APPENDIX

MORTALITY IN WEST AFRICA

Mortality statistics for West Africa are, at best, approximate . The groups for which they are available were generally speaking too small to have statistical validity. Very few calcula­ tions differentiate between the new arrivals and the old residents-an im­ portant distinction since old residents would be expected to have acquired a degree of immunity. The initial attempts at colonization Death Rate Province of Freedom (within the first yearp European settlers Negro settlers

Bulama (April 1792 to April 1793) 2 Europeans

Sierra Leone Company (first year, 1792 - 1793) 3 Europeans as a whole 49%

1. Includes mortality on the outward voyage from England . R. R. Kuczynski, Dem o­ graphic Survey of the British Colonial Empire, Volume I: West Africa (London, 1948) , 43-45· 2. Phil ip Beaver, African M emoranda (London, 1805), p. 89; A. Johansen , Descrip­ tion of Bulama Island (London, 1794), p. 8. Figures include both the outward voyage from England and the homeward voyage of those who left Bulama before the end of the first year. 3. Sierra Leone Company, Account of the Colony of Sierra Leone From Its Fir" Establishment in [sic] I793 .. . (London, 1795), pp. 47-49. Appendix: Mortality m West Africa

Upper servants 17% Lower servants 49% European settlers 72% European soldiers 69% Nova Scotian Negro settlers at least 17% Sierra Leone Company (second year 1793-1794) Remaining Europeans 10%

European personnel on exploring expeditions, 1805-18304 Park's Second Expedition (May-November 1805) Mortality on overland trip from Gambia to the Niger 87% Ultimate mortality 100% Tuckey's Expedition to the Congo 37% Clapperton-Lander penetration from Badagri to the Niger 83% Coastal posts in the early nineteenth century Colonial Office estimate of deaths per year among "the better class of society" (c. 1825) 5 Gold Coast 12·5 % Sierra Leone 8·3 % Church Misssionary Society, total European personnel (1804-1825)6 89 sent out; 54 died 60·5 % Officials of the Company of Merchants Trading to Africa (1812-1823) 7 95 officials sent out; 44 died of disease Gold Coast Government Officials (1822-1825) 111 officials (including military officers) sent out; 55 died of disease 45.0 % European personnel arriving in Sierra Leone over the five years 1821-18268 Civilians: 44 sent out; 20 died 44·5 % Military and Civilians together: 1,612 sent out; 926 died 56.5 % 4. See M. Laird to Clarendon, 5 March 1855 , printed in S. Crowther, Journal of an Expedition up the Niger and Tshada in 1854 (London, 1855), pp. viii-x. 5. Unsigned memorandum, 2 July 1825, CO 267/65. These estimates probably re­ flect the death rate of "acclimatized" Europeans with reasonable accuracy. 6. William Fox, A Brief History of the Wesleyan Missions on the Western Coast of Africa (London, 1851), p. 61 7. 7. Kuczynski, Demographic Survey, 1, 532. 8. PP, 1826-1827, xv (7), p. 209. Appendix: Mortality in West Africa

Total European troops sent out to all West Africa (1810­ 1825) 9 5,823 sent out; 1,912 died 33.0 % African troops stationed in West Africa (total for 1810- 1825po Of 6,769, 254 died 3.75% Major Tulloch's Investigation of Military Mortality!' European other ranks, annual average mortality from dis- ease only Sierra Leone Command, strength 1,843 men (1819­ 1836) West Indian Command, strength 4,333 men (1817- 1836) 7·9 % Troops stationed in Britain (1819-1836) 1.5 % European officers, annual average mortality from disease only Sierra Leone Command (1819-1836) 20·9 % African troops, annual average mortality from "fevers" (1819-1836) Sierra Leone Command .24% Windward and Leeward Command (West Indies) .46% Jamaica .82% British Honduras ·44% Bahamas .56%

Exploring expeditions and small groups of newcomers, 1830-1850 Laird's Niger Expedition (1832-1833): 49 Europeans, of whom 40 died'" 83% Quorra Expedition to the Niger (1835): 6 Europeans; 1 died'" 16%

9. Report of Commissioners Wellington and Rowan, PP, 1826-1827, vii (312) , pp. 106-8. As the commissioners themselves noted, these reflect both the mortality of newcomers, which ran at about 50 per cent per annum, and that of older residents, which was much lower. 10. PP, 1826-1827, vii (312), pp. 106-8. II. PP, 1837-1838, xl (138), pp. 5-7; PP, 1840 , xxx [Co 228), pp. 16-17 and 24· Major Tulloch's survey may be considered the most careful and reliable of those con­ ducted during the first half of the nineteenth century. 12. M. Laird and R. A. K. Oldfield, Narrative of an Expedition into the Interior of Africa by the River Niger in 1832-4, 2 vols. (London, 1837) , II, 410-11. 13. C. C. Ifemesia, "British Enterprise on the Niger, 1830-1869," (Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, London, 1959), p. 165 . The Europeans in this case were apparently reo cruited in Africa and hence "acclimatized:' Appendix: Mortality in West Africa

Government Niger Expedition (1841-1842) : 159 Europeans; 55 died> 35% Wesleyan Missionary Society, new European personnel sent out to Sierra Leone (1838-1850) : 21 sent out; 7 died 33% Wesleyan Missionary Society, new European personnel sent out to all of West Africa (1838-1850); 67 sent out; 25 died." 37% Mortality of the anti-slavery blockade

Annual average mortality (1825-1845) 16 From all causes 6.49% From disease 5.44% From "epidemic fevers" 3.00% Comparative mortality from disease at other naval stations (1825-1845) 1 7 South American Stations .77% Mediterranean Station .93% Home Station .98% East Indian Station 1.51% West Indian Station 1.81% Mortality of officers and men of the blockade, percentage of total mean strength" 1840 4.1 % 1841 7·9 % 1842 5·5 % 1843 2.1 % 1844 2.8 % 1845 ).0 % 1846 3·3 0/0 1847 2·5 % 1848 2.2 % Annual average, 1840-1842 Annual average, 1846-1848

14 . PP, 1843, xxxi (83), p. 1. IS . Fox, Brief History, p. 617. These figures for the period of improving mortality make an interesting contrast with the eMS mortality of 18°4-1825 (above) . 16. A. Bryson, Report on the Climate and Principal Diseases of the African Station (London, 1847), pp. 177-78. These figures differ slightly from some other published figures on blockade mortality, since Bryson constructed them from the pay books rather than the medical reports. The category "epidemic fevers" is therefore not a clinical description but a measure of the number of simultaneous deaths on a single ship . 17 . Bryson, Principal D iseases, pp. 177-78. 18 . PP, 1850 (Lords), xxiv (35), appendix, p. 221. Appendix: Mortality in West Africa

Annual average mortality of the West African squadron, 1858-186719 2.2 % Mortality of fever victims Gallinas Raid (1840) : 130 men, 7 days up rrver ; 23 fever cases 3 deaths" Niger Expedition (1841) : European personnel only'" Albert: 64 days up river, 62 men; 55 fever cases, 23 deaths. Wilberforce: 45 days up river, 56 men; 48 fever cases, 7 deaths. Soudan: 40 days up river, 27 men; 27 fever cases, 10 deaths.

19· PP , 1867-1868, lxiv (158), p. 7. 20. R. R. Madden , Commissioner's Report, PP , 184 2, xii (551) , p. 226. 21. ]. O.M'WilIiam, Medical History of the Expedition to the Niger During the Years 1841-42 . .. (London, 1843), p. 126 . NOTE ON THE SOURCES

The sources for a work of this kind have no clear limits. Ideally, it should be based on a careful read­ ing of every work concerned in any way with West Africa, on all the periodical literature, the newspapers-all the archives of the missionary societies, the merchant houses, and the governments. Perfection would demand a similar knowledge of the German, French, and American works on Africa, but the demands of perfection meet practical limita­ tions. I have followed leads into the European and American literature, when works from abroad seemed to have a peculiar importance for the development of British thought. Printed books and articles published in Britain have been covered more thoroughly, and Chapters I, 8, and 13 are in part bibliographical essays. Among the non-specialist journals, special attent ion has been paid to the Anti-Tacobin Review, the Eclectic Review, the Westminster Re­ view, the Quarterly Review, the New Monthly Magazine, and Black­ wood's Magazine as broadly representative of the kind of journal the educated middle class without a special interest in Africa might have read. More specialized journals are discussed in the bibliographical chapters. Archival sources and the personal papers of key authorities are also too extensive to be used exhaustively. They have been consulted with special reference to key periods of changing policy. At these times the official correspondence often went beyond problems of day to day ad­ ministration, into those of theory and planning. Among the more im­ portant manuscript sources have been those of the Public Record Office, London, the National Archives of Sierra Leone, the National Archives of Ghana, the Nigerian National Archives, the Clarkson papers in the British Museum, the archives of the Church Missionary Society, the Archives of the Methodist Missionary Society, the papers of the Anti­ Slavery Society and the Aborigines Protection Society.

