodules interconnected by shallow or prominent ridges and furrows on dorsal

167 surface to completely smooth densely hairy dorsal surface. This specie is endemic to

Peninsular India and new record to Goa.

Specimens Examined: Goa: After Asanora-lkm — Goa, 4. 11. 1969, B. M. Wadhwa

119446 (BSI); Colvale, Bardez, 29. 9. 2005, Harshala Gad 217 (GUH); Tisk Usgao,

Ponda, 12. 10. 2005, Harshala Gad & M. K. Janarthanam 271 (GUH). Maharashtra:

Amboli, 21. 10. 1990, S. R. Yadav 8251 (SUH).

Ischaemum yadavii Harshala Gad & Janarth. sp. nov. Kew Bull. (fined.).

Annuals. Culms tufted, erect, up to 45 cm high; nodes villous to glabrous, dark brown, constricted in dry condition. Leaf sheath up to 5 cm long, rounded to slightly compressed, keeled on the back, glabrous to bulbous-pilose on outer surface towards the apex; ligule subcoriaceous, triangular-ovate, c. 5 mm long, 2-keeled on the back,

subacute to obtuse at apex, bulbous-pilose nearer to the base on outer surface; leaf

blade linear to linear-lanceolate, up to 8.5 x 0.5 cm, narrowed at base in the lower

ones, rounded in the upper ones, acuminate at apex, sparsely bulbous-pilose on both

surfaces. Racemes 2, appressed together, up to 3.5 cm long, shortly exerted from

spatheolate sheath, disposed on 6.5 cm long peduncle. Peduncle terete, swollen at

apex, villous at base. Joints of rachis triquetrous, oblong-clavate, c. 3.5 mm long,

crustaceous, tridentate at apex and ciliate on dorsal angle; hairs c. 1 mm long. Sessile

spikelets oblong ovate, awned. Lower glume oblong-ovate, c. 5 x 2 mm, incurved

along margins, acute, hyaline at apex, thickly crustaceous convex to bulged in the

lower 314th region, herbaceous above, laterally keeled, smooth shiny outside, 10-11-

nerved; keels thickened with obscure wrinkles in the lower 314 th region, narrowly

winged on one side near apical region; wings serrulate. Upper glume boat-shaped, c. 5

x 2 mm, incurved along margins, subacute at apex, coriaceous, 3-5-nerved, humped

168 below middle, sharply keeled on back; margins ciliate; keel shortly winged at apex; wings serrulate. Lower floret staminate. Lower lemma elliptic-lanceolate, c. 4.5 x 1.5 mm, incurved below middle region along margins, acute at apex, subhyaline, 3-nerved, narrowly winged at apex; wing hyaline, delicate, lacerate. Lower palea elliptic- lanceolate, c. 4 x 1.5 mm, incurved along margins, subacute at apex, 2-nerved, 2- keeled. Stamens 3; connectives short; anthers c. 2 mm long, yellow. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma oblong-lanceolate, c. 4 x 2 mm, winged along margins, cleft above middle region, awned in sinus, hyaline, 3-nerved; wings hyaline, delicate, ciliate in apical region; lobes, acute; awn up to 25 mm long, twisted, geniculate, with c. 11 mm long scabrid, twisted, dark brown column. Palea oblong-lanceolate, c. 3 x 1 mm, hyaline, infolded along margins, obtuse at apex, 2-nerved. Lodicules 2, denticulate, c. 1 x 0.5 mm. Stamens 3; connectives short; anthers c. 1.5 mm long, yellow. Ovary oblong-lanceolate, c. 1 mm long; styles c. 2 mm long; stigma c. 1.5 mm

long. Pedicelled spikelets obliquely oblong-elliptic, c. 4 x 1.5 mm, subacute at apex.

Pedicel trigonous, c. 1.5 mm long, crustaceous, densely pilose on dorsal angle. Lower

glume obliquely oblong-elliptic, c. 4 x 1.5 mm, inturned along margins, subacute and

hyaline at apex, subcrustaceous or coriaceous in lower 314 th region, herbaceous in

apical region, 9-nerved, laterally keeled; keels sharply angled on one side and rounded

on the other side; rounded keel narrowly winged at apical region; wing serrulate along

margin. Upper glume obliquely ovate c. 4 x 2 mm, winged at apical region along

margins, subacute at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved, 1-keeled, scabrid in apical region on

dorsal surface; wings hyaline. Floral parts similar to that of sessile spiklet. Upper

lemma entire unawned. (Fig. 16; Plate 3 P).

Fl. & Fr.: September-October.

Habitat: Species common on open areas of lateritic rocky plateau of higher elevation.

169 Fig 16. Ischaemum yadavii Harshala Gad & Janarth. A. habit; B. joint of rachis; C. sessile and pedicelled spikelets; D-K. sessile spikelet:D. lower glume (dorsal view) E. lower glume (ventral view); F. upper glume; G. lower lemma; H. lower palea; J. upper lemma; K. upper palea; L-P. pedicelled spikelet: L. pedicel; M. lower glume (dorsal view); N. lower glume (ventral view); P. upper glume. Note: Ischaemum yadavii is similar to I. santapaui Bor but differs in the crustaceous bulged lower glume of sessile spikelets and dorsally humped, narrowly winged keel of upper glume of sessile spikelet and well developed pedicelled spikelets.

Comparative account of Ischaemum santapaui Bor and I. yadavii sp. nov.

Characters Ischaemum santapaui Ischaemum yadavii sp. nov Habit culms up to two m high, culms up to 45 cm high, tufted, densely caespitose, stilt not rooting at basal nodes. rooted at lower nodes. Inflorescence I racemes in fascicles, up to racemes not in fascicles, up to 3.5 7.5 cm long, divergent, cm long, appressed, shortly well exerted from exerted from spatheolate sheath spatheolate sheath.

Lower glume oblong, c. 4 x 1.75 mm, oblong-ovate, c. . 5 x 2 mm, of sessile coriaceous, flat in the thickly crustaceous, convex — spikelet lower % region, rounded bulged in the lower 34 region, smooth on margins. obscure wrinkles on margins. Upper glume rounded on back below humped on back below middle, of sessile middle, mucronate at keel narrowly winged at apex, spikelet apex. acute at tip

Pedicelled rudimentary with well developed, with well spikelet rudimentary glume that is developed glumes at the base of often scale like at base. the inflorescence.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Surla, 2. 10 2005, Harshala Gad & M. K. Janarthanam,

240 (GUH).

Pseudanthistiria (Hack.) Hook. f. Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 219. 1896. A genus of five species distributed in tropical and subtropical region of the

world of which four species occur in India and one in Goa.

Pseudanthistiria heteroclita (Roxb.) Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 219. 1896; Fischer in

Gamble, Fl. Madras 1749. 1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 121, t. 76. 1935;

170 Bor, Grass. India 203. 1960; Vartak, Enum. Plant. Gomantak, India. 113. 1966; Rao,

Fl. Goa 2: 512. 1986; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 252. 1989; Almeida,

Fl. Savantwadi 2: 150. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 179. 1991;

Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 573. 1996; Bhat &

Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 308. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 601. 2002.

Anthistria heteroclita Roxb. Fl. Indica 1: 253. 1820.

Annual culms slender, up to 90 cm high, geniculate at basal nodes, erect above; nodes glabrous; leaf sheath keeled, covering half the length or less than half the length of internodal region, with dense tubercle-based hairs at mouth; hairs c. 1.5 mm long; ligule a membranous rim, c. 1 mm long, truncate at apex; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, c. 5 x 0.5 cm, narrowed at base, serrate along margins, acute to acuminate at apex, scabrid, tubercle-based hairy at base, scabrid on adaxial surface, midrid prominent on abaxial surface. Panicle up to 25 cm long, lax; pseudoracemes up to 1 cm long, distant, peduncled at base, enclosed in a spathe. Peduncle angular, subspinulosely ciliate. Spathe boat shaped, c. 11 x 3 mm, hyaline along margins with submarginal tubercle-based hair, acuminate at apex, keeled on back; keel scabrid. Racemes arranged at different levels, each raceme with one sessile and two pedicelled spikelets.

Sessile spikelets oblong-lanceoalate, c. 3 x 1 mm, awned. Callus densely hairy; hair c.

1 nun long, golden brown in colour. Lower glume oblong-lanceolate, c. 3.5 x 1 mm, truncate at apex, chartaceous, 5-nerved, nerves scabrid. Upper glume linear- lanceolate, c. 3.5 x 1 mm, inturned and hyaline along margins, acute at apex, chartaceous, 5-nerved, central nerve keeled. Lower floret absent. Upper floret epaleate, hermaphrodite. Upper lemma stipitate, c. 2 mm long, subhyaline, awned; awn up to 27 mm long, genicualate, scabrid, golden brown, with c. 12 mm long twisted, dark brown column. Caryopsis oblong, c. 2 mm long. Pedicelled spikelets elliptic-lanceolate, c. 5.2

171 mm long, unawned. Pedicel linear, c. 1 mm long, densely villous. Lower glume elliptic-lanceolate, c. 5 x 1 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 10-nerved, nerves scabrid.

Upper glume lanceolate, c. 4 x 1 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved. Lodicules

2, c. 0.5 mm long. Stamens 3; anthers 2 mm long, yellow; filaments c. 0.5 mm long.

Fl. & Fr.: October - November.

Habitat: Forest hill slopes, along road cuttings.

Note: This species is similar to Pseudanthistiria hispida Hook. But differs from it by its slender habit, scabrid or hispid lower glume of sessile spikelets and by presence of submarginal tubercle-based hairs on spathe.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Amona ferry crossing, 15. 11. 1992, R. S. Rao 84794

(BSI); Gaondongri, Canacona, 15. 11. 2005, Harshala Gad 319 (GUH). Kerala:

Periye, Kasargod Dt. 2. 10. 1982, R. Ansari 74463 (MH). Maharashtra: Kas, August

1994, Bachulkar-Cholekar, 6154 (SUH); Oni, 13. 10. 1994, C. B. Salunkhe 8266

(SUH).

Saccharum L. L., Sp. Pl. 1: 54. 1753. A genus of about 40 species distributed in the tropical and subtropical region of the world, of which 17 species occur in India and two in Goa.

Key to the species 1. Culms stout; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, up to 5 cm wide, not rigid, flat; spikelets white; lower glume of sessile spikelets chartaceous, not humpd below middle region S. officinarum 1. Culms not stout; leaf blade linear, up to 0.5 cm wide, rigid, convolute; spikelet redish brown; lower glume of sessile spikelet coriaceous, humped below middle region S. spontaneum

Saccharum officinarum L., Sp. Pl. 54. 1753; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 118. 1896;

172 Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 948. 1908; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1709. 1934; Blatt. &

McCann, Bombay Grass. 46. 1935; Bor, Grass. India 212. 1960; Vartak, Enum. Plant.

Gomantak, India. 113. 1966; Britto & Matthew in Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3:

1894. 1983; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 512. 1986; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 255.

1989; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 153. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass.

185, 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 583. 1996;

Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 603. 2002.

Perennials. Culms rhizomatous, up to 200 cm high, glaucous, erect; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath rounded, rigid, margins imbricate, villous at collar and around ligule; ligule ovate, membranous, c. 5 mm long, fimbriate and acute at apex; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, up to 120 x 5 cm, narrowed and rounded at base, acuminate at apex, scabrid, midrib prominent on adaxial surface. Panicle up to 50 cm long, wide open, densely silky villous; peduncle terete, softly silky pubescent, main axis terete, softly silky pubescent, branches whorled, up to 25 cm long. Racemes up to 15 cm long.

Joints of rachis angular c. 5 mm long, discoid at apex, densely covered with long silky hairs; hairs verticillate at apex; c. 10 mm long. Spikelets in pairs; one sessile the other pedicelled. Sessile spikelets oblong-lanceolate, c. 3.5 x 0.8 mm, unawned, white.

Callus short, glabrous. Lower glume elliptic-lanceolate, c. 3 x 1 mm, inflexed, hyaline and ciliate along margins, acute at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved, lateral nerves keeled; keels scabrid above middle region. Upper glume boat shaped, elliptic-lanceolate, c. 3 x

1.2 mm, hyaline and ciliate along margins, acute at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved, central nerve keeled; keel scabrid above middle region. Lower floret epaleate, empty.

Lower lemma oblong-lanceolate, c. 3 x 1 mm, hyaline and ciliate along margins, acute at apex, hyaline, 3-nerved, nerves keeled. Upper floret epaleate, hermaphrodite. Upper lemma absent. Stamens 3; anthers c. 1.5 mm long. Ovary oblong; stigma c. 1 mm long,

173 purple in colour. Caryopsis oblongoid, c. 1 mm long. Pedicelled spikelets similar to sessile spikelets. Pedicel angular, c. 2 mm long, discoid at apex, densely covered with long silky hairs; hairs verticillate at apex; hairs c. 10 mm long.

Fl. & Fr.: October-November.

Habitat: Cultivated

Note: Cultivated 'Sugar cane'.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Gaondongri, Canacona, 15. 11. 2005, Harshala Gad 317

(GUH).

Saccharum spontaneum L., Mant. Alt. 2: 183. 1771; Hook. f., 7: 118. 1896; Cooke,

Fl. Bombay 2: 948. 1908; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1709. 1934; Blatt. &

McCann, Bombay Grass. 45, t. 31. 1935; Bor, Grass. India 214. 1960; Vartak, Enum.

Plant. Gomantak, India. 113. 1966; Matthew, Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic tt. 928 & 929.

1982; Britto & Matthew in Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1895. 1983; Rao, Fl.

Goa 2: 512. 1986; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 256. 1989; Almeida, Fl.

Savantwadi 2: 152. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 185, 1991;

Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 583. 1996; Bhat &

Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 316. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Koihapur 603. 2002.

Perennials. Culms rhizomatous, up to 120 cm high, glaucous, erect; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath rounded, up to 23 x 1 cm, rigid, shiny on inner surface, densely silky villous at collar and around ligule; ligule ovate, membranous, c. 3 mm long, acute at apex; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, up to 52 x 0.5 cm, truncate to rounded at base, acute at apex, rigid, scabrid, midrib prominent on adaxial surface, convolute in dry condition. Panicle elliptic, up to 35 x 10 cm, densely silky villous. Peduncle terete,

174 softly silky pubescent, branches whOrled, up to 12 cm long. Joints of rachis terete, c. 4 mm long, discoid at apex, densely covered with long silky hairs; hairs verticillate at discoid apex; c. 10 mm long. Spikelets in pairs; one sessile the other pedicelled.

Sessile spikelets oblong-lanceolate, c. 4 x 0.5 mm, unawned, redish-brown. Callus densely villous, c. 0.3 mm long, cuneate at base. Lower glume elliptic-lanceolate, c. 4 x 1 mm, hyaline and ciliate along margins, truncate at apex, coriaceous below middle region, chartaceous-subhyaline above, humped below middle region, 2-nerved, nerves keeled. Upper glume boat shaped, elliptic-lanceolate, c. 3.5 x 1.2 mm, hyaline and ciliate along margins, acute at apex, coriaceous in lower 314 th region, chartaceous above, 1-nerved, nerve keeled. Lower floret epaleate, empty. Lower lemma lanceolate, c. 3.2 x 0.5 mm, hyaline and ciliate along margins, acute at apex, subhyaline, 2-nerved, nerves keeled. Upper floret epaleate, hermaphrodite. Upper lemma elliptic-lanceolate, c. 1 x 0.3 mm, acute to acuminate at apex, delicate, hyaline. Lodicules 2, broadly obovate, c. 0.2 x 0.2 min, two toothed at apex, tooth ciliate at apex. Stamens 3; anthers c. 1 mm long, yellow. Ovary oblong-elliptic, c. 1 mm long; stigma c. 1 mm long, white. Pedicelled spikelets similar to sessile spikelets. Pedicel angular, c. 1 mm long, discoid at apex, densely covered with long silky hairs; hairs verticillate at abscission; hairs c. 10 mm long. (Plate 2 J).

FL & Fr.: September-March.

Habitat: Common in marsh lands, along banks of rivers and streams, sandy beaches and occasional on hill slopes.

Note: This species occupies large patches and spread easily due to its rhizomatous nature and is a very good sand binder. This species is commonly known as 'Darbha' and used in religious rituals. Species forms new distributional record to Goa.

175 Specimens Examined: Goa: Near Zuari bridge, 19. 8. 1997, M. K. Janarthanam & S.

Rajkumar 869 (GUH); Miramar, 13. 11. 2003, Harshala Gad 96 (GUH); Gullem,

Quepem, 20. 10. 2004, Harshala Gad 148 (GUH). Maharashtra: Yenere 10 Km

Southward of Junnar, 8. 10. 1965, K. Hemadri 106917 (BSI); Penganga felling series,

Kharbi range, 23. 12 1976, S. Karthikeyan 148543 (BSI); Tasgaon, 12. 9. 1993, C. B.

Salunkhe, 7506 (SUH); Gajavadi, December 1995, Bachulkar-Cholekar 20557 (SUH).

Sorghum Moench Moench, Meth. Bot. 207. 1784. A genus of about 30 species distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, of which 20 species occur in India and one in Goa.

Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Syn. Pl. 1: 101. 1805; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras

1735. 1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 55, t. 37. 1935; Bor, Grass. India 222.

1960; Matthew, Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu Camatic tt. 937 & 938. 1982; Britto & Matthew in

Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu Camatic 3: 1902. 1983; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 514. 1986;

Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 261. 1989; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala

Grass. 191, 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 598.

1996; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 606. 2002. Holcus halepensis L., Sp. Pl. 1047.

1753. Andropogon halepensis (L.) Brot. Fl. Lusit. 1: 89. 1804; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India

7: 182. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 983. 1908. Sorghum miliaceum (Roxb.) Snowden in J. Linn. Soc. 55: 207. 1955; Bor, Grass. India 212. 1960. S. miliaceum var. parvispiculum Snowden in J. Linn. Soc. 55: 1955; Bor, Grass. India 223. 1960.

Perennials. Culms up to 200 cm high, rhizomatous, erect; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath rounded, margins imbricate, ridged, keeled on dorsal surface; ligule a membranous rim, fimbriate at apex; leaf blade lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, up to 48

176 x 3 cm, narrowed and rounded to shallowly cordate at base, serrulate along the margins, acuminate at apex. Panicle pyramidal, up to 35 long, open, branches whorled, main axis angular, scabrid; primary branches up to 18 cm long; secondary branches c.

2 cm long. Rachis angular, scabrid. Sessile spikelets elliptic, c. 5 x 2 mm, awned or not, densely hairy, yellowish-brown to purplish-brown. Callus densely hairy. Lower glume ovate-elliptic, 5 x 2 mm, acute, hyaline at apex, coriaceous-crustaceous, shiny in lower 314th region, chartaceous above, 11-nerved, sublateral nerves keeled, densely hairy; keels spiculate above; hairs cream colour tuning to purplish-brown on maturity of spikelets. Upper glume elliptic-lanceolate, c. 5 x 1.8 mm, incurved, hyaline and ciliate along margins, acute and hyaline at apex, crustaceous, shiny in lower 314 th

region, subcoriaceous and hairy above, 5-nerved, central nerve keeled. Lower floret epaleate, empty. Lower lemma elliptic, c. 4 x 1.5 mm, inturned and ciliate along margins, subacute at apex, hyaline, 3-nerved, lateral nerve keeled. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma ovate-oblong, c. 3 x 2.5 mm, ciliate along margins, lobed at apex, awned in sinus, hyaline, 3-nerved; awn c. 12 mm long, with c. 6 mm long, twisted, brown column. Upper palea oblong-lanceolate, c. 2 x 0.5 mm, ciliate along margins, acute, hyaline. Lodicules obovate, c. 0.5 x 0.8 mm, denticulate, ciliate at apex. Caryopsis c. 1.8 x 1 mm, obovate, brown in colour. Pedicel linear, c. 2.5 mm, hairy on lateral sides, discoid at apex. Spikelets lanceolate, c. 6 x 1.2 mm, unawned.

Lower glume lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, c. 5.5 x 1.5 mm, ciliate along margins, acute at apex, chartaceous, 9-nerved, sublateral nerves keeled; keels spiculate above.

Upper glume lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, c. 5.0 x 1.2 mm, infolded, hyaline and ciliate along margins, acute at apex, chartaceous. Lower floret epaleate, empty. Lower lemma oblong-lanceolate, c. 4.5 x 1 mm, infolded and ciliate along margins, truncate and fimbriate at apex, subhyaline. Upper lemma oblong-elliptic, c. 3 x 1.2 mm, ciliate

177 along margins, subacute at apex, delicate hyaline. Palea obovate-oblong, c. 2.2 x 0.3 mm, ciliate along margins, obtuse at apex, delicate, hyaline. (Plate 2 K).

Fl. & Fr.: September-November.

Habitat: Rare; around habitations and along road sides.

Note: This is an introduced species commonly known as "Johnson grass' and is known to cause hay fever due to pollen allergy during flowering. Species forms new record to

Goa.

Specimens Examined: Goa: NIO residential quarters, 29. 9. 2003, Harshala Gad 79

(GUH); Molem-Anmode road, 9. 11. 2005, Harshala Gad 311 (GUH). Karnataka:

Sangameshwar, 15. 11. 1992, C. B. Salunkhe 7471 (SUH). Maharashtra: Khanvel, 5.

10. 1963, M. Y. Ansari 94234 (BSI); Gogrevadi, Junnar, 27. 10. 1964, K. Hemadri

99789 (BSI); Yawteshwar, December 1995 Bachulkar-Cholekar 21178 (SUH).

Spodiopogon Trin. Trin., Fund. Agrost. 192. 1822. A genus of about 10 species distributed in subtropical regions of the world, of which four species occur in India and in Goa.

Spodiopogon rhizophorus (Steud.) Pilger in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. Aufl. 2, 14e:

119. 1940; Bor, Grass. India 246. 1960; Vartak, Enum. Plant. Gomantak, India. 113.

1966; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 515. 1986; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 557. 1988; Karthikeyan et

al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 264. 1989; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 156. 1990;

Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 193, t. 40. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma

et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 608. 1996; Rajkumar et al., in J. Bombay Nat. Hist.

Soc. 96: 182. 1999; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 318. 2001; Yadav &

178 Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 607. 2002. Andropogon rhizophorus Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1.

381. 1854. Spodiopogon albidus Benth. in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 19: 66. 1881; Hook. f., Fl.

Brit. India 7: 108. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 947. 1908; Fischer in Gamble, Fl.

Madras, 1710. 1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 51, t. 34. 1935.

Annuals. Culms up to 150 cm high, erect, geniculate at base, stilt rooted and branching at basal nodes; nodes glabrous, purple in colour. Leaves petiolate at base; leaf sheath covering more than half the length of intemodal region, up to 12 x 1 cm, keeled on back, glabrous, shiny; ligule ovate, membranous, c. 6 mm long, lacerate at apex; petiole up to 7 cm long; leaf blade elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, up to 25 x 2.5 cm long, narrowed at base, acuminate at apex, tubercle-based hairy on both surfaces.

Panicle pyramidal, up to 15 cm long, densely silky villous, branches whorled, main axis angular. Joints of rachis linear, flattened, c. 4 mm long, densely hairy along the lateral sides and at apex; hairs c. 3 mm long, white. Sessile spikelets assymetrically oblong-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, c. 7 mm long, awned. Lower glume ovate- lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, c. 7 x 3 mm, inflexed, hyaline and ciliate at apical region along margins, 2-toothed at apex, chartaceous, shiny, 11-nerved, densely hairy on dorsal surface; hairs c. 3 mm long. Upper glume boat shaped, c. 7 x 4 mm (when spread), cuspidate in centre of truncate, lacerate apex, chartaceous, 14-nerved, central

nerve keeled, densely hairy on dorsal surface; cusp c. 1 mm long; keels , scabrid; hairs c. 3 mm long. Both the floret hermaphrodite. Lower lemma oblong to oblong- lanceolate, c. 5 x 1, truncate at apex, chartaceous, 1-3-nerved. Lower palea elliptic- lanceolate, c. 7 x 2 mm, infolded along margins, acute and sparsely ciliate at apex, hyaline, 2-nerved, 2-keeled. Stamens 3; anthers c. 5 mm long, yellow. Ovary oblong- lanceolate, c. 1 mm long; style c. 2 mm long; stigma c 3 mm long. Upper lemma oblong-lanceolate, c. 6 x 1 mm, ciliate above middle region along margins, lobed at

179 apex, awned in sinus, chartaceous, 1-nerved; lobes acute at apex; awn c. 15 mm long, geniculate, scabrid, with c. 9 mm long, twisted, brown column. Upper palea ovate- orbicular, c. 3 x 3 mm, imbricate and ciliate above middle region along margins, subacute at apex, chartaceous, shiny, 13-nerved. Pedicelled spikelets similar to sessile spikelets, awned or not. Pedicel linear, flattened, c.5 mm long, hairy on lateral sides and at apex; hairs c. 3 mm long. (Plate 2 H).

FL & Fr.: October-November.

Habitat: Common along open grassy hill slopes, along road cuttings and in moist deciduous forests at higher elevations.

Note: A forest grass with showy inflorescence.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Chorla, 8. 11. 1996, M. K. Janarthanam & Rajkumar 328

(GUH); Molem-Anmode, 19. 10. 1997, M. K. Janarthanam, Vaishali Joshi & S.

Rajkumar 1150 (GUH); Molem-Anmode, 9. 11. 2005 Harshala Gad 306 (GUH);

Chorla, 22. 11. 2005, Harshala Gad 335 (GUH). Maharashtra: Gaganbawda, 3. 10.

1989, C. B. Salunkhe 7356 (SUH); Kasani, January 1992, Bachulkar-Cholekar 3107

(SUH).

Themeda Forssk. Forssk., Fl. Aeg.-Arab. 178. 1775. A genus of about 19 species distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world; all the species occur in India and three in Goa.

Key to the species 1. Lower glume of sessile spikelets with a longitudinal slit-like groove on dorsal side; racemes comprising of 2 sessile and 3 pedicelled spikelets T tremula 1. Lower glume of sessile spikelet without longitudinal slit like groove on dorsal side; raceme comprising of solitary sessile spikelets (2) 2. Leaves subacute at apex; keels of the lower glume of the

180 involucral spikelets winged T triandra 2. Leaves acute at apex; keels of the lower glume of the involucral spikelets not winged T quadrivalvis

Themeda qudrivalvis (L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 794. 1891; Fischer in Gamble, Fl.

Madras 1746. 1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 118, 1935; Bor, Grass. India

252. 1960; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 517. 1986; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 268.

1989; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 622. 1996.

Andropogon quadrivalvis L. in Murr. Syst. Veg. ed. 13. 758. 1774. Anthistiria ciliata

L. f. Suppl. 113. 1781; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 213. 1896. Themeda ciliata (L. f.)

Hack. in DC Monogr. Phan. 6: 664. 1889; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 994. 1908.

Annual. Culms 30 - 90 cm high sparingly branched, erect or basally geniculate.

Leaf sheath glabrous or the upper one with scattered bulbous-based hairs towards mouth; ligule membranous, c. 2 mm long; leaf blade linear, c. 6 - 30 x 0.1-0.6 cm, acute at apex, hairy. Panicle long, bearing at equal distances shortly pedunculate dense clusters of racemes; racemes enclosed in spathe. Spathe linear to subulate, 1.7 - 2.5 cm long, glabrous or with scattered bulbous-based bristles; racemes 8-13 mm long, erect.

Involucral spikelet whorled, sessile, persistent, linear lanceolate, acute or acuminate at apex, 4-6 mm long, barren or staminate. Lower glume glabrous or with tubercle-based hairs along the winged keels. Pedicelled spikelets narrow, not winged, glabrous.

Fertile spikelet solitary, not exerted from the involucre, 4-5 mm long, linear- lanceolate. Callus very short, obtuse, bearded with short reddish hairs; lower glume obtuse at apex, brown, shining, obscurely 6-7-nerved. Upper glume glabrous. Lower lemma shorter than glumes, sometimes 2-toothed at apex. Upper floret hermaphrodite.

Upper lemma awned; awn 2.5-3.8 cm long, slender. Stamens 3; anthers c. 1 mm long.

Fl. Fr.: September - November.

181 Habitat: Common along grassy hill slopes.

Note:This species has been included on the authority of Rao (1986). The description is adapted from sources cited above.

Specimens Examined: Goa: On the way to Panaji-Margao, rice fields near St. Cruz village, 8. 11. 1962, R. S. Rao 84436 (BSI).

Themeda tremula (Nees & Steud.) Hack. in DC. Monogr. Phan. 6: 667. 1889; Cooke,

Fl. Bombay 2: 995. 1908; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1746. 1934; Blatt. &

McCann, Bombay Grass. 119, t. 75. 1935; Bor, Grass. India 254. 1960; Rao, Fl. Goa

2: 517. 1986; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 559. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum.

Mono. 269. 1989; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 158. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl.

Kerala Grass. 198, t. 42. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra

Monocot. 623. 1996; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 326. 2001; Yadav &

Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 608. 2002. Anthistiria tremula Nees ex Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1:

401. 1855; Hook. f. Fl. India 7: 214. 1896.

Annuals. Culms up to 150 cm high, erect, tufted; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath less than half the length of internodal region, up to 1.5 cm wide, tubercle-based hairy on dorsal surface; ligule membranous, c. 1 mm long, fimbriate at apex, light brown in colour; leaf blade linear, up to 38 x 0.8 cm, truncate to rounded at base, serrate along margins, acuminate at apex, midrib prominent, slightly keeled on dorsal surface.

Panicle lax, arising from axils of upper leaves. Racemes c. 2 cm long, enclosed in spatheolated leaf sheath, comprising of 4 involucral spikelets, 3 pedicelled spikelets and 2 sessile spikelets. Spathe up to 2.5-3 cm long, boat shaped, hairy along the margins, herbaceous, slightly keeled; keel scabrid. Involucral spikelets in 2-pairs,

182 inserted at different levels. Lower glume elliptic-lanceolate, c. 9 x 1.5 mm, narrowly winged along one margin, acute at apex, herbaceous-chartaceous, 11-nerved, tubercle- based hairy on surface; wing hyaline. Upper glume elliptic-lanceolate c. 8 x 1 mm, infolded, hyaline and ciliate along margins, acute at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved.

Lower floret absent. Upper floret epaleate, staminate. Upper lemma lanceolate, c. 5 x

1.5 mm, acute at apex, subhyaline. Stamens 3; anthers c. 4 mm long, yellow in colour.

Sessile spikelets oblong, awned, callus hairy; hairs golden-brown in colour. Lower glume oblong-ovate, c. 3.5 x 1.5 mm, truncate at apex, subcoriaceous, 5-nerved, longitudinally channeled in centre, densely hairy on dorsal surface. Upper glume oblong-ovate, c. 3 x 1.5 mm, Unturned along margins, truncate at apex, coriaceous, 3- nerved, hairy on dorsal surface; central nerve densely hairy at base, ending into pointed tip at apex; hairs brown in colour. Lemma stipitate at base, 2 mm long, awned at apex; awn up to 33 mm long, golden brown, scabrid, with c. 15 mm long column.

Stamens 3; anthers c. 2 mm long, yellow. Ovary ovate; style c. 0.5 mm long; stigma c.

2 mm long. Pedicelled spikelets elliptic-lanceolate, c. 9 x 1.5 mm, awnless. Pedicel c.

1 mm long. Lower glume elliptic-lanceolate, c. 9 x 1.5 mm, margins hyaline, acute at apex, chartaceous, 12-nerved, scabrid above middle region. Upper glume and florets of pedicelled spikelets similar to that of involucral spikelets.

FL & Fr.: August-November.

Habitat: Very common on plateau areas covered with gravel soil, along road sides, field margins, grassy hill slopes, halophytic conditions, habitations and along water courses.

Note: Cosmopolitan in distribution. A polymorphic species showing quantitative variations in its height, robust to weak culms, size of panicle, spikelets and awn and

sparse to dense hairs on lower glume of involucral spikelets. Differs from other species

183 by its sessile spikelet with longitudinal slit ike groove on dorsal surface. Forms a very good fodder grass. Cattle avoid it once spikelets mature due to its awn. This species at the end of the flowering season is tut and stacked and used as dry fodder for cattle, also used in thatching, and making Christmas crib along with other grasses such as

Dimeria species and Eulalia fimbriata (Hack) Kuntze.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Panajim, surrounding areas, 7. 1. 1963, R. S. Rao 92814

A (BSI); Surla, 3. 11. 1996, M. K. Janarthanam & S. Rajkumar 338 (GUH); Guirim,

Bardez, 6. 9. 2003, Harshala Gad 38 (GUH); Dodamarg, 8. 11. 2004, M. K.

Janarthanam 166 (GUH); Nagzar, 29. 9. 2005, Harshala Gad, 219 (GUH).

Maharashtra: Pawas, 15. 10.1990, C. B. Salunkhe 8308 (SUH); Gaganbawda, 3. 11.

1991, C. B. Salunkhe 7632 (SUH).

Themeda triandra Forssk. Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 123 & 178. 1775; Fischer in Gamble,

Fl. Madras 1746. 1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 115, t. 74. 1935; Bor,

Grass. India 254. 1960; Vartak, Enum. Plant. Gomantak, India. 114. 1966; Matthew,

Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic tt. 943 & 944. 1982; Britto & Matthew in Matthew, Fl.

Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1908. 1983; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 518. 1986; Kulkarni, Fl.

Sindhudurg 560. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 269. 1989; Almeida,

Fl. Savantwadi 2: 159. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 202. 1991;

Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 623. 1996; Bhat &

Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 322. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 609. 2002.

Anthistiria imberbis Retz. Obs. Bot. 3: 11. 1783; Hook. f., 211. 1896. Themeda imberbis (Retz.). Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 993. 1908.

Perennials. Culms stoloniferous, up to 45 cm high, tufted, erect; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath shorter than internodal region, c. 6 mm wide; ligule

184 membranous, c. 3 mm long, fimbriate at apex; leaf blade linear-oblong, up to 10 x 0.6 cm, rounded at base, subacute at apex, densely bearded at base; hairs tubercle-based hairy, c. 5 mm long. Panicle 15 cm long, lax; peduncle bearded at base of each raceme and at base of spathe. Racemes distant, spatheate; spathe boat shape, c. 2.5 x 0.6 cm, acuminate at apex, margins hyaline, herbaceous, 13-nerved, keeled on back; keel scabrid. Involucral spikelets 2-pairs, inserted at same level; whorled, sessile, persistent, staminate. Lower glume lanceolate, c. 6 x 1.5 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 7-nerved, 2-keeled, tubercle-based hairy on dorsal surface; narrowly winged on one keel; keels scabrid; hairs c. 4 mm long. Upper glume lanceolate, c. 5 x

1 mm, winged along margins, acute at apex, chartaceou, 3-nerved; wings hyaline, ciliate. Lower lemma oblong-obovate, c. 4 x 0.5 mm, winged at apical region along margins, obtuse at apex, hyaline, 1-nerved; wings delicate, hyaline, imbricate. Sessile spikelets solitary in a raceme, oblong, c. 6 mm long, awned. Callus densely hairy; hairs dark brown, shiny, c. 1.5 mm long. Lower glume oblong-lanceolate, c. 5 x 1.5 mm, obtuse at apex, coriaceous, 7-nerved, covered with dense rufous brown hairs or bristly hairs on dorsal surface. Upper glume oblong, c. 4.5 x 1 mm, truncate at apex, coriaceous, 3-nerved, densely hairy on central nerve. Lemma stipitate, 2 mm long, chartaceous at base, awned at apex; awn c. 53 mm long, geniculate with 25 mm long column; column covered with dense brown bristles. Lower palea oblong-ovate, c. 4 x 1 mm, subacute to acute at apex, hyaline. Caryopsis oblongoid, c. 3 mm long. Pedicelled

spikelets elliptic-lanceolate, empty. Pedicel linear, c. 2 mm long, chanelled on ventral

surface, glabrous. Lower glume lanceolate, c. 6 x 1 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous,

12-nerved, nerves scabrid. Upper glume and floral parts of pedicelled spikelets similar to that of of involucral spikelets. (Plate 2 I)

Fl. & Fr.: October - November.

185 Habitat: Occasional along the banks of streams, hill slopes.

Note: This species is occasional in occurrence in study area. This species differs from other species of the genus by its leaves which are subacute at apex, and narrowly winged keel of lower glume of involucral spikelets.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Surla, Satari, 22. 11. 2005, Harshala Gad 342 (GUH).

Maharashtra: Ambolim, 22. 10. 1990, S. R. Yadav 8076 (SUH); Kargaon, November

1995, Bachulkar-Cholekar, 20783 (SUH). Tamil Nadu: Kaveri river, Yevcaud Salem

Dt. 4. 11. 1968, D. B. Deb 31253 (MH).

Vetiveria Lem.-Lisanc. Lem.-Lisanc. in Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris 1822: 43. 1822. A genus of about 10 species distributed in tropical region of the world, of which two species occur in India and one in Goa.

Vetiveria zizanoides (L.) Nash in Small, Fl. South east U. S. 67. 1903; Fischer in

Gamble, Fl. Madras 1733. 1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 65, t. 40. 1935;

Bor, Grass. India 258. 1960; Vartak, Enum. Plant. Gomantak, India. 117. 1966;

Matthew, Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic U. 955 & 956. 1982; Britto & Matthew in

Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1913. 1983; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 518. 1986; Kulkarni,

Fl. Sindhudurg 560. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 269. 1989;

Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 161. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 202.

1991; Lakshminanasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 623. 1996; Bhat

& Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 324. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 611.

2002. Phalaris zizanoides L., Mant. Pl. 2: 183. 1771. Andropogon squarrosus L. f.,

Suppl. Pl. 433. 1781 (nom. conf.); Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 186. 1896; Cooke, Fl.

Bombay 2: 991. 1908.

186 Perennials. Culms rhizomatous, up to 130 cm high, tufted, erect; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath up to 26 x 1.2 cm, rounded, glabrous; ligule a fimbriate rim, c.

0.5 mm long; leaf blade linear c. 26 x 0.4 cm, rounded at base, acuminate at apex; twisted in dry condition. Panicle pyramidal, up to 30 cm long, branches whorled, up to

7 cm long; rachis up to 2.5 cm long, filiform. Joints of rachis trigonous, c. 5 mm long, scabrid on angles. Sessile spikelets lanceolate, c. 4 x 1 mm, spinulose, awnless. Callus glabrous. Lower glume lanceolate, c. 3.5 x 0.8 mm, acute, coriaceous, 5-nerved, muriculate on nerves; spines c. 0.8 mm long. Upper glume boat shaped, c. 3.2 x 0.1 mm, hyaline and ciliate along margins, acute at apex, coriaceous, 5-nerved, muriculate on lateral nerves. Lower floret epaleate, empty. Lower lemma elliptic-lanceolate, c. 3 x

1 mm, ciliate along margins, acute at apex, hyaline, faintly 2-nerved. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma oblongoid, c. 2.5 x 1 mm, shortly notched at apex, cuspidate in sinus, delicate, hyaline, 1-3-nerved. Upper palea oblongoid, c. 2.5 x 0.8 mm, delicate, hyaline. Stamens 3; anthers c. 2 mm long. Ovary elliptic. Pedicelled spikelets lanceolate, c. 3 x 0.8 mm, acute, awnless, muriculate. Pedicel linear, flattened, c. 2 x 0.2 mm, serrulate on lateral margins, dilated at apex. Lower glume lanceolate, c. 3 x 1 mm, inturned along margins, acute at apex, coriaceous, 5-nerved, muriculate on dorsal surface, spines c. 0.5 mm long. Upper glume boat shaped, c. 3 x 1 mm, hyaline and ciliate along margins, acute at apex, coriaceous, 3-nerved, central nerve keeled; keel muriculate above middle region. Lower floret epaleate, empty.

Lower lemma lanceolate, c. 3 x 0.5 mm, retrorsely ciliate at apical region along margins, hyaline, faintly 2-nerved. Upper floret staminate. Upper lemma oblongoid, c.

2 x 0.5 mm, notched at apex, mucronate to cuspidate in sinus, delicate, hyaline, 1- nerved. Upper palea oblongoid, c. 2 x 0.5 mm, delicate, hyaline, 2-nerved, 2-keeled.

(Fig. 17)

187 Fl. & Fr.: July - November.

Habitat: Common in water logged fields and along fresh water courses; grown along the railway tracks and on cut surfaces of hills.

Note: This species forms dense clumps on bunds of paddy fields and gives dense network of roots thus making it a very good soil binder. Due to its dense rooting system, it is grown along hill cuttings and railway tracks to prevent soil erosion. This species is locally known as 'valo' or 'khus' and is known for its cooling properties. The khus flavored drinks are prepared and sold in local markets during summer season to combat heat. The roots of this species yield aromatic oils commonly known as 'Khus oil' which is known for its medicinal properties. The roots of this grass are woven into mat, moistened and hanged in the room to give cooling effect; roots are also used as insect repellent. This grass is used various purposeisand is only found growing as wild ti a grass, cultivation of this grass on large scale can be taken up in the state as it has lot of demand due to its economic importance.

Comparative account of Vetiveria zizanoides (L.) Nash and V. lawsonii Characters Vetiveria zizanoides V. lawsonii Joints of rachis and glabrous with basal tuft of hairs pedicels Callus galbrous bearded Lower glume of sessile muriculate on nerves. Lower glume with a row spikelets of marginal tubercles which get bigger upward becoming spinulose.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Shirlim, Salcete, 17. 7. 2004, Harshala Gad 121 (GUH);

Mollem, 2. 11. 2004, Harshala Gad 159 (GUH).

188 1 mm

F G

1 mm

E D

1 MM

C B

Fig 17. Vetiveria zizanoides (L.) Nash. A. habit; B. sessile and pedicelled spikelet; C- E. sessile spkelet: C. lower glume (dorsal view); D. lower glume (ventral view); E. upper glume; F. Lower glume of pedicelled spikelet; G. upper glume of pedicelled spikelet. Subtribe: Maydeae

Key to the genera

1. Male and female inflorescence arranged at different level of same inflorescence; female spikelets enclosed in a single modified leaf sheath forming a lacrymoid shape involucre Coix 1. Male and female inflorescence arranged at different position on same plant; female in the axils of leaves and male in terminal panicle; female spikelet enclosed in many folds spatheate leaf sheath Zea

Coix L. L. Sp. Pl. 972. 1753.

A genus of about five species distributed in tropical Asia, of which four species occur in India and One in Goa.

Coix lacryma-jobi L. Sp. Pl. 972. 1753; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 100. 1896; Cooke,

Fl. Bombay 2: 997. 1908; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1705. 1934; Blatt. &

McCann, Bombay Grass. 3, t. 1. 1935; Bor, Grass. India 264. 1960; Vartak, Enum.

Plant. Gomantak, India. 113. 1966; Matthew, Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic tt. 834 & 835.

1982; Britto & Matthew in Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1826. 1983; Rao, Fl.

Goa 2: 494. 1986; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 514. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind.

Enum. Mono. 199. 1989; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 118. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair,

Fl. Kerala Grass. 207. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra

Monocot. 438. 1996; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 254. 2001; Yadav &

Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 568. 2002.

Perennial. Culms up to 200 cm high, stilt rooted at basal node, internodes angular; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath less than half the length of internodal region, margins imbricate, keeled on dorsal surface, tubercle-based hairy at apical region on dorsal surface; upper one enclosing inflorescence spatheolate; ligule a membranous

189 rim c. 2 mm long; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, up to 45 x 2.5 cm, narrowed and rounded to cordate at base, serrulate along the margins, acuminate at apex; smooth to tubercle-based hairy on both surfaces, midrib prominent. Inflorescence fascicled long peduncled spike, enclosed in spatheolate sheath. Spikelets unisexual, male and female florets enclosed in separate spikelets. Female spikelets enclosed in a modified leaf- sheath forming a lacrymoid shape crustaceous involure. Lower glume broadly ovate, c.

10 x 5 mm, broadly apiculate at apex, subhyaline. Upper glume similar to the lower glume. Lower and upper floret similar, lower floret empty, upper floret pistillate.

Lemma broadly ovate, c. 8 x 4 mm, acute at apex, hyaline, 3-nerved. Palea linear oblong, c. 9 x 1.5 mm, acute at apex, hyaline, 2-nerved. Ovary ovate; style c. 5 mm long; stigma c. 15 mm long, deep purple in colour. Caryopsis oblong-ovate, c. 3 x 2 mm.

Fl. & Fr.: September - November.

Habitat: Common in water stagnated areas, marshy lands, marshy fields margins.

Note: Occupies large areas in marshland, used as fodder grass before flowering.

Lacrymoid shape fruits are used in making rosaries and for decoration purposes.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Verlem, 12. 10. 1970, N. P. Singh 125350 (BSI);

Between Onda-Molem, 13. 9. 1965 John Cherian 106151 (BSI); Ciba Campus, 4. 1.

1997, Vaishali Joshi & S. Rajkumar 462 (GUH); Karmali, Tiswadi, 1. 10. 2003,

Harshala Gad 80 (GUH). Maharashtra: Pasarni Ghat, 8. 10. 1990, C. B. Salunkhe

7253 (SUH); Vasota, 12. 1992. Bchulkar-Cholekar 3223 (GUH).

Zea L. L. Sp. Pl. 971. 1753.

A monotypic genus, species mostly cultivated in all tropical region of the

190 world.

