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De La Libertad Y La Abolicion : Africanos Y Afrodescendientes En Iberoamérica

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De La Libertad Y La Abolicion : Africanos Y Afrodescendientes En Iberoamérica CONSEJO NACIONALPARALACULTURA Y LAS ARTES-INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ANTROPOLOGfA E HISTORIA CENTRO DE ESTUDIOSMEXICANOS Y CENTROAMERICANOS UNIVERSIDAD NACIONALAUTÓNOMA DE M~ . ICO-CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES SOBREAMÉRICALATlN Y EL CARIBE INSTITUTDE RECHERCHE POUR LE DÉVELOPPEMENT DE LA LIBERTAD Y LAABOLICIÓN: AFRICANOS y AFRODESCENDIENTES EN IBEROAMÉRICA COLECCIÓN AFRICANÍA DE LA LIBERTAD Y LAABOLICIÓN: AFRICANOS y AFRODESCENDIENTES EN IBEROAMÉRICA Juan Manuel de la Serna coordinador CONSEJO NACIONAL PARA LA CULTURA y LAS ARTES­ INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ANTROPOLOGÍA E HISTORIA CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS MEXICANOS y CENTROAMERICANOS UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO-CENTRO DE INVESTIC;ACIONES SOBRE AMÉRICA LATINA y EL CARIBE INSTITUT DE RECHERCHE POUR LE DÉVELOPPEMENT Estaediciónserealizógraciasalapoyo de la DirecciónGeneral de Asuntosdel Personal Académico (OGA!'A) a travésdel Proyecto I'A!'lrr"Aliicanos yafrodescendierues en Méxicoyel Caribe, s. XVI-XIX" (IN40110S). HT1052 .5 D45 De la libertad r la abolición: africanos y afrodesceudíentes en Iberoamérica / Juan Manuel de la Serna, coordinador. ~- México: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, 2010. 284 p. -- (Colección Al"ricanía) Selección de algunas ponencias presentadas el! el Congreso ..Diáspora, nación y diferencia. Poblaciones de origen africano t'11 México y Ceutroamérica", celebrado en Veracruz, México.junio de 2008. Coedición con: UNAM, Centre de Investigaciones sobre América Latina y el Caribe; Centro de Estudios Mexicanos y Centroamericanos; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement. IS8N 978-607-02-1978-8 l. Esclavos - Eruancipación-. América Latina - Historia. 2. Africanos < América Latina>- Historia. 3. Negros-e América Latina- Historia. 4. América Latina - Civilización - Influencias africanas. 1. Serna, Juan Manuel de la, 1946- ., editor. 1l. Ser. Lll, Congreso" Diáspora, nación y diferencia. Poblaciones de origen africano en México y Centroamérica" (2008; Veracruz, Ver.). Primera edición: 2010 Fecha de edición: l'de diciembre de 2010 D.R.© Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia Córdoba 45, col. Roma, México, D. F.06700 [email protected] D.R.© Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Centro de Investigaciones sobre América Launa yel Caribe Torre Il de Humanidades, Ciudad Universitaria México,n. F.04510 wwwcialc.unam.mx D.R.© Centro de Estudios MexicanosyCeruroamericanos Sierra Leona 330, col. Lomas de Chapultepec, México, n.F.11000 Ministere des AffairesÉtrangeres el Européennes, París, Francia [email protected] D.R.© Institut de Recherche pour le Développemcru AnatoleFrance17,col,ChapulrepecPolanoo, México, D. F. 11560 [email protected]· Portada: Marie-Nicole Brutus H. ISBN; 978-G()7-u2-I~H8-8 Todos los derechos reservados. Queda prohibida la reproducción total o parcial de esta obra por cualquier medio o procedimiento, comprendidos la reprogrnlla y eltratamiento informático, la fotocopia o graba­ ción, sinla previa autorización por escrito de los titulares de los derechos de esta edición. Impreso y hecho en México ÍNDICE • Prólogo 11 Introducción 15 Nuevos aspectos en la historia de los palen- 23 ques y los cimarrones del Caribe neograna- dino, siglos XVI y XVII María Cristina Nauarrete Los cimarrones en la sociedad novohispana 83 Juan M. de la Serna H. Rebelión esclava y libertad en el México colonial 111 Frank "Trey" Proctor IU AQUÍ Tonos SOMOS LIBRES••• La población de 161 Igualapa. 1650-1750 Araceli Reynoso Medina Hacia la abolición de la esclavitud en México. 179 El dictamen de la comisión de esclavos de 1821 Salvador Méndez Reyes Índice El nuevo orden constitucional y el fin de la abo- 195 lición de la esclavitud en Córdoba, Veracruz, 1810-1825 Adriana Naveda Chávez-Hita Esclavos y reclutamiento insurrecto. Cuba 1868- 219 1878 José M. Abreu Cardet La participación de la población negra esclava 241 y libre en la Independencia de Brasil Mónica Velasco Malina Acerca de los autores y coordinadores 279 8 PRÓLOGO • Este volumen integra une serie de cuatro libros, elabo­ rados a partir de una experiencia colectiva de investiga­ ción. Al momento de celebrar 200 años de Independen­ cia en América Latina y 100 años de revolución en México, esta serie permite reflexionar sobre cómo se construyeron las sociedades nacionales, cada una con su diversidad y su complejidad, y cómo toman en cuen­ ta en mayor o en menor grado al conjunto de sus ciuda­ danos. Los debates sobre las construcciones de las nue­ vas naciones, abiertos en el marco de las celebraciones de los bicentenarios de la independencia, no pueden dejar de