488 N ate on Sources

Special attention has been paid to the government correspondence which was printed for Parliament, partly because it was available to the public and partly because it included the important suggestions and statements of policy. Where possible, citations have indicated the more readily available Parliamentary Papers, even when a document may have been consulted in the archives. INDEX

Abd Shabeeny, El Hage, 200-201 Adams, Capt. John: strategic views, 16 3; Abeokuta : growth of, 156, 313 ; forei gn commercial gu ide, 200; on slave trade, relations, 314- 15, 464; mentioned, 478 255 , 271 ; reference, 12, 163, 200, 211, Aberdeen, Earl of: referen ce, 36 2 254 , 255, 271 Abo, 462 , 464, 465, 468 Adams, Rev. John, 24 Abomey, 31, 155 Adams, Robert : pretended trip to Tim­ Aborigines: theor ies about extinct ion of, buctu, 164; reference, 165 372- 75, 376, 381, 420; legal status of, Adangme: ethnographic report on, 329 474-75 Adanson , Michel : in history of botany, Aborigines Committee. See Commons, I2n; investigations in Senegal, 15-16, House of 220 ; mentioned, 23, 59 ; reference, 12 The Aborigin es Friend, 339 Adelung, J. c.: linguistic studies of, 222 Aborigines protection movement, 299 , 375 Administration, colonial: discussions of Aborigines Protection Society: foundation 1808-1821, 159-64; discussions of of, 329-30; legal studies of, 417-18 ; 1800-1830, 277-79; problems of, in in­ archives of, 489; ment ioned, 266, 339, formal empire , 470-71 374 ; reference, 330, 4 28 Admiralty: sponsors exploration, 151, 172 , Acclimatization: recognition of, 82-83; 200, 3II-I2; scientific investigations of, artificial acquisition of, 83, 191-92; pro­ 334; mentioned, 162; reference, 468. moters' reaction to, 178 See a/so Navy Accra, 9, 169,307, 312 Africa : relation to West Africa, 292-93 ; Acculturation. See Culture change British trade with (1829-1852), 294 Acherknecht, E. H .: reference, 81 , 182, African Agricultural Association : refer­ 195 ence, 451 Adam and Eve: racial nature of, 40 African Association : foundation of, 17; Adamawa, 201, 311 expeditions of, 17-18, 144-46, 151; and Adams, C. D.: reference , 12 geographical scholarship, 22, 199; and Adams, H. G.: reference , 386 belief in healthy interior, 86-87; 87n ; 49° Index 491

and Gambia, 109, 148 ; joins Royal Geo­ Air density: as factor in disease, 77 graphical Society, 151 ; agents of, 207; Ajayi, J. F. A.: reference, 313, 32 5, 327, reference, 12, 22, 87, 109 393,422,424,430,464 African character: British image of, 89, Akan culture : political organization in, 222-26, 232 , 327; and phrenology , 366­ 152 ; in Murray's theory of progress, 67 247; Latham's popularized version of, African Civilization Society, 303, 333 , 339 337; mentioned, 23, 273 African Colonizer: mentioned, 340; refer­ Akan languages: study of, 24; classifica- ence, 438, 472 tion of, 222 ; mentioned, 39 2, 400 African Committee : make-up of, 8, 169; as Akwamu, 152 a pressure group , 17, 156, 157 , 161, 164; AlaJin of Oyo, 155 policies of, 152, 154-55, 159 , 167-69, Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Prince Con­ 199, 272 , 282n; on administration and sort of England : support of Niger Ex­ strategy, 161 , 162, 271; reference, 271 , pedit ion, 303 272 Alcohol : and fevers, 78, 79 African Inland Commercial Company, 296, Alexander, ]. E.: reference, 322 465 Alexandri a, 205 African Institution: as pressure group , 17, Alfred : reference, 259, 270 14 2-43, 157, 159 , 161, 164, 283; en­ Algeria, 335 couragement of research by, 2II, 217; AI-Idrisi . See Idrlsi, al- theoretical beliefs of, 253 , 260; contri­ Allen, William (1770-1843, philanthro­ bution to Niger plan, 301; mentioned , pist) : and Sierra Leone settlers, 276,449 272, 276 , 284; reference, 138 , 143 , 159 , Allen, William (1793-1864, naval offi­ 211, 253, 260, 271, 272 , 275 , 282 , 283 cer) : and Laird's expedition of 1832­ Africanization : discussions of, 86 , 197 , 1833,296; travel report of, 320-21 ; on 278, 472-73; in mission churches, 42 3­ African culture, 403; on revival of slave 24 trade, 445-46; on forced labor, 45 3; on African Pilot, 200 Niger political strategy, 46 3; on An­ Africans: educated, 14, 226 , 425 - 26, 472­ glicizing African law, 474; reference, 73 320, 341, 351 , 358, 360, 361, 400, 403, Africans in England, 14, 35 406, 407, 446, 453, 463 , 47 2, 474 African states: relations with European Almami of Futa Jallon : relations with Si­ traders, 7-8; position in international erra Leone, 170 law, 278-81 ; ideas for informal control Amboizes Islands, 451 of, 281-86 America, tropical: agricultural wealth of, Africanus, Leo, II, 25 61; depopulation of, 373; mentioned, Afro-West Indians, 473 249 , 307 Afzelius, Adam, 211 American Indians : Catholic opinion about, Agades, 22 32-33; as "noble savages," 49 ; and Agassiz, Louis: racist beliefs of, 372 Spanish image of natural Christianity Agricultural Association: and Niger Ex- of, 225; and racially differential mor­ pedition, 303 tality, 373-74 ; efforts to alter culture of, Agriculture: prospects for, 61, 69-7r, 218 , 414 245; as stage of human progress, 64; American Revolution : influence of on Af­ technological development of, 70; 111. rican planning, 102, 118; and Negro commerce in thought about economic loyalists, 107; mentioned, 88, 97 development, 113 , 117, 125, 445 , 448­ Americans, Negro : attitude toward, 265 ; 51 ; Wadstrom's defense of, 113; policy mortality in West Africa, 360; men­ in Sierra Leone, 125 , 245-77; in inter­ tioned, 136 . See also Nova Scotians national law, 280; as acculturative de­ Amharic: linguistic classification of, 220 vice, 301, 430 Anatomy, comparative: influence on racial Ahmad Baba: recovery of history of Soghai thought, 42, 228-29; investigations of by, 336 ; reference, 336 S. T. von Soemmering, 46; Robert Air-conditioning: plans for, r89 Knox's studies of, 378 49 2 Index

Anderson, Rufus: on savagery and bar­ Arabic: knowledge availability in Europe barism, 39 1-92; on separability of re­ from, 10-1 I; Lander's report of N igerian ligio n and cult ure, 42 1-22; influence of, literacy in, 208 on H enry Venn , 4 24 ; reference, 392, Arabs, 206, 258, 369 4 22 Argentina: ideas about culture change in, Anglo-African states: origi ns of, 8 414 Anglo-French W ar, 1793: and end of colo- Argu in, 148 nization movement, II4-15 Arm istead, Wilson : defense of Africans Angola, 6 by, 386; reference, 386, 400 Angona: ethnographic report on, 21 I Arms. See Firearms Angus , J.: reference, 360 Army, Medical Dep artment of, 345 , 349, Annex ation of Afric an territory: advocacy 356-57 of, 262 , 271-72; government unwill ing­ Arnold, Thomas: racial theory of history ness, 274, 45 7; in international law, by, 375-76; reference, 375 280; ideas about mortality of, 281; in Arrhenius: and expedit ion to West Africa, the form of trading-post enclaves, 283 16-17, 10 3 Annobon, 450 Art, Afr ican : reporting about, 50, 219 Anomabu : 1806 Ashanti attack on, 154-55 Asantehene: British relat ions with, 152 , Anthropology: state of the discipline, 37, 169; protest against misrepresentation 217-18, 329-3 2, 365-72; Th omas W in­ of Ashanti by, 337 ; mentioned, 282 terbottom in history of, 209; influence Ascension : proposed education and health of phrenology on, 234- 35 ; quality of center on, 471 popularization of, 337 Ashanti: European image of, 20, 226, Anthropology, physical: and African race, 257 , 322, 335, 337, 4° 9, 410 ; rise in 227- 43, 363, 36 5-72, 386-87 power of, 152 - 55 ; British relati ons Anthropometr ies: development of, 366-68 with, 159, 162, 169- 7°,464,466; Bow­ Anti-Com-Law League : influence on colo­ dich visit to, 21 I, 213 ; as a possible nial policy, 29 2 client-state, 282-83; in Klemm's cul­ Anti-Jacobin Review: attack on Winterbot­ ture history, 389; mentioned, 20 1, 274, tom in, 2 I 3; reference, 2 I 3 402 , 468 Ant i-malarial measures: rul es of personal Ashant i language, 221, 398 hygiene, 79-80, 190-92, 35 3-55 ; clear­ Ashburn, P. M.: reference, 76, 83 ing and cult ivation, 80-81, 178 : Well­ Ashley, M. F.: reference, 238 ington and Rowan on, 180; suggested Asini, 323 (1793-183°), 188-92. See also Medi­ Assembly, French : recept ion of W ad­ cine, preventive; Quinine strom's proposals, I 14 Ant i-racism, 240- 42 , 385-87 Assembly of Native Chiefs: proposed for Ant i-slavery movement: influence on re­ Gold Coast, 477-78 porting from Africa, 23; and image of Association for Promoting the D iscovery "the Afri can," 34 , 49, 50, 52-57, 216, of the Interior Parts of Africa. See Af­ 223, 239 ; and the Clapham sect, 98 ; rican Association division of, 339; influence in Un ited Astley, Thomas: and publication of travel States of, 371-72 accounts, 12, 24 ; mention ed, 26, 213, Anti-Slavery Reporter, 339 214 ; reference, 12, 35 Anti-Slavery Society: archives of, 489; Atkins, John: on polygen esis and African mentioned, 239, 310, 339 race, 41 ; reference, 41, 72, 77, 83 , 85 Anti -slave-trade blockade. See Blockade, Atlantidae : as racial category, 369- 70, 409 anti-slavery Attah of Igala, 462 , 465 Anti -slave-trade movement, 5, 89, 124, 158 Australasia: and Colonial Reformers , 291; Anti-slave-trade treaties, 158-59, 282 mentioned, 284 Apprenticeship : in Sierra Leone, 274-75 Australia: convict settlement in, 95 , II 5; Arabia: as ancestral home of African peo- as precedent for subsidized immigration, ples, 4II, 412 44 1- 4 2; mentioned, 292, 373 Index 493