Zea mays L. Sp. Pl. 971. 1753; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 102. 1896; Cooke, Fl.

Bombay 2: 1051. 1908; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1704. 1934; Blatt. & McCann,

Bombay Grass. 2. 1935; Bor, Grass. India 270. 1960; Vartak, Enum. Plant. Gomantak,

India. 117. 1966; Britto & Matthew in Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1914.

1983; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 519. 1986; Matthew, Further Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic U. 955

& 956. 1982; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 273. 1989;

Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 635. 1996; Bhat &

Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 326. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 611. 2002.

A tall monoecious grass. Cu1ms up to 200 cm high, erect, stilt rooted at basal

nodes; nodes villous. Leaf sheath coving more than half the length of intemodal

region; ligule ovate, c. 5 mm long, membranous, fimbriate at apex, lined by tubercle-

based hairs; leaf blade lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, up to 5 cm wide, rounded to

amplexicaul at base, acuminate at apex. scabrid along margins. Spikelets unisexual.

Male and female inflorescence arranged at different positions on same plant. Female

spikelets axillary, a stout, terete, oblong, compact spike, enclosed in many folds of

spathes (modified leaf sheath). Rachis thickened in central cylinder, inarticulate,

spongy when young. Female spikelet 1-fid, sessile, densely fitted vertically on terete

rachis. Lower and upper glume broadly ovate, emarginate, at apex. Lemma hyaline.

Palea hyaline. Ovary ovoid; style very long protruding out from the spathes, glassy

white turning to purple or brown once the grain matures. Grains large, subglobose,

laterally compressed, milky white in colour when young turnig to turmeric yellow to

deep purple colour on maturity. Male inflorescence a terminal panicle, racemes

spreading. Male spikelet binate, one sessile the other pedicelled, placed on decurent

191 projections on inarticulated rachis. Rachis angular, pubescent. Sessile and pedicelled spiklets similar. Pedicel angular, c. 5 mm long. Spikelet elliptic-lanceolate, c. 7 x 2 mm. Lower glume elliptic-lanceolate, c. 6 x 3 mm, hyaline and densely ciliate along margins, acute at apex, chartaceous, pubescent, 5-nerved, lateral nerves keeled. Upper glume elliptic, c. 6.5 x 2 mm, infolded and ciliate along margins, acute at apex, chartaceous, 5-nerved. Lower lemma elliptic-lanlceolate, c. 6 x 2 mm, ciliate above middle region along margins, acute at apex, hyaline, 1-nerved. Lower palea elliptic- lanceolate, c. 7 x 2 mm, acute and ciliate at apex, hyaline, 2-nerved. Stamnes 3; anthers c. 5 mm long, yellow. Upper lemma oblong-lanceolate,c. 6 x 1.5 mm, acute at apex, hyaline. Upper palea oblong-lanceolate, c. 4.5 x 1 mm, obtuse at apex, hyaline.

Fl. & Fr.: December - March.

Habitat: cultivated.

Note: Cultivated for its edible grains or corns, and as fodder for cattle.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Taleigao, 18. 2. 2005, Harshala Gad 174 (GUH).

Subtribe: Rottboelliinae

Key to the genera

1. Joints and spikelets reduced to a tail like appendage towards apex; sessile spikelets sunken in the cavities of rachis (2) 1. Joints and spikelets uniformly developed without a tail like appendages at apex; sessile spikelets not sunken in the cavities of rachis (3)

2. Pedicelled spikelets present; lower glume with smooth dorsal surface 2. Pedicelle spikelets absent; lower glume of sessile spikelet with shallow grid like ornamentation on dorsal surface Ophiuros

3. Racemes shortly exerted from spatheolated sheath; lower glume of sessile spikelets acute to subacute at apex Mnesithea 3. Racemes well exerted from spatheolated sheath; lower glume of sessile spikelets aristate at apex, arista single or divergent Glyphochloa

192

Glyphochloa W. D. Clayton W. D. Clayton in Kew Bull. 35: 815. 1981.

A genus of about 10 species, endemic to Peninsular India of which nine species

occur in Goa.

Key to the species

1. Lower glume of sessile spikelets with single arista at apex (2) 1. lower glume of sessile spikelets with 2-aristae at apex .(6)

2. Lower glume of sessile spikelets with only transverse ridges (3) 2. Lower glume of sessile spikelets with both vertical and transverse ridges G. acuminata

3. Lower glume of sesile spikelets with upwardly directed transverse collar (4) 3. Lower glume of sessile spikelets with downwardly directed crescent shaped collars G. goaensis

4. Lower glume of sessile spikelet with straight collar like stucture G. henryi 4. Lower glume of sessile spikelet with semi lunar shaped collar like stucture (5)

5. Lower glume of sessile spikelets with single semi lunar shaped collar; lower glume of pedicelled spikelets with broad wing at apex; wing c. 0.8 mm wide; joints of rachis subtumid G. veldkampii 5. Lower glume of sessile spikelets with 1 to many, overlapping semilunar shaped collars; lower glume of pedicelled spikelets narrow wing at apex; wing c. 0.5 mm wide; joints of rachis tumid G. talbotii

6. The lower glume of sessile spikelet smooth or pitted or with reticulate ornamentation (7) 6. The lower glume of sessile spikelet not with pitted or reticulate ornamentation (8)

7. Lower glume of sessile spikelets with or without upwardly pointing hooks along margins and on dorsal surface G. ratnagirica 7. Lower glume of sessile spikelet without upwardly pointing hooks along margins and on dorsal surface G. divergens

8. Lower glume with subequal broad wings at apical region and with continuous to discontinuous vertical ridges on dorsal surface and with or without tubercles along margins G. forficulata 8. Lower glume with unequal smaller wings and with upwardly pointing tubercles along margins and on dorsal surface G. mysorensis

193 Glyphochloa acuminata (Hack.) W. D. Clayton in Kew Bull. 35: 815. 1981.

Species of about 3 varieties endemic to Peninsular India, all three species occur in

Goa.

Key to the varieties 1. Transverse and vertical ridges on lower glume of sessile spikelets not prominent, forms shallow grid like ornamentations; glumes short awned (< 7 mm long) G. acuminata var. woodrowii 1. Transverse and vertical ridges on lower glumes of sessile spikelets prominent, forms prominent grid like ornamentations; glumes long awned (> 7 mm long) (7)

2. Ridges on lower glume of sessile spikelets directed upwards, 3 or 4 in number; lower glume of pedicelled spikelets shortly aristate G. acuminata var. acuminata 2. Ridges on lower glume of sessile spikelet directed down wards, 3-5 in number; lower glume of pedicelled spikelet long awned (> 1 mm long) G. acuminata var. stocksiii

Glyphochloa acuminata (Hack.) W. D. Clayton var. acuminata in Kew Bull. 35:

815. 1981; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 532. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum.

Mono. 224. 1989; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 106. t. 19. 1991;

Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 498. 1996; Bhat &

Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 278. 2001. Rottboellia acuminata Hack. in DC.

Monogr. Phan. 6: 291. 1889; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 155. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay

2: 953. 1908. Manisuris acuminata (Hack) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 779. 1891; Fischer in Gamble Fl. Madras 1713. 1934; Bor, Grass. India 115. 1960; Vartak, Enum. Plant.

Gomantak, India. 113. 1966; Jain in Bull. Bot. Suv. India 12: 9 (1970) 1972; Rao, Fl.

Goa 2: 507. 1986; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 148. 1990. Peltophorus acuminata

(Hack.) A. Camus in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 27: 317. 1921; Blatt. & McCann,

Bombay Grass. 34. 1935.

194 Annuals. Culms up to 40 cm high, erect; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath less than half the length of intemodal region, c. 2.5 x 0.3 cm; ligule membranous, ovate, c. 1 mm long, lacerate at apex; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, c. 10 x 0.3 cm, truncate at base, acute to acuminate at apex. Racemes solitary, c. 5 cm long. Peduncle terete, villous.

Joints of rachis fused with pedicel, oblong, c. 3.5 x 1.2 mm, discoid to cup shaped at apex, 3-nerved, coriaceous, smooth. Sessile spikelets elliptic-oblong, c. 10 x 1.3 mm

(including 5 mm long cusp). Lower glume elliptic-oblong, c. 10 x 1.3 mm, narrowly inturned along margins, winged on both sides at apical region, cuspidate at apex, coriaceous below middle region, chartaceous above middle region, 7-nerved; wings unequal, c. 0.4 mm long; cusp broader at base, c. 5 mm long; coriaceous region with vertical and transeverse ridges on dorsal surface; transverse ridges 5 in number, directed upward, fimbriate. Upper glume elliptic-lanceolate, c. 3 x 1 mm, inflexed along margins, acute at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved. Lower floret staminate. Lower lemma elliptic-lanceolate, c. 3 x 1 mm, narrowly winged along margins, subacute at apex, hyaline, 3-nerved; wings ciliate. Palea elliptic-lanceolate, c. 1.5 x 0.5 mm, narrowly winged along margins, subacute at apex, delicate, hyaline, 2-nerved; wings c.

0.3 nun wide, hyaline, infolded. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma ovate- oblong, c. 1.5 x 1 mm, narrowly winged along margins, shallowly lobed or lacerate at apex, hyaline, 3-nerved; wings delicate, hyaline. Palea oblong, c. 1.5 x 1 mm, obtuse at apex, delicate, hyaline. 2-nerved. Ovary elliptic. Pedicelled spikelets elliptic-oblong, c.

6 x 1.5 mm. Lower glume elliptic-oblong, c. 6 x 1.5 mm, winged along the margins at apical region, cuspidate at apex, subcoriaceous, 6-nerved; wings unequal, c. 0.5 mm wide on one side and c. 0.2 mm on the other; cusp subhyaline to chartaceous, c. 3 mm

long. Upper glume elliptic-lanceolate, c. 3 x 1 mm, chartaceous, 3-nerved, central

nerve keeled; keel winged above middle region; wings chartaceous, c. 0.5 mm wide.

195 D

Fig 18. Glyphochloa acuminata (Hack.) W. D. Clayton var. acuminata A. habit; B. fused joint of rachis and pedicel; C. sessile and pedicelled spikelet; D. lower glum of ,sessile spikelet; E. upper glume of sessile spikelet; F-H. F. Pedicelled spikelet; G. lower glume; H. upper glume. Lower and upper floret staminate, floral parts similar to that of sessile spikelets. (Fig.

18; Plate 2 L).

FL & Fr.: August - November.

Habitat: Lateritic rocky plateaus and under growth in forest patches near lateritic rocky plateaus; rare on plateaus with gravel and soil cover.

Note: Differs from other species and varieties of the genus by its lower glume with upwardly pointing ridges on dorsal surface. Cattle are seen relishing this grass.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Tilamol, 1. 10. 1997, Vaishali Joshi & S. Rajkumar 1057

(GUH); Goa University campus, Taleigao, 9. 9. 1997, M. A. Fonseca 1014 (GUH); St.

Xavier's college campus, Mapusa, 4. 10. 2002, M. A. Fonseca 1054 (GUH); Tilamol,

14. 9. 2005, Harshala Gad 208 (GUH). Maharashtra: Devgad, 4. 10. 1992, S. R.

Yadav 8719 (SUH).

Glyphochloa acuminata (Hack.) W. D. Clayton var. stocksii (Hook. f.) W. D.

Clayton in Kew Bull. 35: 815. 1981; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 224.

1989; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 499. 1996; Bhat

& Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 279. 2001. Rottboellia acuminata Hack. var. stocksii

Hook. f., Fl. Brit India 7: 155. 1896. Manisuris acuminata var. stocksii (Hook. f.) Jain in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 12: 9. (1970) 1972.

Annual. Culms up to 25 cm high, tufted, erect; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath covering less than half the length of internodal region; ligule membranous; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, c. 8 x 0.3 mm, rounded to truncate at base, acuminate at apex, glabrous. Racemes solitary, terete, up to 6 cm long; peduncle galbrous. Joints of rachis fused with pedicel, oblong, c. 3.5 x 1.2 mm, discoid to cup shaped at apex, 3-nerved,

196 coriaceous, smooth. Sessile spikelets elliptic-oblong, c. 13 x 1.3 mm. Lower glume elliptic-oblong, c. 13 x 1.3 mm, margins narrowly inturned, winged on both sides at apical region, cupidate at apex, coriaceous below middle region, chartaceous above middle region, 7-nerved; wings unequal, c. 0.4 mm, wide; cusp c. 5 mm long, c. 0.5 mm wide at base; coriaceous region with continuous transverse raised ridges, up to 5 in number, directed downward. Upper glume elliptic-lanceolate, c. 3 x 1.2 mm, inflexed along margins, acute at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved. Lower floret staminate.

Lower lemma elliptic-lanceolate, c. 3 x 1 mm, narrowly winged along margins, subacute at apex, hyaline, 3-nerved; wings ciliate. Palea elliptic-lanceolate, c. 1.5 x 0.5 mm, winged along the margins, subacute at apex, delicate, hyaline, 2-nerved; wings c.

0.3 mm wide, hyaline, infolded. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma ovate- oblong, c. 1.5 x 1 mm, narrowly winged along margin, shallowly lobed or lacerate at apex, hyaline, 3-nerved; wings delicate, hyaline. Palea oblong, c. 1.5 x 1 mm, obtuse at apex, delicate, hyaline, 2-nerved. Ovary elliptic. Pedicelled spikelets elliptic-oblong, c.

6 x 1.5 mm. Lower glume elliptic-oblong, c. 6 x 1.5 mm, winged at apical region on both sides; cuspidate at apex, subcoriaceous, 6-nerved; wings unequal, c. 0.5 mm wide on one side and c. 0.2 rtun on the other; cusp c. 3 mm long, subhyaline to chartaceous.

Upper glume elliptic-lanceolate, c. 3 x 1 mm, chartaceous, 3-nerved, central nerve keeled; keel winged above middle region; wings chartaceous, c. 0.5 mm wide. Lower and upper floret staminate; floral parts similar to that of sessile spikelets. (Plate 2 M).

Fl. & Fr.: September - October.

Habitat: Lateritic rocky plateaus.

Note: This variety has been included on the authority of Fonseca (2003). This variety is similar to Glyphochloa acuminata (Hack.) W. D. Clayton var. acuminata W. D.

Clayton but differs from it in having downwardly pointing continuous transverse

197 ridges on dorsal surface of lower glume of sessile spikelets.

Specimens Examined: Maharashtra: Malwan 3. 10 1993, S. R. Yadav 8776 (GUH).

Glyphochloa acuminata (Hack.) W. D. Clayton var. woodrowii (Bor) W. D. Clayton in Kew Bull. 35: 815. 1981; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 530. 1988; Karthikeyan et al.,

Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 221. 1989; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl.

Maharashtra Monocot. 499. 1996; Joshi & Janarth. J. Biogeogr. 31: 1236. 2004.

Manisuris acuminata (Hack) Kuntze var. woodrowii Bor, Grass India 191. 1960; Jain in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 12: 10. (1970) 1972; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 507. 1986; Almeida, Fl.

Savantwadi 2: 148. 1990.

Annual. Culms up to 50 cm high, tufted, erect; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath rounded on back, covering less than half the length of internodal region, c. 3 x 0.3 mm, glabrous, the one enclosing inflorescence are sparsely hairy; ligule membranous, c. 1 mm long, truncate to lacerate at apex; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, c. 8 x 0.3 mm, truncate to rounded at base, acute at apex, lower blades glabrous, upper ones sparsely hairy on ventral surface. Racemes solitary, terete, up to 5.5 cm long; peduncle terete, puberulous. Joints of rachis fused with pedicel, oblong, c. 3 x 1.3 mm, with bulbous callus knob at base, discoid or cup shaped at apex, coriaceous, smooth, 3-nerved.

Sessile spikelets oblong, c. 4 x 1 mm. Lower glume oblong, c. 4 x 1 mm, narrowly inturned along margins, winged on both sides at apical region, acute at apex, coriaceous below middle region, chartaceous above middle region, 7-nerved, coriaceous region ornamented on dorsal surface with shallow transverse and vertical ridges; wings unequal, c. 0.5 mm wide. Upper glume oblong-lanceolate, c. 2.5 x 1 mm, narrowly inturned along margins, acute at apex, chartaceous, shiny, 3-nerved. Lower floret empty or staminate. Lower lemma ovate-oblong, c. 2 x 1 mm, narrowly winged

198 along margins, acute at apex, subhyaline, 3-nerved. Palea elliptic-lanceolate, c. 1.8 x

0.5 mm, infolded along margins, acute at apex, delicate, hyaline, 2-nerved, nerves keeled. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma ovate-oblong, c. 1.8 x 0.8 mm, narrowly winged along margins, obtuse at apex, hyaline, 3-nerved; wings delicate, hyaline. Palea oblong-lanceolate, c. 1.2 x 0.5 mm, infolded along margins, obtuse at apex, delicate, hyaline, 2-nerved. Ovary elliptic. Pedicelled spikelets asymmetrically ovate-elliptic, c. 3 mm long. Lower glume ovate-oblong c. 3 x 1.5 mm, narrowly winged on one side at apical region, acute to subacute at apex, chartaceous, 6-nerved; wing c. 0.3 mm wide, chartaceous. Upper glume boat shaped, c. 2.5 x 1 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 3-5-nerved, keeled on back; keel winged above; wing chartaceous, c. 5 mm long. Lower and upper floret staminate; floral parts similar to that of sessile spikelets. (Plate 2 N)

Fl. & Fr.: September - October.

Habitat: Lateritic rocky plateaus, and as under growth in forest patches near lateritic rocky plateaus, rarely on plateaus with gravel and soil cover.

Note: This variety is similar to Glyphochloa acuminata (Hack.) W. D. Clayton var. acuminata W. D. Clayton but differs from it in its lower glume of sessile spikelets with shortly aristate apex and obscure to shallow ridges and furrows on dorsal surface.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Taleigao, 3. 10. 1996, Vaishali & S. Rajkumar 354

(GUH); St. Xavier's college campus, Mapusa, 17. 10. 2001, M. A. Fonseca 1040

(GUH); Goa University campus, 11. 9. 2003, Harshala Gad 46 (GUH). Maharashtra:

Ratnagiri, 29. 9. 1991, S. R. Yadav 8786 (SUH).

199 Glyphochloa divergens (Hack.) W. D. Clyton in Kew Bull. 35: 815. 1981;

Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 225. 1989; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala

Grass. 108. 1990; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 499.

1996; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 583. 2002. Rottboellia divergens Hack. in DC

Monogr. Phan. 6: 292. 1889. Manisuris divergens (Hack.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2:

799. 1891; Bor, Grass. India 701. 1960; Jain Bull. Bot. Surv. India 12: 10. (1970)

1972.

Annuals. Cu1ms up to 20 cm high, tufted, erect, sparsely hairy, genicualate at basal nodes; nodes bearded. Leaf sheath keeled on back, basal ones longer than intemodal region, upper ones half the length of intemodal region, up to 2.5 x 0.4 cm, tubercle-based hairy on abaxial surface and at mouth; ligule membranous, c. 1 mm long, lacerate at apex; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, up to 10 x 0.3 cm, truncate at base, acuminate at apex, tubercle-based hairy on both the surfaces. Racemes axillary or apical, shortly exerted from spatheolated sheath, up to 2.5 cm long, terete, glabrous, pale green to purplish in colour. Peduncle filiform, swollen at apex, densely tubercle- based hairy. Joints of rachis fused with pedicel, oblong, c. 1.5 x 1 mm, narrowed at base, cup shaped and bearded at apex. Sessile and pedicelled spikelets dissimilar.

Sessile spikelets oblong-ovate. Lower glume oblong-ovate c. 2.5 x 1 mm, margins broadly winged at apical region on both sides, cleft in center; both wings aristate at apex, chartaceous to subcoriaceous, 9-nerved, pitted or grid like ornamentation formed by shallow transverse and vertical ridges on dorsal suface; wings equal, c. 1 mm wide, chartaceous, fimbriate or serrulate along margins, cusps c. 1 mm long, scabrid. Upper glume ovate-lanceolate, c. 2 x 1 mm, inturned along margins, chartaceous, 3-nerved.

Lower floret staminate. Lower lemma ovate, c. 1.5 x 1 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous,

2-nerved, 2-keeled. Palea elliptic-ovate, c. 1.2 x 0.8 mm, hyaline, acute at apex.

200

1 mm

F

1 mm D

C

Fig 19. Glyphochloa divergens (Hack.) W. D. Clyton. A. habit; B. fused joint and pedicel; C. lower glume of sessile spikelet; D. upper glume of sessile spikelet; E. lower glume; F. upper glume of pedicelled spikelet. Lodicules 2, denticulate at apex. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma oblong- ovate (when spread) to ovate-lanceolate, c. 1.2 x 1 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 2- nerved, nerves keeled. Palea elliptic-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, c. 1 x 0.5 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous. Caryopsis oblong, c. 1 x 0.5 mm. Pedicelled spikelets lanceolate. Lower glume lanceolate, c. 3.2 x 1 mm, margins inturned, winged on one side at apical region, cuspidate at apex, chartaceous, 6-nerved; wing c. 3 mm long, fimbriate along margins; cusp c. 1.5 mm long. Upper glume boat shaped, c. 3 x 1 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 5-nerved, keeled on central nerve; keel winged; wing hyaline, fimbriate along margin. Florets epty; floral parts similar to that of sessile spikelets. (Fig. 19; Plate 2 0).

Fl. & Fr.: October - November.

Habitat: Along seasonal stream on lateritic rocky plateaus with lots of soil cover and along perennial stream banks; species grows as individuals or in clumps.

Note: This species has smaller culms compared to other species in the genus. The lower glume is pitted or with grid like ornamentation formed by shallow ridges and furrows on dorsal surface. Occurrence of this species forms new record to the Goa and extended distribution for this species.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Surla, Saari, 22. 11. 2005, Harshala Gad 339 (GUH).

Karnataka: Talacauvery, Coorg, 4. 11. 2002, M. K. Janarthanam 1056 (GUH).

Glyphochloa forficulata (C. E. C. Fischer) W. D. Clayton in Kew Bull. 35: 815.

1981; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 225. 1989; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl.

Kerala Grass. 108. 1990; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra

Monocot. 500. 1996; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 280. 2001; Yadav &

201 Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 583. 2002. Manisuris forficulata C. E. C. Fischer in Kew Bull.

1933: 353. 1933; Fischer in Gamble Fl. Madras 1761. 1934; Bor, Grass. India 192.

1960; Jain in Bull. Bot. Surv. Ind. 12: 12. 1970; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 148. 1990.

Rottboellia divergens auct non Hack. 1889; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. India 7: 155. 1896;

Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 952. 1908. Peltophorus divergens sensu Blatt. & McCann,

Bombay Grass. 34, t. 23. 1935.

Annuals. Culms up to 24 cm high, tufted, tubercle-based hairy, branching at basal node; nodes villous. Leaf sheath rounded to laterally compressed, keeled, covering more than half the length of internodal region, upper ones enclosing inflorescence spatheolate; ligule ovate, membranous, c. 1 mm long; leaf blade liner- lanceolate, up to 8 x 0.2 cm, truncate at base, densely tubercle based hairy on both surfaces. Raceme solitary, up to 5 cm long. Peduncle terete, densely tubercle based hairy. Joint of rachis fused with pedicel, oblong, narrowed at base, truncate at apex, c.

1.5 x 1.2 mm, subcoriaceous. Sessile spikelets elliptic-oblong. Lower glume elliptic- oblong, c. 3 x 1 mm (excluding hooks along the margins), with lateral hooks in basal region and winged at apical region along margins, forked at apex, wings aristate at apex, coriaceous, convex on dorsal surface with continuous or discontinuous ridges below middle region, 7-nerved; hooks pointing upward, bearded at apex; wings equal, c. 2 x 0.5 mm, subcoriaceous, serrulate along margins; cusp c. 3 mm long, scabrid.

Upper glume elliptic, c. 2 x 0.8 mm, delicate, hyaline wings along margins, acute at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved, lateral nerves keeled; wings infolded, ciliate above middle region. Lower floret empty. Lower lemma elliptic-oblong, c. 2 x 2 mm, delicate, hyaline wings along margins, acute at apex, hyaline; wings infolded, ciliate.

Palea lanceolate, c. 1 x 0.5 mm, cleft at apex, delicate, hyaline. Upper lemma elliptic- ovate, c. 1.5 x 1 mm, acute at apex, hyaline, 1-nerved. Palea oblong-lanceolate, c. 1 x

202 0.5 mm, acute at apex, delicate, hyaline. Caryopsis elliptic, c. 0.8 mm long. Pedicelled spikelets elliptic-lanceolate. Lower glume elliptic-oblong, c. 3 x 1 mm, (excluding wings and cusp), narrowly inturned along margins, winged on one side at apical region, aristate at apex, chartaceous, 3-5 nerved; wing c. 4 x 1 mm, chartaceous- subcoriaceous; arista c. 3 mm long, scabrid. Upper glume boat shaped, c. 3 x 1 mm, narrowly inturned along margins, cuspidate at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved, central nerve keeled, keel winged; cusp c. 1 mm long, scabrid; wing c. 2.5 x 1 mm, chartaceous. Lower floret empty, upper floret staminate; floral parts similar to that of sessile spikelets. (Plate 2 P).

Fl. & Fr.: September - October.

Habitat: Lateritic rocky plateaus.

Note: Species similar to Glyphochloa mysorensis (Jain & Hemadri) W. D. Clayton but differ from it in having pale green culms, glumes with broader wings at apex and vertical continuous or discontinuous ridges on dorsal surface. Cattle are seen relishing this grass.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Surla 14. 10. 2004, M. A. Fonseca 1038 (GUH); Surla,

Saari, 2. 10. 2005, Harshala Gad & M. K. Janarthanam 137 (GUH). Maharashtra:

Kas, 1. 9. 1991, C. B. Salunkhe, 8716 (SUH).

Glyphochloa goaensis (R. S. Rao & Hemadri) W. D. Clayton in Kew Bull 35: 815.

1981; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 533. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono.

225. 1989; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 500. 1996.

Manisuris goaensis R. S. Rao & Hemadri in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 10: 106. 1968; Jain in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 12: 14. 1970. Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 507. 1986; Almeida, Fl.

203 Savantwadi 2: 148. 1990.

Annuals. Culms up to 55 cm high, slender, tufted, erect, branching at basal node; nodes villous. Leaf sheath rounded, keeled on back, covering more than half the length of intemodal region, c. 0.5 cm wide, ciliate along one margin, margins imbricate; ligule membranous, fimbriate at apex c. 1 mm long; leaf blade liner- lanceolate, up to 18 x 0.5 cm truncate at base, sparsely hairy along margins, acute at apex. Raceme solitary, up to 10 cm long. Peduncle terete, villous. Joint of rachis fused with pedicel, obovate-subclavate, c. 3 x 1.5 mm, subcoriaceous. Sessile spikelets ovate. Lower glume ovate, c. 5 x 2 mm, narrowly inturned, with or without lateral hooks along margins, with narrow wings at apical region on both sides, aristate at apex, chartaceous-subcoriaceous, convex below middle region, with downwardly pointing Y2 - 2 semi lunar shape continuous, transverse collar, 10-nerved; hooks bearded at apex; wings unequal, membranous; arista broad at base, c. 15 mm long, scabrid. Upper glume oblong-elliptic, c. 3.2 x 1.2 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 3- nerved, lateral nerves keeled, central nerve winged on back above middle region; keels scabrid at basal region; wing chartaceous-subhyaline, serrate along margins. Lower floret staminate. Lower lemma elliptic-lanceolate, c. 3 x 1.2 mm, narrowly inturned along margins, acute at apex, subhyaline, 2-nerved, nerves keeled. Palea oblong- lanceolate, c. 2.5 x 1 mm, winged along margins, obtuse at apex, hyaline, 2-nerved, nerves keeled. Stamens 3, connectives c. 2 mm long, anthers c. 1.5 mm long, yellow.

Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma oblong-lanceolate, c. 2.5 x 1 mm, infolded wings along margins, obtuse at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved, lateral nerves keeled.

Palea lanceolate, c. 2.5 x 0.8 mm, narrowly infolded at base along margins, subacute, subhyaline, 2-nerved, nerves keeled. Ovary ovate, c. 0.5 mm long. Pedicelled spikelets ovate-oblong. Lower glume ovate-oblong, c. 5 x 2 mm, narrowly inturned and winged

204 Fig 20. Glyphochloa goaensis (R. S. Rao & Hemadri) W. D. Clayton A. habit; B. fused joint of rachis and pedicel; C. sessile and pedicelled spikelet; D. lower glume of sessile spikelet; E. upper glume of sessile spikelet; F. lower glume of pedicelled spikelet; G. upper glume of pedicelled spikelet. at apical region on one side along margins, cuspidate at apex, chartaceous, 6- nerved; wing c. 0.5 mm wide, chartaceous; cusp c. 12 mm long, scabrid. Upper glume boat shaped, c. 3 x 1.5 mm, chartaceous, 3-nerved, central nerve keeled, keel winged above; wing c. 1 mm wide, chartaceous. Lower floret empty, upper floret staminate, floral parts similar to that of sessile spikelets. (Fig. 20; Plate 2 Q).

F!. & Fr.: August - November.

Habitat: Dry lateritic rocky plateaus.

Note: Growing in association with Ischaemum semisagittatum Roxb. Differ from other species of the genus by its slender culms and downwardly pointing crescent shaped vertical collars.

Specimens Examined: Goa: After Asanora, 4. 11. 1969. B. M. Wadhawa 119445

(BSI); Loliem, 10. 9. 1997, Vaishali Joshi & S. Rajkumar 355 (GUH); Pernem-

Colvale plateau, 16. 9. 2001, M. A. Fonseca 1036 (GUH); Porvorim, 20. 9. 1997, M.

A. Fonseca 1015 (GUH); Ponda, Usgao, 21. 10. 2001, M. A. Fonseca 1044 (GUH);

Shiroda, 20. 9. 2004, M. K. Janarthanam 124 (GUH); Kunaim, Ponda, 28. 8. 2005,

Harshala Gad & M. K. Janarthanam 185 (GUH); Colvale, Bardez, 29. 9. 2005,

Harshala Gad, 216 (GUH); Dodamarg, 9. 10. 2005, Harshala Gad & M. K.

Janarthanam, 258 (GUH). Maharashtra: Malwan, 3. 10. 1993, C. B. Salunkhe 8802

(SUH).

Glyphochloa henryii Janarth, Joshi et Rajkumar, Rheedea 10: 99. 2000.

Annuals. Cu1ms up to 72 cm high, slender, tufted, erect; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath covering less than half the length of internodal region, up to 5 mm wide, keeled on back, glabrous; ligule a truncat membrane, fimbriate at apex, c. 1 mm long; leaf

205 blade lanceolate to liner-lanceolate, up to 16 x 0.6 cm, truncate at base, acuminate at apex, glabrous, fleshy. Raceme solitary, terete, up to 7.5 cm long. Peduncle terete, villous, bearded at base. Joint of rachis fused with pedicel, subclavate, c. 4 mm long, subcoriaceous, fimbriate at apex, hairy at base; hairs c. 1 mm long. Sessile spikelets ovate, c. 5 x 2 mm. Lower glume ovate, c. 5 x 2 mm (excluding arita), narrowe and truncate at base, narrowly inturned along margins, winged on both sides at apical region, cuspidate at apex, subcoriaceous in lower 314 th region, 7-nerved, lower 314 th

region convex, with a continuous, transverse, truncate collar like ridge, directed upward; collar wavy to sparsely fimbriate at apex; wings equal, membranous; arista c.

8 mm long, broad at base narrowed and scabrid at apex. Upper glume ovate-oblong, c.

3.5 x 1.5 mm, narrowly inturned along margins, acute at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved, lateral nerves keeled. Lower floret empty or staminate. Lower lemma ovate-lanceolate c. 3.5 x 2 mm, winged along margins, obtuse at apex, subhyaline, 2-nerved, nerves keeled; wings delicate, hyaline, ciliate. Palea oblong-lanceolate, c. 3 x 1.2 mm, winged along margins, obtuse at apex, hyaline, 2-nerved, nerves keeled; wings delicate, hyaline. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma ovate-lanceolate, c. 3 x 1.5 mm, winged along margins, acute-subacute at apex, subhyaline, 3-nerved; wings infolded.

Palea oblong-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, c. 2.5 x 1.2 mm, winged along margins, hyaline, 2-nerved, 2-keeled; wings infolded. Ovary ovate. Pedicelled spikelets oblong.

Lower glume oblong, c. 5 x 1.5 mm, narrowly inturned along margins, winged at apical region on one side, aristate at apex, subcoriaceous, 5 - nerved, scaberulous; wing c. 0.5 mm wide, chartaceous; cusp c. 7 mm long, scabrid. Upper glume boat

shaped, c. 5 x 2 mm, acute at apex, coriaceous, 3-nerved, central nerve keeled; keel

winged above middle region; wing broad at apex, c. 2 mm wide, chartaceous, lacerate

along margin. Lower floret empty, upper floret staminate, floral parts similar to that of

206 Fig 21. Glyphochloa henryii Janarth., Joshi et Rajkumar A. habit; B. fused joint of rachis and pedicel; C. sessile and pedicelled spikelet; D. lower glume of sessile spikelet; E. upper glume of sessile spikelet; F-H. pedicelled spikelet; F. lower glume (dorsal view); G. lower glume (ventral view); H. upper glume of pedicelled spikelet. sessile spikelets. (Fig. 21; Plate 2 R).

FL & Fr.: September - October.

Habitat: Occasional on lateritic rocky plateaus.

Note: This species is similar to Glyphochloa goaensis (Rolla Rao & Hemadri) W. D.

Clayton but differs in having longer cuims and upwardly directed single transverse collar on dorsal surface of lower glume of sessile spikelets. Exclusively endemic to

Goa.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Tisk-Usgao, 27. 9. 1998, M. K. Janarthanam, Vaishali

Joshi & S. Rajkumar 1661- Isotype (GUH); Tisk-Usgao, 21. 10. 2001, M. A. Fonseca

1042 (GUH); Tisk-Usgao, Ponda, 12. 10. 2005, Harshala Gad & M. K. Janarthanam

270 (GUH); Calem, Sanguem, 12. 10. 2001, Harshala Gad & M. K. Janarthanam 284

(GUH).

Glyphochloa mysorensis (Jain & Hemadri) W. D. Clayton in Kew Bull. 35: 815.

1981; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 534. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono.

225. 1989; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 501. 1996;

Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 583. 2002. Manisuris mysorensis Jain & Hemadri in

Bull. Bot. Surv. India 10: 280. 1969; Jain in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 15. 1970; Almeida,

Fl. Savantwadi 2: 149. 1990.

Annuals. Cu1ms up to 15 cm high, tufted, hairy above basal internodal region, branching at each node; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath longer than or as long as intemodal region, lower ones laterally compressed to rounded, upper ones enclosing inflorescence spatheolate, c. 2 x 0.4 cm, tubercle-based hairy, midrib keeled on dorsal surface; ligule ovate, membranous, c. 1 mm long, obtuse at apex; leaf blade liner-

207 lanceolate, up to 6 x 0.3 cm, rounded to truncate at base, acuminate at apex, basal ones glabrous, upper ones tubercle-based hairy. Raceme solitary, up to 2.8 cm long.

Peduncle terete, densely tubercle based hairy. Joint of rachis linear-oblong, c. 2 x 1.2 mm, coriaceous, narrowed and fused at base with pedicel. Sessile spikelets ovate- oblong. Lower glume ovate-oblong, c. 3.5 x 1.2 mm (excluding marginals hooks, and aristate apex), narrowly inturned along margins, and winged on both sides at apical region, forked and aristae at apex, chartaceous-subcoriaceous, 6-nerved; subcoriaceous region convex, covered with dense to sparse hooks on dorsal surface and along lateral sides; wings equal, c. 1.5 x 0.5 mm, subcoriaceous, serrulate along margins; cusp c. 6 mm long, scabrid; hooks pointing upward, bearded at apex. Upper glume elliptic- oblong, c. 2.5 x 1 mm, margins inflexed, acute at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved. Lower floret empty. Lower lemma elliptic-oblong, c. 2 x 1 mm, subacute at apex, hyaline.

Palea lanceolate, c. 2 x 0.5 mm, margins inflexed, acute at apex, hyaline. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma elliptic-oblong, c. 1.5 x 0.8 mm, acute at apex, subhyaline. Palea oblong, c. 1.5 x 0.5 mm, lobed at apex, delicate, hyaline. Caryopsis elliptic-oblong, c. 1.2 x 0.5 mm long. Pedicel oblong-clavate, c. 2 x 1 mm, scabrid on lateral angle. Pedicelled spikelets ovate-oblong. Lower glume ovate-oblong, c. 3 x 1.8 mm, (excluding wings and arita), narrowly inturned along margins, narrowly winged on one side at apical region, aristate at apex, chartaceous, 7-nerved, hispid on dorsal surface; arista c. 9 mm long, scabrid. Upper glume boat shaped, c. 3 x 1.2 mm, narrowly inturned along margins, aristate at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved, central nerve keeled, keel winged at apical region; cusp c. 6 mm long, scabrid; wing c. 2 x 1 mm, chartaceous. Lower floret empty, upper floret staminate, floral parts similar to that of sessile spikelets. (Plate 2 S).

Fl. & Fr.: September-October.

208 Habitat: Plateaus of higher elevation.

Note: This species is similar to Glyphochloa forficulata (C. E. C. Fischer) W. D.

Clayton but differs from it in having smaller wings at apex and upwardly pointing tubercles on dorsal surface of the lower glume of sessile spikelets. Species forms new distributional record to Goa. Cattle are seen relishing this grass.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Surla, Saari, 2. 10. 2005, Harshala Gad & M. K.

Janarthanam 238 (GUH). Maharashtra: Amboli 10. 9. 1989, C. B. Salunkhe 8691

(SUH); Kas, November 1995, Bachulkar-Cholekar, 20180 (SUH); Amboli, 16. 9.

2001, M. A. Fonseca 1031 (GUH); Tilari, 16. 9. 2001, M. A. Fonseca 1032 (GUH).

Glyphochloa ratnagirica (Kulkarni & Hemadri) W. D. Clayton in Kew Bull. 35: 815.

1981; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 534. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono.

225. 1989; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 501. 1996.

Manisuris ratnagirica Kulkarni & Hemadri in Indian Forester 100: 250. 1974;

Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 149. 1990.

Annuals. Culms up to 30 cm high, tufted, branching at second node; nodes

glabrous. Leaf sheath less than or more than half the length of internodal region, c. 3 x

0.3 cm, keeled on back, tubercle-based hairy on dorsal surface; ligule ovate,

membranous, c. 2 mm long, fimbriate at apex; leaf blade liner- lanceolate, up to 8.5 x

0.3 cm, rounded to truncate at base, acuminate at apex, tubercle-based hairy on both

surfaces. Raceme solitary, terminal, up to 6 cm long, sparsely hairy. Peduncle terete, c.

8 mm long, sparsely hairy. Joint of rachis fused with pedicel, subclavate, c. 2.5 mm

long, subcoriaceous, hairy at apex, 3-nerved. Sessile spikelets oblong, callus short,

densely hairy; hairs c. 1 mm long. Lower glume oblong, c. 4 x 2 mm (excluding

209 marginals hooks and aristate apex) narrowly inturned along margins, winged on both side at the apical region, forked and aristate at apex, chartaceous-subcoriaceous, 7- nerved, with shallow ridges and furrows forming reticulate ornamentation and with or upwardly pointing sparse hooks on dorsal surface and along the lateral sides, hooks on dorsal surface sometimes absent; wings equal; arista c. 6 mm long, scabrid; hooks bearded at apex. Upper glume oblong-lanceolate, c. 3 x 1 mm, margins inflexed, acute at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved, central nerve keeled. Lower floret empty. Lower lemma oblong-lanceolate, c. 3 x 1 mm, subacute at apex, subhyaline. Palea oblong, 3 x

0.8 mm, margins inflexed, delicate, hyaline, obtuse at apex, hyaline. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma elliptic-oblong, c. 2.2 x 1 mm, acute at apex, subhyaline,

3-nerved. Palea oblong-lanceolate, c. 2.2 x 0.8 mm, winged along margins, acute at

apex, delicate, hyaline; wings infolded. Ovary oblong. Pedicelled spikelets ovate-

oblong. Lower glume ovate-oblong, c. 3 x 1.5 mm, (excluding wings and arista),

winged at apical region on one side, aristate at apex, chartaceous, 4 - 6-nerved; wings

c. 0.8 mm wide, chartaceous-subhyaline; arista c. 8 mm long, scabrid. Upper glume

boat shaped, c. 3 x 1.2 mm, acute at apex, coriaceousc, 3-nerved, central nerve keeled,

keel winged on back above middle region; cusp c. 6 mm long, scabrid; wing broad, c.

1 x 2 mm, chartaceous. Lower and upper floret staminate, floral parts similar to.that of

sessile spikelets. (Plate 2 T).

Fl. & Fr.: September - November.

Habitat: Plateaus of higher elevation.

Note: Culms longest among the forked apex species of this genus. Racemes are

sparsely villous, lower glume of sessile spikelets shows reticulate ornamentation with

or without sparse hooks or sparse hairs on dorsal surface and upwardly pointing

tubercle hooks along margins and with or without sparse tubercles on dorsal surface.

210 Cattle are seen relishing this grass.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Surla, 7. 11. 2001, M. A. Fonseca 1046 (GUH); Surla, 2.

10. 2005, Harshala Gad & M. K. Janarthanam 236 (GUH). Maharashtra: Amboli, 10.

9. 1989, C. B. Salunkhe 8701 (SUH).

Glyphochloa talbotii (Hook. f.) W. D. Clayton in Kew Bull. 35: 816. 1981;

Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 225. 1989; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 502. 1996. Rottboellia talbotii Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7:

155. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 954. 1908. Manisuris talbotii (Hook. f.) Bor, Grass.

India 192. 1960; Vartak, Enum. Plant. Gomantak, India. 113. 1966; Rao, Fl. Goa 2:

507. 1986; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 149. 1990. Peltophorus talbotii (Hook. f.) A.

Camus in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 27: 371. 1921; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass.

35. 1935.

Annuals. Culms up to 35 cm high, tufted, erect; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath rounded and keeld on back, lower ones as long as internodal region, upper ones more than half the length of internodal region., fleshy; ligule ovate, membranous, c. 2 mm long; leaf blade liner-lanceolate, up to 8 x 0.5 cm, rounded at base, acute at apex, glabrous, fleshy. Raceme solitary, terete, up to 4 cm long. Peduncle terete, glabrous.

Joint of rachis fused with pedicel, tumid, c. 2 x 2.5 mm, coriaceous-crustaceous, fimbriate at base and at apex. Sessile spikelets oblong. Lower glume ovate-oblong, c. 6 x 2 mm (excluding arista), winged on both sides at apical region, narrowed and truncate at base, cuspidate at apex, subcoriaceous, 7-nerved, 2-keeled, convex or humped on dorsal surface below middle region, humped region covered with 1-3

semilunar shape overlapping continous collars; wings unequal, c. 3 x 0.8 mm, lacerate

along margins membranous; arista c. 10 mm long, broad at base narrowed at apex,

211 chartaceous, scabrid at apex; collars directed upward, glabrous to fimbriate along apex.

Upper glume oblong, c. 3 x 1.2 mm, narrowly inturned along margins, acute at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved. Lower floret empty or staminate. Lower lemma ovate-oblong c.

3 x 1 mm, margins infolded, subacute at apex, hyaline, 2-nerved, nerves keeled. Palea elliptic-lanceolate, c. 2.5 x 0.8 mm, acute at apex, delicate, hyaline. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma oblong, c. 3 x 1.2 mm, wiged along margins, acute- subacute at apex, subhyaline, 3-nerved; wings infolded. Palea oblong-lanceolate c. 2.5 x 1 mm, winged along margins, delicate, hyaline, 2-nerved, 2-keeled; wings infolded.

Ovary ovate. Pedicelled spikelets oblong-ovate. Lower glume oblong-ovate, c. 3 x 1.5 mm (excluding arista), margins narrowly inturned, winged above on one side, aristate at apex, subcoriaceous; wing narrowly broadening from base to apex, c. 0.5 mm wide, chartaceous-subhyaline; arista c. 10 mm long, scabrid. Upper glume boat shaped, c. 3 x 1.2 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved, central nerve keeled; keel winged on back above middle region; wing broad at apex, c. 3 mm wide, subhyaline, serrate along margin. Lower floret empty, upper floret staminate; floral parts smaller than and similar to that of sessile spikelets. (Fig. 22; Plate 2 U).

FL & Fr.: August - October.

Habitat: Lateritic rocky plateaus.

Note: This species differs from other species in having tumid joints of rachis and

lower glume of sessile spikelets with over lapping, upwardly directed semilunar shape

collars. This grass is relished by cattle.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Chimbel, 9. 11. 1963, R. S. Rao, 92892 (BSI);

Bambolim, 3. 9. 1997, M. A. Fonseca 1008 (GUH); Goa University campus, 11. 9.

2003, Harshala Gad 47 (GIH): Verna, Salcete, 10. 10. 2003, Harshala Gad 88 (GUH).