lado la heterogeneidad característica, ayer y hoy, de las sociedades latinoamericanas, y la compleja relación entre ciudadanía y diferencia. Es fundamental recordar que las sociedades de Amé­ rica no sólo resultaron del "encuentro entre dos mun­ dos". Por sus múltiples mestizajes fueron un laborato­ rio gigantesco de la modernidad planetaria, que hoy día compartimos todos. Las poblaciones africanas, mediante la esclavización y posterior americanización, fueron y siguen siendo, hoy, una parte fundamental de este pro­ ceso. La migración forzosa y el comercio de esclavos de África hacia América, por medio de negociantes euro­ peos, fue el primer movimiento de escala mundial que de alguna forma condicionó y permitió el desarrollo ca­ pitalista, lo que luego se llamó "la modernidad" y la pri- Prólogo mera mundialización. La cuestión de la diáspora negra en el mundo, y en América, es por lo tanto un tema que nos interesa y nos atañe a todos, ciudadanos y científicos de todos los continentes y países. Dado el gran desconocimiento en la materia nos pa­ reció necesario analizar la historia que los africanos y sus descendientes compartieron durante el periodo co­ lonial, conocer las diferencias que vivieron en el siglo XIX e intercambiar experiencias del presente con el pro­ pósito de crear nuevos lazos de cooperación académica entre los países de la región, ya que a la fecha son pocos los que existen en este sentido. La trayectoria de los estudios sobre este tema cuen­ ta ciertamente con varias décadas de investigaciones, que no se deben desconocer. Con esta serie de cuatro libros pretendemos contribuir a este conocimiento, con algu­ nas innovaciones. En primer lugar queremos insistir en un diálogo más equitativo entre la historia, la antropo->­ logía y otras ciencias sociales. Segundo, se propone ir más allá de los estereotipos sobre la importancia de la herencia africana en las manifestaciones artísticas como la danza o la música. Entendemos su validez, pero nos interesa ir más allá y reflexionar sobre la contribución de los africanos y sus descendientes en las sociedades americanas desde el trabajo, la política o la cultura de la . vida cotidiana, es decir, sus aportaciones en la construc­ ción de las naciones, sin considerarlas como primera, segunda o tercera raíz, sino como nuevas formas de concebir la diversidad cultural colectiva. El tercer obje­ tivo, pero quizá el primero en importancia, consiste en reflexionar sobre los problemas de discriminación y ra- 12 Prólogo cismo presentes en nuestros países, desde distintas mo­ dalidades y características con el fin de denunciar, bus­ car soluciones y ampliar nuestras perspectivas con rela­ ción a estos conflictos. Con la presentación de cuatro conferencias magis­ trales y más de 120 ponencias de científicos mexicanos, centroamericanos, europeos y norteamericanos, el Con­ greso "Diáspora, nación y diferencia. Poblaciones de ori­ gen africano en México y Centroamérica", que tuvo lu­ gar en Veracruz, México, entre el LO yel 13 dejunio de 2008, ha sido un éxito tanto en términos de la recep­ ción y cobertura que ha tenido por parte de los medios como en términos más propiamente científicos. El evento brindó la oportunidad de hacer un balan­ ce de las investigaciones en curso en México y América Central, se contó con valiosas innovaciones teóricas y nuevas perspectivas fundadas en trabajos documenta­ dos en archivos yen investigaciones etnográficas. Tanto desde los estudios de historia y antropología como des­ de otras disciplinas como la geografía o las ciencias po­ líticas, el Congreso anunció una ruptura en relación con los abordajes clásicos, crítica a los términos "tercera raíz" o "aporte cultural" y propone interpretaciones más contextualizadas y politizadas de la "cuestión negra" en la región. Sentó así las bases de una renovación teórica y metodológica, así como política y ética para compren­ der la diversidad étnica y cultural de las sociedades lati­ noamericanas y las dificultades que enfrentan para ha­ cer frente a la desigualdad y al racismo persistentes. El Congreso fue organizado por el Centro de Estudios Mexicanos y Centroamericanos (CEMCA), el Instituto Na- 13 Prólogo cional de Antropología e Historia (INAH), el Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)-Centro de Inves­ tigaciones sobre América Latina y el Caribe (CIALC) yel Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en An­ tropología Social (CIESAS), con el apoyo de universida­ des, centros de investigación y fundaciones mexicanas, francesas norteamericanas y del gobierno del Estado de Veracruz. Después del Congreso, se formó el comité editorial que hizo una primera selección de 56 comunicaciones -entre las 123 de las que teníamos un texto escrito-, organizándolas en cuatro grupos que formarían los es­ queletos de los futuros volúmenes: dos tratarían de his­ toria, dos de aspectos contemporáneos. Cada volumen fue coordinado por un miembro del comité
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