Australian aborigines: and racially differ­ Bantu languages: classification of, 222, ential mortality, 373 233; mentioned, 398, 399, 400 Avezac-Macaya, M. A. d' : and ethnogra­ Bantu-speaking peoples: hypothetical rni­ phy through interroga tion, 334-35 ; ref­ grations of, 399- 400 ; classifications of, erence, 334 413 Baptist Missionary Society: activities on Baba, Ahmad. See Ahmad Baba Fernando Po and Cameroons, 312; men­ Back, Adolphus: reference, 266 tioned , 360. See also Southern Baptist Badagri: as a slave port, 155, 157 ; as Convention entry to Fulani Empire, 174-75; rnis­ Barbados: settlement of, 58, 85; men- sions to, 313; British intervention in af­ tioned , 80, 419 fairs of, 314-15; menti oned, 172, 174 Barbados African Colonization Society, 451 Bagirmi, 300, 409 Barbarism: concept of, 64, 115, 391-5)2 Baikie, Dr. W. B.: commands Pleiad ex­ Barbie de Bocage, J . D .: reference, 22 pedition, 3II; and quinine prophylaxis, Baritz, Loren: reference, 249 357; mentioned, 321; reference, 311, Barnes, John: and Gambia convict scheme, 320, 357, 429, 435, 464 92 Bakongo, 226 Barrow, John: background of, 151 ; spon­ Bakri, abu-Llbayd al- : recovery of geog· sors Clapperton-Denham-Oudney expe­ raphy by, 335; mentioned, 10; reference, dition, 172 335 Barry, Dr, William: on sanitation and Balbi , Adriano: linguistic work of, 217n , tropical disease, 190 222; reference, 217, 224 Bartels , F. L.: reference, 12 Baltimore, Maryland, 433 Barth, Heinrich : explorations in Western Bamako , 148 Sudan by, 311-12 ; popular success of, Bambara: relations with Sierra Leone, 170 319 ; quality of reporting by, 321; and Bambara language, 392 recovery of Ahmad Baba's history, 336; Bambuk, 18, 310 acceptance of racism by, 381- 82; on Banan a Islands: and Smeathman, 16, 95; Fulbe problem, 412; mentioned, vii, medical reputation of, 86, 353 ; pro ject 328, 34 2, 405, 408, 413; reference , 167, for a plantation colony at, 102; proposed 311, 320, 382, 412 as capital of British West Africa, 471; Barzun, ].: referen ce, 230, 234 mentioned, 99 Bascombe, E.: on nature of fever, 347; Bance Island, 69, 128n reference, 347 Bancroft, E. N. : reference, 184, 185 Basel Missionary Society: activities on Bandinel, James: contribution to Ni ger Gold Coast, 3I 2; linguistic studies of, plan, 302; reference, 34 I Banks, Sir Joseph: and botanical investi­ 393 Basler Evangelische Missions Gesellshaft: gations, 15; and African Association, reference, 3I 3 17; and Australian settlement, 95; proj ­ ect for West African protectorate, 148­ Batavian Republi c. See Netherlands 50; death of, 151; and Corry project, Bathurst (Gambia) , 169, 471 159-60 ; on conversion of Muslims, Battuta, ibn-. See Ibn-Battiita 267 ; on missionary theory, 269; con­ Beaconsfield, first Earl of. See Disraeli, tribution to Niger plan, 30r ; mentioned, Benjamin 16,37; reference, 148, 267 Beaver, Philip: and settlement of Bulama Bannerman, James: as acting Governor of Island, 110-12; criticism of Sierra Le­ Gold Coast , 428; Gold Coast constitu­ one, 127; project for overland route to tional proposals by, 477 ; reference, 362, the Ni ger, 148-50; influence on William 477 Henry Smyth, 167; on prevention of Bannister, Saxe: reference, 374, 406, 419 disease, 189; ethnographic efforts of, Bant, W illiam : and Bulama Island proj­ 210 ; on Westernized Africans, 265; ect, I II criticism of missionaries, 268 ; contribu- 494 Index

tion to N iger plan, 3° 1; reference, 110 , used in defense of salvery, 371; as anti­ III, 127, 148, 150, 178, 189 , 210, 265, racist authority, 385; and early condition 268 , 48 3 of man, 389-99; used to explain African Bedford, Peter : reference, 221 "i nferiority," 403 Beecham, John : ethnographic investiga­ Bickersteth, Edward: on educational pol­ tions of, 335 ; mentioned, 336, 337, 34 2 ; icy, 265; in Sierra Leone, 267; refer­ reference, 313, 334, 335 , 407 ence, 265 268 Beecroft, John : N iger explorations of, Bicknell, John: on Africans as "noble sav­ 297-98, 308, 3II; appointed Consul for ages," 50-5 I; reference, 5I the Bights of Benin and Biafara, 314; Bights of Benin and Biafara: in British interventions by, 315, 468; travel re­ strategic thought, 161-62, 306; and ad­ ports of, 320 ministrat ive reorganization of 1821 , Behn, Aphr a, 49 169 ; as termination of Niger, 203; men­ Being, Great Chain of, 37, 44, 230, 394 tioned, 2°5, 464,468 Bekri, al-. See Bakri, abu-'Ubayd al­ Bijuga, 210 Belcher (Capt.) : reference, 461 Bilious remittent fever, 76 Bell, Andrew: educational practices of, 264 Biller, Sarah: reference, 325 Bello, Sultan of Sokoto: Clapperton's Bimbia, 298 visits to, 172-74 Bingley, William: reference, 216 Bence Island, 69, 128n Binns, Edward : on African race, 386 Bendyshe, T.: reference, 37, 38, 41 , 230 Biobaku, S. 0.: reference, 156, 313, 464 Benezet, Anthony: as anti-slavery writer, Biology: and racial thought, 34, 36-48, 54 ; on racial immun ities, 84; reference, 56, 228-43; main currents in, 36-37, 54, 84 217, 363-64; Robert Knox's lectures on, Bengal, 4, 22 378 Benguela, 6 Birkenhead , 296 Benin, 408, 464, 468 Bissau: as suggested British base, 161 Benin, Bight of : political situation C" . 1800, Bisset, c.: reference, 72, 78, 80 155-57; medical reputation of, 343 ; "Black poor": as source of information mentioned, 20, 172, 315, 409. See also about M rica, 14 ; Committee for the Re­ Bights of Benin and Biafara lief of the, 98-99; and settlement of Bentham, Jeremy: influence on Greg, 441 Sierra Leone, 99; mortality rate of, 179­ Benthamite Radicalism: influence on colo­ 80 nial policy, 291-92 Blackstone, Wi lliam: reference, 280 Benue River: in MacQueen's geographical Blackwood's Magazine: on course of the theory, 163; and Laird Expedition of Niger, 206 ; reaction to Bowdich's re­ 1832- 33, 296; Barth's visit to, 3II ; port, 213; on image of Africa, 341; on mentioned, 284, 409, 441, 449, 46I , 462 relation of commerce to civilization, 430 ; Berber language, 398 mentioned, 319; reference, 206, 213, Berbers: cultural influence attributed to, 342, 375, 430, 460 358; as ancestors of the Fulbe, 412 ; Blake, W illiam : on status of Afr icans, 50 ; mentioned, 369 reference, 50 Berkeley, George : on moving focus of Bleeding : for artificial acclimatization , civilization, 249, 376 191-92 ; in treatment of fevers, 193-94, Berlin, Andreas : botanical work in Africa, 357- 58 15 Bleek, Wilhelm H. I. : African language Berlin, Germany, 215 , 393 classification by, 398-400; reference, Biafara, Bight of : as center of slave trade, 399, 400 157 ; Tuckey expedition to, 165; medi­ Blisters: in treatment of fevers, 358 cal reputation of, 343 . See also Bights Blockade, anti-slavery: proposed by Wad· of Benin and Biafara strom, II4; instituted, 157-58; influ­ Bible: and classification of races, 38, 230 ; ence on strategic decisions of, 160-6I, on origin of race, 40 ; as support for 197 ; as source of interest in West Af­ monogenesis, 55; on value of labor, 62; rica, 293; failure of, 299-3° 0; changed authority of, in English thought , 244; administation of, 3° 4-5; opposition to, Index 495