212 B

Fig 22. Glyphochloa talbotii (Hook. f.) W. D. Clayton A. habit; B. fused joint of rachis and pedicel; C. sessile and pedicelled spikelet; D. lower glume of sessile spikelet; E. upper glume of sessile spikelet; F. lower glume of pedicelled spikelet; G. upper glume of pedicelled spikelet. Glyphochloa veldkampii M. A. Fonseca & Janarth., Rheedea 13: 35. 2003.

Annuals. Culms up to 45 cm high, tufted, erect; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath half the length or more than half length of internodal region, keeled on back; upper ones enclosing inflorescence spatheolate; ligule a membranous rim, c. 1 mm long, leaf blade linear-lanceolate, up to 8 x 0.5 cm, rounded to truncate at base, acute at apex, glabrous, shiny. Racemes solitary, terete, up to 5.5 cm long, glabrous. Peduncle terete, bearded at apex at juncture of raceme base. Joints of rachis fused with pedicel, subtumid, c. 3 x 2 mm, coriaceous, fimbriate at base. Sessile spikelets elliptic-ovate.

Lower glume eliptic-ovate, c. 5 x 2 mm (excluding arista), narrowed and truncate at base, narrowly inturned along margins, winged on both sides at apical region, aristate at apex, coriaceous, 9-11-nerved, convex or humped on dorsal surface below middle region, hump covered with single semilunar shaped continuous collar; cusp c. 10 mm

long, chartaceous, broader at base, narrowed at apex, scabrid; collar directed upward,

glabrous to bearded at lateral edges. Upper glume oblong-ovate, c. 3 x 1 mm, narrowly

inturned along margins, acute at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved, central nerve keeled.

Lower floret staminate. Lower lemma oblong, c. 2.5 x 1 mm, margins infolded, obtuse

at apex, delicate, hyaline. Palea oblong, c. 2 x 0.8 mm, margins infolded, 2-nerved,

delicate, hyaline. Stamens 3, anthers c. 1.2 mm long, yellow. Upper floret

hermaphrodite. Upper lemma elliptic-oblong, c. 2 x 1 mm, narrowly inturned along

margins, obtuse at apex, subhyaline, 3-nerved. Palea elliptic, c. 1.8 x 0.8 mm, delicate,

hyaline, subacute at apex. Pedicelled spikelets elliptic-oblong. Lower glume elliptic-

oblong, c. 5 x 1.5 mm (excluding wing and arista), winged on one side at apical

region, aristate at apex, coriaceous, 5-nerved; wing c. 0.8 mm wide, subcoriaceous;

cusp c. 8 mm long, scabrid. Upper glume boat-shaped, c. 3 x 1 mm, narrowly inturned

213 Fig 23. Glyphochloa veldkampii M. A. Fonseca & Janarth. A. habit; B. fused joint of rachis and pedicel; C. lower glume of sessile spikelet; D. upper glume of sessile spikelet; F-H. pedicelled spikelet: F. pedicelled spikelet; G. lower glume; H. upper glume. along margins, acute at apex, subcoriaceous, 3-nerved, central nerve keeled, winged at apical region; wing broad, c. 2 x 2 mm, chartaceous. Both florets staminate. Lower lemma elliptic-lanceolate, c. 2.5 x 1 mm, margins hyaline, infolded, acute at apex, chartaceous to subhyaline. Palea ovate-oblong, c. 2.5 x 1.2 mm, winged along margins, subacute at apex, subhyaline, 2-nerved, nerves keeled; wings hyaline, infolded. Upper lemma oblong, c. 2 x 1 mm, subacute at apex, delicate, hyaline. Palea oblong, c. 2 x 0.8 mm, subacute at apex, delicate, hyaline. (Fig. 23; Plate 2 V).

Fl. & Fr.: October-November.

Habitat: Lateritic rocky plateaus

Note: This species closely resembles Glyphochloa talbotii (Hook. f.) W. D. Clayton

but differs from it in having subtumid joints of rachis, lower glume with single

semilunar shaped collar on dorsal surface of lower glume of sessile spikelets, broadly

winged lower glume of pedicelled spikelets. The broad wing of lower glume of sessile

spikelets conceals the lower glume of sessile spikelets in the racemes and hence can be

easily identified in field. This species is exclusively endemic to Goa.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Molem-Casauli, 12. 10. 2005, Harshala Gad & M. K.

Janarthanam 281 (GUH).

Mnesithea Kunth Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 153. 1829.

A genus of about six species, distributed in India, Ceylon and South east Asia,

of which four species occur in India and one in Goa.

Mnesithea clarkei (Hack.) Koning & Sosef in Blumea 31: 290; Karthikeyan et al., Fl.

Ind. Enum. Mono. 238. 1989; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra

214 Monocot. 538. 1996; Rajkumar et al., in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 96: 182. 1999;

Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 591. 2002. Rottboellia clarkei Hack. in Oesterr. Bot.

Zeitschr. 41: 8. 1891; Hook. f., Fl. Brit India 7: 156. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 954.

1908. Coelorachis clarkei (Hack.) Blatt. & McCann, in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 32:

33. 1927 & Bombay Grass. 41, 1935; Bor, Grass. India 191. 1960; Jain in Bull. Bot.

Surv. India 12: 10. f. 1. (1970) 1972.

Annuals. Culms up to 45 cm high, tufted, erect; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath covering less than half the length of intemodal region, rounded, slightly keeled, c. 3.5 x 0.6 cm, prominently nerved, densely tubercle-based hairy at mouth; hairs c. 1.5 mm long; ligule membranous, c. 1 mm long, fimbriate at apex; leaf blade lanceolate, up to

8 x 1 cm, rounded at base, margins serrulate, acute at apex, densely tubercle-based hairy on both the surfaces. Racemes when young enclosed in a spatheolated leaf sheath, shortly exerted, up to 3 cm long, terminal to axillary, axillary ones arising from axils of leaves above first node. Joints of rachis inverted pyrifom to subclavate, c. 1.5 x 1 mm, discoid at apex, coriaceous or cuspidate, ciliolate on dorsal surface. Sessile spikelets oblong-ovate, c. 2.2 x 1.2 mm, unawned. Lower glume oblong-ovate, c. 2.2 x

1.2 mm, inflexed along margins, winged on both sides, subacute at apex, crustaceous in lower 314th region, chartaceous above, 3-nerved; wing unequal, chartaceous, 0.3 mm

wide, rounded along one side and 0.2 mm wide, confined to apical region on the other,

both wings with sparse 2 or 3 hairs at apical region. Upper glume elliptic-lanceolate, c.

1.2 x 1 mm, narrowly inflexed along margins, acute at apex, subcoriaceous, 3-5-

nerved, central nerve keeled. Lower floret epaleate, empty. Lower lemma ovate, c. 1.5

x 1 mm, acute at apex, hyaline, delicate. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma

ovate-oblong, c. 1.5 x 1 mm, obtuse at apex, subhyaline. Palea ovate-oblong, c. 1.5 x 1

mm, obtuse at apex, subhyaline. Pedicelled spikelets ovate-oblong, c. 2 x 1 mm.

215 I H

1 mm

G

F E

C

Fig 24. Mnesithea clarkei (Hack.) Koning & Sosef A. habit; B. joint of rachis; C. lower glume of sessile spikelet; E. upper glume of sessile spikelet; F-I. pedicelled spikelet: F. pedicel; G. pedicelled spikelet; H. lower glume; I. upper glume. Pedicel subclavate, c. 1.5 x 0.5 mm, coriaceous, hirsute on dorsal surface. Lower glume ovate-oblong, c. 2 x 1 mm, inflexed along margins, narrowly winged on one side, acute to subacute at apex, coriaceous, shiny, sparsely hairy in lower 314 th region, chartaceous above, 3-nerved; wing c. 0.3 mm wide, chartaceous, sparsely ciliate at apical region. Upper glume boat shaped or elliptic-lanceolate, c. 2 x 1 mm, acute at apex, subcoriaceous, 3-nerved, central nerve keeled; keel winged on back above basal region; wings c. 0.3 mm wide, chartaceous, sparsely ciliolate at apical region. Florets of pedicelled spikelets similar to that of sessile spikelets. Lower floret staminate, upper floret hermaphrodite. (Fig. 24)

Fl. & Fr.: October — November.

Habitat: Rare on cut surfaces of hill slopes along road sides of ghat region.

Note: This species could not be located from the location from where it was collected earlier. The habitat is prone to land sliding and hence considered lost from that area; this species is endemic to Peninsular India.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Chorla, 8. 11. 1996, M. K. Janarthanam, Vaishali Joshi

& S. Rajkumar, 331 (GUH).

Ophiuros Gaertn. Gaertn. F., Fruct. 3: 3. 1805. A genus of about four species, distributed in tropical regions of the world, of which four species occur in India and one in Goa.

Ophiuros bombaiensis Bor in Kew Bull. 167. 1951;Bor, Grass. India 186. 1960;

Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 543. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 240.

1989; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 541, 1996; Bhat

216 & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 303. 2001.

Annuals. Culms up to 70 cm high, erect, tufted; nodes glabrous, swollen. Leaf sheath shorter than internodal region, rounded to laterally compressed, up to 6 x 0.8 cm, fleshy; ligule a membranous rim, lacerate at apex; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, up to 35 x 0.8 cm, rounded to truncate at base, acuminate at apex, glabrous, fleshy. Spike terminal, terete, up to 15 cm long, joints and spikelets reduced to a tail like stucture at apex. Peduncle terete, glabrous. Joints of rachis hollowed on ventral surface, and rounded on dorsal surface, c. 5 mm long. Pedicelled spikelet absent. Sessile spikelet sunken in the cavities of joints, oblong, c. 3.5 x 1 mm. Lower glume oblong, c. 3 x 1 mm, narrowly inturned along margins, minutely winged at apical region, obtuse at apex, coriaceous, 7-9-nerved, with grid like ornamentation formed by the shallow ridges and furrows on dorsal surface. Upper glume oblong-lanceolate, c. 3 x 1 mm, inturned along margins, acute at apex, chartaceous, shiny, 1-nerved. Lower floret male. Lower lemma oblong, c. 2.5 x 1.2 mm, inturned along margins, narrowly winged at apical region, obtuse at apex, hyaline. Lower palea lanceolate, c. 2.5 x 1 mm, acute at apex, delicate, hyaline, 2-nerved, 2-keeled. Stamens 3; anthers c. 1.5 mm long, yellow in colour. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma ovate-oblong, c. 2.5 x 1.5 mm, winged along margins, truncate at apex, hyaline, 1-3 nerved; wings broad, hyaline, lacerate along margins. Upper palea elliptic-lanceolate to lanceolate, c. 2 x 1 mm, narrowly winged at apical region along margins, acute at apex, hyaline, 2-nerved, nerves keeled: Ovary ovate, c. 0.2 mm long; stigma c. 1 mm long; silvery white; style

c. 0.5 mm long. (Fig. 25)

Fl. & Fr.: September-October.

Habitat: Cultivated paddy fields.

217 F

Fig 25. Ophiuros bombaiensis Bor A. habit; B. joints of rachis; C. lower glume; D. , upper glume; E. lower lemma; F. lower palea; G. upper lemma; H. upper palea. Note: Makes very good fodder; species is endemic to peninsular, Vaishali and

Janarthanam (2004) reported it from Goa (2004).

Specimens Examined: Goa: Sanguem, 22. 9. 1997, Vaishali Joshi & S. Rajkumar,

1028 (GUH); Chinchinim, Salcete, 14. 10. 2005, Harshala Gad, 209 (GUH).

Maharashtra: Aajgaon, 30. 8. 1992, S. R. Yadav 8115 (SUH).

Rottboellia L. f. L. f., Gram. Gen. 23. 1779.

A genus of about four species distributed in tropical and subtropical region of the world, of which one species occur in India and in Goa.

Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) W. D. Clayton in Kew Bull. 35 (4): 817-818.

1981; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 255. 1989; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl.

Kerala Grass. 183, 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra

Monocot. 582. 1996; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 603. 2002. Stegosis cochinchinensis Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 1: 51. 1790. Rottboellia exaltata L. f. Suppl. 114.

1781 non (L.) L. f. 1779; Hook. f., Ft Brit. India 7: 156. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2:

955. 1908; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1759. 1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay

Grass. 38, t. 27. 1935; Bor, Grass. India 206. 1960; Matthew, Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu

Carnatic tt. 926 & 927. 1982; Britto & Matthew in Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3:

1894. 1983.

Perennials. Culms up to 200 cm high, erect, stilt rooted at basal node; nodes

glabrous. Leaf sheath shorter than intemodal region, rounded, c. 8 x 1 cm, basal

sheaths covered with tubercle-based long bristles; ligule a membranous rim, c. 1 mm

long, fimbriate at apex; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, up to 57 x 2 cm, narrowed and

218 rounded at base, serrulate along margins, acuminate at apex, hispid on abaxial surface.

Racemes fascicled, axillary and terminal, up to 8 cm long, terete, ending into reduced imperfect spikelets, yellowish green in colour. Joints of raches hollow, rounded on dorsal surface, c. 5 x 3 mm, abscission slightly oblique. Sessile spikelets ovate, c. 4 mm long, sunken in cavities of joints. Callus 1 mm long, glabrous. Lower glume ovate-oblong to broadly deltoid, 4.2 x 2 mm, inturned along margins, narrowly winged at apical region on both sides, obtuse at apex, coriaceous-crustaceous, scaberulous on dorsal surface, 12-nerved. Upper glume boat shaped, c. 3 x 4 mm, chartaceous, 9-11- nerved, 2-keeled, winged at apical region. Lower floret male. Lower lemma ovate- oblong, c. 3 x 2 mm, acute at apex, subcoriaceous, 3-nerved. Lower palea elliptic- lanceolate, c. 3 x 1.5 mm, acute at apex, subcoriaceous, shiny. Stamens 3; anthers c. 2 mm long, yellow in colour. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma ovate-orbicular, c. 3 x 3 mm, winged along margins, obtuse at apex, hyaline, 1-nerved, nerve keeled; wings delicate, hyaline. Palea oblong-lanceolate, c. 2 x 1.5 mm, acute at apex, delicate, hyaline. Ovary elliptic, c. 2 x 1 mm long; style c. 1.5 mm; stigma c. 2 mm long, purple in colour. Pedicelled spikelets elliptic-lanceolate, c. 5 x 2 mm. Pedicel oblong- subclavate, c. 4 x 2 mm, with tooth like projection at apex, coriaceous, 6-nerved, scaberulous. Lower glume oblong-elliptic, c. 5 x 2 mm, inturned along margins, obtuse at apex, chartaceous, 12-15-nerved, lateral nerves keeled; keels narrowly winged; wings serrate along margins. Upper glume asymmetrically elliptic-oblong, c. 4 x 1.5 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, hirsute on dorsal surface, 2-keeled. Lower and upper floret staminate. Lower lemma elliptic-lanceolate, c. 3 x 1 mm, acute at apex, delicate, hyaline, 2-nerved, nerves keeled. Upper lemma elliptic-lanceolate, c. 3.5 x 1 mm, inturned along margins, hyaline, 3-nerved, lateral nerves keeled; keels winged. Palea

oblong, c. 3 x 1 mm, cleft at apex, delicate, hyaline, 2-keeled.

219 Fl. & Fr.: September-December.

Habitat: Occasional along hill slopes and marshy fields.

Note: This species is avoided by cattle due to the presence of sharp bristles on sheath.

Considered an obnoxious weed in cultivated fields. Species forms new record to Goa.

Specimens Examined: Goa: Karmal Ghat, 20. 10. 2004, Harshala Gad 140 (GUH).

Maharashtra: Morchandi felling series, Bittergaon range, 1. 10. 1978, S. Karthikeyan

156727 (BSI); Gadhinglaj 30. 10. 1989, C. B. Salunkhe 7604 (SUH). Kerala:

Painavu, Idukki Dt., Kerala, 16. 12. 1982, C. N. Mohanan 76160 (MH). Tamil Nadu:

Kutiyar river side, Pechiparai, Kanyakumari Dt., 30. 1. 1978, A. A. N. Henry 53338

(MH).

220

Supertribe: Panicodae

Key to the tribes

1. Glumes almost equal in size; upper floret exposed; lower and upper florets situated at different level; lower and upper florets hermaphrodite Isachneae 1. Glumes unequal in size; upper florets not exposed; lower and upper florets usually situated at same level; lower floret often staminate or empty; upper floret hermaphrodite (2)

2. Spikelets not falling entire, florets disarticulating above the glumes; upper lemma usually cleft at apex, usually awned or at least with a bristles 2. Spikelets falling entire, florets not disarticulating above glumes; upper lemma entire, usually without awn Paniceae

Tribe: Arundinelleae

Key to the genera

1. Spikelets with one floret Garnotia 1. Spikelets with 2-florets (2)

2. Panicles contracted, spiciform; upper lemma with dense tuft of hairs at base of lobes; leaves amplexicaul at base Jansenella 2. Panicles lax, loosely spiculate; upper lemma without any tuft of hairs at base of lobes; leaves not amplexicaul at base Arundinella

Super tribe: Panicodae Tribe: Arundinelleae Arundinella Raddi Raddi, Agrost. Bras. 36. 1823; Bor, Grass. India 417. 1960. A genus of 55 species distributed in warm regions. 18 species occur in India

and five occur in Goa.

Key to the species

1. Plants annuals; culm slender (2) 1. Plants perennials; culm stout (4)

2. Culm tubercle-based hairy; glumes tubercle-based hairy; upper glume aristate; upper lemma with 2-setae on either side of the awn A. tuberculata 2. Culms not tubercle-based hairy; glumes glabrous; upper glume not aristate; upper lemma without any setae on either

221 sides of the awn (3) 3. Upper lemma awned; callus bearded base; lower glume acute at apex A. pumila 3. Upper lemma not awned; callus glabrous at base; lower glume shortly aristate or acuminate at 'apex A. metzii 4. Cu1ms caespitose; leaves rigid, convolute, villous on adaxial surface; upper lemma lobed at apex, awned in sinus A. nepalenses 4. Culms not caespitose; leaves not rigid, flat, glabrous on both the surfaces; upper lemma entire, obtuse at apex, unawned A. leptochloa

Arundinella leptochloa (Nees ex Steud.) Hook. f, Fl. Brit. India 7: 76. 1896; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1802. 1934; Bor, Grass. India 423. 1960; Vartak, Enum. Plant.

Gomantak, India 115. 1966; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 488. 1986; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 507.

1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 186. 1989; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2:

112. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 336. t. 67. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 405. 1996; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and

Grass. 163. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 562. 2002. Panicum leptochloa

Nees ex Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 62. 1854. Arundinella gigantea Dalz. in Dalz. &

Gibs. Bombay Fl. 293. 1861; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 76. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bomabay

2: 1005. 1908; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 197, t. 130. 1935. A. lawsoni Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 76. 1896.

Perennial. Culms up to 150 cm high, erect, tufted, rhizomatous, nodes glabrous.

Leaf sheath c. 12 x 1.5 cm, smooth; ligule membranous, truncate, c. 2 mm long; leaf blade linear lanceolate, up to 28 x 1.8 cm, rounded to cordate at base, acuminate at apex. Panicles ovate, up to 28 cm long, open; branches numerous, erect, 4 - 10 cm long; rachis angular, scabrid. Spikelets c. 3.5 x 1 mm, elliptic, acuminate, green to purplish. Pedicel angular, 2-10 mm long. Lower glume ovate, c. 2 x 1 mm, acuminate

222 at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved. Upper glume ovate, c. 3 x 1.5 mm, shortly cuspidate at apex, chartaceous, 5-nerved. Lower floret empty or staminate. Lower lemma elliptic- ovate, c. 3 x 1 mm, acuminate at apex, chartaceous, 5-nerved. Palea elliptic-lanceolate, c. 2 x 1 mm, acute at apex, hyaline. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma broadly ovate-oblong, c. 1.2 x 0.8 mm, obtuse at apex, subcoriaceous, muricate, nerves obscure. Palea oblong-ovate, c. 1 x 0.6 mm, subacute at apex, chartaceous, with warty outgrowth. Stamens 3; anthers 1.5-2 mm long, purple. Ovary oblongoid, c. 0.5 mm, long; stigmas plumose, c. 1.5 mm long, purple. (Plate 4 B).

Fl. & Fr.: September to October.

Habitat: Common on open grassy hill slopes, as under growth in moist deciduous forests and rarely in semi evergreen forest.

Note: Species similar to and often confused with Arundinella metzii Hochst. ex Miq. due to similarity in habit and panicles but can be easily distinguished from A. metzii by its rhizomatous culms and unawned, entire upper lemma. In forests it is grazed by

Gaur, and used as fodder for Elephants and Gaurs in Zoo.

Specimens examined: Goa: Molem, Avelde jungle, 22.11.1962, R. S. Rao 85012

(BSI); Molem-Anmode road, 19.10.1997, Vaishali Joshi & S. Rajkumar 1148 (GUH);

Gaondongri-Canacona, 20.10.2004, Harshala Gad 142 (GUH); Usgao-Ponda,

2.11.2004, Harshala Gad 150 (GUH); Chorla Ghat, 2.10.2005, Harshala Gad

231(GUH). Maharashtra: Sakharpa, 1.10.989, C. B. Salunkhe 8116 (SUH); Kas,

December 1991, Bachulkar-Cholekar 3103 (SUH). Kerala: Quilon, 28.3.1978, C. N.

Mohanan 54911 (MH); Beemanadi, Kasargod, 27.9.1982, R. Ansari 74332 (MH).

223 Arundinella metzii Hochst. ex Miq. in Verh. Nederl. Inst. 3 (4): 31. 1851; Hook. f.,

Fl. Brit. India 72 : 7. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 1003. 1908; Fischer in Gamble, Fl.

Madras 1801. 1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 195.1935; Bor, Grass India

424. 1960; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 488. 1986; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 507. 1988;

Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 186. 1989; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 112.

1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 339. t. 68. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in

Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 405. 1996; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and

Grass. 163. 2001; A. pygmaea Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 72. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay

2: 1002. 1908; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 194.1935. A. lawii Hook. f., in Trim.

Handb. Fl. Ceyl. 5: 180. 1900; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 1003. 1908; Blatt. & McCann,

Bombay Grass. 195.1935.

Annuals. Culms up to 80 cm high, erect, tufted, nodes sparsely bearded, constricted. Leaf sheath shorter than internodal region, up to 10 x 1 cm, rounded, smooth ligule a membranous rim, ciliate at apex, c. 1 mm long; leaf blade lanceolate to linear lanceolate, up to 22 x 0.6 cm, rounded to shallowly cordate at base, acuminate at apex, glabrous to hairy; hairs tubercle-based. Panicles up to 20 cm long; main axis angular, scabrid, densely branched; branches erect, up to 10 cm long; rachis angular, scabrid. Spikelets ovate-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, c. 2.5 x 0.8 mm, awned.

Pedicel angular, scabrid, up to 2.5 mm long. Lower glume ovate, c. 1.2 x 1 mm, aristate at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved, nerves scabrid; arista c. 0.5 mm long, scabrid.

Upper glume ovate-lanceolate, c. 2 x 1 mm, acuminate at apex, chartaceous, 3-5- nerved. Lower lemma ovate-oblong, c. 1.5 x 0.8 mm, sub acute to obtuse at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved. Palea oblong-lanceolate to elliptic, c. 1.2 x 0.5 mm, subacute at apex, delicate, hyaline, 2-nerved, nerves keleed; keels scabrid. Stamens 3; filaments

short; anthers c. 0.8 mm long, purple coloured. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper

224 lemma broadly ovate, c. 1 x 0.8 mm, lobed at apex, awned in sinus, subcoriaceous, 3- nerved, scabarulous; awn geniculate, c. 3 mm long, scabrid with c. 1 mm long column, brown coloured. Palea elliptic-oblong, c. 1 x 0.2 mm, subacute at apex, subhyaline, 2- nerved, 2-keeled. Stamens 3; filaments short; anthers c. 1 mm long, yellow-purple.

Ovary oblong, small, c. 0.2 mm long; style c. 0.5 mm long; stigma c. 0.5 mm long, purple. (Plate 4 C)

Fl. & Fr.: October - November.

Habitat: Common on open grassy hill slopes, fields, moist shady places along forest margins.

Note: This species is endemic to Western Ghats. Found growing on grassy hill slopes along with other species such as, Arundinella pumila (Hochst. ex A. Rich) Steud., A. leptochloa (Nees ex Steud.) Hook. f., Oplismenus compositus (L.) P. Beauv. Species shows quantitative variations and closely resembles Arundinella leptochloa but can be distinguished by non-rhizomatous slender culms, smaller panicle and awned upper lemma.

,Specimens examined: Goa: Bhutpal-Kanpalli hilltop, 10. 11.1962, R. S. Rao 84601

(BSI); Wagheri hills, 19. 12. 1997, Vaishali Joshi & S. Rajkumar 1295 (GUH);

Ghodemal-Quepem, 20. 10. 2004, Harshala Gad 143 (GUH); Molem, 2. 11. 2004,

Harshala Gad 158 (GUH). Maharashtra: Oni, 13. 10. 1994, C. B. Salunkhe 7460

(SUH); Vele, November 1994, Bachulkar-Cholekar, 6120 (SUH). Kerala: Beemanadi,

Kasargod Dt., 27. 9. 1982, R. Ansari 74344 (MH).

Arundinella nepalensis Trin. Gram. Panic. 62. 1826 & Sp. Gram. 3, t. 1268. 1836;

Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1801. 1934; Bor, Grass. India 423. 1960; Kulkarni, Fl.

225 Sindhudurg 507. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 186. 1989; Sreekumar

& Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 341. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl.

Maharashtra Monocot. 407. 1996; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 563. 2002. A.

brasiliensis Raddi, Agrost. Bras. 37, t. 1. f. 3. 1823; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 1003. 1908.

A. hispida Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 195. 1935, non Kuntze, 1891.

Perennial. Caespitose, roots thickened, clothed with basely aggregated leaf

sheaths. Culms up to 150 cm high, erect, stout at base, rooting at lower nodes; nodes

glabrous, Leaf sheath rounded, rigid, longer than-double the length of inter nodal

region, up to 26 x 1 cm, ciliolate along one margin, glabrous, glaucous on ventral

surface; ligule a row of hairs, c. 5 mm long; leaf blade linear, up to 50 x 0.5 cm,

filiform, rigid, convolute, villous on ventral surface; hairs short, silky. Panicles

pyramidal, up to 35 cm long, branches up to 15 cm long, whorled; rachis angular,

scabrid. Spikelets elliptic-lanceolate, c. 5 mm long, awned. Pedicel trigonous, up to 3

mm long, scabrid. Lower glume ovate-lanceolate, c. 3 x 1.5 mm, chartaceous, 4-

nerved; nerves scabrid. Upper glume elliptic-lanceolate, c. 4.5 x 1.5 mm, acute at apex,

chartaceous, 7-nerved. Lower floret staminate. Lower lemma elliptic-lanceolate, c. 4.5

x 1.5 mm, margin hyaline, ciliate, acute at apex, chartaceous, 5-nerved. Palea elliptic-

lanceolate, c. 3 x 1 mm, margins infolded, delicate, hyaline, acute at apex, delicate,

hyaline, 2-keeld; keels scabrid. Stamens 3; anthers 1 mm long, purple coloured. Upper

floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma oblong-ovate, c. 3 x 2 mm, margins, serrulate,

lobed at apex, awned in sinus, subcoriaceous, 7-nerved, scabrid on dorsal surface; awn

3 mm long, twisted, geniculate, with 1 mm long column, brown. Palea lanceolate, c. 3

x 1 mm, margins infolded, ciliate, acute and bearded at apex, chartaceous, warty out

growth on dorsal surface, 2-nerved. Stamens 3; anthers c.1 mm long, purple. Ovary

oblong, c. 0.5 mm long; style c. 1 mm long; stigma c. 1 mm long. (Plate 4 D).

226 Fl. & Fr.: October-November.

Habitat: Occasionally seen growing on rocky stream beds

Note: Its occurrence in the state forms a new distributional record to the state of Goa.

This species is similar to A. leptochloa (Nees) Hook. f. but can be differentiated from it by distinctly awned upper lemma and bearded apex of upper palea. It is also Habitat specific as it is found growing only on rocky stream beds; its root stock is hard to uproot.

Specimens examined: Goa: Gulelim, Ponda, 2. 11. 2004, Harshala Gad 154 (GUH);

Surla, Satari, 2. 10. 2005, Harshala Gad 233 (GUH). Maharashtra: Radhanagari, 25.

10. 1992, C. B. Salunkhe, 8210 (SUH).

Arundinella pumila (Hochst. ex. A. Rich.) Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 114. 1854;

Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1801. 1934; Bor, Grass. India 423. 1960; Vartak,

Enum. Plant. Gomantak, India. 115. 1966; Britto & Matthew in Matthew Fl.

Tamilnadu Camatic 3: 1806. 1983; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 508. 1988; Matthew,

Further Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic t. 718. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum.

Mono. 187. 1989; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 112. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl.

Kerala Grass. 342. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra

Monocot. 407. 1996; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 164. 2001; Yadav &

Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 563. 2002. Acratherum pumilum Hochst. ex A. Rich. Tent. Fl.

Abyss. 2: 414 t. 100. 1851. Arundinella tenella Nees ex Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 115.

1854; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 71. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 1001. 1908; Blatt. &

McCann, Bombay Grass. 193, t. 127. 1935; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 489. 1986.

Annual. Culms up to 50 cm high, tufted, slender, sparsely villous. Leaf sheath up to 3 x 0.4 cm, compressed, sparsely hairy; ligule membranous, 0.5-1 mm long,

227 lacerate; leaf blade elliptic-lanceolate, up to 6 x 0.8 cm, narrowed and rounded at base, acuminate at apex, sparsely hairy on adaxial surface. Panicles pyramidal, up to 14 cm long, effuse, branches whorled, up to 6 cm long, each with many capillary branchlets, rachis angular, slender. Spikelets elliptic-lanceolate, small, up to 1.5 x 0.5 mm, sparsely hairy. Pedicel capillary, up to 5 mm long, scabrid. Lower glume elliptic- ovate, c. 1 x 0.6 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved. Upper glume elliptic-ovate, c. 1.5 x 0.8 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 5-nerved. Lower floret empty or staminate. Lower lemma ovate-lanceolate, c. 1.2 x 0.6 mm, acute at apex, subhyaline,

3-nerved. Palea elliptic, 0.8-1 x 0.3-0.5 mm, subacuteat apex, delicate, hyaline. Second floret hermaphrodite. Callus hairy. Second lemma elliptic c. 1 x 0.5 mm, awned at apex, subcoriaceous, 3-nerved, nerves scabrid; awn up to 2.5 mm long, scabrid, with 1 mm long column, brown. Palea oblong, c. 0.8 x 0.2 mm, acute at apex, delicate, hyaline. Stamens 3; anthers c. 0.25 mm long, deep purple. Ovary elliptic oblong, c.

0.25 mm; style c. 0.2 mm long; stigma c. 0.2 mm long, cream colour. (Plate 4 E)

FL & Fr.: September-November.

Habitat: Common on open grassy hill slopes, compound walls, moist cut surfaces of rocks and rock surfaces subjected to water falls.

Note: This species shows much quantitative variation in its overall size but easily identified from other species of the genus by its small sized spikelets and bearded callus at the base of the upper floret.

Specimens examined: Goa: Valpoi, Ponda villge, 16. 11. 1962, R. S. Rao 84842

(BSI); Budsari, Gaudongrem, R. R. Rao 84598 (BSI); Poinguinim, 12. 10. 1964, R. S.

Rao 103548 (BSI); Curtorim, 29. 9. 1997, Vaishali Joshi & S. Rajkumar 1041 (GUH);

Molem-Anmode, 19. 10. 1997, M. K. Janarthanam, Vaishali Joshi & S. Rajkumar

228 1142 (GUH); Calem, Sanguem, 9. 9. 2004, Harshala Gad 123 (GUH); Gaondongrem,

Canacona, 20. 10. 2004, Harshala Gad 145 (GUH). Maharashtra: Gaganbawda, 3.

10. 1989, C. B. Salunkhe 7783, (SUH); Kas, December 1993, Bachulkar-Cholekar

3413 (SUH). Kerala: Way to Kannotha, Chandanathode, Cannanore Dt., 8. 12. 1967,

J. L. Ellis 29534 (MH).

Arundinella tuberculata Munro ex Lisboa in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 5: 344. 1891;

Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 69. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 1000. 1908; Blatt. &

McCann, Bombay Grass. 192, t. 125. 1935; Bor, Grass. India 425. 1960; Vartak,

Enum. Plant. Gomantak, India. 115. 1966; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 489. 1986; Karthikeyan et

al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 187. 1989; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., FL

Maharashtra Monocot. 409. 1996; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 563. 2002.

Annual. Cu1ms up to 40 cm high, erect, nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath keeled,

covered with tubercle- based silky white hairs; ligule membranous, c. 1 mm long,

fimbriate at apex; leaf blade lanceolate, up to 6 x 0.3 cm, rounded at base, acuminate at

apex, covered with tubercle-based hairs on both surfaces. Panicles pyramidal, up to 12

cm long, lax; branches whorled, up to 6 cm long; rachis angular, scabrid. Spikelets

elliptic-lanceolate, c. 6 x 1 mm, covered with tubercle-based hairs. Pedicel angular,

slender, 1-10 mm long. Lower glume ovate-lanceolate, c. 3 x 1 mm, margins

membranous, acuminate at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved, tubercle-based hairy. Upper

glume ovate-lanceolate, c. 2.5 x 1 mm, margins membranous, aristate at apex,

chartaceous, 3-nerved, tubercle-based hairy; arista up to 3 mm long, scabrid. Lower

floret staminate. Lower lemma ovate, c. 2.5 x 1 mm, margins hyaline, acute at apex,

chartaceous, 3-nerved. Palea oblong-lanceolate, c. 1.8 x 0.5 mm, margins ciliate,

obtuse at apex, hyaline, 2-keeled. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma broadly

229 ovate to orbicular, c. 1.2 x 1 mm, bearded at base, lobed at apex, awned in sinus with two setae on both sides of awn, subcoriaceous, granulated, 3-nerved; awn up to 10 mm long, scabrid with 4 mm long column; setae c. 2.5 mm long. Palea elliptic-oblong, c. 1 x 0.5 mm, margins hyaline, delicate, acute at apex, hyaline, 2-keeled. Stamens 3; anthers 1 mm long, purple. Ovary ovate-orbicular, c. 0.2 mm long; style c. 0.5 mm long; stigma c. 0.5 mm long, cream coloured. (Plate 4 F).

Fl. & Fr.: September-November.

Habitat: Common on dry lateritic rocky plateaus and open grassy hill slopes.

Note: Species endemic to northern Western Ghats. Shows variations in its nature and size. Culms short and strong, when occurring on lateritic rocky plateau and longer and slender with weak culms when growing on open hill slopes. Distinct from other species of the genus in its aristate upper glume and spikelets which are covered with tubercle-based hairs.

Specimens examind: Goa: Porvorim, 7. 11. 1963, R. S. Rao 92845 (BSI); Porvorim,

7. 11. 1963, R. S. Rao 92845 (BSI); Goa University campus, Taleigao, 20. 9. 1997,

Vaishali Joshi & S. Rajkumar 985 (GUH); Goa University Campus, Taleigao plateau,

11. 9. 2003, Harshala Gad 43 (GUH); Tisk-Usgao, 12. 10. 2005, Harshala Gad & M.

K. Janarthanam 274 (GUH); Ashwem, Pernem, 29. 10. 2005, Harshala Gad & M. K.

Janarthanam 300 (GUH). Karnataka: Haveri, August 1995, Baxhulkar-Cholekar

20138 (SUH). Maharashtra: Shivnagar, 5. 10. 1988, C. B. Salunkhe 8440 (SUH).

Garnotia Brongn. Brongn. in Duperr. Voy. Coq. Bot. 2: 132. 1832. A genus of 30 species distributed mainly in Asia and Pacific region of the world. About 12 species occur in India and two in Goa.

230 Key to the species

1. Branches perpendicular to main axis; palea winged at base; leaves undulate along one margin, acute at apex, glabrous G. arborum 1. Branches not perpendicular to main axis; palea not winged at base; leaves entire along margins, acuminate at apex, hairy on abaxial surface G. tenella

Garnotia arborum Stapf ex Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 1013. 1908; Blatt. & McCann,

Bombay Grass. 206, t. 135. 1935; Bor, Grass. India 567. 1960; Karthikeyan et al., Fl.

Ind. Enum. Mono. 223. 1989; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 131. 1990;

Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 497. 1996; Yadav &

Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 563. 2002.

Annual. Culms up to 22 cm high, erect, terete, glabrous, shiny, purple, rooting and geniculate at lower nodes, upper nodes villous. Leaf sheath up to 4 cm long, longer than internodal region, keeled, bearded at mouth; ligule membranous, lacerate at apex; leaf blade lanceolate, up to 6 x 0.3 cm, undulate along one margin; margins serrulate acute at apex. Panicles pyramidal, up to 10 cm long, branches whorled, up to

2 cm long, distant; rachis angular, scabrid. Spikelets solitary, elliptic-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, long awned. Pedicel up to 4 mm long, angular, scabrid. Lower glume oblong-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, c. 5 x 0.5 mm, aristtae at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved, nerves scabrid; arista c. 4 mm long, scabrid. Upper glume oblong-lanceolate, c. 2.5 x 0.5 mm, aristate at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved; nerves scabrid; arista up to 10 mm long, scabrid. One flowered, floret hermaphrodite. Lemma elliptic-lanceolate, c. 2.5 x 1 mm, lobed at apex, awned in sinus, chartaceous, shiny, 3- nerved; awn up to 12 mm long, scabrid. Palea oblong, c. 2 x 0.2 mm, margins inturned, winged at base, subacute-obtuse at apex, chartaceous, shiny, 2-keeled, 2- nerved.

231 Fl. & Fr.: September-October.

Habitat: Fairly common growing on tree trunks among moss in moist deciduous forests and semi evergreen forests. Distinct from other species of the genus by the perpendicular branching, long awned lemma and basally winged palea.

Note: Endemic to Northern Western Ghats.

Specimens examined: Goa: Surla, Saari, 2. 10. 2005, Harshala Gad & M. K.

Janarthanam 245 (GUH). Maharashtra: Sakharpa, 1. 10. 1989, Salunkhe, C. B.

Salunkhe 7227 (SUH).

Garnotia tenella (Arn. Ex Miq.) Jan. in Feddes Repert. 17. 86. 1921; Gould in Kew

Bull. 27: 528. 1972; Ved Prakash & Jain in Fasc. Fl. Ind. 3: 13. 1979; Matthew, Ill. Fl.

Tamilnadu Carnatic t. 872-873.1982; Britto & Matthew in Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu

Carnatic 3: 1861. 1983; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 503. 1986; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 531.

1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 224. 1989; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2:

131. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 413. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in

Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 497. 1996; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and

Grass. 160. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 582. 2002. Berghausia tenella Arn.

Ex Miq. in Verh. Konink. Nederl. Inst. 3, 4: 34. 1851. Garnotia stricta auct. non

Brongn. 1832; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 243. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 1013.

1908; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1812. 1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass.

207, t. 136. 1935; Bor, Grass. India 569. 1960.

Annuals. Culms tufted, up to 60 cm high, erect, rarely decumbent at base, rooting and branching from the lower nodes, upper nodes villous. Leaf sheath slightly keeled, membranous; ligule annular, membranous; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, up to

12 x 0.6 cm, rounded at base, acuminate at apex, hairy on dorsal surface. Panicles up

232 to 30 cm long, lax; branches alternate in 4-whorls, up to 8 cm long; rachis angular.

Spikelets single flowered, hermaphrodite, lanceolate, c. 2.5 x 0.3 mm, awned. Pedicel

0.5-5 mm long. Lower glume lanceolate, c. 2.5 x 0.5 mm, aristate at apex, chartaceous,

3-nerved, nerves scabrid. Upper glume lanceolate, c. 2.5 x 0.5 mm, aristate at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved; nerves scabrid; arista c. 0.2 mm long, scabrid. Lemma lanceolate, c. 2 x 0.5 mm, awned at apex, chartaceous, 1-3-nerved; awn up to 8 mm long, scabrid, purple coloured. Palea lanceolate, c. 1.8 x 0.3 mm, acuminate at apex, hyaline. Stamen 3; anthers c. 0.5 mm long, yellow. Ovary oblong, c. 1.5 mm long; style c. 0.5 mm long; stigma c. 0.5 mm long.

FL & Fr.: August-November.

Habitat: Common on roof tops and cut surfaces of black boulders along roadsides.

Note: Species showing much quantitative and qualitative variations based on the

Habitat in which it occurs. The one growing on rooftops have erect culms, and densely branched panicles. Whereas the ones growing on cut surfaces of black boulders have decumbent, creeping culms rooting at lower nodes and sparsely branched panicles.

Specimens examined: Goa: Molem, 28. 9. 1996, M. K. Janarthanam, Vaishali Joshi

& S. Rajkumar 204 (GUH); Molem-Anmode road, 9. 8. 1997, Vaishali Joshi & S.

Rajkumar 866 (GUH); Camurlim, Bardez, 31. 8. 2003, Harshala Gad 37 (GUH);

Chorla, 2. 10. 2005, Harshala Gad & M. K. Janarthan am 229 (GUH); Molem-

Anmode, 9. 11. 2005, Harshala Gad 308 (GUH). Maharashtra: Amba, 14. 10. 1990,

C. B. Salunkhe 7267 (SUH); Kas-Yavteshwar, November 1994, Bachulkar-Cholekar

6141 (SUH).

233 Jansenella Bor Bor in. Kew Bull. 1955: 98. 1955 et Grass. India 426. 1960. A monotypic genus distributed in India and Burma.

Jansenella griffithiana (C. Muell.) Bor in Kew Bull. 1955. 98. 1955; Bor Grass. India

426, t. 45. 1960; Vartak, Enum. Plant. Gomantak, India. 115. 1966; Rao, Fl. Goa 2:

506. 1986; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 544. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum.

Mono. 233. 1989; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 140. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl.

Kerala Grass. 348. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra

Monocot. 534. 1996; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 167. 2001; Yadav &

Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 590. 2002. Danthonidium griffithiana C. Muell. in Bot. 2. 14:

347. 1856. Arundinella avenacea Munro ex Thw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 362. 1864; Hook. f.,

Fl. Brit. India 7: 69. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 1000. 1908; Fischer in Gamble, Fl.

Madras 1801. 1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 191, t. 124. 1935.

Annual. Culms up to 15 cm long, erect or creeping, geniculate and rooting at basal nodes, nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath keeled, 0.4-1.5 cm wide, tubercle-based hairy apical region; ligule ovate, membranous; leaf blade elliptic-lanceolate to lanceolate,

1.5-3.5 x 0.3-0.9 cm, amplexicaul at base, acuminate at apex, villous. Panicles contracted to open panicles, ovate, up to 5 cm long. Spikelets elliptic-lanceolate, c. 8 x

1 mm. Lower glume lanceolate, c. 5.5 x 1.3 mm, margins hyaline, acuminate at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved. Upper glume lanceolate, c. 7 x 1.5 mm, aristate at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved; arista up to 4 mm long, scabrid. Both the florets hermaphrodite.

Lower lemma oblong-lanceolate, c. 5 x 1.5 mm, aristate at apex, chartaceous, 3- nerved; arista up to 2 mm long, scabrid. Palea oblong, c. 4 x 1 mm, hyaline, notched and bearded apex, 2-keeled, 2-nerved. Lodicules 2, c. 0.4 mm long, denticulate.

Stamens 3; filaments c. 0.5 mm long; anthers c. 1 mm long, purple. Ovary ovate, c. 0.3

234 mm long; style 0.5 mm long; stigma c. 0.5 mm long. Upper lemma oblong, c. 3 x 1 mm, chartaceous, bearded at base, notched at apex, awned in sinus, aristate on both

sides of awn, 3-nerved; awn up to 17 mm long with c. 5 mm long column; arista up to

5 mm long. Palea linear-oblong, c. 4 x 0.5 mm, notched and ciliate at apex,

subcoriaceous, 2-keeled, 2-nerved, with warty out growth on dorsal surface.

Fl. & Fr.: September-November.

Habitat: Common in swampy fields, moist lateritic rocky plateaus, rocky beds of

small streams on plateaus.

Note: The species superficially looks like Chandrasekharania keralensis V.J. Nair et

al., but differs in having geniculate, twisted, long awn, and open panicle.

Specimens examined: Goa: Avelde jungle, Molem, 22. 11. 1962, R. S. Rao 85030

(BSI); Surla Satari, 8. 11. 1996, M. K. Janarthanam & Vaishali 1162 (GUH); Molem,

Sanguem, 2. 11. 2004, Harshala Gad 157 (GUH); Surla, Satari, 2. 10. 2005, Harshala

Gad 241 (GUH).

Tribe: Isachneae

Key to the genera

1. Spiklets gibbous and laterally compressed Cyrtococcum 1. Spikelets not gibbous and not laterally compressed (2)

2. Glumes as long as or subequal to florets; upper lemma coriaceous; upper floret situated on minute rachilla; spikelets deciduous Isachne 2. Glumes shorter than the florets; upper lemma chartaceous; upper floret situated on a long rachilla; spikelets not deciduous Coelachne

235 Coelacithe R. Br.

R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Ho11. 187. 1870.