315-16, 429, 441, 444-47; pamphlet Boyd, M. F.: reference, 73, 81 publications about, 341; influence of free Boyle, James: on classification of fevers, trade on, 443-44; mortality rates of 347-48; on prevention of fevers, 351; crews in, 486-87; mentioned, vii, 271 on bleeding of fever victims, 357; men­ Blumenbach, ]. F.: race classification of, tioned, 344, 358; reference, 344, 348, 38, 230-31 ; on racial ranking, 39; on 351, 352, 353, 359,360 origin of race, 41 ; anti-racist writ ings Brachycephalic: origin of category of, 366 of, 47, 240-41 ; influence of, 47-48; Brandenberg : participation in South At­ mentioned , 230, 386 ; reference, 38, 39, lantic System by, 5 41,47, 230, 241 Brass: in Niger commercial strategy, 461 Blyden, Edward W .: defense of Africans Brazil: trade of, 8, 157, 294-95, 433-34; by, 386 ; reference, 386 British relations with, 141, 158-59; Boahen, A. A. : reference, 12, 144, 150, slave trade of, 157-58, 436-37, 446, as 151, 166 , 167, 172, 174, 195, 3II source of geographical data about Af­ Board of Colonial Land and Emigration rica, 202 ; anti-slave-trade legislation of, Commissioners, 441 300, 316-17; influence of British free Bocage, J. D. Barbie de: reference, 22 trade on, 443-44 ; mentioned, 334, 440 , Boers: spread into the interior by, 292 447 Boilat, P. D. : reference, 412 Bridge, Horatio: reference, 322 Bolama Island. See Bulama Island British African Colonization Society, 472 Bold, Edward : pilot guide by, 200 British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, Bonds: Gold Coast, 307, 466 316, 339 Bondu : relations with Europeans , 310 British and Foreign Bible Society, 142 Bonny: in Niger commercial strategy, 461 ; British Association for the Advancement of mentioned, 14, 202 , 410 Science: and ethnography, 329, 331-33; Bontius: and beginnings of tropical medi- mentioned, 364, 368; reference, 329 , cine, 71 332 Bopp, Franz, 397 British Guiana . See Guiana, British Boriaboola-Ga, 470 British India Association, 340 Bornu : European reports about, 20, 205, British Medical Council: reclassification 208 ; in "Popicola's" project, 164 ; rela­ of "sun stroke," 195 tions with Tripoli, 166-67 ; Clapperton­ British Museum, 489 Denham-Oudney expedition to, 172 ; British North America, 292. See also Can­ description of, in juvenile literature, ada 216 ; mentioned, 146, 201,408, 4II, 463 "British system," educational practices of, Bory de Saint-Vincent, J. B. G.: support 264 for polygenesis from, 230 British West Indies. See West Indian colo­ Botany: investigations in Africa, 15-16 nies Botany Bay: convict settlement at, 95 Britons: as relatives of the Fulbe, 4II Boteler, T.: reference, 200 Broca, Paul : and revival of polygenesis, Bourgu ignon d' Anville, ]. B. See D'An­ 369 ville, ]. B. Bourguignon Brookings, R.: reference, 393 Bovill, E. W .: reference, 10 Broussais: on causes of fevers, 347 Bowdich, Thomas Edward : expedition to Browne, P. A.: reference, 370 Ashanti, 167-69; as translator of French Bruce, James: writing about Ethiopia, 25 works, 170, 201; report ing by, 201, 2II; Brunonian school, 193 as enlightened traveller, 209 ; press re­ Bruns, P. ]. : reference, 199 actions to work of, 2 I 3; lingu istic stud­ Brunton, Henry: linguistic studies of, 220 , ies by, 221; opinion about African cul­ 266 tures, 226 ; historical theory of, 257; on Bryant, Jacob: on nature of the Africans, creation of client-states, 282-83 ; on im­ 53 portance of firearms, 283 ; mentioned, Bryson, Alexander: study of naval medi­ 170, 213 , 319 , 328 ; reference, 169, 202, cine, 334, 345; and yellow fever ter­ 211,221,257,270,283 minology, 346-47; reform of naval Bower, Archibald : reference, 12 medicine, 349; empirical discoveries of, Index

354 -55; experiments in anti-malarial of Sierra Leone, 286; plans for Niger prophylaxis, 356, 358-59; reference, Expedition by, 298-303; influence on 19 2, 193, 194 , 345 , 347, 348, 349, 35 2, 1842 Committee, 306 ; on North African 355, 356, 357, 358 , 359, 361 , 486 slave trade, 310; recommendations for Bryson, Gladys : reference, 64 blockade, 315 ; as publicist for West Af­ Buffon, Comte George Louis Leclerc de : rica, 318 ; on Africans as natural Chris­ on origin of race, 41-42 tians, 327 ; and founding of APS, 329­ Bulama Island: settlement of, 110, 119, 30; on medical topography, 351; and 483; and yellow fever controversy, 183­ Select Committee on the Aborigines, 84; Beaver's report on culture of, 210 ; 374; on methods for culture change, in recommendations of 1842 Commit­ 414-3°; economic ideas, 434-38, 448; tee, 306; mentioned, 124 , 148, 150 on forced labor, 452-53; strategic ideas Bulama Island Associat ion : settlement of, 460, 461-63, 466-69; mentioned, projects of, 110-14; ideas about land 308, 339, 428-29, 44 1, 468; reference, values, 117 ; political relat ion to British 243, 286 , 299, 300, 301, 327, 34 1, 35 2, government, 118; and prevention of 400, 419, 430, 434, 437, 438, 448, 453, tropical disease, 189 ; reference, 112 460, 461, 463, 467 Bulam fever: in yellow fever controversy, 183-84; anti-humanitarian political CMS See Church Missionary Society uses of, 196 Cabanis, Pierre Jean George: on link be­ Bullam Island. See Bulama Island tween physiology and psychology, 234 Bullom culture, 409 Cabinda, 163 Bullom language, 221, 393 , 399 Caillie, Rene : mentioned, 174, 216; refer- Bullom shore : as site for plantations, 126 ence, 174 Bulwer-Lytton, Edward G. E. See Lytton, Cairo , 17, 146, 220 Edward Bulwer­ Calabar, 151,312, 329 Bunce Island, 69, 128n Caldwell, Dr.: anatomical studies of, 368 Bunsen, Baron C. C. J. de : racial inter­ Calomel : in treatment of fevers, 358. See pretation of history by, 377; linguistic also Mercury aid to CMS by, 392-93; linguistic the­ Calvin ism, 62 ory of, 395; on linguistic hierarchy of Cameroons, 298, 312 , 441, 460 African peoples, 413; mentioned, 397; Cameroons, Mount, 35 2, 353 reference, 377 , 398 , 413 Campbel : reference, 129 Burckhardt, J. 1. : explorations in Egypt, Campbell, Capt.: and Peddie expedition, 201; linguistic studies of, 220 ; refer­ 165 ence, 201 , 220 Campbell, John: racist publication of, 372; Burke, Edmund : on African culture, 54 ; reference, 12, 372 opposition to Gambia convict scheme, Campbell , Sir Neil: death of, 179; refer- 94 ; on economic viability of slave trade, ence, 190, 270 436; reference, 54, 436 Camper, Pieter, 39-40, 233, 366 Burke, William: dealings with Robert Canada, 3-4, 291, 373 Knox, 378 Cann ibalism : discussed by Winterbottom, Burnet, James , Lord Monboddo. See Mon ­ 210 boddo , Lord Canton , 467 Burnett, Sir William: and sea-water in­ Cape Blanc, 146, 164 vestigation, 350 Cape Coast, 9, 14, 35, 15 2, 175, 306, 337 , Burton, E. J.: reference, 347 , 35 2, 358, 466, 47 1, 477 360 Cape Colony : British expansion from, 29 2 Burton, Richard, 319 Cape Mesurado, 19, 104, 105, 115 Bushman languages, 413 Cape of Good Hope, 6, 26, 123, 399, 400 Bushmen: European judgments of, 413 Cape Palmas, 146, 159 Bussa, 172, 175 Cape Verde, 233, 236,399,412 Buxton, Charles: reference, 300 , 303 , 423 Capital investment, British: in South At­ Buxton, Thomas Fowell : on racism in lantic countries, 433 House of Commons , 242-43 ; opinion Caramanli , Yusuf, 166-67, 174 Index 497