A genus of 10 species distributed in the tropics and subtropical region of the world, of which 3 species occur in India and one in Goa.

Coelachne simpliciuscula (Wight & Am. ex Steud.) Munro ex Benth. in. J. Linn. Soc.

19: 93. 1881; Bor, Grass. India 576, t. 61. 1960; Vartak, Enum. Plant. Gomantak,

India. 115. 1966; Matthew, Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic t. 831-832. 1982; Britto &

Matthew in Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1824. 1983; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg

514. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., FL Ind. Enum. Mono. 199. 1989; Almeida, Fl.

Savantwadi 2: 117. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 415. 1991;

Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 435. 1996; Yadav &

Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 568. 2002. Panicum simpliciusculum Wight & Am. ex. Steud.

Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 96. 1854. Coelachne pukhella sensu Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 270.

1896 non R. Br. 1810. C. pulchella var. simpliciuscula (Wight & Am. ex. Steud.)

Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 271. 1896; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 200, t. 131.

1935.

Annual. Culms up to 16 cm high, erect to decumbent, rooting at basal nodes, upper nodes villous. Leaf sheath up to 2 x 0.3 cm; ligule ovate, hairy; hairs c. 0.5 mm long, silky, white; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, up to 1.5-3 x 0.3 cm, truncate at abse, acuminate at apex, hairy on both surfaces. Panicles pyramidal-ovate, open, up to 10 cm long, branches whorled, up to 2 cm long; rachis angular. Spikelets elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, c. 2 x 0.5 mm, densely crowded in small fesicles, shortly pedicellate. Pedicel angular, up to 1 mm long. Lower glume broadly ovate, up to 1 x

0.6 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved. Upper glume broadly ovate-orbicular, c.

1 x 1 mm, obtuse at apex, chartaceous, .5-nerved. Both florets hermaphrodite. Lower

236 lemma broadly ovate, c. 1.8 x 1 mm, margins inturned, acute at apex, coriaceous, 3- nerved. Palea elliptic-lanceolate, c. 1.5 x 0.6 mm, acute at apex, subcoriaceous, 2- keeled. Stamens 3; filaments c. 0.5 mm long; anthers c. 0.5 mm long, yellow. Ovary elliptic, c. 0.5 mm long; style c. 0.5 mm long; stigma c. 0.5 mm long, cream coloured.

Upper floret seated on short rachilla. Upper lemma ovate-lanceolate, c. 1.2 x 0.5 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 1-nerved, hairy. Palea elliptic, c. 1.2 x 0.5 mm, acute at apex, subhyaline, 2-keeled, sparsely hairy on dorsal surface. (Plate 4 H).

Fl. & Fr.: September-October.

Habitat: Fairly common along moist lateritic rocky plateaus at higher altitudes.

Note: Found growing along with other species like Paspalum Canarae (Steud.) Veldk.

var. fimbriatum (Bor) Veldk. and Jansenella griffithiana (C. Muell.) Bor. It is a new

record to Goa.

Specimens examined: Goa: On the way to Surla, 2. 10. 2005, Harshala Gad & M. K.

Janarthanam 232 (GUH). Maharashtra: Chaukul-Ramghat Road, Ratnagiri Dt., 2. 5.

1966, B. G. Kukarni 108631 (BSI); Kas Plateau, 26. 8. 1990, C. B. Salunkhe 7798

(SUH). Kerala: Meenmutty, 20. 2. 1983, C. N. Mohanan 76296 (MH); Manantoddy,

Cannanore Dt., 7. 3. 1979, V. S. Ramchandran 62157 (MH).

Cyrtococcum Stapf Stapf in Prain, Fl. Trop. Afri. 9: 745. 1920. Panicum L. sect. Gibbosae Hook. f., Fl.

Brit. India 7: 56.1896.

A genus of about 10 species distributed in Paleotropical region of the World of which

about seven species occur in India and three in Goa.

Key to the species

237

1. Panicle spiciform (2) 1. Panicles lax C. patens

2. Plant a perennial; branches dense; leaves evenly narrowed and glabrous at base; spikelets dense, glabrous C. oxyphyllum 2. Plant an annual; branches sparse; leaves oblique and densely hairy at base; spikelets sparse, pubescent C. trigonum

Cyrtococcum oxyphyllum (Steud) Stapf in Hook. Ic. Pl. subt. 3096. 1922; Fischer in

Gamble, Fl. Madras 1786. 1934; Bor. Grass. India 291. 1960; Vartak, Enum. Plant.

Gomantak, India. 115. 1966; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 495. 1986; Britto & Matthew in

Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1830. 1983; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 515. 1988;

Matthew, Further Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu Camatic t. 742. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind.

Enum. Mono. 204. 1989; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 119. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair,

Fl. Kerala Grass. 231. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra

Monocot. 444. 1996; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 188. 2001; Yadav &

Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 570. 2002. Panicum oxyphyllum Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 65.

1854. P. pilipes Nees & Arn. ex Buese in Miq. Pl. Jungh. 3: 376. 1854; Hook. f., Fl.

Brit. India 7: 57 1896. Cyrtococcum pilipes A. Camus in Bull. Mus. Nat. 27: 118.

1921; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 169, t. 110. 1935.

Perennial. Culms up to 40 cm long, prostrate, creeping, rooting at lower nodes;

nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath rounded, up to 4 mm long, ciliate along one margin,

bearded at mouth; ligule ovate, membranous, up to 0.8 mm long; leaf blade linear-

lanceolate, up to 8 x 1.7 cm, narrowed at base, acuminate at apex. Panicles contracted,

up to 10 cm long; branches alternate, up to 2.5 cm long. Spikelets obovate-deltoid, c.

1.8 x 1 mm, glabrous, light brown. Pedicel angular, up to 2 mm long, abscission

discoid. Lower glume broadly ovate, c. 1.3 x 0.8 mm, margins hyaline, acute at apex,

chartaceous, 3-nerved. Upper glume boat shaped, c. 1.2 x 1 mm, margins hyaline,

238 acute at apex, subcoriaceous. Lower floret empty. Lower lemma broadly ovate- orbicular, c. 1 x 1 mm, margins hyaline, obtuse at apex, chartaceous, 5-nerved. Palea a minute scale, c. 0.3 mm long, delicate, hyaline, acute. Upper floret hermaphrodite.

Upper lemma deltoid, c. 1 x 1.2 mm, crustaceous, obtuse at apex, nerves obscure.

Palea ovate oblong, c. 1 x 0.6 mm, crustaceous, subacute, 2-keeled, faintly 2-nerved.

Ovary ovate-deltoid, 1 x 1 mm, light brown. (Plate 4 I).

FL & Fr.: October-March.

Habitat: Common along open grassy hill slopes, as under growth in moist deciduous forests, and forest margins.

Note: Forms pure mat in shady places. Similar to C. trigonum (Retz.) A. Camus but differs from it as shown in the table below:

C. oxyphyllum C. trigonum Leaf blade linear lanceolate, up to 8 cm Leaf blade elliptic lanceolate to long, not oblique at base. lanceolate, up to 6 cm long, oblique at base. Spikelets congested on branches. Spikelet distant on branches. Spikelets glabrous. Spikelet pubescent.

Specimens examined: Goa: Molem-Anmode road, 12. 5. 2004, Harshala Gad 109

(GUH). Maharshtra: Sakharpa, 1. 10. 1989, C. B. Salunkhe 8150 (SUH); Kas,

November1994, Bachulkar-Cholekar 6117 (SUH).

Cyrtococcum patens (L.) A. Camus in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 27: 118. 1921;

Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1786. 1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 170.

1935; Bor Grass. India 292. 1960; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 204. 1989;

Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 120. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 231.

1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 444. 1996; Bhat

239 & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 190. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 571.

2002. Panicum patens L. Sp. Pl. 58. 1753; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 57. 1896; Cooke,

Fl. Bombay, 2: 938. 1908. Cyrtococcum radicans (Retz.) Stapf in Hook. Icon. Pl. Sus t. 3096. 1922; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1786. 1934.

Annuals. Culms up to 60 cm long, decumbent, rooting at lower nodes, upper nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath up to 4 cm long, ciliate along one margin; ligule ovate, membranous, c. 0.5 mm long; leaf blade lanceolate, up to 7 x 1.3 cm, narrowed and rounded at base, undulated along one margin, acuminate at apex. Panicles lax, up to 20 cm long, open, branches alternate, up to 8 cm long; rachis angular. Spikelets obovate- deltoid, c. 2 x 1 mm, pubescent. Pedicel up to 5 mm long, angular. Lower glume broadly ovate, c. 1.2 x 1 mm, margins pubescent, hyaline, acuminate at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved. Upper glume broadly ovate-deltoid, c. 1.5 x 1 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, pubescent, 3-nerved. Lower floret empty, epaleate. Lower lemma broadly ovate-deltoid, c. 1.4 x 1 mm, obtuse at apex, chartaceous, pubescent, 3-nerved.

Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma deltoid, c. 1 x 0.8 mm, crustaceous, shiny,

5-nerved, nerves obscure. Palea oblong, c. 1 x 0.5 mm, obtuse at apex, crustaceous, 2- keleed, 2-nerved. Stamens 3; filaments short; anthers c. 0.8 mm long. Ovary c. 1 mm long; style c. 0.5 mm long; stigma c. 0.5 mm

FL & Fr.: October-November.

Habitat: Fairly common in moist shady places near habitations.

Note: It is a new record to the state of Goa. This species is similar to C. trigonum

(Retz.) A. Camus but differs from it by the open panicles, and leaf blade that is glabrous, rounded at base, undulated along one margin. Considered as very good fodder. This species is a new record to Goa.

240 Specimens examined: Goa: Querim, 16. 10. 1996, M. K. Janarthanam, Vaishali Joshi

& S. Rajkumar 239 (GUH); Goa University Campus, Taleigao, 11. 9. 2003, Harshala

Gad 44 (GUH). Maharashtra: Oni, 13. 10. 1994, C. B. Salunkhe 7743 (SUH).

Cytococcum trigonum (Retz.) A. Camus in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 27: 118. 1921;

Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1785. 1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass.

169.1935; Bor, Grass. India 292. 1960; Matthew, Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic t. 839 &

840. 1982; Britto & Matthew in Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 183. 1983;

Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 515. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 204.

1989; Altneida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 120. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass.

232. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 444. 1996;

Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 571. 2002. Panicum trigonum Retz. Obs. Bot. 3: 9.

1783; Hook. 1, Fl. Brit. India 7: 56. 1896.

Annual. Culms up to 60 cm long, creeping-trailing, rooting at lower nodes;

nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath slightly keeled, up to 3 x 0.3 mm, glabrous to hairy in the

apical region, ciliate along one margin; hairs tubercle-based; ligule membranous,

truncate; leaf blade lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, up to 6 x 0.8 cm, asymmetric and

narrowed at base; base concealed by long tubercle-based hairs, serrulate along one

margin, acute at apex, covered with tubercle-based hairs on both surfaces; hairs up to 2

mm long. Panicles contracted, up to 15 cm long; branches up to 6 cm long; rachis

angular, glabrous. Spikelets deltoid, pubescent, c. 2 x 1 mm. Pedicel 0.1-2 mm long,

angular, abscission descoid. Lower glume broadly ovate, c. 1 x 1 mm, acute at apex,

chartaceous, glabrous-pubescent in apical region, 3-nerved. Upper glume boat shaped

c. 1.5 x 1 mm, obtuse at apex, chartaceous, pubescent, 3-nerved. Lower floret

staminate. Lower lemma elliptic-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, c. 1.5 x 1 mm, obtuse at

241

apex, chartaceous, covered with tubercle-based hairs on dorsal surface, 5-nerved,

epaleate. Stamens 3; anthers c. 1 mm long, yellow. Upper floret hermaphrdite. Upper

lemma boat shaped, c. 1.5 x 1 mm, obtuse at apex, crustaceous, 5-nerved. Palea

oblong, c. 1.5 x 0.8 mm, obtuse at apex, crustaceous, 2-nerved.

Fl. & Fr.: October-November.

Habitat: Fairly common along forest margins and hill slopes in shade.

Note: Similar to C. patens (L.) A. Camus but differs in its leaves which are tubercle-

based hairy, oblique at base and entire on margins.

Specimens examined: Goa: Sanguem-Barazon mine area, 4. 11. 1962, R. S. Rao

84726 (BSI). Verlem, Canacona, 15. 11. 2005, Harshala Gad 322 (GUH).

Maharashtra: Talwane, 11.9. 1994, C. B. Salunkhe 8128 (SUH).

Isachne R. Br.

R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 196. 1812.

A genus of about 100 species, distributed in the tropics and subtropics of the

World, of which 29 species occur in India and four in Goa.

Key to the species

1. Ligule absent; culms slender, weak; spikelets up to 1 mm long I gracilis 1. Ligule a row of hairs; culms stonger; spikelets > 1 mm long (2)

2. Glumes larger than florets, setose with tubercle-based hairs I. setosa 2. Glumes shorter than florets, glabrous (3)

3. Leaf blade mostly with cartilaginous thickened margins; nodes glabrous I globosa 3. Leaf blade without cartilagenous thickened margins; nodes villous I miliacea

Isachne globosa (Thunb.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 778. 1891; Bor, Grass. India 580.

1960; Vartak, Enum. Plant. Gomantak, India. 117. 1966; Britto & Matthew in

242 Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1866. 1983; Ved Praksh & Jain in Fasc. Fl. India

14: 22. 1984; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 504. 1986; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 537. 1988; Matthew

Further Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic t. 787. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum.

Mono. 230. 1989; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 133. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl.

Kerala Grass. 421. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra

Monocot. 510. 1996; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 170. 2001; Yadav &

Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 586. 2002. Milium globosum Thunb. Fl. Jap. 49. 1784. Isachne australis R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Ho11. 1: 196. 1810; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 14. 1896;

Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 923. 1908; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 188, t. 122. 1935.

Annual. Cu1ms up to 100 cm long, erect or decumbent, rooting at lower nodes; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath half the length of intemodal region, rounded, up to 4 x 0.5 cm; ligule a tuft of hairs; hairs c. 2 mm long; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, up to 8 x 1 cm, long, rounded to cordate at base, acute-acuminate at apex. Panicles ovate, up to 17 cm long, branches alternately whorled, up to 5 mm long. Pedicel dilated at apex.

Spikelets globose, c. 2 x 1 mm, greenish-purple. Lower glume ovate-oblong, c. 2 x 1 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, hirsute, 6-nerved. Upper glume orbicular to broadly ovate, 2-2.5 x 1.2 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 7-nerved. Lower floret staminate.

Lower lemma ovate-elliptic, c. 2 x 1 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 5-nerved. Palea ovate-oblong, c. 2 x 1.5 mm, subhyaline, 2-keeled. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma ovate, c. 1.5 x 1 mm, acute at apex, coriaceous, pubescent on dorsal surface.

Palea ovate-orbicular, c. 1.5 x 1.1 mm, coriaceous, with warty outgrowth, 2-keeled.

Stamens 3; anthers c. 1 mm long, yellow. Ovary ovate, c. 0.5 mm; style c. 0.5 mm; stigma c. 0.5 mm long.

Fl. & Fr.: Throughout the year.

Habitat: Common in paddy fields, wetlands, marshy areas, Khazan lands, and water

243 puddles on lateritic rocky plateaus.

Note: Widely adapted to different Habitats; a polymorphic species. This species is considered a weed in paddy fields, but also considered as a very good fodder grass.

Specimens examined: Goa: Querim, 16. 10. 1996, Vaishali Joshi, M. K. Janarthanam

& S. Rajkumar 242 (GUH); Taleigao, 19. 11. 1996, Vaishali Joshi, M. K. Janarthanam

& S. Rajkumar 403 (GUH); Taleigao, 12. 10. 2004, Harshala S. Gad 134 (GUH);

Dharbandora, 2. 11. 2004, Harshala Gad 2. 11. 2004, 161 (GUH). Maharashtra:

Damanganga river bank (Silram), 11. 5. 1963, R. S. Rao 89207 (BSI); Kas, 9. 10.

1994, C. B. Salunkhe 7384 (SUH).

Isachne gracilis C. E. Hubb. in Kew Bull. 1927: 77. 1927; Fischer in Gamble, Fl.

Madras 1796. 1934; Bor, Grass. India 581. 1960; Ved Praksh & Jain Fasc. Fl. India

14: 25. 1984; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 230. 1989; Almeida, Fl.

Savantwadi 2: 133. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 422, t. 90. 1991;

Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 511. 1996; Bhat &

Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 170. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 586. 2002.

Annual. Cu1ms up to 18 cm high, slender, delicate, erect, decumbent at base,

rooting at lower nodes; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath slightly keeled, up to 1.5 x 0.2 cm,

thin, bearded at mouth with 1 mm long hair, tubercle-based hairy on dorsal surface;

ligule absent; leaf blade elliptic-lanceolate, up to 4.5 x 1.2 cm, narrowed at base,

serrate along margins, acute at apex, veins covered by tubercle-based hairs on both the

surfaces; hairs c. 1 mm long. Panicles up to 7 cm long, lax; branches alternate,

whorled, up to 1.5 cm long, rachis triangular, glabrous. Spikelets subglobose, c. 1 x 0.5

mm. Pedicel up to 2 mm long, glabrous. Lower glume ovoid c. 0.8 x 0.5 mm, obtuse at

apex, chartaceous, hairy on dorsal surface. Upper glume ovate, c. 1 x 0.5 mm, obtuse

244 at apex, chartaceous, 5-nerved, hairy on dorsal surface. Lower floret staminate. Lower lemma elliptic-lanceolate, c. 1 x 0.5 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 5-nerved. Palea elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, c. 1 x 0.4 mm, subacute to obtuse at apex, chartaceous, 2- keeled, 2-nerved. Stamens 3; filaments short; anthers c. 0.2 mm long, yellow. Upper lemma orbicular, c. 0.5 x 0.5 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, puberulous, 1-3-nerved.

Palea elliptic to elliptic-ovate, c. 0.5 x 0.3 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, puberulous,

2-keeled. Ovary minute, elliptic lanceolate, c. 0.1 mm long; stigma minute, 0.1 mm

long.

Fl. & Fr.: September-October.

Habitat: Rare, found growing beneath Strobilanthus callosus Nees in moist deciduous

forest.

Note: This species is endemic to Western Ghats. The present collection forms a new

report to the state of Goa and shows its extended distribution along the Western Ghats.

Species is distinct from other species of the genus Isachne in its slender weak culms,

thin leaves and smaller spikelets.

Specimens examined:Goa: Surla, Satafi, 2. 10. 2005, Harshala Gad & M. K.

Janarthanam 234 (GUH). Maharashtra: Kumbharti Ghat, 8. 10. 1989, Bachulkar-

Cholekar 21036 (SUH).

Isachne miliacea Roth ex. R. & S. Syst. Veg. 2: 476. 1817; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7:

25. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 923. 1908; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1797.

1908; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 189. 1935; Bor, Grass. India 582. 1960;

Matthew, Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic t. 882 & 883. 1982; Ved Praksh & Jain, in Fasc.

Fl. India 14: 31. 1984; Britto & Matthew in Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1867.

1983; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 504. 1986; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 230. 1989;

245 Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 134. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 424.

1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., FL Maharashtra Monocot. 512. 1996;

Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 586. 2002. I. elegans sensu Rajkumar et al., J.

Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 96: 182. 1999, non Dalz. 1861.

Annual or perennial. Culms up to 150 cm high, erect to decumbent, rooting at lower nodes; nodes villous. Leaf sheath rounded; ligule a row of hairs, c. 2 mm long; leaf blade linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, up to 10 x 1 cm, rounded at base, acute at apex. Panicles open, up to 16 cm long. Spikelets obovoid, c. 2.2 mm long, rounded.

Lower glume orbicular, c. 2 x 1.2 mm, chartaceous, rounded at apex, 7-nerved. Upper glume oblong-ovate, c. 1.8 x 1.2 mm, rounded at apex, chartaceous, faintly 7-nerved.

Lower floret staminate. Lower lemma ovate-oblong to ovate, c. 1.5 x 1 mm, obtuse at apex, chartaceous, 5-nerved. Lower palea oblong-ovate to oblong, c. 1.2 x 1 mm, obtuse at apex, subhyaline, 2-keeled. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma ovate c. 1.5 x 1 mm, obtuse at apex, coriaceous, softly hairy, nerves obscure. Upper palea ovate, c. 1.5 x 1 mm, coriaceous, obtuse at apex, with warty out growth on dorsal surface, 2-keeled. Stamens 3; anthers c. 1 mm long, yellow to turning to purple. Ovary oblong ovate, c. 0.5 mm long; style c. 0.5 mm long; stigma c. 0.5 mm long, deep purple coloured.

Fl. & Fr.: Throughout the year.

Habitat: Very common in cultivated paddy fields, near water puddles on lateritic rocky plateaus, marshy areas, wetlands and rarely in Khazan lands.

Note: This species shows close similarity to I. globosa (Thunb.) Kuntze and very difficult to differentiate from it. Both the species are widespread, polymorphic and are differentiated on minor differences. Sreekumar & Nair (1991) differentiated I. globosa

246 from 1. miliacea based on often presence of glandular bands on pedicels. These glandular bands were not observed in any of the specimen collected from Goa. Further studies along its geographical distribution are required to prove distinctness of these two species.

Specimens examined: Goa: On way to Margao rice fields near St. Cruz village, 8. 11.

1962, R. S. Rao 84429 ( BSI); Taleigao, 30. 10. 1996, Vaishali Joshi & S. Rajkumar

277 (GUH); Usgao, Ponda, 2. 11. 2004, Harshala Gad 152 (GUH); Amona, 28. 8.

2005, Harshala Gad & M. K. Janarthanam 190 (GUH). Maharashtra: Mahableshwar,

7. 10. 1990, C. B. Salunkhe 7075 (SUH).

Isachne setosa Fischer in Kew Bull. 1931: 247. 1932; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras

1797. 1934; Bor, Grass. India 582. 1960; Ved Praksh & Jain Fasc. Fl. India 14: 35.

1984; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 230. 1989; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl.

Kerala Grass. 425. 1991.

Annuals. Culms up to 49 cm high, erect; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath more than half the length of internodal region, keeled on back, tubercle-based hairy on dorsal surface; ligule a row of hairs, c. 1.5 mm long, leaf blade lanceolate, up to 6.5 x 0.7 mm, rounded at base serrulate along the margins, acute at apex, covered with tubercle- based hairs on both the surfaces. Panicles lax, up to 14 cm long; branches up to 6 cm long. Spikelets elliptic-ovate, c. 2.2 x 1.5 mm, densely tubercle-based hairy. Pedicel c.

3 mm long, glabrous, slightly dilated at apex. Lower glume elliptic-ovate, c. 2.2 x 1.5 mm, margins hyaline, purple in colour, acute at apex, chartaceous, 9-nerved, tubercle- based hairy on dorsal surface; hairs c. 0.5 mm long. Upper glume elliptic ovate, c. 2.2 x 1.5 mm, margins hyaline, purple in colour, acute at apex, chartaceous, 9-nerved, tubercle-based hairy on dorsal surface; hairs c. 0.5 mm long. Both the florets

247 hermaphrodite. Lower lemma ovate, c. 1.8 x 1 mm, margins narrowly inflexed, obtuse at apex, subcoriaceous, softly hairy in apical region, 5-nerved. Lower palea elliptic ovate, c. 1.8 x 1 mm, margins inflexed from base to apex, subacute to obtuse at apex,

2-nerved, chartaceous. Stamens 3, anthers slightly sickle shaped, c. 1 mm long, yellow to purple in colour. Upper lemma ovate, c. 1.8 x 1 mm, margins narrowly inturned, obtuse to rounded at apex, coriaceous-crustaceous, densely softly hairy on dorsal surface, 5-nerved. Upper palea ovate, c. 1.8 x 1 mm, margins inflexed from base to apex, subacute to obtuse at apex, coriaceous, sparsely softly hairy on dorsal surface, 2- nerved. Stigma deep purple in colour. (Fig. 26; Plate 4 M).

Fl. & Fr.: October-November.

Habitat: Occasionally found along the stream banks at higher elevation.

Note: This species is endemic to Kerala, its occurrence in Goa forms an extended distribution to the species and new record to Goa. This species is similar to Isachne bourneorum Fischer species endemic to Kerala but differs from it as shown in table below:

Characters I. setosa I. bourneorum

Culms Annuals. perennials.

Spikelets Up to 2.5 mm long. 3-4 mm long.

Glumes Glabrous to sparsely Lower glume sparsely setose. setose and upper glume densely setose.

Specimens examined: Goa: Surla, Sattari, 22. 11. 2005, Harshala Gad 341 (GUH).

248 Fig 26. Isachne setosa Fischer A. habit; B. spikelet; C. lower glume; D. upper glume; E. lower lemma; F. lower palea; G. upper lemma; H. upper plaea.

Tribe: Paniceae

Key to the genera

1. Spikelets unisexual, dioecious, dissimilar; male and female spikelets collected into separate inflorescence; leaves rigid, pointed at apex Spinifex 1. Spikelets often hermaphrodite, similar, collected into single inflorescence; leaves not rigid or pointing at apex (2)

2. Spikelets aristate, not subtended by bristles (3) 2. Spikelets not aristate, subtended by a solitary or an involucre of bristles (5)

3. Inflorescence digitate or subdigitate, corymbose racemes; upper glume ciliate along the margins; upper lemma aristate at apex Alloteropsis 3. Inflorescence a panicle; upper glume not ciliate along margins; upper lemma not aristate at apex (4)

4. Lower glume aristate at apex; upper glume aristate at apex, pubescent on dorsal surface; culms prostrate, trailing Oplismenus 4. Lower glume not aristate at apex; upper glume rarely aristate at apex, muriculate to scabrid on dorsal surface; culms erect to suberect Echinochloa

5. Bristle solitary; upper glume muriculate on nerves Pseudoraphis 5. Bristles numerous (rarely solitary) forming involucre around the spikelets; upper glume glabrous (6)

6. Upper lemma smooth; bristles woolly, falling along with the spikelets Pennisetum 6. Upper lemma transversely rugose; bristles not woolly, persistent Setaria

7. Inflorescence spiciform; panicle cylindrical; spikelets more or less gibbous Sacciolepis 7. Inflorescence often lax, contracted, but never spiciform; panicle never cylindrical; spikelets not gibbous (8)

8. Spikelets with an annular rim at base Eriochloa 8. Spikelets without an annular rim at base (9)

9. Lower glume absent or reduced to a minute scale; inflorescence a secund raceme; spikelets mostly paired, rarely solitary Digitaria 9. Lower glume well developed; inflorescence a subsecund raceme; spikelets solitary ... (10)

249

10. Glumes and lemmas with laterally compressed, thickened apices at the apex Acroceras 10. Glumes and lemmas without laterally compressed, thickened apices at the apex (11)

11.Inflorescence a open panicle; spikelets solitary at each nodes Panicum 11. Inflorescence of spiciform racemes; spikelets mostly in clsuters of 2- 4 together (12)

12. Racemes distantly scattered on a central axis (13) 12. Racemes crowded on main axis (14)

13. Lower glume mostly turned towards axis Brachiaria 13. Lower glume turned away from axis Urochloa

14. Lower glume present (15) 14. Lower glume absent (16)

15. Inflorescence a broader panicle of closely arranged racemes; spikelets crowded, often arranged in 3 or 4 rows on rachis; glumes often acuminate or cuspidate at apex Echinochloa 15. Inflorescence a narrow panicle of distantly arranged racemes; spikelets often arranged in 2 rows on rachis; glumes acute at apex ... Paspalidium

16. Culms stoloniferous; spikelets elliptic-lanceolate Axonopus 16. Culms not stoloniferous; spikelets ovate-elliptic or orbicular Paspalum

Acroceras Stapf

Stapf in Prain, Fl. Trop. Afr. 9: 621. 1920.

A genus of about15 species distributed in the tropics and subtropical regions of

the world, of which three species occur in India and one in Goa.

Acroceras munroanum (Balansa) Henr. in Blumea 3: 445. 1940; Bor, Grass. India

275. 1960; Sreekumar et al., in J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 3: 267. 1982; Karthikeyan et al., Fl.

Ind. Enum. Mono. 178. 1989; Sreekumar and Nair Flora Kerala Grass. 212. 1991;

Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 757. 1996. Panicum

munroanum Balansa in Morot, J. de Bot. 4: 140. 1890. P. latifolium Hook. f, Fl. Brit.

India 7: 39 1896 p. p. Panicum hippothrix sensu Rajkumar et al., J. Bombay Nat. Hist.

250 Soc. 96: 182. 1999 non Schumann 1895.

Perennial. Culms up to 55 cm long, shortly erect from creeping base, running prostrate, rooting and branching at nodes; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath' up to 2.5 cm long, glabrous, bulbous-pilose on outer margin; ligule a membranous rim, fimbriate at apex; leaf blade linear-lanceolate to lanceolate up to 8 x 0.8 cm, rounded at base, margins scabrid, acute at apex. Panicles with up to 4 or 5 interrupted, spiciform,

alternate racemes, up to 10 cm long; rachis triangular, scabrid. Spikelets elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, c. 4.2 x 1.5 mm. Pedicel triangular, scabrid. Lower glume elliptic-

ovate, c. 4 x 1.5 mm, margins hyaline, tip laterally compressed and berded,

chartaceous, 5-nerved. Upper glume elliptic-ovate, c. 4 x 1.5 mm, margins hyaline, tip

laterally compressed-crested, chartaceous, 7-nerved. Lower floret empty. Lower

lemma ovate, c. 4.2 x 2 mm, margins hyaline, tip laterally compressed and bearded at

apex; chartaceous, 7-nerved. Lower palea elliptic-lanceolate, c. 2.2 x 1 mm, acute at

apex, delicate, hyaline, ciliate in apical region, 2-keeled. Upper floret hermaphrodite.

Upper lemma ovate, c. 3 x 1.5 mm, margins narrowly inturned, tip laterally

compressed-crested, thickened and bearded, subcoriaceous, glabrous, shiny, 5-7-

neved. Upper palea elliptic, c. 2.5 x 1 mm, tip notched and reflexed, subcoriaceous,

glabrous, 2-nerved, 2-keeled. Lodicules 2, c. 0.2 mm long, cuneate at base, denticulate

at apex. Stamens 3; filaments short, c. 0.2 mm long; anthers c. 0.5 mm long, yellow.

Ovary ovate; style c. 0.5 mm long; stigma c. 0.5 mm long. (Plate 4 A).

Fl. & Fr.: September-November.

Habitat: Rare along sandy riverbanks and cultivated fields.

Note: It is a new report to the state of Goa. Due to its prostrate creeping, culms with

rooting nodes the species can be considered as soil binder. The genus Acroceras Stapf

251 is very similar to Panicum L., but can be distinguished by the green crest at the tip of the upper lemma, a feature usually associated with a slightly reflexed tip of the upper palea.

Specimens examined: Goa: Taleigao, 13. 09. 1996, M. K. Janartham & Rajkumar 156

(GUH); Ganjem, Ponda, 02. 11. 2004, Harshala Gad 155 (GUH). Maharashtra:

Talwane, 6. 11. 1994, S. R. Yadav 7128 (SUH); Talwane, 6. 11. 1994, C. B. Salunkhe

7144 (SUH).

Alloteropsis J. Presl ex C. Presl

C. Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 343. 1830.

A genus of 5-8 species, distributed in tropical region of the world. Represented in India by two species and one in Goa.

Alloteropsis cimicina (L.) Stapf in Frain, Fl. Trop. Afr. 9: 487. 1919; Fischer in

Gamble, Fl. Madras 1766. 1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 129, t. 83. 1935;

Bor, Grass. India 276. 1960; Matthew, Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic t. 801. 1982; Britto

& Matthew in Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1799. 1983; Kulkarni, Fl.

Sinddhudurg 501. 1988; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 484. 1986; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum.

Mono. 181. 1989; Almeida, Fl. Sawantawadi 2: 106. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl.

Kerala Grass. 214. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra

Monocot. 389. 1996; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 180. 2001; Yadav &

Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 558. 2002. Milium cimicinum L. Mant. Alt. 184. 1771.

Axonopus cimicinus (L.) P. Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 12. 1812; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 7: 64.

1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 925. 1908.

Annual. Culms up to 30 cm high, erect or decumbent; nodes hairy; hairs tubercle-based. Leaf sheath rounded, densely hairy; hairs tubercle-based, ligule

252 truncate, membranous, fimbriate at apex; leaf blade ovate-lanceolate, up to 3 x 0.7 cm, cordate at base, ciliate along margins, acute at apex. Racemes digitate, 3 or 4 in number, up to 5 cm long, umbellate or corymbose; rachis angular, scabrid. Spikelets broadly elliptic, up to 3 mm long. Pedicel up to 2 mm long, scabrid. Lower glume ovate-lanceolate, c. 2 x 1 mm, margins hyaline, acuminate at apex, chartaceous, 4- nerved. Upper glume ovate-lanceolate, c. 3 x 1.5 mm, acuminate at apex, chartaceous,

3-nerved, 2-keeled; keels ciliate; cilia c. 1.5 mm long, purple in colour. Lower floret staminate. Lower lemma ovate, c. 2.5 x 1 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 5-nerved.

Lower palea oblong-lanceolate, c. 1 x 0.5 mm, 2-lobed at apex, delicate, hyaline.

Stamens 3; anthers c. 0.8 mm long, yellow. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma elliptic, c. 2.2 x 1 mm, aristate at apex, chartaceous, 5-nerved; arista up to 2.5 mm long. Upper palea ovate, c. 2.5 x 1 mm, chartaceous, with warty outgrowth on dorsal surface, 2-keeled. Ovary oblong, c. 0.5 mm long; styles c. 0.5 mm long; stigma c. 0.5 mm long, purple. Caryopsis ovate, c. 2 x 1 mm, laterally compressed.

Fl. & Fr.: July to October.

Habitat: Common in cultivated lands and moist places along roadsides.

Note: Grows as weed in cultivated lands, considered a very good fodder grass.

Specimens examined: Goa: Goa University campus, 24. 7. 1997, Vaishali Joshi & S.

Rajkumar 785 (GUH); Taleigao plateau, 18. 7. 2003, Harshala Gad 16 (GUH).

Maharashtra: Pawas, 6. 10. 1991, C. B. Salunkhe 7585 (SUH).

Axonopus P. Beauv. P. Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 12: 154. 1812. A genus of about 114 species, distributed in Tropical South America; one

species has been introduced in India and Goa.

Axonopus compressus (Sw.) P. Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 12: 154. 1812; Bor, Grass. India

253 278. 1960; Matthews, Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic t. 814 & 815 1982; Britto &

Matthew in Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1808. 1983; Karthikeyan et al., Fl.

Ind. Enum. Mono. 188. 1989; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 216, t. 44. 1991;

Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 633. 1996; Bhat &

Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 182. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 564. 2002.

Millium compressum Sw. Prodr. Veg. India Occ. 24. 1788.

Perennial. Cu1ms up to 20 cm long, erect, creeping, forming rosette mat on ground, stoloniferous, rooting at lower nodes, upper nodes villous. Leaf sheath glaucous, 4-10 cm long, margins hyaline; ligule annular, membranous; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, up to 3-12 x 0.8 cm, rounded at base, acute at apex, covered with sparse hairs on dorsal surface Inflorescence digitate racemes, 2 in number, up to 6 cm long. Spikelets elliptic-lanceolate, c. 2.5 x 1 mm, villous. Pedicel up to 1 mm long.

Lower glume absent. Upper glume elliptic-lanceolate, c. 2.2 x 1 mm, acuminate at apex, chartaceous, softly hairy on dorsal surface, 5-nerved. Lower floret epaleate, empty. Lower lemma ovate, c. 2 x 1 mm, shortly mucronate at apex, chartaceous, softly hairy on dorsal surface, 5-nerved. Upper floret bisexual. Upper lemma ovate, c.

1.5 x 1 mm, acute and beaded at apex, crustaceous, shiny, 5-nerved. Palea ovate c. 1.2 x 1 mm, acute at apex, crustaceous, 2-keeled. Stamens 3; anthers c. 0.5 mm long.

Ovary ovate, c. 1 mm long; style c. 1 mm long; stigma c. 0.5 mm long.

Fl. & Fr.: August-September.

Habitat: Cultivated; escape and found growing in moist places.

Note: Native species of South America; introduced in India and commonly grown as lawn grass.

Specimens examined: Bondla wildlife Sanctuary, 2. 8. 2003, Harshala Gad 23 (GUH).

254 Brachiaria Griseb Griseb in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 4: 469. 1853. Panicum L. Subdiv. Brachiaria Trin. in Mem. Acad. Sci. Petersb. Ser. 6. 3: 194. 1834.

A genus of about 100 species of which 20 occur in India and three in Goa.

Key to the species of Brachiaria:

1. Culms robust, up to 150 cm high, erect; lower glume with purple spot at base B. Brizantha 1. Culms not robust, up to 75 cm long, decumbent; lower glume without purple spot at base (2)

2. Rachis flat, glabrous; pedicel pubescent; spikelets solitary, tapering at base, apiculate at apex; upper lemma not mucronate at apex B. miliformis 2. Rachis angular, hairy; pedicel scabrid; spiklets in clusters, not tapering at base, not apiculate at apex; upper lemma mucronate at apex B. ramosa

Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf in Prain, Fl. Trop. Afr. 9: 531.

1919; Bor, Grass. India 281. t. 32. 1960; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 190.

1989.

Annual or perennial. Cu1ms robust, up to 150 cm high, erect, rooting at lower

nodes; nodes villous. Leaf sheath rounded, up to 17 x 1.3 mm, densely tubercle based

hairy; hairs c. 2 mm long; ligule a row of hairs, c. 1.5 mm long; leaf blade linear-

lanceolate, up to 28 x 1.4 cm, rounded at base, acuminate at apex, hairy on abaxial

surface. Panicles up to 25 cm long, spiciform. Racemes many, up to 6 cm long; rachis

triquetrous, c. 1 mm wide, hairy-glabrous. Spikelets in clusters of 2-4, elliptic, c. 3 x

1.5 mm, acute at apex. Pedicel triquetrous, 0.5-1.5 mm long, discoid at apex, scabrid

on angles, hispid; hairs up to 2 mm long. Lower glume broadly ovate to ovate-elliptic,

c. 1.2 x 1 mm, margins narrowly infolded, acute and compressed at apex, chartaceous,

with purlish spot at base, 5-nerved. Upper glume ovate-elliptic, c. 3.2 x 2 mm, margins

narrowly infolded, acute and compressed at apex, chartaceous, purplish at apex, 5-

255 nerved. Lower floret staminate. Lower lemma ovate-elliptic, c. 3 x 2 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 5-nerved. Lower palea elliptic, c. 3 x 1 mm, margins hyaline, infolded, acute at apex, subhyaline, 2-nerved, 2-keeled. Stamens 3; anthers c. 2 mm long, yellow. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma broadly ovate, c. 2.5 x'2 mm, rounded at apex, coriaceous, transversely rugose, shiny, 5-nerved. Upper palea oblong- ovate, c. 2.1 x 1 mm, subacute at apex, subcoriaceous, transversely rugose, shiny, 2- nerved, 2-keeled. Ovary oblong, c. 0.8 mm; style c. 1 mm long; stigma c. 1 mm long, densely plumose, deep purple.

FL & Fr.: October-November.

Habitat: Cultivated; an escape and found growing along roadsides in moist places.

Note: Introduced grass grown for fodder.

Specimens examined: Goa: Colomba, Rivona, 15. 11. 2005, Harshala Gad 324

(GUH).

Brachiaria miliformis (J. Pres. ex C. Presl.) A. Chase in Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb 22:

35. 1920; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1769. 1934; Bor, Grass. India 283-284. 1960;

Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono.190. 1989; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala

Grass. 220. 1991; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 185. 2001. Panicum miliforme J. Pres. ex C. Presl. Rel. Haenk. 1: 300. 1830. P. distachyon sensu Hook. f.,

Fl. Brit. India 7: 37. 1896, non L. 1771.

Perennial. Culms up to 40 cm long, creeping, rooting at lower nodes; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath shorter than internodal region, up to 3.5 x 0.5 cm, slightly compressed on lateral sides, ciliate along one margin; ligule a row of hairs; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, up to 6.5 x 0.8 cm, rounded at base, acute at apex, sparsely hairy on

256 both surfaces, serrulate along margin. Panicles with 3 or 4 racemes, distant, up to 8 cm long; main axis triangular, puberulous; rachis flat, 1 mm wide, puberulous, serrulate along margins. Spikelets elliptic, c. 4 x 1.5 mm, narrowed or tapering at base, apiculate at apex, glabrous, subsessile to shortly pedicelled. Pedicel angular, up to 0.5 mm long, puberulous. Lower glume broadly ovate, c. 1.5 x 2.5 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous,

10-nerved, purple. Upper glume ovate, c. 3 x 2 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 7-9- nerved, purplish green. Lower floret empty. Lower lemma elliptic-ovate, c. 2.8 x 1.5 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 5-nerved. Lower palea oblong, c. 1.5 x 0.5 mm, margins winged, obtuse at apex, delicate, hyaline; wings infolded, delicate, hyaline.

Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma elliptic to ovate-oblong, c. 2.5 x 1.5 mm, margins inturned, coriaceous, transversely rugose, 5-nerved. Upper palea elliptic to elliptic-oblong c. 2.2 x 1 mm, acute at apex, coriaceous, transversely rugose, shiny, 2- keeled. Lodicules 2, c. 0.2 mm long, denticulate at apex. Stamens 3; filaments c. 1 mm long; anthers c. 1.5 mm long, yellow. Ovary ovate, c. 1 mm long; style c. 1 mm long; stigma c. 1.5 mm long, purple. (Plate 4 G).

Fl. & Fr.: Throughout the year.

Habitat: Very common around habitations, cultivated lands, roadsides and moist shady places.

Note: It is a new report to the state of Goa. A highly variable species often confused with Brachiaria distachya but differs from it in having more than 3 racemes and glabrous spikelets. Considered as very good fodder grass.

Specimens examined: Goa: Taleigao, 30. 6. 2004. Harshala Gad 119 (GUH).

257 Brachiaria ramosa (L.) Stapf. in Prain, Fl. Trop. Afr. 9: 542. 1919; Fischer in

Gamble, Fl. Madras 1770. 1934; Blatt. McCann, Bombay Grass. 134, t. 87. 1935; Bor,

Grass. India 284. 1960; Britto & Matthew in Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3:

1812. 1983; Kulkarni, Fl. Sinddhudurg 510. 1988; Matthew, Further Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu

Carnatic t. 726. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 191. 1989; Almeida,

Fl. Sawantawadi 2: 114; 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 223. 1991;

Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 417. 1996; Bhat &

Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 185. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 565. 2002.

Panicum ramosum L. Mant. Pl. 1: 29. 1767; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 7: 36; Cooke, Fl.

Bombay 2: 932. 1908.

Annuals. Cu1ms up to 74 cm high, erect, decumbent; nodes villous. Leaf sheath rounded, slightly keeled; ligule a row of hairs, c. 1 mm long; leaf blade lanceolate, 2-

10 x 0.6 -1 cm, rounded at base, undulate-entire along margins, acuminate at apex.

Panicles up to 5-16 cm long; racemes 5-9, alternate, up to 2.5 cm long; rachis angular.

Spikelets ovate-elliptic, up to 2 mm long, pubescent. Pedicel angular, scabrid, hairy; hairs up to 1-3 mm long. Lower glume broadly ovate, c. 1 x 1.5 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved. Upper glume broadly ovate, c. 2.2 x 1.5 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 7-nerved. Lower floret empty. Lower lemma broadly ovate, c. 2 x 1.8 mm, obtuse at apex, chartaceous, 5-nerved. Lower palea oblong-lanceolate, c. 2 x 0.5 mm, delicate, hyaline, 2-nerved, 2-keeled. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma broadly ovate, c. 2 x 1.5 mm, mucronate at apex, crustaceous, transeversely rugose, 5- nerved. Upper palea ovate, c. 2 x 1 mm, crustaceous, transeversely rugose, acute at apex, 5-nerved. Stamens 3; anthers c.1 mm. Ovary ovate, c. 0.5 mm long; style c. 0.5 mm long; stigma c. 0.5 mm long, purple.

FL & Fr.: June-October.

258

Habitat: Very common in fields, Habitation areas, along roadsides and moist lateritic

rocky plateaus with soil cover.

Note: It is a new report to the state of Goa. Species shows variation in shape and size

of leaf blade, and hairiness. Considered as very good fodder grass.

Specimens examined: Goa: Goa University campus, Taleigao, 25. 7. 1997, Vaishali

Joshi & S. Rajkumar 810 (GUH); Goa University campus, Taleigao, 24. 4. 1997,

Vaishali Joshi & S. Rajkumar 786 (GUH) Taleigao plateau, 28. 6. 2003, Harshala Gad

13 (GUH). Maharashtra: Savantwadi, 2. 10. 1993, C. B. Salunlche 8395 (SUH).

Digitaria Heist ex Fabricus

Heist ex Fabricus, Enum. ed. 1: 207. 1759

A genus of about 220 species distributed in tropical region of the world. of

which 25 species occur in India and five in Goa.

Key to the species

1. Rachis flat (2) 1.Rachis triquetrous (3)

2. Lower glume present; rachis serrate along margins; racemes 2-12, > 5 cm long D. ciliaris 2. Lower glume absent; rachis entire along margins; racemes 2 rarely 3, < 5 cm long D. longiflora

3. Pedicel triquetrous, abscission discoid at apex; rachis c. 0.2 mm wide, very narrowly winged; upper glume as long as spikelets D. abludens 3. Pedicel flat, abscission not discoid at apex; rachis c. 0.3 mm wide, narrowly winged, upper glume varies in length D. stricta

Digitaria abludens (Roem. & Schult.) Veldk. in Blumea 21: 53. 1973; Kulkarni, Fl.

Sindhudurg 518. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 207. 1989; Sreekumar

& Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 235. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., FL

Maharashtra Monocot. 461. 1996; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 192. 2001;

259 Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 575. 2002. Panicum abludens Roem. & Schult. Syst.

Veg. 2: 45. 1817. Digitaria granularis (Trin. ex. Spreng.) Henr. Monogr. Gen.

Digitaria 302. 1950; Bor, Grass. India 301. 1960. Paspalum granulare Trin. ex.

Spreng. Neue Entdeck. 2: 47. 1821. Digitaria pedicellaris (Trin. ex Hook. f.) Prain,

Bengal Pl. 1181.1903 (2: 890. 1963, repr. ed.); Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 941. 1908;

Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1765. 1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 126. t.

80. 1935. Paspalum pedicellare Trin. ex Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 19. 1896.

Annuals. Culms up to 30 cm high, erect or decumbent, nodes glabrous. Leaf

sheath compressed on lateral sides, up to 5.5 cm long, keeled, covered with tubercle-

based hairs; hairs up to 2 mm long; ligule truncate, membranous, lacerate at apex; Leaf

blade linear-lanceolate, up to 11 x 0.4 cm, oblique at base, acuminate at apex, sparsely

°tubercle-based hairy; hairs up to 2 mm long. Racemes 2 or 3, up to 5 cm long,

secondary branches formed by clusters of 2 or 3 spikelets; rachis triquetrous, winged,

0.2 mm wide, scabrid on angles. Spikelets broadly elliptic-obovate, up to 2 x 0.8 mm,

acute at apex, softly hairy. Pedicel triquetrous, 0.2-5 mm long, abscission discoid.

Lower glume absent. Upper glume obovate, c. 2 x 1 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 5-

nerved, softly silky hairy; hairs adpressed to the surface. Lower floret epaleate, empty.

Lower lemma broadly elliptic-ovate, c. 1.8 x 1 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 5-7-

nerved, softly silky hairy. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma broadly elliptic-

ovate, c. 1.5 x 1-1.5 mm, acute at apex, crustaceous, 3-nerved, yellowish brown to

dark brown. Upper palea elliptic, c. 1.2 x 0.5 mm, acute at apex, crustaceous, 2-

nerved, 2-keeled, yellowish brown. Lodicules 2, obovate, c. 0.1 mm, denticulate at

apex. Stamens 3; anthers c. 0.5 mm long, violet. Ovary elliptic, c. 0.5 mm long; style

c. 0.5 mm long; stigma c. 0.5 mm long, purple.

Fl. & Fr.: June to August.

260 Habitat: Fairly common along road sides in moist shady places; rare in cultivated lands and lateritic rocky plateaus.

Note: It is a new report to the state of Goa. Found growing along with other grasses such as Panicum psilopodium Trin., Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem & Schult and

Brachiaria ramosa (L.) Stapf in moist shady places along road sides. Glumes of the spikelets shows a gradation of variations in hairiness.

Specimens examined: Goa: Goa university campus, Taleigao, 16. 6. 2004, Harshala

Gad, 113 (GUH). Maharashtra: Kundal, 11. 9. 1993, C. B. Salunkhe, 7014 (SUH).

Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel. Descr. Gram. 27. 1802; Veldk. in Blumea 21: 32.

1973; Britto & Matthew in Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1837. 1983; Kulkarni,

Fl. Sinddhudurg 518. 1988; Matthew, Further Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic t. 748 & 749.

1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 207. 1989; Almeida, Fl. Sawantawadi

2: 122. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 237. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in

Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 462. 1996; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and

Grass. 193. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 462. 2002. Panicum ciliare Retz.

Obs. Bot. 4: 16. 1786. Digitaria biformis Willd. Enum. Pl. Hort. Berol. 92. 1809; Bor,

Grass. India 299. 1960. Paspalum sanguinale Lam. var. ciliare (Retz.) Hook. f., Fl.

Brit. India 7: 15. 1896. P. sanguinale Lam. var. rottleri Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 16.

1896 . D. marginata Link, Hort. Berol.1: 102. 1821; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras

1764. 1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 125, t. 78. 1935. Digitaria sanguinalis

Scop. var. ciliaris Frain, Beng. Pl. 1181. 1903 [2: 889. 1963 (epr. ed.)]; Cooke, Fl.

Bombay 2: 940. 1908. D. adscendens (H. B. & K.) Henr. in Blumea 1. 92. 1934; Bor,

Grass. India 289. 1960; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 497. 1986. Panicum adscendens H. B. K. Nov.

Gen. et Sp. 1:97. 1816.

261 Annuals. Culms up to 110 cm high, tufted, erect or decumbent, creeping, rooting at lower nodes; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath rounded, slightly keeled, tubercle- based hairy; ligule membranous, truncate; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, up to 22 x 0.5 cm, rounded at base, undulate along one margin, sparsely hairy, scabrous. Racemes 2-

12, up to 6-12 cm long; rachis winged, serrate, c. 1 mm wide.. Spikelets binate, homomorphous, one sessile the other pedicelled. Pedicel trquetrous, scabrid. Spikelet elliptic-lanceolate. Lower glume broadly ovate-orbicular, c. 0.2 x 0.3 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous. Upper glume elliptic-lanceolate, c. 2.5 x 0.5 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, softly hairy, 3-nerved. Lower floret epaleate, empty. Lower lemma elliptic-lanceolate, c. 3 x 1 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, softly hairy, 5-nerved, softly hairy on lateral nerves, central nerve glabrous; hairs silky white. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma elliptic-lanceolate, c. 2 x 1 mm, margins inturned, acuminate at apex, crustaceous, 3-nerved. Upper palea elliptic-lanceolate, c. 2 x 1 mm, acute at apex, crustaceous, 2-nerved, 2-keeled. Lodicules 2, obovate, c. 0.3 mm long, denticulate at apex. Stamens 3; anthes c. 1 mm long; yellow-purple. Ovary ovate, c.1 mm long; style c. 1 mm long; stigma c. 1 mm long, purple.

Fl. & Fr.: June-October.

Habitat: Very common in cultivated fields, along open grassy hill slopes, halophytic conditions, lateritic rocky plateaus, habitations, along roadsides and along water courses.

Note: Species showing wide range of qualitative and quantitative variations like length of culms, number and length of racemes, pubescence of upper glume and lower lemma. Due to polymorphic nature the species have under gone many nomenclatural changes and many varieties have been erected due to variations. On maturation pedicelled spikelet fall off first than sessile spikelet, which remains attached on the

262 rachis for a longer period. A very good fodder grass.

Specimens examined: Goa: Pernem village, 19. 11. 1962, R. S. Rao 84954 (BSI);

Quierim 16. 10. 1996, M. K. Janarthanam, Vaishali Joshi & S. Rajkumar 224 (GUH);

Taleigao plateau, 27. 6. 2003, Harshala Gad 9 (GUH); Raibandar, 12. 10. 2005,

Harshala Gad 267 (GUH). Maharashtra: Parali, September 2002, Bachulkar-

Cholekar 3221 (SUH). Karnataka: Gadinglaj, 9. 9. 1990, C. B. Salunkhe 7868

(SUH). Kerala: Bharamangawm, Kottayam, 13. 8. 1984, V. J. Nair 615 (MH).

Digitaria longiflora (Retz.) Pers. Syn. P1. 1: 85. 1805; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 941.

1908; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1765. 1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass.

127, t. 81. 1935; Bor, Grass. India 302. 1960; Britto & Matthew in Matthew, Fl.

Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1838. 1983; Matthew, Further Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic t. 750

& 751. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 208. 1989; Almeida, Fl.

Sawantawadi 2: 122. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 239. 1991;

Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 463. 1996; Bhat &

Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 194. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 576. 2002.

Paspalum longiflora Retz. Obs. Bot. 4: 15. 1786.

Annual or perrenial. Culms 10-55 cm long, slender, decumbent, creeping, rooting at lower nodes; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath keeled, glabrous; ligule ovate, membranous, c. 1 mm long; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, 2-6 x 0.2-0.6 cm, rounded at base, acute at apex. Racemes 2 or 3, digitate, up to 2-8 cm long. Rachis flat, winged, c.

0.5 mm wide. Spikelety solitary or cluster of 3 spikelets, ovate-elliptic, c. 1.8 x 0.5 mm, acute at apex, softly hairy, greenish yellow. Pedicel, up to 0.5 mm long, abscission discoid. Lower glume absent. Upper glume ovate-elliptic, c. 1.5 x 0.5 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 5-nerved, softly hairy; hairs adpressed to the surface.

263 Lower floret epaleate, empty. Lower lemma elliptic-ovate, c. 1.5 x 0.5 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 5-nerved, softly hairy. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma broadly elliptic-ovate, c. 1.2 x 1 mm, acute at apex, crustaceous, yellowish brown.

Upper palea broadly elliptic c. 1 x 0.5 mm, acute at apex, coriaceous, 2-keeled.

Stamens 3; anthers c. 0.5 mm long, purple. Ovary ovate elliptic, c. 0.5 mm long; style

c. 0.5 mm long; stigma c. 0.5 mm long, purple. Caryopsis broadly elliptic-ovate, c. 1

mm.

Fl. & Fr.: August-September.

Habitat: Occasionally on field bunds and cultivated lands.

Note: It is a new report to the state of Goa. Distinguished from other species by its

creeping culms.

Specimens examined: Goa: Molem, 21. 9. 1970, N. P. Singh 124448 (BSI); Deosali-

Caranzole, 2. 10. 1970, N. P. Singh 124926 (BSI); Harmal beach, 3. 9. 1997, Vaishali

Joshi & S.Rajkumar 923 (GUH); Camurlim Bardez, 7. 9. 2003, Harshala Gad 41

(GUH). Maharashtra: Koynanagar, 8. 10. 1989, C. B. Salunkhe 8207 (SUH).

Digitaria stricta Roth ex Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2: 474. 1817; Bor, Grass. India

305. 1960; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 497. 1986; Kulkarni, Fl. Sinddhudurg 519. 1988;

Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 209. 1989; Almeida, Fl. Sawantawadi 2: 123.

1990; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 465. 1996; Bhat

& Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 196. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 576.

2002. Paspalum royleanum Nees ex Hook. f. , Fl. Brit. India 7: 18. 1896. Digitaria

royleana (Nees ex Hook. f.) Prain, Beng. Pl. 1182. 1903 [2: 890. 1963 (repr. ed.)];

Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 942. 1908; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 127, t. 82. 1935.

264 D. stricta Roth ex Roem. & Schult var. denudata (Link) Henr. Monogr. Gen. Digitaria

175. 1950; Bor, Grass. India 306. 1960. D. stricta Roth ex Roem. & Schult. var. glabrescence Bor in Webbia 11: 336. 1955 & Bor, Grass. India 305. 1960.

Annuals. Cu1ms up to 25 cm high, erect or decumbent, nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath keeled, up to 5 x 0.4 cm bearded at mouth with tubercle-based hairs; ligule truncate, membranous, c. 1 mm long, lacerate at apex; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, up to 10 x 0.6 cm, oblique and rounded at base, undulate along one margin, acuminate at apex, glabrous or sparsely tubercle-based hairy; hairs up to 2 mm long. Racemes 2-4, digitate, up to 5 cm long; rachis triquetrous, narrowly winged, c. 0.3 mm wide, scabrid on angles. Spikelets broadly elliptic-obovate, c. 1.5 x 1 mm, acute at apex, softly hairy.

Pedicel flat, narrowly winged, serrate along margins, 0.5-2.5 x 1 mm wide, glabrous- hairy; hairs up to 0.3 mm long. Lower glume absent. Upper glume varies in shape and size, completely absent or a minute scale to broadly ovate, up to 1 x 1.5 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved, softly silky hairy. Lower floret epaleate, empty. Lower lemma obovate, c. 1 x 0.8 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 5-nerved, softly silky hairy.

Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma broadly ovate, c. 1.2 x 1 mm, apiculate at apex, crustaceous, 3-nerved, dark brown. Upper palea ovate-elliptic c. 1 x 0.5 mm, acute at apex, crustaceous, 2-nerved, 2-keeled, yellowish brown. Lodicules 2, oblong, denticulate at apex. Ovary elliptic, c. 0.5 mm long; style c. 0.5 mm long; stigma c. 0.5 mm long, purple.

Fl. & Fr.: June-August.

Habitat: Fairly common along road sides in moist places.

Note: Found growing in close association with Digitaria abludens (Roem. & Schult.)

Veldk. and Brachiaria ramosa (L.) Stapf. Many This species is polymorphic and due

265

to variations shown in the upper glume characters and hairiness many varieties were

described under this species. Digitaria stricta is similar to D. abludens. The

differences between these two species are tabulated below:

Digitaria abludens Digitaria stricta

Pedicel triquetrous with abscission Pedicel flat, narrowly winged without

discoid at apex discoid abscission

Upper glume present, as long as spikelet Upper glume varies in length, less than

half the length of spikelet, minute to a

scale or completely absent.

Specimens examined: Goa: Valpoi, Satafi, 3. 10. 1970, N. P. Singh 124095 (BSI);

Goa University, Taleigao, 16. 6. 2004, Harshala Gad 114 (GUH). Maharashtra:

Shirol, 23. 9. 1990, C. B. Salunkhe 7316, (SUH); Takavali, October 1995, Bachulkar-

Cholekar 20332 (SUH).

Echinochloa P. Beauv. P. Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 53: 161. 1812; Bor, Grass. India 307. 1960; Panicum L. sect. Echinochloa Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 30. 1896.

A genus of about 30-40 species distributed in tropical World, of which eight

species occur in India and three species in Goa.

Key to the species

1. Spikelets cuspidate; lower lemma ditincly aristate E. crusgalli 1. Spikelets not cuspidate; lower lemma acute to acuminate, never aristate (2)

2. Culms robust; racemes incurved at maturity; spikelets up to 5 mm long E. frumentacea 2. Culms not robust; racemes straight at maturity; spikelets up to 3 mm long E. colona

266 Echinochloa colona (L.) Link, Hort. Berol. 2: 209. 1833; Fischer in Gamble, Fl.

Madras 1776. 1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 148, t. 94. 1935; Bor, Grass.

India 308, t. 34. 1960; Vartak, Enum. Plant. Gomantak, India. 114. 1966; Britto &

Matthew in Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1845. 1983; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 499.

1986; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 525. 1988; Matthew, Further Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu

Carnatic t. 763. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 211. 1989; Almeida,

Fl. Savantwadi 2: 126. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 245. 1991;

Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 472. 1996; Bhat &

Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 198. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 576. 2002.

Panicum colonum L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 870. 1759; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 32.

1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 932. 1908.

Annuals. Cu1ms up to 115 cm high, erect, tufted, rooting at lower nodes; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath shorter than the internodal region, keeled, c. 0.5 cm wide; ligule absent; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, up to 28 x 0.6 cm, undulated along one margin, margins serrulate, acuminate at apex. Panicles lanceolate, 4-13 cm long, spiciform; racemes 6-12, 1-2 cm long, straight; rachis triangular with sparse tubercle-based hairs at junction with main axis, scabrid on angles. Spikelets ovate-lanceolate, c. 3 x 1.5 mm, acute at apex, hispid. Lower glume broadly ovate, c. 1.5 x 2 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, hispid, 5-nerved. Upper glume boat shaped, c. 3 x 3 mm, shortly cuspidate at apex, chartaceous, 5-nerved, hispid. Lower floret empty. Lower lemma ovate-lanceolate, c. 2.5 x 1 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 5-7-nerved, hispid. Lower palea lanceolate, c. 2 x 1 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous. Upper floret hermaphrodite.

Upper lemma broadly ovate, c. 3 x 2.2 cm, shortly mucronate at apex, crustaceous, shiny, 5-nerved. Upper palea ovate-lanceolate, c. 2 x 1.2 mm, bearded at apex, subcoriaceous, shiny, 2-keeled. Caryopsis ovate, c. 1.5 x 1 mm. (Plate 4 J).

267 Fl. & Fr.: Throughout the year.

Habitat: Common in cultivated fields, along fresh water courses, roadsides in moist places, rarely seen along sandy coast.

Note: This species is similar to Echinochloa frumentacea Link and can be distinguished from its rooting basal nodes, erect racemes and smaller spikelets. This species is considered an obnoxious weed in cultivated paddy fields, but a very good fodder grass. Commonly known as 'jungle rice'. Known as 'Dhono' in Konkani.

Specimens examined: Goa: Chimbel reservoir near Brahmapuri temple, 9. 11. 1963,

R. S. Rao 892925 (BSI); Quierim, 16. 10. 1996, M. K. Janarthanam, Vaishali Joshi &

S. Rajkumar 230 (GUH); Taleigao, Tiswadi, 27. 6. 2003, Harshala Gad 10 (GUH); St.

Cruz, Tiswadi, 22. 8. 2005, Harshala Gad 181 (GUH). Maharashtra: Ratnagiri, 15.

10. 1990, C. B. Salunkhe 7780 (SUH); Atali, August 1992, Bachulkar-Cholekar 3211

(SUH).

Ehinochloa crusgalli (L.) P. Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 53. 761. 1812: Fischer in Gamble,

Fl. Madras 1777. 1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 150, t. 95. 1935; Bor, Grass.

India 310. 1960; Vartak, Enum. Plant. Gomantak, India. 115. 1966; Britto & Matthew in Matthews Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1846. 1983; Matthew, Further Ill. Fl.

Tamilnadu Carnatic t. 765. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 211. 1989;

Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 126. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 246.

1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 472. 1996; Bhat

& Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 199. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 577.

2002. Panicum crusgalli L. Sp. Pl. 56. 1753; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 30. 1896.

Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) P. Beauv. Var breviseta (Doell) Neilr., Fl. Neid. Ost. 31.

1959; Bor , Grass. India 310. 1960.

268 Annual. Cu1ms up to 100 cm high, tufted, nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath longer

than internodal region, keeled, up to 13 x 1 cm, glabrous; ligule absent; leaf blade

linear-lanceolate, up to 25 x 0.7 cm, serrate along margins, acuminate at apex. Panicles

up to 12 cm long, spicifom, main axis angular, scabrid; racemes alternate, up to 4 cm

long; rachis triangular scabrid, covered with tubercle-based hairs at base; hairs up to 5

mm long. Spikelets ovate-lanceolate, up to 5 x 2 mm, aristate, shortly pedicelled to

subsessile. Pedicel up to 1 mm long, triangular, scabrid.. Lower glume broadly ovate,

c. 2 x 2.5 mm, ciliate along margins, acute at apex, chartaceous, 7-nerved. Upper

glume elliptic-lanceolate, c. 5 x 2 mm, acuminate and compressed at apex, L chartaceous, 5-nerved; nerves covered with tubercle-based hairs; hairs c. 0.5 mm long.

Lower floret empty. Lower lemma ovate, c. 4 x 2 mm, chartaceous, aristate, 7-nerved;

nerves covered with tubercle-base hairs; hairs c. 1 mm long; arista up to 20 mm long,

scabrid. Lower palea elliptic-lanceolate, c. 3 x 1.5 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 2-

nerved, 2-keeled; keels echinate. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma ovate to

elliptic, c. 4 x 2 mm, margins inturned, narrowly winged, acute at apex, crustaceous,

shiny, 5-nerved. Upper palea elliptic-lanceolate, c. 3 x 1.8 mm, acute and bearded at

apex, crutaceous, 2-keeled, 2-nerved. Caryopsis subglobose, c. 2 x 2 mm. (Plate 4 K).

Fl. & Fr.: Throughout the year.

Habitat: Common in cultivated paddy fields.

Note: It is a new report to the state of Goa. This species is similar to E. stagina (Retz.)

P. Beauv. and differs from other species of the genus by its contracted spiciform

racemes and the absence of ligule. Commonly known as 'Barnyard grass', and

considered as obnoxious weed in cultivated paddy fields. Makes very good fodder

before flowering and is avoided after flowering due to the its obnoxious aristate

spikelets.

269 Specimens examined: Goa: Cortalim, 29. 9. 1997, Vaishali Joshi & S. Rajkumar

1045 (GUH). Bhutpal-Canacona, 29. 4. 2004, Harshala Gad 106 (GUH); Alorna-

Pernem, 29. 9. 2005, Harshala Gad 221 (GUH). Maharashtra: Jaygaon, 16. 10. 1990,

C. B. Salunkhe 7893 (SUH).

Echinochloa frumentacea Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 204. 1827; Bor, Grass. India 311.

1960; Britto & Matthew in Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1845. 1983; Rao, Fl.

Goa 2: 499. 1986; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 525. 1988; Matthew, Further Ill. Fl.

Tamilnadu Carnatic t. 764. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 211. 1989;

Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 247. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al.,

Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 473. 1996. Panicum crusgalli L. var frumentaceum Hook.

f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 31. 1896. P. staginum Retz. var. frumentacea Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl.

104. 1889; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 931: 1908. Echinochloa colona (L.) Link var frumentacea (Link) Ridl. Fl. Mal. Penin. 5: 223. 1925; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras

1777. 1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 149. 1935.

Annual. Culms up to 150 cm high, erect, tufted, nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath as

long as or shorter than internodal region, slightly keeled, rounded, up to 15 x 1.2 cm,

glabrous; ligule absent; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, up to 33 x 0.8 cm, rounded to

cordate at base, serrulate along margins, acuminate at apex. Panicles up to 18 cm long;

racemes many, erect-incurved, up to 4 cm long. Spikelets ovate-elliptic, c. 5 x 2 mm,

acuminate, hirtellous, subsessile. Lower glume broader than long, c. 2 x 3 mm, acute at

apex, chartaceous, hirtellous, 5-nerved. Upper glume ovate-elliptic, c. 4 x 2 mm, acute

at apex, chartaceous, 7-nerved, scabrid on nerves. Lower floret empty. Lower lemma

c. 5 x 2 mm, acuminate and laterally compressed at apex, chartaceous, 7-nerved,

scabrid on nerves. Lower palea oblong ovate, c. 3 x 1.5, acute at apex, subhyaline, 2-

270 nerved, 2-keeled; keels ciliolate. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma ovate- elliptic, c. 3.5 x 2 mm, acute at apex, tip laterally compressed and bearded, crustaceous, shiny, 5-nerved. Upper palea, ovate-oblong, c. 3 x 1.5 mm, acute at apex, crustaceous, shiny, 2-nerved, 2-keeled. Caryopsis oblong, c. 2 mm long.

Fl. & Fr.: August - October.

Habitat: Common in cultivated paddy fields.

Note: This species is similar to Echinochloa colona (L.) Link and can be differentiated by the longer robust culms, non rooting lower nodes, incurved racemes, larger spikelets, scabrid lower glume and lower lemma. This species is considered as obnoxious weed in cultivated paddy fields. Considered as very good fodder grass.

Specimens examined: Goa: Calangute, Bardez, 21. 9. 2003, Harshala Gad 65 (GUH).

Eriochloa Kunth Kunth in Humb. & Bonpl. Nov. Gen. Sp. 1: 94. t. 30. 31. 1816. A genus of about 30 species, distributed in tropical and subtropical world, of which two species occur in India and one in Goa.

Eriochloa procera (Retz.) C. E. Hubb. In Kew Bull. 1930; 256. 130; Fischer in

Gamble, Fl. Madras 1767. 1934; Bor, Grass. India 311. 1960; Matthew, Ill. Fl.

Tamilnadu Carnatic t. 868 & 869. 1983; Britto & Matthew in Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu

Carnatic 3: 1859. 1983; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 219. 1989;

Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 250. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al.,

Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 494. 1996. Rajkumar et al., in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 96:

182. 1999; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 200. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl.

Kolhapur 581. 2002. Agrostis procera Retz. Obs. Bot. 4: 19. 1786. Eriochloa polystachya Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 20. 1896, non H. B. & K. 1816; Cooke, Fl.

271 Bombay 2: 944. 1908. E. ramosa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 775. 1891; Blatt. &

McCann, Bombay Grass. 131, t. 84. 1935.

Annual. Culms up to 85 cm high, erect, tufted, branching at nodes; nodes hairy; hairs small, silky, white. Leaf sheath shorter than internodal region, up to 7 x 0.6 cm, glabrous; ligule membranous, fimbriate at apex, 0.2 mm long; leaf blade linear-

lanceolate, 6-15 x 0.8 cm, rounded at base, acute at apex, glabrous, midrib prominent.

Panicles up to 15 cm long; racemes 5-12 in numbers, up to 6 cm long, glabrous; rachis triangular. Spikelets in clusters of 2 or 3, elliptic-lanceolate, 3 mm long, softly silky hairy, greenish-purple. Pedicel angular, up to 3 mm long, scaberulous, abscission

annular. Lower glume reduced to ring at base of spikelet, pink in colour. Upper glume

elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, c. 3 x 1 mm, acuminate or shortly cuspidate at apex,

chartaceous, 5-nerved, softly silky hairy, purplish; cusp up to 1 mm long. Lower floret

epaleate, empty. Lower lemma elliptic-lanceolate, c. 3 x 1 mm, margins membranous,

inturned, acute at apex, chartaceous, softly silky hairy, 5-nerved. Upper floret

hermaphrodite. Upper lemma oblong-lanceolate, c. 2 x 1 mm, cuspidate at apex,

subcoriaceous; cusp up to 0.5 mm, scabrid. Upper palea oblong-lanceolate, c. 2 x 1

mm, subacute to obtuse at apex, subcoriaceous, 2-nerved, 2-keeled. Ovary ovate, c. 1

mm long. (Plate 4 L).

Fl. & Fr.: August-October.

Habitat: Common in cultivated lands and in halophytic conditions.

Note: This species can be identified in fields by reduced lower glume forming a cup

like pink rim at base of spikelet. This species shows variation in hairiness, where

pedicels are hairy to glabrous at the junction with the rachis. Found growing along

with Dichanthium annulatum (Forssk.) Stapf in halophytic conditions.

272 Specimens examined: Goa: Cortalim, 14. 11. 1996, Vaishali Joshi & S. Rajkumar

385 (GUH); St. Cruz, Tiswadi, 12. 10. 2004, Harshala Gad 138 (GUH); Bastora,

Bardez, 2. 9. 2005, Harshala Gad 196 (GUH). Maharashtra: Pusegaon, 15. 10. 1989.

C. B. Salunkhe 7056 (SUH).

Oplismenus P. Beauv. P. Beauv. Fl. Owar. 2: 14. 1810; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 68. 1896. A genus of about five species distributed in tropical and subtropical region of

World, of which three species occur in India and two in Goa.

Key to the species

1. Arista at apex of both the glumes uneaqual in length, > 0.5 mm long; lower lemma aristate 0 burmanii 1. Arista at the apex of both the glumes equal in length, < 0.5 mm long; lower lemma acute 0. compositus

Oplismenus burmannii (Retz.) P. Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 54. 168. 169. 1812; Hook. f.,

Fl. Brit. India 7:68. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 927. 1908; Fischer in Gamble, Fl.

Madras 1778. 1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 154, t. 97. 1935; Bor, Grass.

India 317. 1960; Vartak, Enum. Plant. Gomantak, India. 115. 1966; Rao, Fl. Goa 2:

508. 1986; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 545. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum.

Mono. 240. 1989; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 141. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl.

Kerala Grass. 256. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra

Monocot. 541. 1996; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 202. 2001; Yadav &

Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 594. 2002. Panicum burmanii Retz. Obs. Bot. 3: 10. 1783.

Annuals. Culms up to 30 cm long, prostrate, trailing, rooting at lower nodes, nodes glabrous to sparsely villous. Leaf sheath keeled, up to 3 x 0.3 cm, softly hairy, densely ciliate along one margin; ligule annular, membranous, c. 0.5 mm long,

273 fimbriate at apex; leaf blade elliptic-lanceolate, up to 4 x 0.8 cm, narrowed at base, acute at apex, covered with tubercle-based hairs on both surfaces. Panicle, up to 10 cm long; racemes alternate, up to 2 cm long; rachis triquetrous. Spikelets elliptic- lanceolate, shortly pedicelled. Pedicel angular, up to 1 mm long, tubercle-based hairy; hairs up to 2 mm long. Lower glume ovate-elliptic, c. 1.5 x 0.5 mm, aristate at apex, chartaceous, puberulous; 3-nerved; arista up to 10 mm long, scabrid. Upper glume broadly ovate, c. 1.5 x 1 mm, margins ciliate, aristate at apex, chartaceous, pubescent,

5-nerved; arista up to 4 mm long, scabrid. Lower floret empty. Lowe lemma broadly ovate, c. 2 x 1.2 mm, margins ciliate, acuminate to aristate at apex, chartaceous, pubescent, 8-nerved; arista c 0.5 mm long, scabrid. Lower palea oblong, c 1.2 x 0.2 mm, obtuse at apex, delicate, hyaline. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma ovate-lanceolate, c. 2 x 1 mm, acute at apex, subcoriaceous, 3-5-nerved. Upper palea elliptic up to 1.8 x 0.6 mm, acute at apex, subcoriaceous, 2-nerved, 2-keeled.

Lodicules 2, c. 0.2 mm long, denticulate at apex. Stamens 3; anthers c. 1.5 mm long, yellow. Ovary globose; style c. 1 mm long; stigma 1 mm long, white.

Fl. & Fr.: September-November.

Habitat: Fairy common around habitations in moist shady places

Note: Species form pure mats in moist shady places and is considered as very good fodder.

Specimens examined: Goa: Sanguem, 22. 9. 1997, Vaishali Joshi & S. Rajkumar

1030 (GUH); Molem-Anmode, 19. 10. 1997, M. K. Janarthanam & S. Rajkumar 1159

(GUH); Camurlim, Bardez, 21. 9. 2003, Harshala Gad 60 (GUH). Maharashtra:

Radhanagari, 25. 10. 1992, C. B. Salunlche 8142 (SUH).

274 Oplismenus compositus (L.) P. Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 54. 168. 169. 1812; Hook. f., Fl.

Brit. India 7: 66. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 926. 1908; Fischer in Gamble, Fl.

Madras 1778. 1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 152, t. 96. 1935; Bor, Grass.

India 317. 1960; Vartak, Enum. Plant. Gomantak, India. 115. 1966; Matthew, Ill. Fl.

Tamilnadu Carnatic t. 901 & 902. 1982; Britto & Matthew in Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu

Carnatic 3: 1877. 1983: Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 508. 1986; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 545.

1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 240. 1989; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2:

141. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 257. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in

Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 542. 1996; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and

Grass. 204. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 594. 2002. Panicum compositum L.

Sp. P1. 57. 1753.

Perennial. Cu1ms up to 70 cm long, sparsely villous, trailing, creeping, rooting at lower nodes, nodes glabrous to villous. Leaf sheath rounded, shorter than internodal region, 1.5-7 x 0.3 cm, ciliate along one margin; ligule membranous, fimbriate at apex; leaf blade lanceolate, up to 8 x 1.5 cm, narrowed and oblique at base, serrate along margin, acute at apex, with false reticulate venation on lower surface. Panicles up to

17 cm long; racemes up to 6 in number, 2-6 cm long; rachis triangular, hispid with tubercle-based hairs along one angle; hairs up to 0.5 mm long. Spikelets in pairs of 2, elliptic-lanceolate, c. 3 x 1 mm, pedicellate to subsessile. Pedicel up to 0.5 mm long, softly hairy, inserted in grooved rachis. Lower glume lanceolate, c. 2 x 1 mm, aristate, chartaceous, puberulous; arista c 0.5 mm long. Upper glume broadly ovate, c. 2 x 1

mm, aristate at apex, chartaceous, puberulous; arista c 0.5 mm long. Lower floret

empty. Lowe lemma ovate, c. 0.5 x 1.5 mm, acute at apex, 9-nerved. Lower palea

oblong-lanceolate, c. 2 x 0.5 mm, subacute at apex, delicate, hyaline, 2-keeled. Upper

floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma elliptic-lanceolate, c. 2.5 x 1.5 mm, acute at apex,

275

subcoriaceous, shiny, 3-nerved. Upper palea elliptic c. 2 x 1 mm, acute at apex,

coriaceous, shiny, 2-nerved, 2-keeled. Caryopsis oblong-lanceolate, c. 2 x 0.5mm.

(Plate 4 N).

FL & Fr.: October to November.

Habitat: Common on open grassy hill slopes and as undergrowth in moist deciduous

forests and semi evergreen forests.

Specimens examined: Goa: Before the main road Molem-Ponda, 15. 11. 1962, R. S.

Rao 84776 (BSI); Kodal village, 16. 11. 1962. R. S. Rao 84811 (BSI); Chorla, 8. 11.

1996, M. K. Janarthanam & S. Rajkumar 323 (GUH); Colem Sonale, 11. 10. 1997, M.

K. Janarthanam, S. Rajkumar & Vaishali Joshi 1100 (GUH). Dharbandora, Sanguem,

12. 10. 2005, Harshala Gad & M. K. Janarthanam 276 (GUH). Maharashtra: Panhala,

29. 10. 1989, S. R. Yadav 8194 (SUH); Kas, January 1992, Bachulkar-Cholekar 3059

(SUH).

Panicum L. L. Sp. Pl. 55. 1753. Panicum L. sect. Effusae Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 44. 1896. A genus of about 370 species, distributed in tropical and subtropical region of

world, of which 35 species occur in India and seven in Goa.

Key to the species:

1. Panicle, spiciform, narrow, branches short; pedicel discoid at apex P. auritum 1.Panicle effuse, broad, branches long; pedicel dilated at apex (2)

2. Lower glume less than half the length of the spikelets (3) 2. Lower glume more than half the length of the spikelets (6)

3. Lower glume longer than broad, cuspidate to acuminate at apex; leaves densely tubercle-based hairy P. trypheron 3. Lower glume broader than long, acute at apex; leaves

276

mostly glabrous rarely sparsely villoUs (4)

4. Culms rooting at basal nodes (5) 4. Cu1ms not rooting at basal nodes P. psilopodium

5. Cu1ms rigid, leaves distichous, involute; spikelets not opening at maturity P. repens 5. Culms spongy, leaves not distichous, flat; spikelets opening at maturity P. paludosum

6. Plants annuals; culms weak, up to 45 cm high; panicle up to 15 cm long; branches not drooping; spikelets elliptic P. walens 6. Plants perennials; culms rigid, up to 150 cm high; panicle up to 30 cm long; branches drooping; spikelets ovate-oblong to deltoid P. notatum

Panicum auritum Presl. ex Nees, Agrost. Bras. 176. 1829; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7:

40. 1896; Bor, Grass. India 324. 1960; Vartak, Enum. Plant. Gomantak, India. 117.

1966; Nair et al., in J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 3: 270. 1982; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum.

Mono.1989; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 261, t. 52. 1991; Bhat & Nagendran,

Sedges and Grass. 206. 2001.

Perennials Cu1ms up to 135 cm high, erect, herbaceous, nodes glabrous, leaf

sheath up to 11.5 x 0.8 cm, keeled, densely hairy, bearded at mouth with tubercle-

based hairs; hairs short; ligule membranous, annular, 1 mm long; leaf blade lanceolate,

up to 33 x 0.9 cm, rounded to cordate at base, acuminate at apex, glabrous, midrib

slightly keeled on abaxial surface. Panicles spiciform, narrow, up to 30 cm long,

contracted, densely spiculate; branches up to 6 cm long, crowded, erect. Spikelets

elliptic-lanceolate to lanceolate, c. 2.5 x 1 mm Pedicel angular, up to 2 mm long,

scabrid, discoid at apex. Lower glume broadly ovate, c. 1.5 x 1 mm, acute at apex,

chartaceous, 3-nerved. Upper glume ovate-lanceolate c. 2.5 x 1 mm, acute at apex,

chartaceous, 5-nerved. Lower floret empty. Lower lemma elliptic to ovate-elliptic, c. 2

x 1 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 5-nerved. Lower palea oblong c. 1 x 0.2 mm,

27.7 margins infolded, obtuse at apex, hyaline. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma elliptic-lanceolate, c. 2.5 x 1 mm, acuminate at apex, subcoriaceous, faintly 5-nerved.

Upper palea oblong-lanceolate, c. 2 x 1 mm, margins narrowly infolded, acute at apex, subcoriaceous, 2-nerved. Lodicules 2, wedge shape, c. 0.1 mm long. Stamens 2; anthers c. 1 mm long, yellow. Ovary oblong c. 0.5 mm long; style c. 0.5-1 mm long; stigma c. 1 mm long, white.

Fl. & Fr.: August-September.

Habitat: Rare along stream banks in semi evergreen forests.

Note: It is a new report to the state of Goa; Vartak reported it from castle rock from adjacent Karnataka. The habit and the contracted densely spiculate panicle shows its close resemblance to Sacciolepis interrupta (Willd.) Stapf.

Specimens examined: Goa: Dudhsagar, 28. 8. 2005, Ashish Prabhugaonkar, 192

(GUH).

Panicum notatum Retz. Obs. Bot. 4: 18. 1786; Bor, Grass. India 701. 1960; Britto &

Matthew in Matthew Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1881. 1983; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 509.

1986; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 547. 1988; Matthew, Further Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu

Carnatic 3: 801. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 243. 1989; Almeida,

Fl. Savantwadi 2: 144. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 267. 1991;

Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 550. 1996; Bhat &

Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 208. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 596. 2002.

P. montanum Roxb. Fl. India 1: 315. 1820; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 40. 1896;

Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1783. 1934; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 938. 1908; Blatt. &

McCann, Bombay Grass. 164, t. 105. 1935; Bor, Grass. India 329. 1960; Vartak,

Enum. Plant. Gomantak, India. 115. 1966.

278 Perennial. Cu1ms up to 150 cm high, erect, rarely trailing, woody, rooting at lower nodes, nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath shorter than internodal region, up to 6 cm long, bearded at mouth, tubercle-based hairy along one margin; ligule truncate, membranous; leaf blade lanceolate, up to 16 x 1.7 cm, narrowed and rounded at base, serrulate along margins, acute at apex, glabrous to sparsely hairy on both the surfaces.

Panicles up to 30 crn long, wide open, with drooping branches; branches verticellate at base alternate above up to 16 cm long; rachis angular, scabrid on angles. Spikelets ovate-oblong to slightly deltoid c. 2.5 x 1 mm, subacute at apex. Pedicel capillary, up to 1.5 cm long, dilated at apex. Lower glume ovate c. 2 x 1 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, pubescent, 5-nerved. Upper glume elliptic-ovate c, 2.2 x 1 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, pubescent, 5-nerved. Lower floret epaleate, empty. Lower lemma elliptic-ovate, c. 2.2 x 1 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, pubescent, 5-nerved. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma ovate, c. 2 x 1 mm, acute at apex, crustaceous, shiny, 7-nerved. Palea oblong lanceolate, c. 2 x 1 mm, acute at apex, crustaceous, shiny, 2-nerved, 2-keeled. Caryopsis ovoid, c. 1.2 x 0.6 mm. (Plate 4 0)

Fl. & Fr.: October-November.

Habitat: Common on open grassy hill slopes and along forest margins in shade.

Note: This species is distinct from other species of the genus in its clumps of firm roots, trailing habit, woody culms, distinctly lanceolate leaves, long drooping branches and deltoid spikelets. It closely resembles miniature bamboo before flowering.

Specimens examined: Goa: Foot hills of Potim-Sanguem, 14. 11. 1962, R. S. Rao

84784 (BSI); Ordofond-Bhutpal, 11. 11. 1962 R. S. Rao 84647 (BSI); Gulelim, Ponda,

2. 11. 2004 Harshala Gad, 153 (GUH); Molem-Anmode, 9. 11. 2005, Harshala Gad

310 (GUH). Karnataka: Sangmeshwar, 18.9. 1994, C. B. Salunkhe 7828 (SUH).

279 Fl. & Fr.: August-October.

Habitat: Common in cultivated fields, wetlands, marshy areas, shallow fresh water

ponds and rarely in halophytic conditions

Note: Considered as very good fodder. Cu1ms spongy and rooting at lower nodes when

submerged or floating in shallow water ponds. When growing in fields culms not

spongy. It is often confused with Panicum repens L. and can be distinguished from the

characters tabulated below:

P. paludosum P. repens

Cu1ms non-rhizomatous and spongy. Cu1ms rhizomatous and turgid.

Leaves broader, flat and dark green. Leaves linear, rigid and disticous.

Specimens examined: Goa: Ceiba campus, Corlim, 28. 8. 1996, Vaishali Joshi & S.

Rajkumar 94 (GUH); Margoa-Nuvem, 23. 8. 1998, M. K. Janarthanam, Vaishali Joshi

& S. Rajkumar 1622 (GUH); Taleigao, Tiswadi, 22. 8. 2005, M. K. Janarthanam &

Harshala Gad 179 (GUH). Maharashtra: Kas-Stream bank, 1. 9. 1991, C. B.

Salunkhe 7254 (SUH); Yekiv-Kas, November 1995, Bachulkar-Cholekar 3096 (SUH).

Panicum psilopodium Trin. Gram. Panic. 217. 1826; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 46.

1896; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 158, t. 90. 1935; Bor, Grass. India 329. 1960;

Britto & Matthew in Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1882. 1983; Rao, Fl. Goa 2:

1986; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 548. 1988; Matthew, Further Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu

Carnatic t. 804. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 243. 1989; Almeida,

Fl. Savantwadi 2: 144. 1990; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra

Monocot. 551. 1996; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 209. 2001; Yadav &

281 Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 596. 2002. P. psilopodium Trin. var. coloratum Hook. f., Fl.

Brit. India 7: 47. 1896; Sreekuinar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 269, t. 53. 1991.

Annual. Cu1ms up to 35 cm high, erect, nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath laterally compressed to rounded, up to 6 x 0.4 cm, softly silky hairy to glabrous; hairs up to 1.5 mm long; ligule annular, membranous, ciliate at apex; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, up to 12 x 0.5 cm, rounded at base, acute at apex, sparsely hairy; hairs up to 1 mm long.

Panicles up to 10 cm long; branches alternate to whorled, up to 5 cm long; rachis slender, angular, scabrid. Spikelets elliptic-lanceolate, c. 2.5 x 1 mm, acute. Pedicel up to 10 mm, long, slightly dialated at apex, scabrid. Lower glume broadly ovate- orbicular, c. 1 x 1.5 mm, obtuse at apex, chartaceous, 5Lnerved. Upper glume ovate- lanceolate, c. 2.5 x 1.2 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 9-11-nerved. Lower floret empty. Lower lemma ovate-lanceolate, c. 2.5 x 1.2, acute at apex, chartaceous, 9-11 nerved. Palea ovate-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, c. 2 x 0.7 mm, obtuse at apex, hyaline, 2-keeled. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma ovate-oblong, c. 2 x 1, obtuse and apiculate at apex, coriaceous, shiny, faintly 7-nerved. Palea ovate-oblong, c. 1.6 x 0.6 mm, subcoriaceous, shiny, obtuse. Lodicules 2, denticulate at apex. Stamen

3; anthers c. 0.8 mm long. Ovary ovate, c. 0.3 mm. (Plate 4 Q)

Fl. & Fr.: June-October.

Habitat: Lateritic rocky plateaus and along road sides.

Note: Can be often confused with P. trypheron Schult. but differs by non cuspidate, obtuse apex of lower glume, leaves softly hairy; hairs non tubercle-based, arranged all over the culms not largely basally aggregated.

Specimens examined: Goa: Kakra, 4. 11 1996. Vaishali Joshi & S. Rajkumar 296

(GUH); Taleigao, 24. 7. 1997, Vaishali Joshi & S. Rajkumar 797 (GUH); Goa

282 University Campus, Taleigao, 16. 6. 2004, Harshala Gad 115 (GUH); Dodamarg, 9.

10. 2005, Harshala Gad & M. K. Janarthanam 256 (GUH). Maharashtra: Dodamarg,

3. 11. 1991, C. B. Salunkhe 8099 (SUH); Yekiv, November 1992, Bachulkar-Cholekar

3096 (SUH).

Panicum repens L., Sp. Pl. ed 2. 187. 1762; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 49. 1896;

Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1783. 1934; Bor, Grass. India 330. 1960; Britto &

Matthew in Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1882. 1983; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg

548. 1988; Matthew, Further Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic t. 805 & 806. 1988;

Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 243. 1989; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 144.

1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 271. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 553. 1996; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass.

209. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 597. 2002.

Perennial. Cu1ms up to 65 cm high, erect or decumbent, creeping, rooting at lower nodes, rhizomatous or stoloniferous; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath slightly keeled, villous along margins; ligule ciliate, c.1 mm long; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, up to 25 x 1 cm, acuminate at apex, softly hairy on abaxial surface. Panicles spiciform, up to 25 cm long, densely spiculate; branches 5-15 cm Ion; rachis angular.