Caramanli family : relat ions with Britain, and trop ical disease, 189; on artificial 174 acclimitization, 191-92; and chinchona, Caribbean: depopulation of, 373 192-93, 194 ; political objectives of, Caribbean colonies. See West Indian col­ 196 ; reference, 184, 186, 190, 192 , 193 , onies 194 , 196 , 197 Carlyle, Thomas: racist ideas of, 372, Christianity: on African race, 40, 52-53, 380-81 ; reference, 381 55, 239-43, 422- 23; influence on medi­ Carr, John, 428 cine, 191 ; on Afr ican character, 225; Carter, Henry R.: reference, 349 alleged African aptitude for, 225, 372, Carthage, 257 , 411 376, 4 22; on culture change, 259 ; in Cartography, 198-99 missionary publications, 326-27; influ­ Carus, Carl Gustav: race classification of, ence on biological thought, 363-64 ; and 370 ; influence in England of, 372; and idea of progress, 389-91; and Islam, list of " noble Negroes," 386; reference, 405-6; and missionary theory, 419-23; 37° in Niger treaties, 467; mentioned, 260 Carvajal, Luis del Marmo!. See Marmol Churchill's Voyages, 12 Carvajal, Luis del Church Missionary lntelligencer: men­ Catholic Church : opinion about American tioned, 325, 328; reference, 325, 399, Indians, 32-33; opposed by Swedenbor­ 424 gians, I 13; and British opinion of Islam , Church Missionary Record, 325 256-57; missions to West Africa, 313 Church Missionary Society: foundation of, Caucasian: as racial group, 38, 231 142 , 266; and Africanization of mis­ Caulker family : political position of, 96 sion staffs, 197 , 423-24; educational Causus, 75 policy of, 264 ; Sierra Leone missions Caventou, Joseph Bienairne: and isolation of, 264, 267; and Niger Expedition, of quinine, 194 303 , 312; missions to Yoruba, 313; Central Africa, vi public relations efforts of, 324-26; lin­ Ceylon: British seizure of, 140-41; direct guistic studies by, 392-93; morality of taxation in, 455 agents, 484; archives of, 489; men­ Chad, Lake: ideas about drainage of, 22, tioned, 208, 265, 269 , 315 ; reference, 202,203; Denham's travels to, 172 ; men­ 423, 424 tioned, 166, 205 Civilization : concept of, 62, 64 , 104-5, Chad Republ ic, 300 115, 244-45, 391-9 2, 414-15 ; moral Chambers, W. & R.: reference, 385, 386 implications of, 105 , 259; moving fo­ Charles I, 58 cus of, 249-50, 252 , 253, 375-76, 377; Charlesworth, Maria Louisa : reference, as cause of aboriginal mortality, 373-74 325 Clapham Sect, 108, 142, 42 3 Chartered companies: advocated, 159-60, Clapperton, Hugh: expeditions of, 172­ 164, 277, 449-50, 470-71 74; and Niger theory, 206; quality of Charter of Justice: of Sierra Leone, 135 reporting by, 207-8; and Niger strat­ Chartisrn, 293 egy, 463; mentioned, 20, 174, 202, 216, Charts, coastal: of West Africa, 18, 200 318, 319, 405; reference, 142, 174, 208 Chasseboeuf, C. F., Cornte de Volney, 247 Clapperton-Lander expedition: use of qui­ Chemistry, influence of: on tropical medi- nine by, 194-95; mortality on, 484 cine, 182 Clapperton-Oudney-Denham expedition: Cherbonneau, A.: studies in African lit- use of quinine by, 194 erature by, 397; reference, 397 Clarke, Lt. J.: and project for annexation Chevalier, A.: reference, 12 of the Gold Coast, 102; reference, China, 4, 249, 467 12,102 Chinchona bark: anti-malarial use of, 81­ Clarke, Robert : reference, 322 82, 192-93, 194, 355-57 Clarkson, John: and Sierra Leone, 101, Chinese language, 395 108, 133 ; and Philip Beaver, IIO; men­ Chisholm, Dr. Colin: and yellow fever tioned, 132 ; reference, 133 controversy, 183-84, 345; on source of Clarkson, Thomas : and Afr ican products, infection in fevers, 185; on sanitation 68; and Sierra Leone, 101, 108-9; re- Index

lations with Wadstrom, 103 ; on forced Commerce : and social progress, 64 , 66; ac­ labor of " redeemed slaves," 128 ; refer­ culturative influence of, 68-69, 430; os. ence, 52, 68, 104 , 109 agriculture in thought about economic Clarkson papers, 489 development, II3, II7, 430 , 445 , 448­ Client-states : strategy of, 282-83, 464 51. See also Legitimate trade . Cliffe, Jose E.: on revival of slave trade, Committee for the Relief of the Black 446; reference, 446 Poor, 98-99 Climate : as cause of disease of disease, Commons: House of : Committee on con­ 77, 35 2; as influence on character, 223­ vict settlement, 94-95; and slave-trade 25; as influence on culture and race, abolition, 124; Committee on Sierra 246-47, 251, 379, 404-5 Leone of 1802, 136 ; Committee on Si­ Climatology: investigations of, 352 erra Leone of 18°4, 136, 137; Select Clothing recommended for tropics, 49, Committee of 1816 and 1817, 161 ; 19 1, 354 West Africa Committee of 1830, 175, Clutterbuck, Henry: reference, 184 , 193 197 , 289 ; racist opinion in, 242-43; Co-Adam itae: publication of, 41 Hutt Committee, 316 , 318, 337, 445-47 Coast, West African: defined, 6; dist in- -Committee on West Africa, 1842: con­ guished from interior, 25, 163 , 255,461 clusions of, 305-8; pamphlet publ ica­ Coates, Dandeson: reference, 420, 443 tions about, 341 ; on African emigration Cobbett , William, 240 , 261 to West Indies, 441-42; mentioned, Cobbett's Annual Register: reference, 240 444 , 461, 475 Cobbett's Parliamentary His tory: reference, -Committee on Aborigines: and prob ­ 94 lems of culture contact, 416-17; on Cobden , Richard: reference, 459 missions and culture change, 429; on 185 Coimbatore fever, moral just ification of empire, 458; rec­ Coke, Thomas: and mission to Futa ommendation against treaties by, 465 ; Jallon, 266-64; reference, 257 mentioned, 299, 374 ; reference, 419, 73, 87 Colbourne, M. J.: reference, 20,458,465 Colbourn's United Service Magazine : ref­ 4 -Select Committee on the Foreign Slave erence, 337, 354, 370 Trade, 316, 318, 337 , 445-47 Colonial Gazette: mentioned, 340; refer­ Commons Journals : reference, 91, 95 ence, 419, 442 Colonial Intelligencer: reference, 389 , 417 Company of Merchants Trading to Africa: Colonial Magazine and Commercial Mari­ status of, 8,151-52,169 ; opposition to time Journal : mentioned, 340; refer­ Sierra Leone Company, 106-7; and ence, 385 , 410 Bowdich expedition, 167-69; mortality Colonial Office: geographical investiga­ of agents of, 484; mentioned, 35, 277 , gations of, 165, 172, 199; humanitarian 470. See also Afr ican Committee influence on, 29°-91; and N iger Ex­ Comparative anatomy . See Anatomy , com­ ped ition, 302 ; on racial discrimination, parative 47 3; mentioned, 171 , 304, 305 , 340, Condorcet, M. H. N . de Caritat, Marquis 45°,454,469 de, 245 Colonial officials: mortality of, 484 Congo River : and Tuckey expedition, Colonial Reformers : influence of, 291-92, 165-66; as lower course of Niger, 202 ; 44 1-42, 444 ; periodical publications of, mentioned, 163, 460 34° Congress of Vienna, 158 Colonial Society, 340 Constitution, pol itical : for Wadstrom's Colonization projects, II 5, 146-49, 449- Swedenborgian settlement, 18-19 ; for 52, 469-70 MacCarthy's Island convict settlement, Color prejudice. See Racism 92 ; for Smeathrnan 's colony, 96-97; for Columbine, Capt . E. H ., 159 , 160-61 "Province of Freedom," 99-100; for Si­ Combe, George: and spread of phrenol- erra Leone settlement, 104-9; for Bu­ ogy, 234, 366-67; on race classification lama Island settlement, II I; for second of Western Sudanese, 370; mentioned, Bulama settlement, II3; in early coloni­ 371; reference, 234 , 367, 370 zation projects, II8-19; of Sierra Leone Index 499