Spikelets elliptic-lanceolate, c. 3 x 1 mm, acuminate at apex. Pedicel angular, 1-3 mm long, scabrid, dilated at apex. Lower glume less than half the length of the spikelet, orbicular, c. 0.8 x 1 mm, acute at apex, membranous, 1-3-nerved. Upper glume lanceolate c. 3 x 1 mm, acuminate at apex, chartaceous, 9-nerved. Lower floret

Staminate. Lower lemma lanceolate, c. 2.5 x 1 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 9- nerved. Palea lanceolate c. 2 x 1 mm, acute at apex, hyaline, 2-keeled. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma oavte-lanceolate, c. 1.8 x 1 mm, acute at apex,

283 coriaceous, shiny, 7-nerved. Palea lanceolate, c. 1.8 x 1 mm, acute at apex, coriaceous, shiny. Lodicules 2, denticulate, c. 0.2 mm long. Stamens 3; anthers c. 1.5 mm long, yellow. Ovary ovate, c. 0.2 mm long; style c. 1 mm long; stigma c. 1 mm long, purple.

Fl. & Fr.: August-February.

Habitat: Common in fields, halophytic conditions, sandy coast, marshy areas, wetlands, shallow water ponds.

Note: A rhizomatous or stoloniferous species of the genus. Can be distinguished from other species of the genus by its rigid, distichous, involute leaves, yellowish green habit and spikelets not opening at maturity. Due to its root system it is difficult to uproot and is considered as an obnoxious weed in cultivated fields.

Specimens examined: Goa: Dodamarg, 13. 9. 1996, Vaishali Joshi & S. Rajkumar

151 (GUH); Taleigao, 30. 10. 1996, Vaishali Joshi & S. Rajkumar 279 (GUH);

Miramar beach, 15. 8. 2003, Harshala Gad 27 (GUH); Taleigao, 18. 2. 2005, Harshala

Gad 175 (GUH). Maharashtra: Shivnagar, 5. 10. 1990, C. B. Salunkhe 7073 (SUH);

Kagal 2. 10. 1994, C. B. Salunkhe 7073 (SUH).

Panicum trypheron Schult. Syst. Veg. 2 Mant. 244. 1824; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 7:

47. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 936. 1908; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1783.

1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 158. 1935; Bor, Grass. India 331. 1960;

Matthew, Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic t. 904 & 905. 1982; Britto & Matthew in

Matthews Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1883. 1983; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 549. 1988;

Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 243. 1989; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala

Grass. 273. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 553.

1996; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 596. 2002.

284 Annuls. Cu1ms up to 50 cm high, tufted, erect, geniculate, with basely aggregated leaves, nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath rounded, keeled, up to 6 x 0.5 cm, covered with tubercle-based hairs; ligule a row of hair, c. 1 mm long; leaf blade linear- lanceolate, up to 10 x 0.5 cm, rounded to shallowly cordate at base, serrulate along margins, acute at apex, covered with tubercle-based hairs on both surfaces. Panicles open, elliptic, up to 18 cm long; branches alternate to whorled; main axis angular, smooth; rachis angular, scabrid. Spikelets sparse, distant, ovate-elliptic. Pedicel angular, 0.5-1 cm long, scabrid. Lower glume broadly ovate, c. 1.5 x 1 mm, cuspidate at apex, membranous, 5-nerved; cusp c. 0.5 mm long, scabrid. Upper glume ovate, c. 2 x 1 mm, acuminate at apex, membranous, 7-nerved. Lower floret empty. Lower lemma

broadly ovate to ovate-elliptic, c. 1.5 x 1.2 mm, acute at apex, membranous, 9-nerved.

Palea oblong c. 1 x 0.5 mm, subacute at apex, delicate, hyaline, 2-keeled. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma ovate-oblong, c. 2 x 1 mm, subcoriaceous, obtuse at

apex, 5-nerved. Palea oblong-elliptic c. 1.5 x 1 mm, infolded along margins, obtuse at

apex, subcoriaceous, 2-keeled, hyaline. Ovary ovate, c. 1.2 mm long.

Fl. & Fr.: September-October.

Habitat: Occasionally common along open grass covers and lateritic rocky plateaus.

Note: It is a new report to the state of Goa. Spikelets fall soon after maturity. Distinct

from other species of the genus in its basally aggregated, tubercle-based hairy leaves,

shortly cuspidate lower glume.

Specimens examined: Goa: Dabal-Panchwadi, 6. 10. 1997, Vaishali Joshi & S.

Rajkurnar 1060 (GUH); Colvalem plateau, 29. 9. 2005, Harshala Gad 218 (GUH).

Maharashtra: Sonawadi, July 1991, Bachulkar-Cholekar 3071 (SUH); Pusegao, 30.

9. 1992, C. B. Salunlche 7669 (SUH); Shivaji University Campus, Kolhapur, 8. 10.

285 1993, S. R. Yadav 7236 (SUH).

Panicum walense Mez in Bot. Jahrb. 34: 146. 1904 ("watense"); Majumdar in Bull.

Bot. Soc. Beng. 27. 47. 1973; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 243. 1989;

Sreekumar & Nair, FL Kerala Grass. 275. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al.,

Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 555. 1996; Rajkumar et al., in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 96:

182. 1999; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 210. t. 55. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai,

Fl. Kolhapur 597. 2002. Panicum humile Nees ex Trin. 1826; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 7:

48. 1896. Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1782. 1934. Panicum austro- asiaticum Ohwi in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 2: 45. 1942; Bor, Grass. India 324. 1960.

Annuals. Culms up to 42 cm high, tufted, erect, slender, nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath shorter than intemodal region, up to 4 x 0.3 cm, margins imbricate, ciliate along one margin, bearded at mouth; ligule annular, c. 0.2 mm long, fimbriate at apex; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, up to 11 x 0.4 cm, rounded at base, acuminate at apex, central nerve prominent. Panicles open, elliptic, up to 15 cm long. Spikelets elliptic, c. 2 x 0.8 mm, acute at apex. Pedicel angular, up to 1 cm long, scabrid. Lower glume broadly ovate, c. 1.5 x 0.8 mm, acuminate at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved. Upper glume ovate c. 1.5 x 1 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 4-nerved. Lower floret empty. Lower lemma ovate-elliptic, c. 1.5 x 1 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 5-nerved. Palea elliptic, c. 1 x

0.5 mm, subacute at apex, delicate, hyaline, 2-keeled. Upper floret hermaphrodite.

Upper lemma ovate-oblong, c. 1 x 0.5 mm, crustaceous, shiny, 5-nerved. Palea oblong c. 1 x 0.5 mm, subacute at apex, crustaceous, shiny, 2-keeled. Ovary ovate c. 1.2 mm long. Stamens 3; anthers c. 0.8 mm long, yellow. Ovary minute; style c. 0.8 mm long; stigma c. 0.2 mm long, pink.

Fl. & Fr.: September-January.

286 Habitat: Cultivated land and margins of paddy fields; rare.

Note: Distinct from other species of the genus in its slender weak culms and smaller spikelet.

Specimens examined: Goa: Keri, 16. 1. 1996, M. K. Janarthanam, Vaishali Joshi & S.

Rajkumar 241 (GUH); Chandor, Quepem, 14. 9. 2005, Harshala Gad 212 (GUH).

Maharashtra: Takkali, 3. 10. 1993, C. B. Salunke 8112 (SUH).

Paspalidium Stapf Stapf in Prain, Fl. Trop. 9: 582. 1920; Bor, Grass. India 324. 1960. Panicum L. sect. Paspaloideae Hook. f., Fl. Brit India 7: 28. A genus of about 40 species distributed in tropical region of the world of which three species occur in India and two species in Goa.

Key to the species

1. Leaves blunt at apex; spikes distant on main axis P. flavidium 1. Leaves acute to acuminate at apex; spikes congested to shortly distant on main axis P. geminatum

Paspalidium flavidum (Retz) A. Camus in Lecomte, Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine 7: 419.

1922; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1774. 1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass.

141, t. 90. 1935; Bor, Grass. India 333. 1960; Britto & Matthew in Matthew, Fl.

Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1884. 1983; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 510. 1986; Matthew, Further Ill.

Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic t. 807 & 808. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono.

244. 1989; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 145. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala

Grass. 278. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot.

555-556. 1996; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 211. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai,

Fl. Kolhapur 597. 2002. Panicum flavidum Retz. Obs. Bot. 4: 15. 1786; Hook. f., Fl.

287 Brit. India 7: 28. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 292. 1908.

Annual or Perennial. Cu1ms up to 80 cm high, tufted, slightly compressed,

erect, nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath compressed, keeled, up to 19 x 0.4 cm; ligule

annular, membranous, fimbriate at apex; leaf blade linear-oblong to linear-lanceolate, up to 22 x 0.6 cm, rounded to slightly cordate at base, obtuse to blunt at apex, shiny.

Panicles up to 32 cm long; spikes 5-8 in number, alternate, up to 2 cm long, up to 6 cm

apart; main axis triquetrous. Spikelets arranged alternately on 0.8 mm wide flat rachis,

broadly ovate to gibbous, c. 2.5 x 1.5 mm. Lower glume broadly ovate, c.1.5 x 1 mm,

obtuse at apex, chartaceous, 5-nerved, purplish. Upper glume ovate, c. 2 x 1.5

mm,acute at apex, chartaceous, 6-nerved. Lower floret empty. Lower lemma broadly

ovate, c. 2.5 x 2 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous-subcoriaceous, 5-nerved. Palea

elliptic-ovate elliptic, c. 2 x 1.2 mm, acute at apex, subhyaline, 2-nerved, 2-keeled.

Lodicules 2, denticulate c 0.5 mm long. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma

elliptic c. 2 x 1.5 mm, inturned along margins, acute at apex, coriaceous, shiny, 5-

nerved. Palea elliptic, c. 2 x 1 mm, shortly mucronate at apex, coriaceous, shiny, 2-

nerved, 2-keeled. Caryopsis ovate, c. 2 x 1.5 mm. (Plate 4 RI & R2)

Fl. & Fr.: August-September.

Habitat: In fields and along water drainers; rare

Note: Distinct from other species of the genus in having obtuse to blunt apex of leaf

blade, distantly placed spikes, gibbous spikelet.

Specimens examined: Goa: Porvorim village, 4. 9. 1963, K. C. Kanodia 89773 (BSI);

Succoro, Bardez, 2. 9. 2005, Harshala Gad 197 (GUH). Maharashtra: Malwan, 3. 10.

1993, C. B. Salunkhe 8307 (SUH).

288 Paspalidium geminatum (Forssk.) Stapf in Fl. Trop. Afr. 9: 583, 1920; Fischer in

Gamble, Fl. Madras 1774. 1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 142. 1935; Bor,

Grass. India 333. 1960; Kulkami, Fl. Sinddhudurg 549. 1988; Rao, Fl. Goa, 511. 1986;

Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 244. 1989; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala

Grass. 279. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 556.

1996; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 212. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl.

Kolhapur 597. 2002. Panicum geminatum Forssk. Fl. Aegypt. - Arab. 18. 1775. P.

Paspaloides Pers. Syns. Pl. 1: 81. 1805; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 7: 30. 1896.

Perennial. Culms up to 90 cm, long, decumbent, creeping or floating, stoloniferous, rooting at the lower nodes; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath rounded, shorter than intenodal region; ligule a tuft of hairs. leaf blade linear lanceolate, 3 - 20 x 0.5 cm, shallowly cordate at base, acuminate at apex. Panicles up to 15 cm long interrupted; spikes many, congested to shortly distant, up to 2 cm long; rachis narrowly winged, midrib raised on adaxial surface. Spikelets ovate, c. 2.5 x 1.5 mm, acute, greenish yellow. Lower glume broaly ovate to orbicular, c. 1 x 2 mm, membranous, rounded to obtuse at apex, faintly 3-nerved. Upper glume ovate, c. 2.3 x

2 mm, chartaceous, obtuse at apex, 7-nerved. Lower floret staminate. Lower lemma ovate, c. 2.5 x 2 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 5-nerved. Palea broadly elliptic, c. 2.2 x 1.5 mm, acute at apex, hyaline, 2-nerved, 2-keeled. Stamens 3; anthers c. 1.5 mm long, orange yellow. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma, ovate to broadly elliptic, c. 2 x 1.5 mm, acuminate at apex, coriaceous, faintly 5-nerved. Palea broadly elliptic, c. 1.5 x 1 mm, acute at apex subcoriaceous, 2-nerved, 2-keeled. Ovary ovoid, c. 0.5 mm long; style c. 1.5 mm long; stigma c. 1 mm long, cream coloured.

Fl. & Fr.: Throughout the year

Habitat: Common in fields, sandy coastal areas, wetlands, marshy areas, salt marshes

289 and shallow fresh water ponds.

Note: Very good fodder grass showing wide range of adaptability to various Habitats.

Specimens examined: Goa: Pernem village, 19. 1. 1962, S. R. Rao 84952 (BSI);

Miramar, 24. 7. 1997, Vaishali Joshi & S. Rajkurnar 790 (GUH); Taleigao, 8. 1. 2003,

Harshala Gad 8 (GUH); Miramar, 29. 9. 2003, Harshala Gad 75 (GUH).

Maharashtra: Satara, 11. 10. 1990, S. R. Yadav 7550 (SUH).

Paspalum L. L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 2: 855. 1759. A genus of about 320 species, distributed in tropical regions of the world of which 12 species occur in India and four in Goa.

Key to the species:

1. Upper glume with a ciliate fringe along the margins; inflorescence a conjugate raceme P. conjugatum 1.Upper glume without ciliate fringe along the margins; inflorescence not a conjugate raceme (2)

2. Inflorescence a panicle; ligule absent or obscure; leaves decurrent at base, densely tubercle-based hairy P canarae 2. Inflorescence a raceme; ligule present, membranous; leaves rounded at base, glabrous (3)

3. Spikelets ovate-orbicular to ovate-elliptic, lower glume absent, upper glume glabrous P. scrobiculatum 3. Spikelet elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, lower glume reduced to subulate scale, upper glume pubescent P. paspalode

Paspalum canarae (Steud.) Veldk. var. fimbriatum (Bor) Veldk. in Blumea 21: 72.

1973; Britto & Matthew in Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1886 1983; Kulkarni,

Fl. Sindhudurg 550. 1988; Matthew, Further Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic t. 811. 1988;

Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 244. 1989; Almeida, Fl. Sawantawadi 2: 146.

1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. t. 57. 283. 1990; Lakshminarsimhan in

290 Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Moncot. 558. 1996; Rajkumar et al., in J. Bombay Nat.

Hist. Soc. 96: 182. 1999; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 215. 2001; Yadav &

Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 599. 2002. Panicum canarae Steud. Syn. Pl. 1: 58. 1853.

Paspalum compactum auct. non Roth. 1821; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 7: 12. 1896;

Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 943. 1908; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 138, t. 88. 1935;

Bor, Grass. India 336. 1960.

Annuals. Cuims up to 35 cm long, erect or creeping, rooting at lower nodes, geniculate; nodes villous. Leaf sheath rounded, covered densely with tubercle-based hairs. Ligule obscure. Leaf blade elliptic-lanceolate, up to 7 x 1.5 cm, decurrent at base, acute at apex, covered densely with tubercle-based hairs. Panicles up to 12 cm long; racemes up to 25 in number; up to 3.5 cm long, perpendicular to main axis; rachis angular, c 0.5 mm long, covered sparsely with tubercle-based hairs. Spikelets ovate, c. 1.8 x 1 mm, subacute to obtuse at apex, hirsute. Lower glume absent. Upper glume obovate, c. 1.8 x 1 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 3-nerved, hirsute on dorsal surface. Lower floret empty, epaleate. Lower lemma obovate, c. 1.5 x 0.6 mm, acute at apex chartaceous, 5-nerved, covered sparsely with tubercle-based hairs. Upper lemma broadly ovate-orbicular, c. 1 x 1 mm, crustaceous, faintly 3-nerved, granulated on dorsal surface. Palea broadly ovate to orbicular, c. 1 x 0.8 mm, crustaceous. Ovary ovate, c. 1 mm long; style c 0.5 mm long, slender; stigma c. 0.5 mm long.

FL & Fr.: August-November.

Habitat: Common on lateritic rocky plateaus and marshy fields; rarely along railway tracks.

Note: Endemic to Western Ghats. Found growing along with Jansenella griffithiana

(C. Muell.) Bor along the streams on lateritic rocky plateaus. Reported from Goa by

291 Vaishali Joshi & Janarth. (2004).

Specimens examined: Goa: Surla, 8. 11. 1996; M. K. Janarthanam & S. Rajkumar

306 (GUH); Surla, 2. 10. 2005, Harshala Gad 242 (GUH). Maharashtra: Pawas, 6. 10

1991. C. B. Salunkhe 7458 (SUH); Kas, August 1992. Bachulkar-Cholekar 3062

(SUH).

Paspalum conjugatum Berg. in Act. Hely. Phys. Math. 7: 129. t. 8. 1772. Hook. f.,

Fl. Brit. Ind. 7: 11. 1896; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1772. 1934; Bor, Grass. India

336 1960; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 244. 1989; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl.

Kerala Grass. 285. 1991; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 216. 2001.

Perennial. Culms up to 40 cm long, compressed, creeping, rooting at lower nodes; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath up to 9.5 cm, compressed, keeled, ciliate along one margin; Ligule a membranous, rim; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, up to 11.5 x 0.7 cm, narrowed rounded at base, acuminate at apex, margins ciliate at base. Racemes 2, conjugate at base, up to 9 cm long. Spikelets broadly elliptic-ovate, c. 1.5 x 1 mm, acute at apex, greenish-yellow. Lower glume absent. Upper glume broadly ovate, c.

1.5 x 1 mm, ciliate along margins, acute at apex, membranous; hairs c. 1 mm long.

Lower floret epaleate, empty. Lower lemma broadly ovate, c. 1.5 x 1 mm, acute at apex, membranous. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma broadly ovate c. 1.5 x 1 mm, incurved along margins, acute at apex, crustaceous, 1-nerved. Palea broadly ovate to orbicular, c. 1.2 x 1 mm, acute at apex crustaceous, 2-keeled. Stamens 3; anthers c.

0.5 mm long, deep yellow. Ovary orbicular, c. 1 x 1 mm; style c. 1 mm long; stigma

0.5 nun long, plumose, white.

Fl. & Fr.: Throughout the year.

292 Habitat: Commonly found growing in rubber plantations and in moist, shady places; can be identified by the conjugate racemes.

Specimens examined: Bramha-Karmali, Valpoi, 25. 4 2004. Harshala Gad 104

(GUH). Kerala: way to hanging bridge, Silent valley, Palghat, 5. 10. 1979, N. C. Nair

64299 (MH).

Paspalum scrobiculatum L. Mant. Pl. 1: 29. 1767; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 7: 10. 1896;

Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1772. 1934; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 943. 1908; Blatt. &

McCann, Bombay Grass. 136, t. 87. 1935; Bor, Grass. India 340. 1960; Britto &

Matthew in Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1887. 1983; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 511.

1986; Kulkarni, Fl. Sinddhudurg 551. 1988; Matthew, Further Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu

Carnatic t. 813. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 244. 1989; Sreekumar

& Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 287. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl.

Maharashtra Monocot. 561. 1996; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 216. 2001;

Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 599. 2002.

Annual or perennial. Cu1ms up to 50 cm high, erect or creeping, rooting at lower nodes; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath slightly keeled, up to 5 cm long; ligule membranous rim; leaf blade linear to lanceolate-linear, up to 12 x 0.6 cm, rounded at base, acute at apex, mid rib prominent. Racemes usually 2 rarely 1, up to 4 cm long; rachis flat, c. 2 mm wide. Spikelets ovate-elliptic to orbicular, c. 2.3 x 2 mm. Pedicel

up to 0.3 mm long, glabrous. Lower glume absent. Upper glume ovate-elliptic to

ovate, c. 2.3 x 2 mm, acute at apex, membranous, 5-nerved. Lower floret epaleate,

empty. Lower lemma ovate c. 2 x 1.5 mm, rounded at apex, membranous, 7-nerved.

Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma ovate, c. 2.2 x 1.5 mm, crustaceous,

subacute at apex, shiny, faintly 3-7 nerved, dark brown. Palea ovoid, c. 1.8 x 1.2 mm, infolded along margins, obtuse at apex, crustaceous. Stamens 3; anthers c. 0.5 mm, yellow. Ovary c. 1 mm long; style c. 0.8 mm long; stigma c. 0.5 mm long, cream colour.

FL & Fr.: Throughout the year.

Habitat: Commonly found growing along the field bunds, cultivations, Khazan lands, wetlands, salt marshes, shallow water ponds etc.

Note: This widespread is adapted to various ecological conditions. Used as fodder grass before flowering.

Specimens examined: Goa: Nadquem near Bhutpal, 26. 4. 1963, K. C. Kanodia

88267 (BSI); Nagoa, 5. 9. 1965, John Cherian 85096 (BSI); Quierim, 16. 10. 1996, M.

K. Janarthanam, Vaishali Joshi & S. Rajkumar 238 (GUH); Goa University Campus,

Taleigao, 5. 8. 1997, Vaishali Joshi & S. Rajkumar 819 (GUH); Loutolim, 9. 8. 2003.

Harshala Gad 25 (GUH); Taleigao, 22. 8. 2005, Harshala Gad & M. K. Janarthanam

183 (GUH). Maharashtra: Amba, 14. 10. 1990, C. B. Salunkhe 7252 (SUH). Kerala:

Vazhamoola, Trivendrum, 30. 8. 1975, J. Joseph 46548 (MH).

Paspalum paspalode (Michx.) Scribner in Mem. Torr. Bot. Cl. 5: 29. 1894

('paspaloides') Bor Grass. Ind. Append. II. 1973 (repr. ed); Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg

550. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 244. 1989; Lakshminarsimhan in

Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Moncot. 558. 1996; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur

599. 2002. Digitaria paspalodes Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 46. 1803. Paspalum distichum auct non L. 1759, nom confus; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 12. 1896; Cooke,

Fl. Bombay 2: 943. 1908; Bor, Grass. India 338. 1960.

Annual or perennial. Culms up to 40 cm high, erect or creeping, stoloniferous,

294 rooting at lower nodes; nodes glabrous, dark purple. Leaf sheath shorter than or as long as internodal region, keeled, up to 5 x 0.5 cm, bearded at mouth; ligule broadly ovate, membranous, c. 1 mm long; leaf blade linear to linear-lanceolate, up to 17 x 0.2 cm, rounded at base, acuminate at apex. Racemes 2, up to 5 cm long; rachis flat, c. 1.5 mm wide, nerve raised on adaxial surface. Spikelets elliptic-lanceolate to elliptic c. 3.5 x 1.5 mm. Lower glume reduced to subulate scale, c. 0.5 x 0.2 mm, acuminate at apex, chartaceous. Upper glume broadly ovate to elliptic-ovate, c. 3.5 x 2 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 5-7-nerved, pubescent to glabrous. Lower floret epaleate, empty. Lower

lemma ovate to elliptic, c. 3.2 x 1.5 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 5-nerved. Upper

floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma ovoid, c. 3 x 1.5 mm, bearded and acute at apex, crustaceous, shiny, faintly 5-nerved. Palea oblong, c. 2.5 x 1.5 mm, infolded along

margins, acute at apex, coriaceous, 2-nerved. Lodicules 2, c. 0.5 mm long. Stamens 3;

anthers c. 1.5 mm, yellow. Ovary c. 1 mm long; style c. 1.5 mm long; stigma c. 1.5

mm long, purple. Grain oblong, c. 1.2 mm long. (Plate 4 S).

Fl. & Fr.: Throughout the year.

Habitat: Common in fields, wetlands, marsh lands, shallow ponds and salt marshes.

Note: This species is similar to P. vaginatum Swartz but differs in shape of the spikelet

which is elliptic and pubescent upper glume, whereas in P. vaginatum spikelets

broadly lanceolate and upper glume glabrous.

Specimens examined: Goa: Taleigao, 22. 8. 2005, Harshala Gad & M. K.

Janarthanam 180 (GUH). Maharshtra: Kolhapur, s. d. Milind Sardesai s. n. (SUH).

295 Pennisetum Rich. Rich. in Pres. Syn. Pl. 1: 72. 1805. A genus of about 80 species distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world of which 17 species occur in India and two in Goa.

Key to the species

1. Involucre enclosing two spikelets, one sessile the other pedicelled; involucral bristles densely woolly, fluffy white to purplish pink P. pedicellatum 1. Involucre enclosing solitary sessile spikelet; involucral bristles not woolly, golden yellow in colour P. polystachyon

Pennisetum pedicellatum Trin. in Mem. Acad. Sci Petersb. Ser. 6, 3: 184. 1834;

Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 916. 1908; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1792. 1934; Blatt. &

McCann, Bombay Grass. 180, t. 115. 1935; Bor, Grass. India 346. 1960; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 246. 1989; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 290-291.

1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 564. 1996; Bhat

& Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 219. 2001;Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 600.

2002.

Annual. Cu1ms up to 200 cm high, tufted, erect, nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath slightly keeled, up to 9.5 x 0.8 cm, sparsely tubercle-based hairy, densely ciliate along one margin; hairs up to 2 mm long; ligule a fimbriate membrane, c. 2 mm long; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, up to 28 x 1 cm, rounded at base, acuminate at apex, tubercle- base hairy on both surfaces; hairs 1-6 mm long. Panicles spiciform, interrupted, up to

12 cm long, pink-purple, rachis puberulous. Involucre enclosing 1 or 2 spikelets, one pedicelled the other sessile. Pedicel up to 2 mm long, villous; bristles of two types, outer bristle few, slender, up to 3 mm long, inner bristles densely woolly, plumose, up to 15 mm long, purple in colour. Spikelets lanceolate c. 4 x 1 mm. Lower glume broadly ovate, c. 1.5 x 1 mm, 3-lobed at apex, hyaline, softly silky villous, 3-nerved.

296 Upper glume elliptic-lanceolate, c. 3.5 x 1.5 mm, apiculate at apex, hyaline, softly silky villous, 5-nerved. Lower floret staminate. Lower lemma ovate, c. 3.5 x 1.5 mm, ciliolate along margins, 3-lobed at apex, hyaline, faintly 5-nerved. Palea oblong, c. 2.5 x 0.5 mm, obtuse at apex, delicate, hyaline, 2-keeled. Upper floret hermaphrodite.

Upper lemma elliptic, c. 2 x 1 mm, coriaceous, shiny, faintly 5-nerved. Palea elliptic, c. 2 x 1 mm, coriaceous, 2-keeled. Stamens 3; anthers c. 2 mm long, yellow. Ovary oblong, 1 mm long; style c. 2 mm long; stigma c. 2 mm long.

Fl. & Fr.: September-November.

Habitat: Very common along roadsides, habitations, open waste lands, fields, lateritic rocky plateaus, and along fresh water courses.

Note: It is a new report to the state of Goa. Species can be distinguished from other species of the genus by its white-purplish pink panicle, woolly plumose involucral bristles. Involucre shows presence of solitary pedicelled spikelet. Considered as very good fodder grass.

Specimens examined: Goa: Taleigao, 19. 11. 1996, Vaishali Joshi & Rajkumar 401

(GUH); Taleigao plateau, 14. 11. 2003, Harshala Gad 98 (GUH). Maharashtra: Near

Odan river, Kharad, 9. 12. 1976, S. Karthikeyan 148345 (BSI); Amboli Ghat, 21. 10.

1990, C. B. Salunkhe 7308 (SUH); Shivaji University campus, Kolhapur, 8. 10. 1993,

C. B. Salunkhe 7407 (SUH). Kerala: Silent Valley, Dam site, Palghat, 4. 10. 1979, N.

C. Nair 64203 (MH).

Pennisetum polystachyon (L.) Schult. Veg. Mant. 2: 146. 1824; Fischer in Gamble,

Fl. Pres. Madras 1792. 1934; Bor, Grass. India 330, t. 39. 1960; Kulkarni, Fl.

Sindhudurg 551. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 246. 1989; Almeida,

Fl. Savantwadi 2: 150. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 291. 1991;

297 Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 564. 1996; Bhat

Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 221. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 600. 2002.

Panicum polystachyon L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 870. 1759.

Annual. Culms up to 200 cm high, erect, tufted, rhizomatous, stilt rooted at base, nodes glabrous, branching at nodes. Leaf sheath rounded to slightly keeled, up to

16 x 1 cm; ligule membranous, ciliate at apex, c. 2 mm long; leaf blade linear- lanceolate, up to 50 x 1 cm, narrowed and rounded at base, acuminate at apex, hirsute on both the surfaces, densely hairy at basal region; hairs tubercle-based, up to 2 mm long. Panicles spiciform, up to 20 cm long, golden yellow, rachis angular with sharp raised projection. Involucre enclosing solitary sessile spikelet; bristles up to 2 mm long, golden yellow, outer ones glabrous, inner ones plumose in basal region and scabrid at above. Spikelet lanceolate, c. 4 x 0.8 mm, acute at apex. Lower glume absent. Upper glume lanceolate, c. 4 x 1 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 5-nerved.

Lower floret empty. Lower lemma ovoid c. 3 x 1.5 mm, 3-lobed at apex, chartaceous, scabarulous, 5-nerved. Palea linear-lanceolate to oblong lanceolate, c. 3 x 0.5 mm, obtuse and bearded at apex, delicate, hyaline, 2-keeled, 2-nerved. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma oblong-lanceolate, c. 3 x 0.5 mm, obtuse and bearded at apex, crustaceous, shiny, 3-nerved. Palea oblong-lanceolate, c. 2 x 1 mm, obtuse and bearded at apex, coriaceous, 2-keeled. Stamens 3; anthers c. 1.5 mm long, yellow.

Ovary ovate; style c. 1 mm long, stigma 2 mm long. Caryopsis ovate, c. 1 mm long.

(Plate 4 T).

Fl. & Fr.: September-October.

Habitat: Common around cultivated land along water canals. Inflorescence golden yellow.

298 Note: It is a new report to Goa. Considered as very good fodder grass.

Specimens examined: Goa: Shirlim, Salcete, 14. 9. 2005, Harshala Gad 204 (GUH).

Maharashtra: Near Dukanwad-Ratnagiri Dt. 14. 2. 1970, B. G. Kulkarni 120130

(BSI). Karnataka: Way to Mukut Forest, Rest house, Coorg 4. 11. 1981, S. R.

Srinivasan 72310 (MH). Kerala: Idukki Kerala, 5. 6. 1982, C. N. Mohanan 74192

(MH).

Pseudoraphis Griff. Griff. Notulae 3: 29. 30. 1851. A genus of about six species distributed in India, Japan and Australia, of which three species occur in India and one in Goa.

Pseudoraphis spinescens (R. Br.) Vickery in Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensl. 62, n. 7. 69.

1952; Bor, Grass. India 353. 1960; Vartak, Enum. Plant. Gomantak, India. 115. 1966;

Matthew, Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic t. 922 & 923, 1982; Britto & Matthew in

Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1892. 1983; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 512. 1986; Kulkarni,

Fl. Sindhudurg 553. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 253. 1989;

Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 152. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 296.

1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 577. 1996; Bhat

& Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 224. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 602.

2002. Panicum spinescens R. Br. Prodr. 193. 1810. Chamaeraphis spinescens (R. Br.)

Poir. In Lam. Encycl. 2: 189. 1811; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 62. 1896; Cooke, Fl.

Bombay 2: 922. 1908. Pseudoraphis aspera (Koen.) Pilger in Notizbl. Bot. Gard.

Berlin 10: 210. 1928; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1709. 1934; Blatt. & McCann,

Bombay Grass. 168, t. 109. 1935.

Annual. Culms up to 55 cm long, branching and rooting at lower nodes; upper

299 nodes softly villous. Leaf sheath keeled, as long as or longer than internodal region, up to 7 x 0.5 cm; ligule truncate, membranous, fimbriate at apex; leaf blade linear- lanceolate, 8 x 0.4 cm, narrowed and rounded at base, acuminate at apex, tubercle- based hairy on adaxial surface, scaberulous on abaxial surface with prominent midrib.

Panicles pyramidal, up to 13 cm long, main axis triquetrous, scabrid; branches whorled, perpendicular to main axis, up to 5 cm long, ending into bristle. Spikelets linear-lanceolate, c. 6 x 1 mm, solitary, distant, shortly pedicelled to subsessile. Lower glume broadly ovate to orbicular, c. 0.5 x 0.5 mm, obtuse to rounded at apex, membranous. Upper glume lanceolate, c. 6 x 1 mm, acuminate at apex, chartaceous, scabrid, 12-14 nerved; muriculate on nerves. Lower floret male. Lower lemma elliptic- lanceolate, c. 4 x 1 mm, hyaline along margin, acute at apex, chartaceous, scabrid in apical region, 7-nerved. Palea lanceolate, c. 3 x 1 mm, infolded along margins, subacute at apex, delicate, hyaline, 2-nerved, 2-keeled. Lodicules 2, obovate. Stamens

3; filaments c. 0.5 mm long; anthers c. 1.5 mm long, yellow-violet. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma oblong-lanceolate, c. 1.5 x 0.5 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous to subcoriaceous, shiny, faintly 3-nerved. Palea oblong, c. 1 x 0.5 mm, obtuse at apex, hyaline, 2-keeled. Ovary broadly ovate, c. 2 mm long; style c. 1 mm long; stigma c. 1 mm long, pink.

FL & Fr.: August-September.

Occurrence: Fairly common in shallow fresh water ponds and wetlands.

Note: Floating partially-submerged in shallow stagnant water. Easily identified by the branches ending into bristle and muriculate spikelets. Growing in water stagnant fields along with Panicum paludosum Roxb., Panicum repens L. and Sacciolepis interrupla

(Willd.) Stapf.

300 Specimens examined: Goa: Nagoa, 5. 9. 1965, John Cherian 85097 (BSI); Taleigao,

22. 8. 2005, Harshala Gad & M. K. Janarthanam 178 (GUH). Maharashtra:

Savantwadi, Moli Talav, 2. 10. 1993, C. B. Salunkhe 8651 (SUH).

Sacciolepis Nash Nash in Britton, Man. Fl. N. Stat. Canada 89. 1901. Panicum L. Sect. Hymenachne Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 7: 39. 1896, p. p. A genus of about 30 species, distributed in the tropics of which three species and one variety occur in India and two in Goa.

Key to the species:

1. Cu1ms spongy, not slender; panicle interrupted; spiklets elliptic-lanceolate, not laterally gibbous S. interrupta 1. Cu1ms not spongy, slender; panicle not interrupted; spikelets ovate, laterally gibbous S. indica

Sacciolepis indica (L.) A. Chase in. Pro. Biol. Soc. Wash. 21: 8. 1908; Fischer in

Gamble, Fl. Madras 1787. 1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 166. 1935; Bor,

Grass. India 357. 1960; Britto & Matthew in Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3:

1896. 1983; Matthew, Further Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic t. 818. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 256. 1989; Almeida, Fl. Sawantawadi 153. 1990; Sreekumar

& Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 298. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl.

Maharashtra Monocot. 584. 1996; Rajkumar et al., J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 96: 182.

1999; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 226. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl.

Kolhapur 603. 2002. Panicum indicum L. Mant. Pl. 2: 184. 1771; non Mill. 1768;

Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 7: 41. 1896.

Annual. Culms up to 100 cm high, tufted erect, nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath up

to 15 x 0.7 cm; ligule membranous, truncate, c. 1 mm long, fimbriate at apex; leaf

301 blade linear, up to 20.5 x 0.4 cm, narrowed at base, tubercle-based hairy on ventral surface; hairs up to 1 mm long. Panicles cylindrical, up to 5.5 x 0.6 cm. Spikelets ovate, c. 3.2 x 1.5 mm, acute at apex, slightly gibbous on lateral side, hairy; hairs c. 0.5 mm long. Pedicel short, 0.3 mm long. Lower glume broadly ovate, c. 1.5 x 1 mm, delicate, hyaline along margins, acute at apex, chartaceous 5-nerved. Upper glume boat shape, c. 3.2 x 2 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, densely covered with tubercle- based hairs on dorsal surface, 11-nerved; hairs c. 0.8 mm long. Lower floret empty.

Lower lemma ovate- lanceolate, c. 1.5 x 1 mm, chartaceous, hairy, 9-nerved. Palea reduced to minute scale, oblong, c. 0.5 x 0.2 mm, delicate hyaline. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Second lemma ovate-lanceolate, c. 1.2 x 0.8 mm, acute at apex, coriaceous, shiny, faintly 5-nerved. Palea ovate-lanceolate, c. 1 x 0.6 mm, inflexed along margins, coriaceous, shiny Stamens 3; anthers c. 0.5 mm long, vilolet. Stigma c.

1 mm long, violet.

Fl. & Fr.: September-October.

Habitat: Found commonly growing on bunds of paddy fields, and marshy fields; rarely along sandy coastal areas and open plateaus.

Note: This species differs from other species of the genus by its shorter, non interrupted panicle and gibbous hairy spikelets.

Specimens examined: Goa: Chandranath, 4. 12. 1996, M. K. Janarthanam & S.

Rajkumar 443 (GUH); Plateau near Mayem lake, 21. 9. 1997, M. K. Janarthanam & S.

Rajkumar 1017 (GUH); Assagao, Bardez 21. 9. 2003, Harshala Gad 62 (GUH);

Miramar, 29. 9. 2003, Harshala S. Gad 74 (GUH). Piklewadi-Molem, 12. 10. 2005,

Harshala Gad & M. K. Janarthanam 282 (GUH). Maharashtra: Tambi, December

1991, Bachulkar-Cholekar 3065 (SUH); Shiroda, 4. 9. 1994, S. R. Yadav 7462.

302 Sacciolepis interrupta (Wild) Stapf in Prain, Fl. Trop. Afr. 9: 757. 1920; Fischer in

Gamble, Fl. Madras 1787. 1934; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 167, t. 108. 1935;

Bor, Grass. India 358. 1960; Matthew, Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic t. 930 & 931. 1982;

Britto & Matthew in Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1897. 1983; Kulkarni, Fl.

Sinddhudurg 554. 1988; Rao, Fl. Goa 2: 513. 1986; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum.

Mono. 256. 1989; Almeida, Fl. Sawantawadi 154. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala

Grass. 299. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 586.

1996; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass 228. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl.

Kolhapur 603. 2002. Panicum interrupta Willd. Sp. P1. 1: 341.1798; Hook. f., Fl. Brit.

Ind. 7: 40. 1896.

Annual. Cu1ms 75 cm high, spongy, rooting at lower nodes, glabrous. Leaf sheath up to 12 cm long, glabrous, shiny, purplish; ligule ovate, membranous, lacereate at apex; leaf blade linear up to 32 x 1.2 cm, rounded or shallowly cordate at base, acuminate at apex, scaberulous. Panicle spiciform, up to 25 long, interrupted.

Spikelets elliptic-lanceolate, c. 4 x 1.2 mm, acute at apex. Lower glume ovate, c. 1.5 x lnun, obtuse at apex, membranous, delicate, 5-nerved. Upper glume ovate-lanceolate, c. 4 x 1.5 mm, acuminate at apex, chartaceous, green to purplish, 9-nerved. Lower floret staminate. Lower lemma ovate-lanceolate, c. 4 x ,1.5 mm, hyaline along margins, acuminate at apex, chartaceous, 9-nerved. Palea lanceolate, c. 3 x 1 mm, acute at apex, memebranous, delicate, faintly 2-nerved, shortly keeled. Lodicules 2, c.

0.5 mm long, denticulate at apex. Stamens 3; anthers c. 1.2 mm long. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma ovate-lanceolate, c. 3 x 1.5 acute at apex, coriaceous, shiny, faintly 5-nerved. Palea broadly ovate, c. 2.5 x 1.5 mm, acute at apex, coriaceous, faintly 2-nerved, 2- keeled. Lodicules 2; stamen 3; filaments c. 2 mm long; anthers c. 1 mm long, purplish pink. Ovary oblong, c. 0.5 mm long; style c. 2.5 mm

303 long; stigma c. 1 mm long, purple in colour.

FL & Fr.: September-December.

Habitat: Commonly found growing along streams, shallow ponds, wetlands and marshy fields.

Specimens examined: Goa: Goodier, on way to Quepem, 9. 11. 1962. R. S. Rao

84513 (BSI); Cortalim, 14. 11. 1994, Vaishali Joshi, S. Rajkumar & M. K.

Janarthanam 386 (GUH); Siolim, 21. 9. 2003, Harshala Gad 61 (GUH). Maharashtra:

Pawas, 15. 10. 1990, C. B. Salunkhe, 7334 (SUH).

Setaria P. Beauv. P. Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 51. 1812. A genus of about 110 species, distributed in tropics, of which 14 species occur in India and two in Goa.

Key to the species:

1. Inflorescence a cylindric, false spike; leaf sheath hyaline along margins S. pumila 1. Inflorescence a narrow, lobed panicle; leaf sheath ciliate along one margin S. intermedia

Setaria intermedia Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2: 489. 1817; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India

7: 79. 1896; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1789. 1934; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 921.

1908; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 174. 1935; Bor, Grass. India App. II. 1973

(repr. ed); Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 258. 1989; Sreekumar & Nair, FL

Kerala Grass. 306. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra

Monocot. 593. 1996; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 605. 2002. Setaria tonientosa

(Roxb.) Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 47. 1829; Bor, Grass. India 365. 1960; Rao, Fl. Goa 2:

514. 1986. Panicum tomentosum Roxb. Fl. Ind. 1: 303.

304 Annual. Cu1ms up to 120 cm high, erect, rooting at the lower nodes; nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath, rounded, keeled, up to 8 x 0.6 cm, sparsely covered with tubercle-based hairs on dorsal surface, ciliate along one margin, densely bearded at

mouth; ligule a row of hairs; hairs c. 1 mm long; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, 5-28 x

0.3-1 cm, narrowed and rounded at base, acuminate at apex, softly hairy Panicles

spiciform, lanceolate, up to 14 cm long, main axis angular scabrid. Branches whorled,

up to 2 cm long; rachis angular, scabrid, covered densely with bristles; bristles up to 1

mm long, scabrid. Spikelets broadly elliptic-ovate, c. 1.5 x 1.2 mm. Pedicel short,

discoid at apex. Lower glume ovate-orbicular, c. 1 x 0.8 mm, chartaceous, acute at

apex, 3-nerved. Upper glume ovate-orbicular, c. 1.2 x 1 mm, chartaceous, acute to

apiculate at apex, 5-nerved. Lower floret empty. Lower lemma ovate-orbicular, 2 x 1.5

mm, apiculate at apex, chartaceous, 5-nerved. Palea ovate-oblong, c. 1.5 x 1 mm, acute

at apex delicate, hyaline, 2-nerved, 2-keeled. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper

lemma elliptic-ovate, c. 2 x 1.5 mm, acute at apex, crustaceous, transversely rugose,

faintly 5-nerved. Palea broadly elliptic, c. 1.8 x 1 mm, acute at apex, crustaceous,

transversely rugose, 2-keeled. Stamen 3; anthers 1 mm long. Ovary oblong, c. 0.5 mm

long; style c. 0.5 mm long; stigma 1 mm long.

Fl. & Fr.: September-October.

Habitat: Occasionally seen along road sides.

Note: Species shows quantitative variations in size of culms and leaves .

Specimens examined: Goa: Verna Police station, 3. 9. 2005, Harshala Gad 201

(GUH), Karnataka: Gandhinglaj, 9. 9. 1990, C. B. Salunkhe 7087 (SUH). Kerala:

Idukki to Kottappana, Idukki, 27. 9. 1981, C. N. Mohanan 72010 (MH).

Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2: 981. 1817; Britto & Matthew in

305 Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1901. 1983; Kulkarni, Fl. Sinddhudurg 556. 1988;

Matthew, Further Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic t. 823. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind.

Enum. Mono. 259. 1989; Almeida, Fl. Sawantawadi 155. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl.

Kerala Grass. 309. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra

Monocot. 595. 1996; Rajkumar et al., in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 96: 182. 1999; Bhat

& Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 229. 2001; Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur 605.

2002. Panicum pumilum Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 4: 273. 1816. Setaria pallide-fusca

(Schum.) Stapf & C. E. Hubb. in Kew Bull. 1930; Fischer in Gamble, Fl. Madras

1789. 1934; Bor, Grass. India 363. 1960; Almeida, Fl. Sawantawadi 2: 155. 1990.

Panicum pallide-fuscum Schumach, Beskv. Guin. Pl. 58. 1827. Setaria glauca non (L.)

P. Beauv. 1812; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 78. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 920. 1908;

Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 172. 1935; Bor, Grass. India 360. 1960; Rao, Fl.

Goa 2: 514. 1986.

Annual. Culms up to 30 cm high, erect, nodes glabrous. Leaf sheath keeled; ligule a row of hairs; leaf blade linear-lanceolate, 16 x 0.8 cm, rounded at base, acuminate at apex. Panicles cylindrical up to 5 cm long; bristles angular, up to 3 mm long, scabrid. Spikelets ovate, c. 2.5 x 1 mm, slightly gibbous. Lower glume ovate to orbicular c. 1 x 1.2 mm, chartaceous, acute at apex, 3-nerved. Upper glume ovate, c. 2 x 1.5 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 5-nerved. Lower floret empty. Lower lemma ovate, c. 2 x 1 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 5-nerved. Palea ovate, c. 1.5 x 1 mm, acute at apex, hyaline. Upper floret hermaphrodite. Upper lemma ovate, c. 2 x 1.5 mm, acute at apex, crustaceous, transeversely rugose, 3-5-nerved; nerves obscure. Palea ovate, c. 1.5 x 1 mm, crustaceous, 2-keeled. Stamens 3; anthers c. 0.5 mm long. Ovary oblong; style c. 1 mm long; stigma 1 mm long.