under the Company, 132-36; discus­ Gold Coast constitutional proposals by, sions of, 278-79; 472-78 477; mentioned, 342, 453 ; reference, Contagion: defined, 346 322, 323, 38~ 401 , 4°2, 40 ~ 40~ 41 ~ Conversionism: origins of, 259-61, 414­ 419, 451, 468, 477 16 ; in education and mission policy, Cuba: illegal slave trade to: 300,436, 446; 424-28; decline of, 473-76 and South Atlantic System, 433-34, 438, Convicts: in West Africa, 90-91, 181 443-44; mentioned, 305,440,447 Convict settlement : projects for, 89-95, Cuffee, Paul : and Friendly Society of Si- 102, 469 ecca Leone, 276 Cook, A. N. : reference, 313 Cull, Richard: reference, 333, 372, 382 Cook, James, 15, 49, 59 Cultru, P.: reference, 146, 147 Cook, M.: reference, 42, 49 Cultural arrogance: influence on racial Cook, William: on treaties with African thought, 38-39, 42, 386 ; opposition to, states, 465; reference, 465 47, 397, 406 ; and idea of "noble sav­ Cooley, William Desborough: history of age," 49-50; among humanitarians, 53­ the Western Sudan by, 336 ; on cultural 54, 326-28; extent of in Great Britain, influence of deserts, 4°5; mentioned, 143, 244-45, 293-94; in British publi­ 342; reference, 336, 405 cations, 207-8, 213, 216, 321-24; Cooperatives: in Sierra Leone, 276 among officials, 212, 383, 473; influence Coptic language, 398 on culture theory, 416-17; influence on Corker family. See Caulker family international law, 465 Corn Laws: abolition of, 292, 443 Culture : assumed relationsh ip to race, 30, Coromandel fever, 185 42, 227-28, 231, 238-39, 370-71, 386­ Corry, Joseph: projects of, 159-60, 273, 87, 480 3°1 ; reference, 160, 178, 234, 236 , 273 Culture, African : European judgments of, Cotton : schemes for cultivation of, 434- 34-35, 53-54, 56-57, 64, II5-16, 207­ 35, 44~ 45~ 454-56 8, 212-13, 222-26, 410-II, 413 Coulter, J. 1. S.: reference, 72 Culture change: British ideas about, 96, Council of Chiefs, Gold Coast, 477-78 104-5, II5-16, 238, 259-77, 301, 308, Council of the Indies : and questionnaire 414-31 for "native policy," 15 Culture contact: theories about, 248, 268, Count, E. W .: reference, 41, 230, 366 416-19 Coupland , R.: reference, 52, 54 Culture history: Klemm's work on, 377, Courts of Mixed Commission, 159, 175­ 389 76 Culture prejudice. See Cultural arrogance Cox-George, N . A.: reference, 130, 131, Culture theory: discussions of, 30-34, 63­ 295, 359, 45 6 67, 96, 245-58, 372-75, 394-95, 400­ Craniometry : development of, 366-67 407 . See also Diffusion, cultural Crawfurd, J.: reference, 404 Curtin, Philip D.: reference, 254, 438, Creoles: portrayal of, 322 439, 443 Crimean War, 293 Cust, R. N .: reference, 24, 220, 392 Crooks, J. J.: reference, 171, 199, 288 Cuvier, Georges : and comparative anat­ Cross River, 298 , 410 omy, 228 ; race classification of, 230-31 ; Crow, Hugh : reference, 322 influence on Knox of, 378 ; mentioned, Crown Colony government, 470 232, 235-36, 369; reference, 188, 230, Crowther, Samuel: travel reports by, 321; 231, 235 juvenile literature about, 326; linguis ­ tic studies of, 393, 394 ; reference, 312, Dagomba, 201, 283 320 ,326,335,394,397,484 Dahomey : portrayal of, 20, 217, 322, 407­ Cruickshank, Brodie: quality of reporting 8, 409 , 410 ; history of, 24; foreign re­ by, 323-24; historical theory of, 400­ lations of, 155, 314-15, 451, 464 , 468 ; 403 ; on African polytheism, 407; on Duncan 's explorations in, 310; men­ Gezo of Dahomey, 407-8; on psychol­ tioned, 8, 12, 152, 306 , 468 ogy of culture contact, 417; and techni­ Dallas, R. c. reference, 226 cal assistance to Dahomey, 451 , 468 ; Dalrymple, Henry Hew : and relations 50 0 Index

with Sierra Leone Company, 107 , 108 ; 152, 161, 307 ; African scholarship in, and Bulama Island settlement, II0-12, 15, 16 ; relat ions with Ashanti, 152 I 15 ; mentioned, 126; reference, III Denton, Daniel: on Amer ican Indian de­ Dalzel, Archibald: historical scholarship mography, 373 ; reference, 373 of, 24; reference, 24 Derby, rath Earl of. See Stanley, Edward Daniel, ] . F.: mentioned, 350 ; reference, G. G. S. 35° Des Marchais: and reports of Gu inea Daniell, William F.: on ethnography of coast, 12; and selection of Cape Mesu­ Old Calabar, 329 ; reference, 329 , 352 , rado as site for a colony, II5 353 , 359, 400, 410 Destutt de Tracy, Comte Antoine 1. c.: Danish West Indies : studies of African on link between physiology and psy­ languages in, 25 chology, 234 D 'Anville, ]. B. Bourguinon: geographi- Dickens, Charles: attack on humanitari­ cal scholarship of, 22; reference, 22 anism, 343-44, 470; on Christian pa­ Darfur, 174, 216, 41I ternalism, 422-23; reference, 422 , 470 Dark continent: image of, v, 9 Dick inson, Nodes: mentioned, 185 ; ref­ Darwin, Charles: theory of, related to that erence, 184, 185, 197 of William Wells, 237-38; and Naval Diet: as determinant of social advance, 66, manual for investigators, 334; influence 4°4; recommended for tropics, 79, 191 of pseudo -scientific racism, 363-64; ap­ D iffenbach, E.: reference, 365 proval of Robert Knox by, 378 ; men­ D iffusion , cultural: trans-Saharan, 205-6; tioned , vii Wilberforce on, 252-53, 255 ; British Data from Afr ica: sources of, 9-26, 198­ discuss ions of, 256-57, 400; in Chris­ 226, 318-42; weak response of theory tian historiography, 390; and theory of legit imate trade, 428-31 to, 479 Dike, K. 0.: reference, 295, 313 , 462, 469 Davidson, Basil : reference, 35 Dinka language, 398 Davidson, John: expedition toward Tim­ D irectory, French : reception of Wad­ buctu by, 296 strom's colonization projects, 1I4 Davies, K. G. : reference, 69 Disease: special cond itions of, in West Dawes , William: as Governor of Sierra Africa , 73 ; immunity to, 73, 83-84, 85, Leone, 133-34, 188n ; as Royal Com­ 360 . See also Fevers; Malaria; Medi­ missioner, 159; strategic views of, 161, cine ; Yellow fever 162; reference, 134 , 161 Disraeli, Benjamin (Lord Beaconsfield) : Day, Thomas: mentioned, 50-51; refer­ mentioned, 381, 385; reference, 381, ence, 51 385 De Bunsen, Christian Carl ]osias. See Diversificationism, 24, 46, 2I 9 Bunsen , Baron C. C. ]. de Doke, C. M .: reference, 222 De Graft, William : contribution to eth­ Dolichocephalic: origin of category of, nographyof, 335 366 Delisle, Guillaume: geographical scholar­ Donkin, Sir Rufane: theory about Niger's ship of, 22 course, 2°3; reference, 203 Democracy : in colonization projects , 118­ Donnet, ].]. 1.: and yellow fever diag - 19 noses, 346 Demography, of Sierra Leone: British Dorchard (staff surgeon), 165 thought about, 179-80, 359-61; views Dos Amigos: case of, 306 of Golbery and W interbottom on, 251­ Doughty, E.: mentioned, 193 ; reference, 52 184, 185, 193, 197 Dengue fever, 76, 346 Drumond, Menezes de: reference , 202 Denham, Dix on : mentioned, 172 , 179, "Dual mandate": idea of a, 280-81, 458 206, 208, 319 ; reference, 172, 208 Dublin Traveller: reference, 216 Denman, Th omas, first Baron Denman: Dudley, S, F.: reference, 195, 346, 348 reference, 341 , 385 Duncan, John: Dahomean explorations of, Denmark: participation in South Atlantic 310 ; professional background of, 32 I; System, 5, 158; Gold Coast forts of, 9, reference, 310, 320, 426, 454 Index 5°1

Dunne, Charles: reference, 190 66, 273, 425-28; mentioned , 14, 157, Dupuis, Joseph: mission to Ashanti, 169­ 302 , 424 70, 202 , 2°9 ; reference, 202, 226 Edwards, Bryan : on tropical environment, Durand,]. B. 1. : on forced labor, 127 ; as 66 ; reference, 23, 35, 66 colonial promoter, 146; on African Edwards, William Frederic: racial theo­ character, 223-24; reference, 127 , 146, ries of, 235 ; founds Societe Ethnolo­ 224, 226 gique, 330 ; ethnographic questionnaire Dutch. See Netherlands by, 332-33; use of linguistic evidence Dwight, T.: reference, 334 by, 365; mentioned, 363, 388; refer­ Dyke, E. B.: reference, 49 ence, 235 Dysentery, 195, 354 Efik: racial difference from Ijaw, 410 Efik language, 393 Easmon, M. C. P.: reference, 263 Egba, 313 , 478 East, D . ] .: missionary account by, 326­ Egerton,F. C. c.: reference, 94 27; historical theory of, 390; reference, Egypt: French attack on, I14, I15; as a 32~ 32~ 328, 39~ 403 route to Western Sudan, 151, 201; East Africa, vi, 319 influence of, in West Afr ica, 238 , 257 , East Asia: importance of, in British strat­ 400; mentioned, 26, 238, 249, 253, egy,4 283, 37 2 East India Company, 108 , 141 Egyptians: race classification of, 369 Eclectic Review: on forced labor and Eichthal, Gustave, d' : on the Fulbe, 4I1- Niger Expedition, 453; reference, 328, 12, 563-64; reference, 411 , 464 453 Elephantiasis, 195 Ecology: as a measure of progress, 64 ; Elizabeth I, 58 as a determinant of human culture, El-Kanerni, Mohammed el-Arnin. See Mo­ 404-5 hammed el-Arnin el-Kanerni Economic development, African: projects Elmina, 9 for , 6, 69-70 , 276-77, 448-51, 456 Emancipation, West Indian: racist ex­ Economic development, British: influence planations of failure of, 384-85 on Africa policy, 293 Emancipation Act: passage of, 290 Economic motivation: for civilization of Embryology: influence on Knox's evolu­ Africa, 69, 260, 269-7°; of African tionary theory, 369 chiefs, 284-85 Emigration, African: projects for, 305 , Economic theory: and value of labor, 62; 307-8, 440; pamphlet publications and Afro-West Indian competition, 96, about, 341 ; as an acculturative device , 438-39; and Sharp's labor theory of 419; in West Indian economic thought, value, 100-101; in early colonial pro j­ 439-40, 447 ; oper ations of scheme for, ects, 117 ; and sociology of slavery, 44 2-43 27°-71; and culture change, 272-73; Emp ire : theory of, 4-5, 32-33 influence on colonial policy, 291-92 ; Emp iricism: in tropical medicine, 355-59 and efficacy of legitimate trade, 428-3 I; Endemic ardent fever, 185 in Buxton's Niger plan, 434-38; and English Pilot, 18, 200 backward-leaning supply curve, 454-56 Enlightened despotism, 119 Eden , Garden of, 62 Enlightened travellers, 14-18, 23, 34 , 63, Edinburgh, 213 182, 206-7, 2II Edinburgh Missionary Society : linguistic Enlightenment: influence of, on scholar­ studies of, 220 ship, 22, 24,41-42, 181 Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal: Enterprise, government: planned for reference, 322 " Province of Freedom," 101 ; os. pri­ Edinburgh Review: on West African ge­ vate enterprise in African projects, ography, 206; on W interbottom, 213 ; 44 8- 50 on historical theory, 257-58; on Robert Environmentalism: in social theory , 65 , Knox, 381; reference, 206, 21 3, 226, 66, 223- 25, 242, 247, 249, 253-54, 258, 270, 382, 406, 458 4°4 Education: pol icy discussions about, 263- Ephemera, 74 5°2 Index

Epidemiology: of yellow fever, 76, 346, Exuberance, tropical. See Tropical exuber­ 348 ance "Equipment Act" (1839): provisions of, 304 Facial angle: in race classification, 39-40 Eschasseriaux, aine : reference, 1I4 Factories, private: and British slave trade, Essay on Colonization, 1I3, 1I4 8-9 Esthetic judgements: influence on racism, Fage, ]. D.: reference , 156 29, 39, 45-46, 47, 51, 370 Fairchild, H. N .: reference, 49, 60, 61 Ethiope: explorations of, 298, 308 Falabac rro Ethiopia, 25, 164, 233 Falconer, William: social theory of, 65- Ethiopians: judgments about, 44, 413 66, 69; reference, 66, 69 Ethnocentricity. See Cultural arrogance Falerne River, 310 Ethnography: publication of data , 13, 22- Fante culture, 21I, 226, 323-24 24, 213-14, 328-29; methods in, 15­ Fante language: study of, 24, 221, 392 16, 25, 63, 21I-12, 328-29 ; field in­ Fante race: classification of, 370 vestigations, 16, 182, 207-13, 328-29, Fante states : foreign relations of, 152-55, 333-35; in 16th-century travel accounts, 272, 464 ; proposed confederation of, 48-49; relationship to other disciplines, 478 63, 217-18; influence of, 1I5, 231-32; Fattatenda, 91 medical, 182; popularization of, 337 Fawckner, ].: reference, 322 Ethnological Society, 331, 374, 382 Ferguson, Adam : mentioned, 65, 66, 245 ; Ethnology: establishment of, 63, 329-32. reference , 66, 252 See also Anthropology Ferguson, William: mentioned, 186-87; Etsu of Nupe, 463 reference, 184, 187, 197 Europe: influence of events in, 289-90 Fergusson, William, 438 Europeans: ability of, to work in tropics, Fermin, Philippe: reference, 72, 80 281; numbers of, in West Africa, 294 Fernando Po : in colonial projects and European state system: position of Great strategy, 162-63, 175-76, 284, 441, Britain in, 143 448, 449-51, 471 ; medical reputation Evangelicalism: ethical beliefs of, 52; on of, 163, 343-44, 352, 353; British oc­ value of labor, 62; and Clapham Sect, cupation of, 175-76, 296, 314; Baptist 98, 105-6; rise of, 143, 290; intellec­ missions to, 3I 2; linguistic research on, 00 tual influence of, 188, 229, 245, 260; 399-4 ; mentioned, 303, 304 and Islam, 256 Fetish : misunderstanding of, 406-7 Fetu language: study of, 24 Evolution: biological, 237-38, 363-64, Fevers: classification, 72-73, 74-75, 183­ 369, 373-74, 378-79; cultural, 394-95, 85, 345; Lind's definition of, 74 ; causes 400-403 of, 76-81, 185-87, 347, 349-50; treat­ Exeter Hall : explained, 291; mentioned, ment of, 81-82, 191-94, 358-59 298, 300, 343. See also Humanitarian­ Fez, 174 ism Fezzan : visits to 146, 167 ; foreign rela­ Exoticism : in European reporting, 23-24, tions of, 166, 174; mentioned, 17, 22. 48-51, 59 See also Murzuk ; Tripoli Exploration: data produced by, 14-18, Figaniere e Morao,]. C. de : reference, 206-8, 320-22; public support of, 17­ 179 18, 151, 157, 318-19; maps of, 19, 21, Findlay, Gov . Alexander: racial policies 147, 166, 168, 173, 309; accounts of, of, 473 20, 144-46, 147, 165n, 166-70, 171-74, Firearms: and strategy of informal con- 295-98, 303-4, 308-12; influence of, trol, 282-83 171, 257-58 Fiscal policy: Earl Grey on, 455 Explorers, 206-8, 320-22 Fitzpatrick, Lt.-Gov .: reference, 357 Exports. See Trade, Anglo-West African; Fliigel, ] . c. reference, 234 Trade, British Forbes, Frederick E.: mentioned, 321, Extra-territorial jurisdiction : in British 396; reference, 320, 322, 355, 375, Niger treaties, 467 396,429 Index