Fl. & Fr.: June-October.

306 Habitat: Common in paddy fields, habitations, and lateritic rocky plateaus; rare in halophytic conditions.

Note: Considered as very good fodder grass.

Specimens examined: Goa: Molem-Anmode, 17. 8. 1996, M. K. Janarthanam,

Vaishali Joshi & S. Rajkumar 42 (GUH); Molem-Anmode, 19. 10. 1997, M. K.

Janarthanam, Vaishali Joshi & S. Rajkumar 1138 (GUH); Taleigao plateau, 27. 6.

2003, Harshala Gad 12 (GUH). Maharashtra: Chandgad, 27. 10. 91, C. B. Salunkhe

7520 (SUH); Tilari, July 1992, Bachulkar-Cholekar 3222 (SUH).

Spinifex L. L. Mant. Pl. 2: 163. 1771; Hook. f., Fl. Brit India 7: 63. 1896. A genus of four species distributed in Asia, Indomalaya region, Pacific and

Australia, of which one species occur in India and Goa.

Spinifex littoreus (Burm. f.) Men. in Philip. J. Sci. Bot. 7: 229. 1912; Fischer in

Gamble, Fl. Madras 1706. 1934; Bor, Grass. India 366. 1960; Vartak, Enum. Plant.

Gomantak, India. 117. 1966; Matthew, Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu Camatic t. 939 & 940. 1982;

Britto & Matthew in Matthews Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1903. 1983; Rao, Fl. Goa 2:

516. 1986; Kulkarni, Fl. Sindhudurg 557. 1988; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum.

Mono. 263. 1989; Almeida, Fl. Savantwadi 2: 156. 1990; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl.

Kerala Grass. 311, tt. 61 & 62. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl.

Maharashtra Monocot. 608. 1996; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 231. 2001.

Stipa littorea Burm. f., Fl. India 29. 1768. Spinifex squarrosus L. Mant. Pl. 2: 300.

1771; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 7: 63. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 913. 1908; Blatt. &

McCann, Bombay Grass. 12,. t. 76. 1935.

Perennial. Culms up to 40 cm long, stoloniferous, decumbent-trailing, rooting

307 at lower nodes, glaucous; nodes glabrous, enclosed in sheath. Leaf sheath rounded, up to 6 x 2.5 cm, glaucous, ciliate along one margin, bearded at mouth; ligule a row of hairs. c. 1.5 mm; leaf blade acicular, convolute, rigid, up to 15 x 0.5 cm, acuminate, pointed at tip. Male inflorescence flabelliform, consisting of many spikes; spikes up to

6 cm long, enclosed at base by involucral bracts; bracts boat shaped, elliptic, up to 3 x

0.7 cm, acute and pointed at apex, chartaceous, 2-keeled. Spikelets lanceolate, up to 10 x 2 mm; rachis angular, densely spiculate, c. 0.8 mm wide, scabrid. Pedicel up to 0.5 mm, smooth, angular, discoid at apex. Lower glume ovoid to oblong-lanceolate, c. 7 x

3 mm, acute at apex, subcoriaceous, 9-nerved, scabrid on nerves. Upper glume, ovoid to oblong lanceolate, c. 7 x 3 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 7-nerved. Lower lemma oblong-lanceolate, c. 8 x 2.5 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 5-nerved. Palea elliptic- lanceolate, c. 8.5 x 2 mm, acute at apex, delicate, hyaline, 2-nerved, nerves keeled; keels scabrid. Lodicules 2, c. 1 mm long. Stamens 3, filaments c. 8 mm long; anthers c. 5 mm long, yellow. Female inflorescence globose heads, up to 25 cm wide, bracts same as that of male inflorescence, up to 4 x 0.7 cm, acuminate at apex. Spikelet solitary, at the base of long pointed rachides, elliptic-lanceolate, up to 15 cm long.

Lower glume lanceolate, c. 9 x 1.5 mm, serrulate along margins, acuminate at apex, chartaceous, 9-nerved. Upper glume lanceolate, c. 9 x 1.5, acuminate at apex, chartaceous, 5-nerved. Palea c. 6 x 1 mm, acuminate at apex, subhyaline, 2-nerved, nerves keeled; keels scabrid.

Fl. & Fr.: September-October.

Habitat: Common along sandy coast.

Note: A component of sandune vegetation; due to its stoloniferous trailing culms it grows luxuriantly in sandy soil and is a very good sand binder. The female inflorescence when matures get detached from parent plant and rolls along the coast

308 for dispersal of seeds.

Specimens examined: Goa: Panjim Coastal areas, 6. 11. 1962, R. S. Rao 84349;

Terekhol 5 miles from Shiroda, 19. 11. 1965, Vaishali Joshi & S. Rajkumar 571

(GUH); Miramar 10. 2. 1997, Vaishali & Rajkumar 571 (GUH); Morjim, Pernem, 29.

10. 2005, Harshala Gad & M. K. Janarthanam 292 (Female Plant), 293 (Male plant)

(GUH). Maharashtra: Ratnagiri, 29. 9. 1991, C. B. Salunkhe 7641 (SUH). Vengurla,

10. 10. 1993, S. R. Yadav 7958 (SUH).

Urochloa P. Beauv. P. Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 52. 1812. A genus of 11 species, distributed in Africa and Asia, of which six species occur in India and one in Goa.

Urochloa panicoides P. Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 53, t. 11. 1812; Fischer in Gamble, Fl.

Madras 1775. 1934; Bor, Grass. India 372. 1960; Matthew, Ill. Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic tt. 953 & 954. 1982; Britto & Matthew in Matthew, Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 3: 1912.

1983; Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Ind. Enum. Mono. 272. 1989; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl.

Kerala Grass. 316, t. 63. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al., Fl. Maharashtra

Monocot. 630. 1996. Panicum javanicum Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 4: 274. 1816; Cooke,

Fl. Bombay 2: 933. 1908. Urochloa helopus (Trin.) Stapf in Prain, Fl. Trop. Afr. 9:

595. 1920; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 146, t. 93. 1935. U. marathensis Henr. in

Meded Rijks-Herb. Leiden 43: 2. 1922; Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 146. 1935.

U. panicoides P. Beauv. var marathensis (Henr.) Bor, Grass. India 373. 1960. U. panicoides P. Beauv. var. pubescens (Kunth) Bor, Grass. India 372. 1960. U. panicoides P. Beauv. var. velutina (Henr.) Bor, Grass. India 373. 1960.

Annuals. Culms up to 20 cm high, tufted, erect or decumbent, creeping and

309 rooting at lower nodes; nodes sparsely bearded. Leaf sheath keeled, up to 3.5 cm long, tubercle-based hairy; ligule a tuft of hairs, hairs c. 1 mm long; leaf blade lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, up to 6.5 x 0.7 cm, rounded to shallowly cordate at base, acuminte at apex, tubercle-based hairy. Racemes 3-5, up to 4.5 cm long; rachis flat, narrowly winged. Spikelets solitary, distichously arranged on rachis, broadly elliptic, c. 3.8 x 1.5 mm, pubescent, subsessile to shortly pedicelled. Lower glume broadly ovate, c. 1.2 x

1.5 mm, subacute at apex, chartaceous, 6-nerved, densely pubescent. Upper glume elliptic-ovate, c. 3.5 x 1.8 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 8 nerved, pubescent. Lower floret staminate. Lower lemma broadly elliptic-ovate, 3.5 x 1.5 mm, acute at apex, chartaceous, 5-nerved, pubescent. Palea elliptic, c. 3 x 1 mm, acute and bearded at apex, delicate, hyaline, 2-nerved, 2-keeled. Upper lemma broadly ovate, c. 2.2 x 2 mm, mucronate at apex, crustaceous, transversely rugose, 5-nerved; mucra bearded at base.

Palea ovate, 2 x 1.5 mm,obtuse-rounded at apex, crustaceous, transversely rugose, 2- nerved, 2-keeled. Stamens 3; anthers 1.5 mm long. Ovary oblong; style 1 mm long; stigma 1 mm long. (Fig. 27)

Fl. & Fr.: June-August.

Habitat: Occasionally seen along road sides in moist places.

Note: It is a new report to the state of Goa. Often confused with species of Brachiaria

(Trin.) Griseb. But differs from it by the lower glume which is turned away from rachis.this species forms new report to Goa.

Specimens examined:Goa: Goa university campus, Taleigao, 23. 6. 2004, Harshala

Gad 118 (GUH). Maharashtra: Ashta, 26. 9. 1993, C. B. Salunkhe 8235 (SUH).

310 Fig 27. Urochloa panicoides P. Beauv. A. habit; B. spikelet; C. lower glume; D. upper glume; E. lower lemma; F. lower palea; G. upper lemma; H. upper palea. Plate 1: Spikelets - A. Leersia hexandra; B. Oryza rufipogon; C. Centotheca lappacea; D. Arundo donax; E. Aristida setacea; F. Danthonidium gammiei; G. Chloris barbata; H. Dactyloctenium aegyptium; I. Eragrostis atrovirens; J. E. tenella; K. E. viscosa; L. lndopoa pauperculus; M. Sporobolus piliferous; N. S. virginicus; 0. Tripogon capillatus; P. T. sivarajanii. \\

L

V

Plate 2: Spikelets - A. Arthraxon hipidus var. hispidus; B. A. lanceolatus vr. raizadae; C. Bhidea burnsiana; D. Dichanthium paranjpyeanum; E. D. pertusum; F. Dimeria blatteri; G. Eulalia fimbriata; H. Spodiopogon rhizophorus; I. Themeda triandra; J. Saccharum spontaneum; K. Sorghum halepense; L. Glyphochloa acuminata var. acuminata; M. G. acuminata var. stocksii; N. G. acuminata var. woodrowii; 0. G. divergens; P. G. forficulata; Q. G. goaensis; R. G. henryi; S. G. mysorensis; T. G. ratnagirica; U. G. talbotii; V. G. veldkampii. J

Plate 3: Spikelets of lschaemum — A. I. bolei; B. I. dalzellii; C. I. indicum; D. I. jayachandranii; E. I. mangaluricum; F. I. molle; G. I. muticum; H. I. raizadae; I. I. rugosum; J. I. santapaui; K. I. semisagittatum; L. I. thomsonianum; M. I. timorense; N. I. travancorense; 0. I. tumidum; P. I. yadavii sp. nov. ; Q. Ischamum sahyadrica sp. nov.; R. Ischaemum manilaliana sp. nov. R1

Plate 4: Spikelets — A. Acroceras munroanum; B. Arundinella leptochloa; C. A. metzii; D. A. nepalensis; E. A. pumila; F. A. tuberculata; G. Brachiaria miliformis; H. Coelachne simpliuscula; I. Cyrtococcum oxyphyllum; J. Echinochloa colona; K. E. crusgalli; L. Eriochloa procera; M. Isachne setosa; N. Oplismenus compositus; 0. Panicum notatum; P. P. paludosum; Q. P. psilopodium; R (1 & 2). Paspalidium flavidum; S. Paspalum paspalode; T. Pennisetum polystachyon. (b) Analysis

The study on family Poaceae resulted in recording 155 species and 5 varieties of grasses for the state of Goa. The subfamily Panicoideae is represented by largest number of grass taxa (121) followed by Chloridoideae with 27 species (Table 1).

Bambusoideae, Arundinoideae and Centothecoideae are represented by seven, four and one species respectively. Andropogoneae with 67 specific and infraspecific taxa (Fig.

28 and Table 2) belonging to 23 genera is the dominant tribe in the family with high degree of endemism (33 taxa) as compared to other tribes represented in the state. The tribe Andropogoneae accounts for largest species diversity in the world (Clayton &

Renvoize 1986; Watson & Dallwitz 1994) and in India (Kiran Raj et al., 2003). The presence of C4 anatomy enables grasses of this tribe to survive efficiently in tropical or subtropical region or in arid conditions and regions having low soil moisture (Cerling et al., 1997). The dominance of tribe Andropogoneae in the study area could be linked to the lateritic plateaus. They occupy a larger tract of land area in Goa and show conditions suitable for Andropogoneae. Inspite of heavy rainfall (± 3000 mm) plateaus are dry during interprecipitation events due to hard rocks.

Present study resulted in addition of 55 specific and infraspecific grass taxa and

15 genera (Table 3). In earlier works, a total of about 54 genera and 105 species have been reported for the family Poaceae from Goa. This shows that the grass flora has not been studied to the desired level earlier. Rao (1985, 1986) in his introductory chapter to the "Flora of Goa, Daman, Diu, Dadra and Nagarhaveli" indicated to inadequate floristic works in the state. Addition of grass species by earlier workers (Rajkumar et al., 1999) also rendered support to this view.

The habitat wise analysis carried out for the 55 taxa added to the grass flora of

311 state showed that 18 of them occur in cultivated lands followed by 17 on lateritic rocky plateaus and 13 in and around habitations (Table 4). Halophytic conditions, watercourses, hill slopes, forest, waterfalls and epiphytic habitats showed occurrence of nine, nine, five, three and one species respectively. The collection of large number of species from cultivated lands and lateritic rocky plateaus suggest that these two habitats were under explored by previous workers. Cultivated lands, lateritic rocky plateaus and habitation are generally considered species poor and naturally there is a bias towards forests during floristic surveys. Thus, certain habitats remain neglected and under explored. The present study reveals that such habitat based studies for different groups of plants are needed to understand and contribute to the floral diversity of the region. Joshi and Janarthanam (1997, 2004) made similar observations earlier with regard to habitats.

About 44 grass taxa that are endemic to Western Ghats but also occur in the state have been recorded (Fig 29). This accounts to 20 % of the peninsular Indian endemic grasses. Of the 44 endemic taxa recorded, 16 species form new record to the state of Goa. Taxonomic groupwise distribution shows that 33 out of 44 taxa belong to the tribe Andropogoneae (Fig. 29), the largest tribe of the family. As stated earlier, tribe Andropogoneae is most suited for the ecological conditions of the plateaus.

Hence, there are several endemic species of Andropogoneae that are distributed on plateaus (Fig. 33). Further, within the tribe Andropogoneae, largest number of endemic species are present in two genera viz. Glyphochoa (9 spp. with 3 varieties) and Ischaemum (9 spp.). The genus Glyphochloa is endemic to Peninsular India with

11 species including three varieties (Fonseca, 2003) thus showing that the study area is center of origin for the genus. Ischaemum is represented by 19 species including one variety in the study area, thus forming a major contributor to the endemic taxa. In the

312 study area, largest number of endemic species belong to Poaceae followed by

Acanthaceae (Joshi & Janarthanam, 2004). Habitatwise analysis reveals that 25 endemic grasses are occurring on lateritic rocky plateaus (Fig. 29 & 30) and most of them belong to the genus Glyphochloa. These observations are in congruence with that of Joshi and Janarthanam (2004) wherein lateritic rocky plateaus were shown as the major habitat for endemism in Goa. All these species are habitat specific i.e. they are present only on lateritic rocky plateaus (Fig. 29; Table 5). Two species, viz.

Glyphochloa henryi and G. veldkampii were recently described species of lateritic rocky plateaus. In the present work three more new Ischaemum species have been added. The occurrence of five endemic species in cultivated lands suggests that these man made ecosystems are also critical for their survival.

A matrix was drawn to find the total number of species that are either exclusive to a single habitat or shared with one more habitat (Table 6). The results show a remarkable pattern of grass distribution. A total of 94 grass taxa were found to be restricted to a single habitat and remaining were found to occur in more than one habitat. Of the total 94 taxa that are restricted to single habitats, highest number of taxa

(31) are confined to lateritic rocky plateaus followed by cultivated lands and habitations (Table 6 & 7). Though only two species are epiphytic they are unique as they do not spread across the habitats. Cultivated lands, lateritic plateaus and habitations are grass species rich habitats as they harbour 69, 50 and 42 grass species respectively (Table 7; Fig 31). However, lateritic plateaus with 25 endemic taxa are very important for conservation purposes. Further conservation concern to this habitat comes from the fact that 23 of these endemic taxa are exclusive to plateaus. Thus the present studies corroborate the earlier observations made on endemic plants species

(Joshi & Janarthanam, 2004) in the study area.

313 The 50 taxa occurring on lateritic rocky plateaus were segregated (Fig. 30) based on elevational differences, i.e. lower elevation (< 150 m MSL) lateritic rocky plateaus and higher elevation (> 500 m MSL) lateritic rocky plateaus confined to

Sahyadrian range. In study area there are no lateritic plateaus at an altitude between

150 m and 500 m. The results showed the occurrence of 34 taxa (including 16 endemic taxa) exclusively on lower level lateritic rocky plateaus and 12 species (including 6

endemic taxa) exclusively on higher elevational lateritic rocky plateaus. Only four

species, including three endemic species, are common to both the types of plateaus

(Fig. 34). Thus the altitudinal and associated parameters seem to be critical in species

composition, though basically both are lateritic plateaus. It is observed that the species

of genus Dimeria occur only on lower level lateritic rocky plateaus. Glyphochloa

species show distinct differences associated with altitude - species with forked apex of

lower glume of sessile spikelets occur in higher elevational lateritic rocky plateaus,

whereas species with single aristate lower glume of sessile spikelets occur at lower

level plateaus.

A cluster analysis was carried 'out using habitatwise distributional data. The

dendrogram obtained based on percent similarity (Fig. 32) indicates to the distinctness

of epiphytic habitat and waterfalls. Each of these habitats is characterised by two

distinct species (Fig. 29) that do not occur in any other habitat. Forests and grassy hill

slopes form a single cluster, though similarity is only about 40 % between them.

However, this cluster shows only about 22 % similarity with other habitats. This low

level of similarity indicates to habitat specific grasses to a larger extent. Grassy hill

slopes are usually seen adjacent to forests thus providing reason for their greater

similarity as compared to other habitats. Cultivated lands and habitations with 45%

similarity have several species in common. Fresh watercourses come closer to this

314 cluster as these are generally seen associated with cultivated lands. Though lateritic rocky plateaus and halophytic lands form part of a larger cluster with cultivated lands, habitations and freshwater courses, the former shows only about 25 % similarity and the later only about 37 % similarity with the rest of the habitats in that cluster. The special environmental conditions prevailing in these habitats are responsible for their unique composition of grasses.

Habitat analysis data (Table 8, Fig. 35) show that 94 taxa occupy just one habitat each whereas one species each is distributed across six and seven habitats. In between these two extremes are 37 taxa occurring in two habitats, 19 taxa occuring in three habitats, five species (Cynodon dactylon, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Ischaemum mangaluricum, Pasaplum scrobiculatum and Setaria pumila) occurring in four habitats, three species (Ergrostis uniloides, Themeda tremula and Heteropogon contortus) occurring in five habitats. The species that occur in several habitats show morphological variations that are generally quantitative in nature. Some of these variations are robust to weak habit, hairiness, length of leaves, presence or absence of roots at basal nodes etc. Morphological variations related to its habitat is well pronounced in Ischaemum mangaluricum as shown under the species description. The floral characters studied in this species are found overlapping with I. barbatum Retz.,

1. jayachandranii R. Ansari et al., and I. quinolensis Ravi et Shaju thus forming a species complex. Hence critical study of intermediate forms occurring in field conditions along their geographical distribution range is needed to prove taxonomic distinctness of these species. Digitaria ciliaris is found distributed in six of the nine habitats identified in study area. This species also shows wide range of qualitative and quantitative variations such as length of culms, number and length of racemes and pubescence of upper glume and lower lemma. Due to polymorphic nature many

315 varieties have been erected based on variations observed in its morphotypes of this species. Its occurrence in different habitats and associated morphological variations as adaptations to various habitats has resulted in describing this species under different entities by most of the earlier workers. Only one taxon viz. Ischaemum indicum

(Houtt.) Merr. var. indicum subvar. indicum was found occurring in seven of the nine habitats indicating to its wide adaptability to various ecological conditions prevailing in different habitats. This species is highly polymorphic, shows lot of variations in habit, where culms are slender creeping to robust erect, hairiness of leaves, size of wing and hairiness of the lower glume of sessile spikelets and hairiness of joints of rachis. Based on minor morphological characters various varieties and subvarieties have been described under this species.

Economic importance:

The family Poaceae occupies top position with regard to the number of useful plants. The extent to which human species and other organisms depend on this group for food / fodder adds much more importance to this family. In the study area too the members of the family Poaceae are useful in various ways.

Fodder: During the present study, 48 wild and cultivated grass species have been recorded as fodder (Table 9) and among these three species, viz., Saccharum officinarum, Oryza sativa and Zea mays are cultivated crops and Brachiaria brizantha is specially cultivated for this purpose in Goa. Among the 48 fodder grass species, 26 species including 10 endemics belong to the tribe Andropogoneae, 11 to Paniceae and four, three and two species belong to Chloridoid assemblage, Isachneae and Oryzeae respectively, and one each to Arundinelleae and Danthonieae. The habitat analysis of fodder grass species shows that cultivated lands harbour highest (31) number of fodder species (Table 10) followed by lateritic rocky plateaus (25 taxa) and habitations (20

316 species). Watercourses, halophytic conditions, hill slopes and forests contributes 13,

11, seven and four species respectively.

Food: Five species are reported here as source of food (Table 11). Oryza sativa

grown as staple food, Eleusine coracana, and Zea mays are occassionally cultivated

for edible grains and Saccharum officinarum is cultivated for sugar cane. Young

shoots of Bambusa bamboos locally known as 'Keel' are harvested and used as

vegetable and made into pickles.

Building materials: Bambusa bamboos, Dendrocalmus strictus and

Pseudoxytenanthera stocksii are used in large scale as secondary timber and as

scaffolding material.

Medicinal: Six grass species are reported in the present work for their

medicinal purpose (Table 12). Arundo donax locally known as 'Knal' is used in

stomach ailments. Cymbopogon citratus is used in treatments of common cold and

Cynodon dactylon for its cooling properties. Eleusine coracana is used by local

practitioners in medicinal preparations given on dog bites. Saccharum officinarum is

considered diuretic and the sugar cane juice is prescribed by local practitioners to cure

Jaundice. Vetiveria zizanoides is used for its cooling properties.

Lawn: Totally four species are reported here as lawn grasses. Though, Zoysia japonica and Cynodon dactylon are mostly preferred, Axonopus compressus and

Chrysopogon aciculatus are also used to lesser extent as lawn grasses in study area.

Ornamental: Variegated species of Arundo donax is cultivated in gardens for

its showy silvery inflorescence; other grass species grown in gardens include

variegated species of Bamboos and Pennisetum sp.

317 Soil conservation: Three species viz., Arundo donax, Saccharum spontaneum and Vetiveria zizanoides are grown along railway tracks and cut surfaces of hills along road sides to prevent land slides.

Sand binders: Many grasses growing along the seacoast on sandunes serves the purpose of soil binding due to their special root systems. Species such as

Ischaemum muticum, Panicum repens, Perotis indica, Phragmites villatoria,

Sporobolus virginicus, Saccharum spontaneum, Spinifex littoreus and Zoysia matrella are some of the species which serves this purpose.

Miscellaneous uses:

Rituals: Cynodon dactylon is used in hindu rituals and offered to idol of lord

Ganesh during festivals. The first harvest of paddy (Oryza sativa) is brought home on a special day and tied to the ceiling of the roofs at the entrance of house and temples as symbol of prosperity. Grains of Oryza sativa are considered auspicious and showered on newly married couples to bring prosperity in their married life. The ring made out of leaves of Saccharum spontaneum locally known as 'Durbh' is worn by the chief mourner while performing rituals.

Ornaments and rosaries: The lacrymoid shape involucre of Coix iaayma-jobi is used in making rosaries.

Basket making and furniture: The culms of Dendrocalamus strictus and

Bambusa bamboos are used largely in making articles such as baskets, mats, bags, caps and furniture.

Thatching and other uses: Themeda species, are used as thatching material. The shiny culms of Eulalia trispicata, Dimeria species along with Themeda tremula are used in making Christmas cribs. Also the culms of Dimeria species along with Eulalia trispicata are used for making caps.

318 Table 1: Subfamilywise distribution of grass taxa occurring in Goa

Subfamily No. tribe Total no. genera Total no. taxa

(Species + varieties ) Arundinoideae 3 4 4 ambusoideae 2 6 7 entothecoideae 1 1 1 hloridoideae 1# 12 27 anicoideae 4 46 121 otal . 69 160

- Main Chloridoid assemblage includes tribes Chlorideae, Cynodonteae, Eragrosteae, Sporoboleae and Perotideae)

Table 2: Distribution of endemic grass taxa in Goa under different tribes.

Tribe Genera Taxa Endemic taxa Andropogoneae 23 67 33 Aristideae 1 1 0 Arundineae 2 2 0 Arundinelleae 3 8 3 Bambuseae 3 3 1 Centotheceae 1 1 0 Chloridoid assemblage 12 25 3 Danthonieae 1 1 1 Isachneae 3 8 2 Oryzeae 3 4 0 Paniceae 17 39 1 Total 69 160 44 Table 3: Grass taxa added to the flora of Goa Sr. No Taxon (# endemic; new generic record) Habitat 1. A ristida setacea* , 2. lArtharaxon lanceolatus var. raizadae (t) , 3. Arundinella nepalensis 4. Bhidea burnsiana (#) 5. Bhidea fischeri (#) 6. Brachiaria miliformis , G 7. Brachiaria ramosa A, F, G 8. Brachiaria brizantha A 9. Centotheca lappacea A, C 10. Chloris barbata * A, E, G 11. Chloris virgata. G 12. Coelachne simpliciuscula * F 13. Cyrtococcum patens G 14. Dichanthium paranipyeanum (#) F 15. Dichanthium pertusa A, F, G 16. Digitaria abludens F, G 17. Digitaria longiflora A 18. Dimeria hohenakeri (#) F 19. Dinebra retroflexa * E 20. Echinochloa crus-gali A 21. Eragrostis atrovirens A, H 22. Eragrostis tenella G 23. Eragrostis viscosa G 24. Glyphochloa divergens (#) F 25. Glyphochloa mysorenses (#) F 26. Imperata cylindrica * H 27. Isachne gracilis (#) C 28. Isachne setosa (#) H 29. Ischaemum bolei (#) F 30. Ischaemum indicum var. villosum E 31. Ischaemum molle (#) A 32. Ischaemum manilaliana sp. nov. F 33. Ischaemum muticum E 34. Ischaemum sahyadrica sp. nov. F 35. Ischaemum santapaui (#) 36. Ischaemum thamsonianum et) 37. Ischaemum tumidum (t)t F 38. Ischaemum yadavii sp. nov. F 39. Panicum auritum H 40. Panicum repens A, E, H 41. Panicum trypheron F 42. Paspalum conjugatum A 43. Paspalum paspalode A, E, H 44. Pennisetum pedicellatum A, F. G 45. Pennisetum polystachyon A 46. lPhragmites vallatoria E 47. Rottboellia cochinchinensis * A, D 48. Saccharum spontaneum * D, E, H 49. Setaria intermedia G 50. Sorghum halepense * G 51. Tripogon capillatus (#) 52. Tripogon sivarajanii (#) I 53. Urochloa panicoides * G 54. Vetiveria zizanoides A, H 55. Zoysia matrella * E A Cultivated land; B. Epiphytic; C. Forests; D. Grassy hill slopes; E. Halophytic; F. Lateritic rocky plateaus; G. Habitations; H. Along fresh watercourse; I. Water falls. Table 4: Habitat wise distribution of new records to the grass flora of Goa

Tribe Total no. taxa AB CD E F G H I Bambuseae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oryzeae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Centotheceae 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Arundineae 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Danthonieae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Aristideae 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Chloridoid 9 (2) 2 1 (1) 0 0 3 0 4 1 1 (1) assemblage Arundinelleae 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Isachneae 4 (2) 0 0 1 (1) 0 0 1 1 1 (1) 0 Paniceae 15 10 0 0 0 2 4 6 3 0 Andropogoneae 23 (12) 5 (2) 0 1 (1) 4 3 11 2 3 1 (1) (8) Total 55 (16) 18 1 3 5 9 17 13 9 2

(Number in parenthesis represents total number of endemic taxa) A. Cultivated land; B. Epiphytic; C. Forests; D. Grassy hill slopes; E. Halophytic; F. Lateritic rocky plateaus; G. Habitations; H. Along fresh water course; I. Water falls.

Table 5: Tribe wise distribution of endemic grass taxa in each of the habitat

Tribe Endemic grass taxa and their occurrence in different habitat A B C D E F G H I Andropogoneae 6 0 1 5 0 21 0 1 3 Aristideae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C)

Arundineae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Arundinelleae 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Bambuseae 0 C) 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 Centotheceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chloridoid 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 assemblage Danthonieae 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Isachneae 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 Oryzeae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Paniceae 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

A. Cultivated land; B. Epiphytic; C. Forests; D. Grassy hill slopes; E. Halophytic; F. Lateritic rocky plateaus; G. Habitations; H. Along freshwater course; I. Water falls

I. Table 6: Matrix showing number of taxa that are either exclusive to a single habitat or shared with one more habitat

A 21 B 0 2 C 2 0 3 D 11 0 8 2 E 19 0 1 5 12 F 15 0 1 7 7 31 G 25 0 1 6 13 12 16 H 22 0 2 6 12 6 6 5 I 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 2 A B C D E F GHI

A. Cultivated land; B. Epiphytic; C. Forests; D. Grassy hill slopes; E. Halophytic; F. Lateritic rocky plateaus; G. Habitations; H. Along fresh water course; I. Water falls

Table 7: Habitat wise distribution of grass taxa in Goa

rrype of habitat Total number o Total number o Total number taxa habitat specific taxa endemic taxa (habitat specific endemic taxa) Cultivated land 69 21 7 (5) Epiphytic 2 2 2 (2) Forests 13 3 4 (2) Grassy hill slopes 28 2 7W Halophytic 32 12 0 Lateritic rocky plateaus 50 31 25 (23) Habitations 42 16 0 Water courses 32 5 2 (1) Water falls 5 2 2 (2)

Table 8: Number of grass taxa and the number of habitats in which they occur in Goa Total number of taxa No. of habitats 1 7 1 6 3 5 5 4 19 3 37 2 94 1 Table 10: Habitat wise distribution of fodder grasses under each tribe.

i-ibe o. of I abitat (Endemic species) odderl' ,pecies : IS I [F' I 1 ndemic , i ecies • dropogoneae ► 6 (10) 13 1 i Ill 9 • 1 1 9 • "stideae 1 1 111 111 1 1 1 • dineae 1 I 1 I I I I 1 1 • dinelleae I I I IIS i : ambuseae 1 milmailms nisi • entotheceae relnll • allallminll hloridoid 11 "Ill, 1 11111 sembla e I1) anthonieae 1(1) 1 111111111

I sachneae 1 1 ryzeae mirinot I aniceae 11 i I • • 5 1 otal 8 unInilm11 mo 13 1

A. Cultivated land; B. Epiphytic; C. Forests; D. Grassy hill slopes; E. Halophytic; F. Lateritic rocky plateaus; G. Habitations; H. Along fresh water course; I. Water falls

Table 11: Grass species used as source of food Species Local name Edible part

Orjaa sativa Bhaat grains Eleusine coracana Nachni grains Zea mays Makho grains Saccharum officinarum Us culms Bambusa arundinacea Velu young shoots

Table 12: Grass species of medicinal importance

Species Local name Parts used Use Arundo donax Knal rhizome stomach ailments Cymbopogon citratus Ganj an leaves to treat common cold Cynodon dactylon Haryali leaves cooling properties Eleusine coracana Nachni grains preparations given on dog bite Saccharum officinarum Us culms Diuretic, jaundice Vetiveria zizanoides Valo, Khus-Khus roots cooling properties

Fig. 28: Schematic representation of taxonomic distribution of grass species in Goa. (Number in parenthesis indicate to number of species). : Arundinelle (5) Tribe: Arundinelleae (8) rk Gamoda (2) Jansenelle (1)

Coelachhae (1) Cyrtococcum (3) Tribe: Isachneoe (8) r Isechne (4) . . . Acroceras (1) . Allotenspsfs (1) Axonopus (1) Tribe: Paniceee138)}, Brachlarle (3) 1 Digitarta (4) Leersla (1) • Echinochloa (3) Oryze (2) Tribe: Orr:sae (4)J-, Erhschloa (1) Porteracia (1) Opfismenus (2) Panlcum (7) Subfamily: Bambusoldeae ;., Paspalidium (2) Etambuse (1) Paspatum (4) Dendrocalamus (1) Pennlsetum (2) , Pseudoxyfenanthera (1) Tribe: Bambuseae (3) Pseudoraphis (1) •, Seccfolepfs (2) • Seterte (2) Cf2f120E7 ,GP ' Tribe: Centotheceae (1) Subfamily _Cantothetoirixce Spinifex (1) Urochloa (1) Arundo(1) Tribe: Arundineae (2)i- Phragmites (1) efooses of Goo) _ _ Subfamily: Arundinoldeee ,-- APIdda (1) _ _ Subfamiy: Panicoidea Arthraxon (4) Aristide (1)t • Tribe: Aristideae (1)r • Blddea (2) Danthonidfurn (1) Tribe: Danthonleae (1) ChlYs0P090n (2) Coix (1) Chlorts (2) Cymbopogon (1) Cynodon (1) Dichanthfum (4) Dectyloctenlum (1) Dtmerfa (5) Dinebra (1) Eulalia (2) Beusine (2) : Glyphochloa (11) Eragrostis (9) Tribe: Chforidold Heteropogon (1) Subfamily: Chloridoideae Indopoa (1) assemblage (27) !mot:gabs (1) Leptochloa (1) •Tribe' Andropogoneae S67) lschaemum (19) Perotis (1) : Mneslthea (1) Sporobolus (4) Ophluros (1) Tripogon (2) Pseudanthistfrie (1) , Zoysia (2) Rottboellie (1) Saccharum (2) Sorghum (2) . Spodiopogon (1) Themeda (3) Vetiverfa (1) Zea (1)

Fig. 29: Endemic grass species of Western Ghats in Goa: their taxonomic and habitatwise distribution. (* new records)

Artharaxon lanceolatus var. meeboldll Arundinella tuberculata Artharaxon lanceolatus var. ralzadae• Bhldea bumslana • Bhldea bumslana • Bhldea Fischer! • Bhldea &cher, • Chrysopogon tandullngamll • Chrysopogon tandulingamli • Danthonldlum gammiel Dichanthlum filkulme DIchanthlum parardpyeanum • Dkhanthlum parardpyeanum • Dimerla bladed Dimerla bland! Dimerla hohenaked • Dimerla hohenakeri • Dimerla stapfiana Dimerla stapfiana Dimeria woodrowil Dimerla woodrowll Glyphochloa acuminata var. acumlnata' Clyphochloa acuminata var. acuminata Clyphochloa acumlnata var. stocks!! Clyphochloa acuminata var. stocks!! Latentic rocky Clyphochloa acumlnata. var. woodrotvill Glyphochloa acumlnata. var. woodrowl , plateaus Clyphochloa fort culata Clyphochloa d!vergens • Clyphochloa goaends Clyphochloa forficulata Clyphochloa henry! ,Andropoyoneae Clyphochloa goaensls Clyphochloa mysorenses • Clyphochloa henry! Clyphochloa ratnagfrica Clyphochloa mysorensls • Glyphochloa talbottll Clyphochloa ratnaglrica Clyphochloa veldkempll Clyphochloa talbottii Indopoa pauperculus Clyphochloa veldkampli Ischaemum bole! • Ischaemum bole! • Ischaemum tumidum • lschaemum claire!! Paspalum canarae var. fimbriatum IschaemumJayachandranll Ischaemum molle • Ischaemum Jayachandranll Ischaemum ralzadae Ischaemum molle • Ischaemum santapau! • Ischaemum santapaul • Cultivated lands• Ischaemum thomsonlanum • Ischaemum travancorense Endemic grasses Ischaemum travancorense Ophiuros bombalends of Western Ghats lschaemum tumidum • 161)6. Wise ; In Goa TrIbewise!, MnesIthla darkel Gamotla arborum Ophiuros bombalensIs Trlpogon capffiatus • Epiphytic

Pseudoxytenanthera stocks!! Isachne grad& • ' Forests Ischaemum thomsonlanum • ',Bambuseae; Pseudoxytenanthera stocks!! -, Grassy Idnesithia darkel hill slopes Arundlnella metal, Isachne setosa • Fresh water Arundinelleae , - Arundlnella tubercular.' Pseudoxytenanthera stocks!! courses I Camotla arborum • _ . . _ lschaemum ralzadae Tripogon sivamjardi • !!'!!..,.r falls 'j Danthorddluid gammlel Artharaxon lanceolatus var. meeboldll Grassy hills slopes '• Danthonleae: Artharaxon lanceolatus var. ralzadae• +water falls _ _ •

Arundlnella meal! Grassy hills Indopoa pauperculus I t Dichanthium flliculme slopes+ Chlorldold assemblage , - TrIpogon capillatus • Cultivated lands Trlpogon slvaralanll •

• -- • • •-• • • •-, Grassy hills Ischaemum dalzellil slopes+forests - Isachne gradlls • • Isachneati - !saddle setosa • rocky- Clyphochloa divergens `) • plateaus+fresh water courses . ;faspalurn canarae var. &pi:Irian-1-M

Fig. 30: Occurrence of grass taxa on lateritic plateaus in relation to altitude. (No plateaus between 150 m and 500 m altitude) (* Endemic grass species).

Aristida setacea Arundinella tuberculata * Bhidea burnsiana * Brachiarla ramosa Chrysopogon tandulingamii * Dichanthium pertusa Coelachne simpliciuscula Digitaria abludens Dichanthium paranJpyeanum * Digitaria ciliaris Glyphochloa divergens * Dimeria blatteri * Glyphochloa forficulata * Dimeria hohenakeri * Glyphochloa mysorenses * Higher Dimeria ornithopoda Glyphochloa ratnagirica * elevation Dimeria stapfiana * Ischaemum manIlallana sp. nov. (>500 m MSL) I Dimeria woodrowii * lschaemum sahyadrica sp. nov. Eragrostis uniloides Ischaemum timorense Eulalia fimbriata .1 / Distribution of \ Ischaemum yadavil Glyphochloa acuminata var. acuminata , i grasses on p Jansenella grlffithiana Lower c.1 Glyphochloa acuminata var. stocksii * elevation 1 lateritic rocky Paspalum canarae var. fimbriatum * Glyphochloa acuminata. var. woodrowil * , (<150 m MSL) ' \ plateaus Glyphochloa goaensIs * Glyphochloa henryi * Bhidea fischeri * Glyphochloa talbottii * In both Danthonidium gammiei * Glyphochloa veldkempii * - higher + Indopoa pauperculus * Heteropogon contortus lower elevations Sporobolus piliferus Isachne miliacea ____) lschaemum bolei * Ischaemum indicum Ischaemum mangaluricum Ischaemum semisagittatum Ischaemum tumidum * Panicum psilopodium Panicum trypheron Pennisetum pedicellatum Setaria pumila Themeda tremula

Fig. 31: Schematic representation of haibitatwise distribution of grass species in Goa.

Aristide setacea, Arundinella tuberculate, Bhidea bumalana, B. fischeri, Brachferia ramose, Chrysopogon tandullngami, Coelachne simplicluss.ule, Acroceras munroanum, Alloteropsis cimIdna,Apluda mutica, Arthrexon hispidus Danthonidium gammiel, .DIchanthium paranjoyeanum, D. pertusa, var. hispidus Arthraxon landfollus, Arundlnella mewl, Arundo donax, Brach/aria Weeds abludens, D. &lads, Dimerla bladed, D. hohenakeri, D. omithopoda brizenthe, Brachiarie miliformis, B. ramose, Centotheca lappecee, Chloris var. omithopoda, D. stepliana, D. woodrowd, Eregrostis unliokles, Eulalla fimbrlata, berbate, Cols lacryme4obi, Cymbopogon citratus, Cynodon dactylon, Glyphoch/oa acuminate var. acuminate, G. acuminate var. stocksil, G. acuminate Dactyloctenlum aegyptlum, DIchenthlum annulatum, D. fillculme, D. pertuse, var. woodmwll, G. divergens, G. forficulata, G. goaensis, G. henry!, G. mysorenses, Lateritic Digitate dials, D. longlliora, &nutria omithopoda, var. omithopoda, Echinochloa G. retnagldca, G. talbottil, G. veldkempil, Heteropogon contortus, Indopoe Plateaus colons, E sus-gaff!!, Eirumentecea, Eleudne coracane, E. Indica, Eragrostis pauperculus, Isachne mlliacee, Ischaemum bole!, indicum var. indicum, afrotelrens, E. gangetica, E. japonica, E. unfloides, Edochloa procera, Heteropogor 1. mangaluricum, L semLsegIttatum , I. Umorense, L tumidum, 1. yadavli sp nov. Cultivated contortus, Isachne globose, I. miliacea,ischaemum indicum var. indicum, Ischeemum ma:Weans sp. nov., Ischaemum sahyaddca sp. nov, Jansenella lands jayachandranli, I. mangaluricum, molls, 1. santapaui, 1. semisagIttatum, grifllthiene, Panicum psPopodium, P. bypheron, Paspalum canarae var. timbrfatum, 1 1. travancorense, Jansenelle griffithlene, Leersie hexandra, Ophluros bombalensid, , Pennisetum pedicellatum, Setaria pumlla, Sporobolus piliferus, Themeda &smuts. Oryza ruflpogon, 0. satIve, Panicum paludosum, P. psilopodium, P. repens, P. walense, Paspalidium flavidum, P. geminatum, Paspalum conjugatum, Alloteropsis dmidne, Apluda mutica , Ardwaxon lendfollus, Arundo donax, 1 P. scroblculatum, P. paspalode, Pennisetum pedIcellatum, P. polystechyon, Axonopus compressus, Brachlarie mffiformis, B. remosa, Chlorls babes, Pseudenthistide Maroc/its, Rottboellie cochInchinends, Saccherum offldnarvm, C. virgate, Choesopogon adculatus, Cymbopogon cltratus, Cynodon dactylon, Sacclolepis Indica, S. interrupta, Setarfa pumlla, Themeda quadrivalvis, Cyrtococcum patens, Dadyloctedum aegyptium, Didtanthlum annulatum, T. tremula, T. tremula, Vetiverta zlzenoldes, Zee mays, Zoysia japonica D. pertusa, Dig:tads abludens, D. (Wads, D. strieta, Eleusine Indica, EragrosUs I / awls, E. diode, E. female, E. unfiddes, E. viscose, Erlochloa procere, Gernotia Habitations Chlorls berbeta, Cynodon dactylon, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Dlchanthlum annulatum, tenella, Heteropogon contortus, lschaemum Indicum var. indicum,1. semisegittaturn, t f Habitatwise 1 Digitate Marls, Melva retroflexa, Eleusine Indica, Eragrostls tremula, E. unlloldes, Opllsrnenus bunnannll, Panicum psllopodium, Paspalum scrobiculatum, distribution of Erfochloa prom% Heteropogon contortus, lschaemum indicum var. indicum , I. indicum Pennisetum pedicellaturn, PseudanthIstide heterodita, Searle pumlla, S. Informed/a, grasses In Goa' var. villosum,1. mangalurfaum, mut/cum, 1. rugosum, Leptochloa malaberice, Panicum Sorghum halepense, Sporobolus indicus, S. tenuissimus, Themeda tremula, "s„ jielophytl i pa!udosum, P. repens, Paspalicilum gem/:return, Paspalum scroblculatum, P. paspalode, Urochloa panicoides. Perot's indica, Phragmltes vallatoria, Portracia coacteta, Saccharum spontaneum, Sacdolepis indica, Seterla pumlla, Spin/fex Illforeus, Sporobolus virgInicus, Themeda Apluda mutke, Aristide setacea, Arthrexon hispidus var. hispidus, A. lanceolatus 110M1118, Zoysia matrelle var. meeboldli, A lanceolatus var. reizadee, Arundlnella leptochloa, A. mete, A. pumlla, A. tuberculate, Cyrtococcum oxyphyllum, C. trtgonum, Dendrocalamus Acroceras munmenum, Arthrexon hispidus var. hispidus, Anmdinella nepalends, strictus, Dithenthlum Memo, Digitate slliaris, &merle omithopode var. omithopoda, 1 . Grassy Colx lacryma-jobl, Cynodon dactylon, Dactylodenlum aegyptlum, Dendrocalemus Eulalle trIspicata, Hetempogon contortus, Ischaemum dalzellii, L indicum var. indicum; hill slopes strictus, Digitate alerts, Echinochloa co/one, &struts atrovirens, E. unlloides, I Mneslthea darkel, Opliconenus compositus, Panicum notatum, PseudenthIstirfa Glyphochloa divergens, Imperate cylindrica, Isachne millacea, 1. setosa, Ischeemum heteroclite, Rottboellie cochinchinensis, Saccherum spontaneum, Spodlopogon Fresh-water indicum var. indicum, 1. mangalurIcum, Leerde hexandra, •• -4,- rhizophorus, Themeda tremula, Themeda triandre COMBS Oryza ruflpogon, Panicum auritum, P. paludosum, P. repens, Paspelidium flavidum, tr- P. gemlnatum, Paspalum scrobiculatum, P. paspalode, Pseudorephis spinescens, Arundinelle leptochloa, Bambusa 6a ilikoc,s,Centothece lappecea, I Saccherum spontaneum, Saccioleds interrupta, Themeda Wandra, Vetiveria zlzanoldei Cyrtococcum oxyphyllum, C. trigonum, Isachne grecNs, lschaemum delzellii, 1. Indiamr var. Indlcurn, L thamsonianum, OplIsmenus composltus, Forests p Arthenaxon lanceolatus var. meeboldli, A. lanceolatus var. ralzadae; Panicum notatum, Pseudoxylenenthere admire!, Spodiopogon rhizophorus lk,.. water falls Arundinelle pumlla, lschaemum ralzadee, Trlpogon siverajanil ) LGamotle erborum, Trfpogon EPiPhyti

Fig. 32: Dendrogram showing similarity between habitats based on the distribution of species. ( A. Cultivated land, B. Epiphytic, C. Forests, D. Grassy hill slopes, E. Halophytic, F. Lateritic rocky plateaus, G. Habitations, H. Along fresh,watercourse, I. Water falls)

Nearest neighbour B

D C F E H G A

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100

Percent Similarity Fig. 33 : Endemic Andropogoneae in Goa and endemic grasses on plateaus (Circle A — Endemic Andropogoneae; Circle B — Endemic grasses on plateaus; AB — Endemic Andropogoneae on plateaus)

Fig. 34: Grasses on low and high altitude plateaus of Goa (A — Low altitude plateaus; B — High altitude plateaus; AB — Common to both)

Fig. 35: Number of habitats vs number of grass taxa (Nos. referring to each segment of pie diagram indicate to no. of taxa)

3 11 5

• No. of habitats - 7 • No. of habitats — 6 • No. of habitats — 5 • No. of habitats — 4 • No. of habitats — 3 • No. of habitats — 2 37 94 ❑ No. of habitats —1 CONCLUSION

The present work on family Poaceae resulted in recording 155 species and five varieties for the state of Goa. This number includes three new species of grasses and several new records totaling 55 specific and infraspecific taxa. These grasses have been correlated to their habitats and endemism has been analysed in relation to their habitats and suprageneric taxa. At generic level Glyphochloa and Ischaemum are considered important as these two contribute to maximum number of endemic species.

Among the habitats lateritic rocky plateaus are considered very valuable as they harbour the most number of endemics that are habitat specific. This analysis will help in assessing the threat status of endemic grasses and the habitats wherein they occur.

Hence, it is concluded that while objectives of the present work have been fulfilled the present work also provided solid reasons for taking up taxon specific studies but in relation to their habitats and endemism.

319 SUMMARY

The grass family occurs in the great diversity of form and spread over a wide range of habitats. Almost one-quarter of world's vegetation cover is composed of grasses and they are considered more essential to the nutrition, well being or even existence of human than any other group of plants. Poaceae is the largest family in

India with 1300 species. Being the largest family in India, it is also represented by large number of endemic taxa. In the last decades several new species have been added to grass flora from adjoining areas and two new species and some new records were added to grass flora from Goa. These additions to the grass flora of Goa indicate to the gaps in the existing taxonomic studies. Hence the taxonomic studies of Poaceae was undertaken with objective to survey, collect, document and critically carry out the taxonomic studies on the grass flora of Goa.

Nine habitats identified during present studies were intensively surveyed by undertaking periodical field trips. The specimens collected were identified using local and regional floras and other relevant grass ligature and identification was confirmed by comparing with authentic herbarium specimens available at BSI and MH. The species collected are deposited in Goa University Herbarium. Analysis of distributional data of grasses in various habitats was carried out using Multi Variate

Statistical Package (MVSP) — evaluation edition. Studies resulted in recording a total of 155 species and 5 varieties of grasses for the state of Goa that includes an addition of 55 grass taxa (both specific and infraspecific taxa) belonging to 15 grass genera.

Three new species were also added and all of them belong to the genus Ischaemum.

Among the additions 16 taxa are endemic to Peninsular India. Studies also showed that the genus Glyphochloa with 11 species including three varieties and Ischaemum

320 represented by 19 species including one variety in the study area are major contributors to the grass species composition and endemic taxa.

Habitat analysis shows that cultivated lands (69 species) and lateritic rocky plateaus (50 taxa) are grass dominant habitats. Habitat wise distribution shows that most of these endemic taxa, i.e. 25 out of 44, are occurring on lateritic rocky plateaus among which 84 % of total endemic grass species occurring on lateritic rocky plateaus belong to tribe Andropogoneae. Habitat wise distributional studies shows that 94 grass taxa show specificity to the habitat in which they occur and were found restricted to that habitat and remaining 66 taxa were found to occur in more than one habitat.

Lateritic rocky plateaus harbour about 50 species and they were segregated based on elevational differences. The results show that the species composition is distinct and only four species including three endemic species are common to both types of plateaus thus suggesting that the altitudinal and associated parameters are critical in species composition. Distribution of species of genus Dimeria and

Glyphochloa shows distinctness in habitat specificity, based on elevational differences of lateritic rocky plateaus. Studies also accounted for habitat related morphological variations that are displayed by the species that occur in more than one habitat.

The dendrogram constructed based on similarity in species composition of all nine habitats shows forests and grassy hill slopes forming a single cluster. Grassy hill slopes are usually seen adjacent to forests thus explaining the reason for their similarity as compared to other habitats. Further it is shown that cultivated lands and habitations are the most similar habitats. Fresh watercourses come close to this cluster as these are generally seen associated with cultivated lands. During the present study,

48 wild and cultivated grass species have been recorded as fodder species. Three bamboo species are reported for their use in timber and scaffolding purposes and six

321 grass species are reported in the present work for their medicinal purpose. Three species are grown for checking soil erosion and eight other species growing on sandy beaches are reported for the purpose of soil binding. Six species are listed as used in various miscellaneous uses. Species of Dimeria, Eulalia and Themeda are accounted for thatching and other uses. With the results obtained during present studies a complete idea has been obtained regarding grass rich habitats, endemic species rich habitats etc. which will help us in assessing the threat status and subsequent conservation of the species.

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325 Ravi, N., N. Mohanan, T. Shaju, M. S. Kiran Raj & R. Rajesh (2001b). Three more new species of Ischaemum L. (Poaceae) from Kerala, India. Bot. Bull. Acad. Sinica 42: 223-230. Roy, G. P. (1984). Grasses of Madhya Pradesh. BSI, Howrah. Salunkhe, C. B. & G. G. Potdar (2004). Eulalia shrirangii, a new species of Poaceae from India. Kew Bull. 59 : 625-627. Sampson, N. P., P. Ravichandran, D. Narasimhan & P. Dayanandan (2001). Photosynthetic pathways and classification of Indian grasses (abstract). National Seminar on Plant Systematics in 21st Century. Bot. Surv. India, Calcutta. Shukla, U. (1996). The Grasses of North East India. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur. Simpson, G. M. (1990). Seed Dormancy in Grasses. Cambridge Uni. Press, Cambridge. Sreekumar, P. V. & V. J. Nair (1991). Flora of Kerala — Grasses. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta. Sunil, C. N. & A. K. Pradeep (2001). Another new species of Tripogon (Poaceae) from India. Sida 19 (4): 803-806. Vartak, V. D. (1966): Enumeration of plants of Gomantak, India. Maharashtra Association for the Cultivation of Science. Pune. Ved Prakash & S. K. Jain (1979). Poaceae: tribe Garnotieae Fascicles of Flora of India 3. BSI. Ved Prakash & S. K. Jain (1984). Poaceae: tribe Isachneae Fascicles of Flora of India 14. BSI. Veldkamp, J. F. & C. B. Salunkhe (2000). Chrysopogon castaneus (Poaceae- Andropogoneae), a new species from Maharashtra, India. Rheedea 10 (1): 59- 61. Watson, L. & M. F. Dalwitz (1994). Grass Genera of the World. Cambridge International. Watson, L., & M. J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The grass genera of the world: descriptions, illustrations, identification and information retrieval; including synonyms, morphology, anatomy, physiology, phytochemistry, cytology, classification, pathogens, world and local distribution, and references. Version: 28th November 2005. http://delta-intkey.com Yadav, S. R. & M. M. Sardesai, (2002). Flora of Kolhapur District. Rajhuns Printing Press, Kolhapur, India.

326 Appendix I

List of grass species and their occurrence in each of the habitat in Goa

Species A B C D E F G Acroceras munroanum 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Alloteropsis cimicina 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 Apluda mutica 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 L4ristida setacea 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Arthraxon hispidus var. hispidus 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 Artharaxon lanceolatus var. meeboldii 0 0 0 1 0 I 0 0 0 1 Artharaxon lanceolatus var. raizadae 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 Arthraxon lancifolius 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Arundinella leptochloa 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Arundinella metzii 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Arundinella nepalensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 4rundinella pumila 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 4rundinella tuberculata 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Arundo donax 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Axonopus compressus 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Bambusa bamboos 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bhidea burnsiana 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Bhidea fischeri 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Brachiaria brizantha 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Brachiaria miliformis 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Brachiaria ramosa 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 Centotheca lappacea 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chloris barbata 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 Chloris virgata 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Chrysopogon aciculatus 0 r 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Chrysopogon tandulingami 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Coelachne simpliciuscula 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Coix lacryma-jobi 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Cymbopogon citratus 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Cynodon dactylon 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 Cyrtococcum oxyphyllum 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Cyrtococcum patens 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Cyrtococcum trigonum 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Dactyloctenium aegyptium 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 Danthonidium gammiei 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Dendrocalamus strict us 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 Dichanthium annulatum 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 Dichanthium filiculme 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Dichanthium paranjpyeanum 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Dichanthium pertusa Digitaria abludens 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 Digitaria ciliaris 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 Digitaria longiflora 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Digitaria stricta 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Dimeria blatteri 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Dimeria hohenakeri 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Dimeria ornithopoda var. ornithopoda 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Dimeria stapfiana 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Dimeria woodrowii 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Dinebra retroflexa 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Echinochloa colona 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Echinochloa crus-gali 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Echinochloa frumentacea 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Eleusine coracana 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Eleusine indica 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 Eragrostis atrovirens 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Eragrostis ciliaris 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Eragrostis gangetica 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Eragrostis japonica 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Eragrostis pilosa 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Eragrostis tenella 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Eragrostis tremula 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Eragrostis uniloides 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 Eragrostis viscosa 0 Eriochloa procera Eulalia fimbriata 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Eulalia trispicata 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Garnotia arborum 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Garnotia tenella 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Glyphochloa acuminata var. acuminata 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Glyphochloa acuminata var. stocksii 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Glyphochloa acuminata var. woodrowii 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Glyphochloa divergens 0 0 0 0 0. 1 0 1 0 Glyphochloa forficulata 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Glyphochloa goaensis 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Glyphochloa henryi 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Glyphochloa mysorenses 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Glyphochloa ratnagirica 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Glyphochloa talbottii 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Glyphochloa veldkempii 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Imperata cylindrica 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Heteropogon contortus 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 Indopoa pauperculus 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Isachne globosa 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Isachne gracilis 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Isachne miliacea 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 Isachne setosa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 ilschaemum bolei 0 0 0 I 0 0 1 0 0 0 Ilschaemum dalzellii 0 0 I 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Ischaemum indicum subvar. indicum 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 Ischaemum indicum subvar. villosum 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Ischaemum jayachandranii 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ischaemum mangaluricum 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 Ischaemum molle 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ischaemum muticum 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Ischaemum raizadae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Ischaemum rugosum 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Ischaemum santapaui 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ischaemum semisagittatum 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 Ischaemum thamsonianum 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ischaemum timorense 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Ischaemum travancorense 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ischaemum tumidum 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Ischaemum yadavii sp nov. 0 0 0 0 0 Ischaemum sahyadrica 0 0 Ischaemum manilalliana 0 0 Jansenella griffithiana 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Leersia hexandra 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Leptochloa malabarica 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Mnesithea clarkei 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Ophiuros bombaiensis 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oplismenus burmannii 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Oplismenus compositus 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Oryza rufipogon 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Oryza sativa 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Panicum auritum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Panicum notatum 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Panicum paludosum 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 Panicum psilopodium 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 Panicum repens 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 Panicum trypheron 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Panicum walense 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Paspalidium flavidum 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Paspalidium geminatum 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 Paspalum canarae var. fimbriatum 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Paspalum conjugatum 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Paspalum scrobiculatum 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 Paspalum paspalode Pennisetum pedicellatum 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 01 Pennisetum polystachyon 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Perotis indica 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Phragmites vallatoria 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Portracia coactata 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Pseudanthistiria heteroclita 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 Pseudoraphis spinescens 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Pseudoxytenanthera stocksii 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 Rottboellia cochinchinensis 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Saccharum officinarum 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Saccharum spontaneum 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 Sacciolepis indica 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Sacciolepis interrupta 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Setaria pumila 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 Setaria intermedia 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Sorghum halepense 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Spinifex littoreus 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Spodiopogon rhizophorus 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Sporobolus indicus 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Sporobolus piliferus 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Sporobolus tenuissimus 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Sporobolus virginicus 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Themeda quadrivalvis 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Themeda tremula 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 Themeda triandra 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 Tripogon capillatus 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tripogon sivarajanii 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Urochloa panicoides 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 r- Vetiveria zizanoides 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Zea mays 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Zoysia matrella 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Zoysia japonica 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

A. Cultivated land; B. Epiphytic; C. Forests; D. Grassy hill slopes; E. Halophytic; F. Lateritic rocky plateaus; G. Habitations; H. Along fresh water course; I. Water falls. PUBLICATIONS

Gad, Harshala S. & M. K. Janarthanam (2007). New distribution records of grasses to the state of Goa. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot 31: 154-159.

Gad, Harshala S. & M. K. Janarthanam. Occurrence and extended distribution of Hemisorghum venustum, a rare grass of Sri Lanka and India in Western Ghats. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. (in press).

Gad, Harshala S. & M. K. Janarthanam. A new species of Ischaemum (Poaceae) from Goa, India. Kew Bull. (in ed.). 1

J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. Vol. 31 No. 1 (2007)

NEW DISTRIBUTIONAL RECORDS OF GRASSES TO THE STATE OF GOA

HARSHALA S. GAD & M.K. JANARTHANAM* Department of Botany, Goa University, Goa - 403 206 %email : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Grass flora of Goa is poorly documented. The present studies on grasses resulted in the addition of 20 species to the State. The paper reports these new records along with their nomenclature, description, field notes and specimens examined.

INTRODUCTION

The family Poaceae occupies second Recently, two new species are added under position in dominance among the the genus Glyphochloa by Janarthanam et Angiosperms of the State of Goa (Rao, al. (2000) and Fonseca & Janarthanam (in 1985). Though intensive studies on grass press). Present studies on the grasses of flora were carried out in the adjoining Goa are taken up to fill the gap existing in regions of Goa (Sreekumar & Nair, 1991; the taxonomic studies of this group from Salunkhe, 1995; Lakshminarasimhan, this region. The recent field investigations 1996; Bhat & Nagendran, 2001), much in Goa State resulted in addition of 20 remains to be known from Goa on the species that were not reported in earlier systematics of this group. After the works. With these additional distributional liberation of Goa from Portuguese, the records, the total number of grasses within botanising of the State got new impetus. the State has increased to 116 species Vartak (1966) reported 92 grass species for referable to 57 genera. the broader area of Gomantak, All the specimens are deposited in the encompassing areas from Karnataka and herbarium, Department of Botany, Goa Maharashtra, of which only 15 were University. The taxonomic account of new actually referred from Goa. Rao (1986) records including their nomenclature, listed 62 species of grasses under 38 description, field notes and specimens genera. To this list, 24 grass species were examined are provided below. added by Rajkumar et al. (1999) and four by Vaishali & Janarthanam (2004). 154 J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. Vol. 31 No. 1 (2007)

ENUMERATION Found growing on lateritic rocks in open areas, in association with Bhidea burnsiana. Aristida setacea Retz. Obs. Bot. 4: 22. 1786; Specimen examined: Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 211. 1935; Goa University campus, 9.10.2003, Harshala S. Gad 82. Cooke, Fl. Bombay 3: 529. 1958 (repr. ed.); Bor, Grass. Bur. Cey. Ind. Pak. 412. 1960; Brachiaria miliiformis (J.S. Presl ex C.B. Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 328. Presl) A. Chase in Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al. 22: 35. 1920; Bor, Grass. Bur. Cey. Ind. Pak. Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 397. 1996; Bhat & 283. 1960; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 116.t.33. 2001. Grass. 220. t. 5. 1991; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 185. t. 56. 2001. Perennial. Culms up to 150 cm high, tufted, Panicum miliiforme erect. Inflorescence 10 - 35 cm long panicle. J.S. Presl ex C.B. Presl, Rel. Spikelets linear-lanceolate, up to 15 mm long; Haenk. 1: 300. 1830. pedicel 1-10 mm long, flattened. Lower glume Annual. Culms up to 40 cm high, decumb- aristate; lemma linear-lanceolate, awned; awn ent, pubescent. Leaves lanceolate, up to 6 x 0.9 trifid, up to 35 mm long. cm. Racemes 3 - 6 in number, up to 4.5 cm long, Found growing in dry open areas along alternate, angular. Rachis triquetrous or filiform. roadsides and on lateritic plateaus. Spikelets broadly elliptic, tapering at base. Pedicel angular, ca lmm long; abscission discoid. Specimen examined: Verna, 16.10.2003, Lower floret epaleate. Harshala S. Gad 86. Found in moist shady areas. Bhidea burnsiana Bor in Kew Bull. 1948: 445. 1949 & Grass. Bur. Cey. Ind. Pak. 103. 1960; Specimen examined: St. Cruz, 23.6.2004, Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 45. t. 5. Harshala S. Gad 116. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al. Brachiaria ramosa (L.) Stapf in Prain, Fl. Trop. Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 413. 1996; Bhat & Afr. 9:542.1919; Blatt & McCann, Bombay Nagendran, Sedges & Grass. 246. t.72. 2001. Grass. 134.1935; Bor, Grass. Bur. Cey. Ind. Annual. Cu1ms up to 40 cm high. Ligule Pak. 284. 1960; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala membranous, fimbriate at apex. Racemes 2, up to Grass. 223. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in 6 cm long, abscission of rhachis slightly oblique. Sharma et al. Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 417. Sessile spikelets lanceolate, ca 8 mm long; lower 1996; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. glume with unequal hyaline wings on margins. 185. 2001. Panicum ramosum L. Mant. 1: 29. 1767; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 3:449.1958 (repr.ed.) Found growing on lateritic rocks in open area. Annual. Culms up to 74 cm long, erect or Specimen examined: Verna, 16.10.2003, decumbent. Leaves lanceolate - linear or Harshala S. Gad 89. lanceolate, 2 - 10 x 0.6 - 1.7 cm. Ligule a row of hairs. Panicle up to 16 cm long, lax. Racemes 4- 9, Bhidea fischeri Sreekumar & Shetty in Kew. alternate, 2- 5 cm long. Rachis angular. Spikelets Bull. 42: 683. 1987; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. ovate - elliptic, ca 2 mm long, softly hairy. Kerala Grass. 47. t. 6. 1991. Found in moist open areas of lateritic Annual. Culms up to 28 cm high, erect. plateau. Ligule membranous, truncate at apex. Racemes Specimen examined: Goa University 2, up to 3.5 cm long, abscission of rhachis extre- campus, 28.7.2003, Harshala S. Gad 13. mely oblique. Sessile spikelets lanceolate, ca 6 mm long. Lower glume with extremely unequal Chloris barbata Swartz, Fl. Ind. Occ. 1: 200. hyaline wings on both margins. 1797; Blatt & McCann, Bombay Grass. 256. t.

155 Gad & Janarthanam

171. 1935; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 3: 557. 1958 19. 1896. Digitaria pedicellaris (Trim ex Hook. (repr. ed.); Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala f.) Prain, Bengal Pl. 1181. 1903 (2: 890.1963, Grass. 357. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in repr.ed.); Cooke, Fl. Bombay 3: 458.1958 Sharma et al. Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 425. (repr.ed.); Blatt. & McCann, Bombay Grass. 1996; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 126.t.80.1935. Digitaria granularis (Trin. ex. 246. t. 72. 2001. Spreng.) Henr. Monogr. Gen. Digitaria 302. Annual. Culms erect, up to 54 cm high. 1950; Bor, Grass. Bur. Cey. Ind. Pak. 301. Ligule a membranous rim, fimbriate at apex. 1960. Inflorescence of 4-8 digitate spikes, each up to 5 Annual. Culms up to 30 cm high, erect or cm long. Spikelets subsessile, 2 - seriate, obovate, geniculate. Ligule membranous, lacerate at apex. ca 2 mm long, 2 - flowered. Fertile lemmas ovate, Racemes 2 - 3 in number, up to 5 cm long. Rachis ca 2 x 1 mm, awned, coriaceous, dorsally villous, triquetrous, up to 0.2 mm wide. Spikelets broadly 3 -nerved, with fringes of white hairs on margins. elliptic to obovate, softly hairy. Pedicels 1-5 mm Found along roadsides in open moist areas. long, triquetrous, abscission discoid. Lower glume absent. Upper glume as long as spikelet, obovate, Specimen examined: Guirim along NH 17, ca 2 x 1 mm, softly hairy, hairs adpressed to the 5.8.2003, Harshala S. Gad 24. surface. Cyrtococcum patens (L.) A. Camus in Bull. Found in moist open areas of lateritic Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 27: 118. 1921; Blatt. & plateau. McCann, Bombay Grass. 170. 1935; Bor, Spe6imen examined: Goa University Grass. Bur. Cey. Ind. Pak. 292. 1960; Sree- campus, 16.6.2004, Harshala S. Gad 113. kumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 231. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al. Fl. Digitaria longiflora (Retz.) Pers. Syn. Pl. 1: 85. Maharashtra Monocot. 444. 1996; Bhat & 1805; Blatt & McCann, Bombay Grass. 127. t. Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 127. 2001. 81. 1935; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 3: 458. 1958 Panicum patens L. Sp. Pl. 58. 1753; Cooke, Fl. (repr.ed.); Bor, Grass. Bur. Cey. Ind. Pak. 302. Bombay 3: 455. 1958 (repr. ed.). 1960; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 239.1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et Annual Culms up to 60 cm long, creeping or al. Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 463. 1996. trailing, rooting at nodes. Leaves lanceolate, up to Paspalum longiflora Retz. Obs. Bot. 4:15.1786 7 x 1.3 cm, acuminate, undulated along one mar- gin. Inflorescence a panicle, up to 25 cm long. Annual or perennial. Culms up to 55 cm long, creeping, rooting at lower nodes. Leaves Spikelets ovate, ca 2 x 1 mm, villous. Upper lanceolate; ligule ovate, membranous. Racemes lemma deltoid. 2-3, digitate, up to 8 cm long. Rachis flat, Found in moist shady areas. narrowly winged. Spikelets ovate - elliptic, Specimen examined: Goa University solitary or in clusters of 3, softly hairy, greenish campus, 11.9.2003, Harshala S. Gad 44. yellow in colour. Digitaria abludens (Roem. & Schult.) Veldk. in Found commonly growing in moist open Blumea 21: 53.1973; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. areas, waste places and field bunds. Kerala Grass. 235. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan Specimen examined: Camurlim (Bardez), in Sharma et al. Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 7.9.2003, Harshala S. Gad 41. 461 .1996. Panicum abludens Roem. & Schult. Digitaria setigera Roth ex Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2: 457. 1817. Paspalum granulare Syst. Veg. 2: 474. 1817; Bor, Grass. Bur. Cey. Trin. ex. Spreng. Neue Entdeck 2: 47. 1821. P. Ind. Pak. 305. 1960; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. pedicellare Trin. ex Hook. f. Fl. Brit. India 7: Kerala Grass. 241. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan

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in Sharma et al. Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. - pyramidal, up to 22 cm long. Spikelets oblong 463. 1996. lanceolate, up to 5 x 1.5 mm, 4 - 10 florets in each Annual. Cuims up to 25 cm high, erect or spikelet, purplish green in colour. geniculate. Ligule membranous, lacerate, bearded Found growing in moist open areas near at mouth. Racemes 2 - 4, up to 5 cm long. Rachis puddles. triquetrous, narrowly winged, ca 0.3 mm wide. Specimen examined: Sirlim (Salcete), Spikelets broadly elliptic - ohovate, softly hairy. 17.7.2004, Harshala S. Gad 120. Pedicels 0.5 - 2.5 mm long, flattened. Lower glume absent. Upper glume varies in length or Eragrostis viscosa (Betz.) Trin. in. Mem. Acad. minute scale-like or completely absent. Sci. Petersb. Ser. 6. 1: 397. 1830; Blatt & McCann, Bombay Grass. 233. 1935; Bor, Found in moist open area of lateritic Grass. Bur. Cey. Ind. Pak. 515. 1960; Rao, Fl. plateau. Goa, Diu, Daman, Dadra & Nagarhaveli 2: Specimen examined: Goa University 501. 1986; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala campus, 16.6.2004, Harshala S. Gad 114. Grass. 393. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Diplachne fusca (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Sharma et al. Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 493. Schult. Syst. Veg. 2: 615. 1817; Blatt. & 1996; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. McCann, Bombay Grass. 246. t. 163. 1935; 140. 2001. Poa viscosa Retz. Obs. Bot. 4: 20. Cooke, Fl. Bombay 3: 552. 1958 (repr.ed.); 1786. Eragrostis tenella (L.) P. Beauv. ex R. & Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 368. t. S. var. viscosa (Betz.) Stapf in Hook. f. Fl. 75. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et Brit. India 7: 315. 1896; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 3: al. Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 471. 1996. 546. 1958 (repr. ed.). A tufted perennial. Cuims up to 160 cm Annual.Culms up to 30 cm high, erect, with high, erect, rooting at lower nodes. Leaves linear, glandular hairs. Leaves linear - lanceolate, up to up to 36 x 0.3 cm, acuminate at apex, glaucous on 8 x 0.3 cm, rounded at base, acuminate at apex. either surface; leaf sheath with silicaceous Inflorescence a pyramidal panicle, up to 10 x 5 deposition on both surfaces. Inflorescence a cm, viscous; branches angular, alternate or panicle, up to 30 cm long. Spikelets linear - whorled. Spikelets lanceolate, ca 2 mm long, 0.5 - oblong, 5-9 x 1.5 mm, 8 - flowered. Lemma 3 - 0.8 mm wide, bearing 5-7 florets. lobed at apex, chartaceous, 3 - nerved, dorsally Found growing on sandy soil and dry areas villous along nerves in lower region. along roadsides. Recorded by Rao (l.c.) only from Found growing in salt marshes. Daman and Nagarhaveli and not from Goa. Specimen examined: Loutolim, 9.8.2003, Specimen examined: Dona Paula, 15.8.2003, Harshala S. Gad 26. Harshala S. Gad 29. Paspalum conjugatum Berg. in. Act. Hely. Phy. Eragrostis atrovirens (Desf.) 'Prin. ex Steud. Math. 7: 129. t. 8. 1772; Bor, Grass. Bur. Cey. Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 562.1840; Bor, Grass. Bur. Ind. Pak. 336. 1960; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Cey. Ind. Pak. 503. 1960; Sreekumar & Nair, Kerala Grass. 285. 1991; Bhat & Nagendran, Fl. Kerala Grass. 377. t. 77. 1991; Lakshmi- Sedges and Grass. 216. t. 63. 2001. narasimhan in Sharma et al. Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 481. 1996; Bhat & Nagendran, Perennial. Culms up to 40 cm long, Sedges and Grass. 136. t. 40. 2001. Poa creeping, compressed, rooting at nodes. Racemes atrovirens Desf. Fl. Atlant. 1: 73. t. 14. 1798. 2, conjugate, up to 9 cm long. Spikelets broadly elliptic or ovate, ca 1.5 x 1 mm, greenish yellow. A tufted perennial. Cuims up to 110 cm Lower glumes absent. high, erect. Ligule short, fimbriate. Panicle ovate

157 Gad & Janarthanam

Found as an under growth in rubber Saccharum spontaneum L. Mant. Pl. 2 : 183. plantations and in moist shady places. 1771; Blatt & McCann, Bombay Grass. 45. t. Specimen examined: Bramha-Karmali 31. 1935; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 3: 465. 1958 (Valpoi), 25.04.2004, Harshala S. Gad 104. (repr. ed.); Bor, Grass. Bur. Cey. Ind. Pak. 214. 1960; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Pennisetum pediclllatum Trin. in Mem. Acad. Grass. 185. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sci Petersb. Ser. 6. 3: 184. 1834; Blatt & Sharma et al. Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 583. McCann, Bombay Grass. 180. t. 115. 1935; 1996; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. Cooke, Fl. Bombay 3: 346. 1958 (repr. ed.); 316. t. 97. 2001. Bor, Grass. Bur. Cey. Ind. Pak. 346. 1960; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 290. Perennial. Culms up to 200 cm or more 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al. high, erect, rhizhomatous, tufted. Panicle up. to 25 Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 564. 1996; Bhat & cm long, densely silky villous. Peduncle softly Nagendran, Sedges and Grass. 219. t. 64. hairy below. Joints dilated at apex, densely 2001. villous. Spikelets paired, one sessile the other pedicelled, lanceolate, ca 3.5 mm long, reddish Annual. Culms up to 140 cm high, tufted, brown. erect. Inflorescence a spiciform panicle, up to 18 cm long. Spikelets subtended by involucre of Found on sandy soil along beaches. bristles, fluffy- white or purplish. Rachis Specimen examined: Miramar beach, puberulous. Involucre enclosing 1- 2 spikelets. 8.2.2003, Harshala S. Gad 96. Pedicels up to 2 mm long, villous; bristles densely Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Syn. Pl. 1: 101. woolly, up to 15 mm long. Spikelets lanceolate, ca 1805; Blatt & McCann, Bombay Grass. 55. t. 4 x 1 mm Lower lemma 3-lobed at apex. 37. 1935; Bor, Grass. Bur. Cey. Ind. Pak. 222. Found in open areas along roadsides. 1960; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. Specimen examined: Goa University 191. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et campus, 11.11.2003, Harshala S. Gad 98. al. Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 598. 1996. Hol- cus halepensis L. Sp. Pl. 1047.1753. Andropo- Phragmites vallatoria (Pluk. ex L.) Veldk. in gon halepensis (L.) Brot. Fl. Lusit. 1: 89. 1804; Blumea 37: 233. 1992; Lakshminarasimhan in Cooke, Fl. Bombay 3: 502.1958 (repr.ed.) Sharma et al. Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. 569. 1996. Arundo vallatoria Pluk. ex L. Herb. Perennial. Culms up to 200 cm high or Amb. 15. 1754. Arundo karka Retz. Obs. Bot. more, rhizomatous. Leaves lanceolate, up to 55 x 4: 21. 1786. Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. ex 3.5 cm, rounded at base; ligule fimbriate, Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 324. 1841; Bor, membranous. Inflorescence a panicle, pyramidal, Grass. Bur. Cey. Ind. Pak. 416. 1960; Sree- up to 40 cm or more long, up to 8 cm wide, lax. kumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Grass. 331. 1991. Spikelets elliptic, ca 5 mm long, awned, purplish - brown in colour. Perennial. Culms reed-like, up to 160 cm high, densely tufted, erect. Leaves linear- Found growing in open areas as weed. lanceolate, up to 50 cm long. Ligule a narrow rim Specimen examined: Dona Paula, NIO of hairs. Panicles pyramidal, up to 40 cm long, Colony, 29.9.2003, Harshala S. Gad 79. purplish white. Rachilla densely silky villous, hairs up to 10 mm long. Urochloa panicoides P. Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 53. t. 11. f. 1. 1812; Bor, Grass. Bur. Cey. Ind. Found on sandy soil along beaches. Pak. 372. 1960; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. Kerala Specimen examined: Miramar beach, Grass. 316. t. 63. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan 12.5.2004, Harshala S. Gad 108. in Sharma et al. Fl. Maharashtra Monocot.

158 J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. Vol. 31 No. 1 (2007)

630. 1996. Panicum javanicum Poir. in Lam. Districts). Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Encycl. 4: 274. 1816; Cooke, Fl. Bombay 3: Dehra Dun. 350. 1958 (repr. ed.). BLATTER, E. & C. MCCANN 1935. The Bombay Annual. Culms tufted, up to 25 cm high, Grasses. Bishen Singh, Mahendra Pal Singh erect or creeping and decumbent, rooting at lower Dehra Dun. nodes. Ligule a row of hairs. Inflorescence of 2- 5 BOR, N.L. 1960. Grasses of Burma, Ceylon, India racemes, each up to 4.4 cm long; rachis flat, & Pakistan. Pergamon Press, London. narrowly winged. Spikelets solitary, arranged COOKE, T. 1958. Flora of the Presidency of distichously, broadly elliptic, ca 3.8 x 1.5 mm, Bombay, Vol. III. Botanical Survey of India, densely pubescent. Upper lemma mucronate. Calcutta (repr. ed.). Found in moist open areas of lateritic JANARTHANAM, M.K., VAISHALI C. JOSHI & plateaus. S. RAJKUMAR 2000. Glyphochloa henryi - a Specimen examined: Goa University new species of Poaceae from Goa, India. Rheedea 10 : 99-102. campus, 26.6.2004, Harshala S. Gad 118. LAKSHMINARASIMHAN, P. 1996. In Sharma, Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash in Small, Fl. B.D., S. Karthikeyan & N.P. Singh (Eds.) S.E. U.S. 67. 1903; Blatt & McCann, Bombay Flora of Maharashtra State - Monocotyledons. Garss. 65. t. 40. 1935; Bor, Grass. Bur. Cey. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta. Ind. Pak. 258. 1960; Sreekumar & Nair, Fl. RAJKUMAR, S., VAISHALI C. JOSHI & M.K. Kerala Grass. 203. 1991; Lakshminarasimhan JANARTHANAM 1999. Additions to the in Sharma et al. Fl. Maharashtra Monocot. grasses of Goa. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 96 : 632. 1996; Bhat & Nagendran, Sedges and 181-183. Grass. 324. 2001. Phalaris zizanioides L. RAO, R.S. 1985. Flora of Goa, Diu, Daman, Dadra Mant. Pl. 2: 183. 1771. Andropogon squarro- sus L.f. Suppl. P1.433.1781 (nomen confusum); & Nagarhaveli, Vol. 1. Botanical Survey of Cooke, Fl. Bombay 3: 511. 1958 (repr. ed.). India, Calcutta. 1986. Flora of Goa, Diu, Daman, Perennial. Culms up to 130 cm high or Dadra & Nagarhaveli, Vol. 2. Botanical more, densely tufted, erect, with aromatic roots. Survey of India, Calcutta. Ligules fimbriate. Inflorescence a panicle, elliptic- SALUNKHE, C.B. 1995. Studies in grasses of pyramidal, contracted, up to 30 cm long; branches South-Western Maharashtra. Ph.D. Thesis, up to 7 cm long, whorled, rachis filiform. Joints ca Shivaji University, Kolhapur. 5 mm long. Spikelets awnless, spinulate or muricate; spines up to 0 8 mm long, yellowish - SREEKUMAR, P.V. & V.J. NAIR 1991. Flora of purplish in colour. Kerala - Grasses. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta. Found in open moist areas and field bunds. VAISHALI, C. JOSHI & M. K JANARTHANAM Specimen examined: Sirlim (Salcete), 2004. The diversity of life-form type, habitat 17.7.2004, Harshala S. Gad 121. preference and phenology of the endemics in the Goa region. J. Biogeogr. 31 : 1227-1237. REFERENCES VARTAK, V.D. 1966. Enumeration of plants of BHAT, K.G. & C.R. NAGENDRAN 2001. Sedges Gomantak, India. Maharashtra Association and Grasses (Dakshina Kannada and Udupi for the Cultivation of Science, Pune.

159 I ;. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. Vol. 31 No. 2 (2007)

EXTENDED DISTRIBUTION OF HEM1SORGHUM VENUSTUM (THW.) CLAYTON - A RARE GRASS OF SRI LANKA AND INDIA IN WESTERN GHATS

HARSHALA S. GAD & M.K. JANARTHANAM

Department of Botany, Goa University, Goa-403 206 For correspondence : [email protected]

ABSTRAt

Hemisorghum venustum (Thw.) Clayton, a grass 141 ll:CieS is known only from Sri Lanka and a single collection from Central Western Ghats. The species with its rare occurrence is of phytogeographical importance. The present paper discusses its collection from Northern Western Ghats, ecology, morphological variations and taxonomic position. Elaborate description and illustrations are provided.

INTRODUCTION

Hemisorghum C.E. Hubb. ex Bor, a Karthikeyan et al. (1989), Nair (1989) and tropical genus consisting of two species viz. Clayton (1994) included Southern India H. mehongense (A. Camus) C.E. Hubbard under distribution, the former two solely and H. venu.stum (Thw.) Clayton, is based on Bor's work. However, Bor (1960) distributed mainly in India, Burma, South- quoted only two specimens from Ceylon. In east Asia (Watson & Dallwitz, 1994). The the absence of any specimen from South taxonomic position of 11. venustunt (Thw.) Indian herbaria it is inconclusive whether Clayton has always been doubtful and was Bor had seen any specimen from India. treated under various genera, viz. Andropo- However, Bhat & Nagendran (1983) golt, Bothriochloa, Capillipedium and reported the species from South Kanara of Vetiveria till Clayton (1972) showed firm Karnataka, making it the first authentic relationship with LI",nli.:;;:., 6-hum. Earlier fron, India. The present collection of works point to its distribution to Sri Lanka this species from Northern Western Ghats, (Hooker, 1897), but Bor (1960) mentioned Maharashtra forms an extended "Madras" and, later works such as distributional record for this species.

344 J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. Vol. 31 No. 2 (2007)

Compared to other species the number of bearded, hairs ca 1 mm long, white. Lower glume specimens quoted for this in Flora of Ceylon linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, ca 5 x 1 mm, (Clayton, 1994) are very few indicating that chartaceous to subcoriaceous, 2-keeled, glabrous, the species is rare even in Sri Lanka. slightly convex, nerveless, keels scabrid above the Considering its phytogeographical middle, with two short cusps at hyaline apex, margins incurved below middle. Upper glume importance, its full description and elliptic, boat-shaped in profile, ca 5 x 1 mm, illustrations are provided in this paper. cuspidate at apex, chartaceous, 1-nerved, 1- Hemisorghura venustum (Thw.) Clayton in keeled, keel scabrid, margins incurved, ciliate. Kew Bull. 27: 448. 1972; Henry et al. Fl. Lower floret epaleate, barren : Lower lemma Tamil Nadu 3: 120. 1989; Bhat & Nagendran lanceolate, ca 3 x 1 mm, subhyaline, 2-keeled, 2 in Indian J. Forestry 6: 332. 1983 & Sedges nerved, margins infolded along the nerves, and Grass. 246. 2001. Andropogon venustum obtuse, lacerate at apex. Upper floret epaleate, Thw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 367. 1864; Hook. f. Fl. bisexual : Upper lemma oblong, ca 3 x 0.5 mm, Brit. India 7: 178. 1896. Vetiveria uenusta subhyaline, lobed at apex, 1 to 3-nerved, lobes (Thw.) Willis, Rev. Cat. Pl. Ceyl. No 2713. acute at apex, awned in sinus; awn ca 11 mm 1911. Bothriochloa uenusta (Thw.) A. Camus long, twisted, geniculate, scabrid, with ca 4 mm in Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon (n. s.) 76: 184. 1931. long column, golden brown in colour. Lodicules 2, Capillipedium venustum (Thw.) Bor, Grass. denticulate at apex, ca 0.5 x 0.5 mm, fleshy, Bur, Cey. Ind. & Pak. 113. 1960. glabrous. Stamens 3; anthers ca 2 mm long, Perennial grass, caespitose, clothed with yellow. Ovary elliptic, ca 1 mm long; style ca 0.5 basely aggregated pubescent sheaths. Culms up mm long; stigma plumose, ca 1.5 mm long. to 85 cm high; internodes solid, terete. Leaf- Pedicelled spikelets elliptic, unawned, longer sheath slightly compressed, keeled, lower very than the sessile spikelets. Pedicel ca 3 mm long, short, aggregated, upper up to 23 x 1.5 cm, linear, subangular, discoid at apex, hairy below greenish yellow and shiny on outer surface, the middle on both sides, hairs ca 1.5 mm long, yellow on inner surface, brittle. Ligule a fringe of white. Lower glume elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, hairs, up to 6 mm long, white. Leaf-blade linear- ca 6 x 1.5 mm, hairy at base, chartaceous, 7- lanceolate, up to 65 x 2 cm, upper truncate at nerved, 3-towards the margin on each side, 2- base, lower narrowed, convolute, pale green, keeled, scabrid along keels, acuminate at apex. scaberulous on ventral surface, dorsal surface Upper glume elliptic-lanceolate, ca 5 x 1.5 mm, 2 mm chartaceous, 5-nerved, 2—keeled, margins dark green, glabrous with prominent ca wide midrib, acuminate at apex. Panicle elliptic- hyaline, ciliate above the middle, acuminate- lanceolate to ovate, up to 13 x 5 cm, open, dull aristate at apex. Lower floret epaleate, barren: purplish green in colour; primary panicle Lower lemma oblong-lanceolate, ca 4 x 1 mm, branches whorled at most nodes, up to 6 cm long, hyaline, delicate, margins winged, wing infolded, hairy at base, hairs white, up to 2 mm long. ciliate. Upper floret epaleate, staminate: Upper Racemes up to 2 cm long. Joints of rachis linear, lemma elliptic-lanceolate, ca 5 x 1.5 mm, sub-angular, ca 3.5 mm long, ciliate below middle chartaceous, 3-nerved, 2-keeled, winged on on both sides, discoid at apex. Spikelets two, one margins above middle, acuminate at apex; wings sessile, hermaphrodite, the other pedicelled, hyaline, delicate, ciliate, acuminate. Stamens 3; anthers ca staminate. Sessile spikelets linear-lanceolate, ca 2 mm long, yellow. 5 mm long, awned, yellowish green to dull Flowering & Fruiting : January (October, purplish in colour, lower floret empty, upper Bhat & Nagendran 2001). floret bisexual. Callus ca 0.5 mm long, stellately

345

7°- Gad & Janarthanam

Fig 1. Hemisorghum venustum (Thw.) Clayton : a. habit, b. joints of rachis, c. callus, d. sessile spikelet, e-j. sessile spikelet : e. lower glume, f. upper glume, g. lower lemma, h. upper lemma, i. lodicules, j. pistil, k-q. pedicelled spikelet k. pedicel,l. lower glume (dorsal view), m. lower glume (ventral view), n. upper glume, o. lower lemma, p. upper lemma, q. stamens.

Habitat : Lithophyte, occurring on vertical Note : Roots forming thick tufts in order to faces of rocks, withstanding heavy flow of remain adhered to the vertical surfaces of rocks. waterfall. Species is found withstanding heavy down pour of

346 J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. Vol. 31 No. 2 (2007) water from waterfall. Although the species REFERENCES flowers during post monsoon when the water just drips or flow is scanty from the fall, difficulty is BHAT, K.G. & C.R. NAGENDRAN 1983. New faced for collection of the specimen as it occurs at Grasses for Karnataka. Indian J. Forestry 6 great heights on slippery rock surfaces. Occurr- ‘(4) : 332. ence of this species in such habitat may be one of 2001. Sedges and the reason for its rarity in Indian collections. Grasses (Dahshina Kannada and Udupi Bhat & Nagendran (2001) reports its occurrence Districts). Bishen Singh Ma hendrapal Singh, as very rare as the species was collected only once Dehra Dun. from Kodachadri Hills, South Kanara district, ROR, N.L. 1960. Grasses of Burma, Ceylon, India Karnataka. & Pakistan. Pergamon Press, London. Clayton (1972), while placing the species CLAYTON, W.D. 1972. Studies in the under Hemisorghum observed that in Sorghum Gramineae-XXIX. Kew Bull. 27 (3) : 448. ciliate nature is seen in pedicels, internodes and 1994. Hemisorghum. In Dassanayake, lodicules whereas these characters are absent in M.D., F.R. Fosberg & W.D. Clayton (Eds.) A the former genus. In our specimens the pedicels revised handbook to the Flora of Ceylon, Vol. and internodes are ciliate in the upper half and 8. Amerind Publishing Co., New Delhi. lodicules are glabrous, thus, indicating that these characters are variable and further studies are HOOKER, J.D. 1897. Flora of British India, Vol. required to ascertain its taxonomic position. 7. London. KARTHIKEYAN, S., S.K. JAIN, M.P. NAYAR & Specimen examined: Maharashtra: M. SANJAPPA 1989. Florae Indicae Enumer- Sindhudurg district, Ambolim, 21.01.2006, M.K. atio: Monocotyledonae. Flora of India Series 4. Janarthanam & Harshala Gad 345 (BSI, MH, Goa University Herbarium). Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta. NAIR, V.J. 1989. Poaceae. In Henry, A.N., V. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Chitra & N.P. Balakrishnan (Eds.) Flora of Tamil Nadu, Vol. 3. BSI, Coimbatore. Authors are thankful to the Joint WATSON, L. & M.F. DALLWITZ 1994. Grass Director of BSI for permission to consult Genera of the World. Cambridge the herbarium (MH) and library. International.

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