Foreign Office: anti-slave-trade diplomacy 312, 424; hypothetical migrations of, of, 158-59, 293, 299-300; and Saharan 399, 4II-12; mentioned, 313, 408, consulates, 310-II; and treaties with 409. See also Fulani Empire African states, 465-66; mentioned , 302, Fulbe language. See Fulfulde 470, 471 Fulfulde, 392, 393, 399, 412 Formosa River, 165, 203 Furnas, J. c.. reference, 328, 371 Forster, Matthew: on Niger commercial Futa Djallon. See Futa Jallon strategy, 461 ; on Maclean's judicial Futa Jallon : relations with Sierra Leone, protectorate, 475; reference, 475 144, 170, 267 ; French expeditions in, Forster and Smith, 461 170, 310; mentioned, 20, 148, 4II Fort Saint Joseph , 150 Futa Jallon Mountains, 203 Fortunate Islands : legend about, 61 Futa Toro, 4II Fothergill , John: on value of chinchona Fyfe, Christopher: reference, 9, 99, 118, bark, 82 ; reference, 12, 82 125, 130, 131, 179, 257, 264, 275. 276, Fourah Bay Inst iution, 423, 427-28 313, 359, 405, 473 Fox, William: reference, 325, 406, 424, 484, 486 Ga, 23, 329 France: colonies of, and British strategy, Galam,9I 7, 88, II0, 112, 114n, 128, 142, 143, Ga language : study of, 24 147,174; raid on Sierra Leone by, II3, Gall, Franz Joseph, 234 124, 131, 133, 144; and C. B. Wad· Galla, 422 strom, 114; colonial projects of, 146­ Gallagher, John : reference, 299, 302. 304, 48; African publications in, 200, 214­ 415 15, 335-36, 339, 397, 4II-12; opinion Gallinas River: in Turner's stratgey, 171; about African peoples in, 226; Sene­ morbitity and mortality in raid on, 487 gambian explorations, 308-10; men­ Gambia : and project for convict settle­ tioned, 5, 158, 228, 293, 395 ment, 89-95, 102, II8; strategic thought Fraser s Magazine, 380 about, 91-92, 109, 171, 306, 460-61; Freeman, T. B.: writing of, 321, 335 ; British policy toward, 169, 306, 450, and plantation experiment, 424; on 466, 474 ; linguistic studies in, 221; failure of "legitimate trade," 430 ; European population, 294; peanut ex­ reference, 313, 320, 428, 430 ports from, 295; missionary activities Freetown , 126, 267, 306, 308, 348, 410, in, 312, 424; yellow fever in, 348 ; 423, 466, 471 Wesleyan missions to. 424; mentioned, Freetown Grammar School: opposition 8, 17, 18, 22, 91, 144, 159, 300, 305, to, 427-28 310, 399, 469, 470 Free trade movement : influence on policy, Gambia Island : French post, 128n 292, 443-44; competition with hurnani­ Gambia River: navigation on, 18; as route tarian ideas, 316; doctrine of, 428; to Western Sudan, 148-50, 165 influence on William Hutt, 444; Sir Gandy, Henry : reference, 103 George Stephen on, 449-50 Gao, 10, 205 French Revolution: influence on English Garcia da Orta : and beginnings of tropi­ social thought, 245; wars of, 123. 124, cal medicine, 71 140-42 Gazir, Ali Eisami: reference, 335 French West Indies, 140 General Board of Health: yellow fever Friendly Society of Sierra Leone, 276 investigation of, 345, 349 The Friend of Africa, 339 Geoffrey of Monmouth : on moving focus Fula. See Fulbe of civilization, 249 Fulani Empire : formation of, 156--57; Geoffrey de Saint-Hilaire, Etienne: on foreign relations, 166-67, 169, 172-74, polygenesis, 230; Knox 's influence on, 201, 462-64. See also Fulbe 378 Fulani language. See Fulfulde Geography : British knowledge of West Fulbe : racial classification of, 44, 222, African, 9-26, 18-22; Maghribi know­ 233, 410, 413; correct terminology for, ledge of, 10, 164-65, 200-201; sources 156n; and Wesleyan mission in Gambia, of data for, 10, 22, 164-65, 200-201, Index

202, 206-8, 331; and African Associa­ 466, 470, 474-78; political situation in tion, 17-18; Niger problem in, 162­ hinterland of, 152-55, 170, 282; stra­ 63, 201-6; state of the discipline, 198­ tegic thought about, 158-61, 282, 464; 99, 329; size of Sahara in, 203-5 officials' attitude toward Africans, 212; George III : and imperial organization, European population, 294 ; medical rep­ 33-34 utation of, 348, 353, 357, 362; men­ Georg ia, 91 tioned, 8, 9, 151, 202, 266, 273, 305, Germanic race, 376 370, 469 Germany : travel periodicals published in, Gold Coast Council Minutes : reference, 2I 5; theory of moving focus of civili­ 306, 466, 477 zation in, 249; as source of African Gonja,20I travellers, 321; linguistic studies in, Goree, 17, 103, 107, 135, 147, 150, 171, 392-93; mentioned, 28, 234, 293 226, 353 Gezo, King of Dahomey, 407-8 Gourou, Pierre : reference, 60 Ghadames, 310, 406 Grainger, James : mentioned , 70; refer- Ghana, ancient : confusion with Kano, 22; ence, 70 historical publications about, 336 Grande River, 148-50 Ghana, modern. See Gold Coast Grant, Charles, Baron Glenelg, 290, 460 Ghana, National Archives of, 489 Grasset de Saint-Saveur, J.: study of West Ghat , 310,4°6 African costume by, 214; reference, 214 Gibb, Sir Hamilton: reference, 336 Gray, ]. M.: reference, 91, 92, 1°9, 144, Gilkrest, Dr.: reference, 346 15° Gladstone, William G.: as Sec. of State Gray, Major William: and Peddie expe­ for Colonies, 290 dition, 165; reference, 165 Glasgow, 296 Great Chain of Being, 37, 44, 230, 394 Glass, Bentley: reference, 12, 41, 67 "Great community": in Africa and Europe, Glenelg, Baron (Charles Grant), 290, 460 32 Gliddon, George Robins: craniometric Great Trek, 292 studies of, 367; racist publication by, Greaves, William: reference, 263 372; judgment of differing African cul­ Greece, 253, 376, 379 tures by, 413; mentioned, 381, 480; ref­ Greenberg, J . H.: linguistic classification erence, 381, 413 compared with Koelle's, 399n; refer­ Goa, 71 ence, 398, 399 Gobineau, Arthur comte de: racial theory Greene, Graham: reference, 59 of history by, 381; on African racial en­ Greene, ]. c.. reference, 41, 45 dowment, 383-84; and list of "noble Greg, W . R.: on Africans as natural Chris­ Negroes," 386; on separability of reo tians, 327; racial theory of history by, ligion and culture, 422 ; mentioned , 376-77; support of Laird's project by, 372, 388 ; reference, 381, 384, 386, 395, 441 ; reference, 341, 377, 44 1, 443 422 Gregoire, Abbe Henri Baptiste : mentioned, Gobir,409 241, 386; reference, 223, 241, 254 Godwin, William, 245 Grenada, 183 Gottingen, 15, 38 Gresham's Law: applied to religions, 406 Golbery, S. M. X. de: colonial project of, Grey, Charles (second Earl Grey) , 291 146, 148, 159-60; on health conditions, Grey, Sir Henry George (third Earl Grey, 178-79 ; as enlightened traveller, 209; Viscount Howick): as Sec. of State for on African society, 219, 251, 257; con­ Colonies, 291; educational policy of, tribution to Niger plan, 3°1; men­ 427-28; projects for technical assistance, tioned, 254, 261; reference, 146, 178, 450; on coerced labor through direct 219, 224, 226, 236, 251, 257, 261 taxation, 454-56; on representative gov­ Gold Coast: scholarly investigations in, ernment , 476-78; mentioned, 381; ref­ 16, 24, 167-69, 211-12, 323-24, 337, erence, 419, 450, 455, 456, 460, 473, 417; agriculture in, 69, 102, 295, 424, 477 450, 454-56; administration of, 109­ Griffith, Edward: reference, 188, 235, 236 10; 157, 159, 171, 175, 282n, 306-8, Grimm, Jacob, 397 Index 5°5

Groundnuts, 295 government, 477; reference, 362, 419, Groves, C. P.: reference, 221, 264, 266 477 Guenebault, J . H .: racist publication by, Hillary, W.: reference, 72, 78, 82, 83, 85 371 ; linguistic theory of, 394-95; ref­ H ippocrates: on malaria, 74 ence, 371, 395 History, African: studies of, 10, 13, 24, Guiana, British: economic development 30, 213, 388, 397-413 of, 439-40 ; mentioned, 419, 447 History, theory of: discussions of, 65, 389­ Guiana, French, 12 91; Hugh Murray on, 246--51; William Guine, 8, 170 W ilberforce on, 252-53; and trans­ Guinea, Lower, 8, 202, 317, 460 Saharan diffusion, 256-57; and racism, Guinea, Republic of, 8-9 375-80 ; and linguistic data, 394-95, Guinea worm, 195 397- 400 Guzzeratta fever, 185 Hoare. Prince: reference, 54, 55, 98, 101, 1°3, 106, 178 Hadden,A. c.: reference, 38, 40, 230, 366 Hodgkin, Thomas: on education, 266; and Hailey, Lord, 12 Aborigines Protection Society, 329-30; Haiti,433 and Societe Ethnologique, 330; and Hakluyt, William: and publication of Ethnological Society, 331; and linguis­ travel accounts, 12 tic questionnaire, 331 ; ethnographic Halleur, H .: reference, 393 questionnaire of, 332- 33; on language Halton, William: reference, 102 and race, 394 ; and British African Col­ Ham, descendents of : as racial group, 38 onization Society, 472; reference, 266, Hamilton, R. W .: reference, 421 331, 332, 333, 395 Hamite myth, 3, 4IJ Hodgson, W . B.: reference, 335 Hanke, 1. U .: reference, 33 Hofland, Barbara : reference, 216 Hanway, James: and the Comm ittee for Hogden , M. T.: reference, 54 the Relief of the Black Poor, 98 Holland, M. j ., Vicountess Knutsford: Hare, William: dealings with Robert reference , 134, 264 Knox, 378 Holman, James: reference, 322 Harmattan, 352 Home, Henry, Lord Kames. See Kames , Harris, Rev. John: on benefits of mission­ Lord ary work, 421; reference, 328, 421, 458 Horne Office: and convict settlement, 91­ Hasan ibn-Muhammad al-Wazzan, al-. See 92, 95 Leo Africanus Hook, J. 1.: mentioned, 446; reference, Hausa, country of, 20, 155, 169, 172-74, 410,446 201,203,2°5,208,4°9 Hop, Henrik, 94 Hausa culture: opinion about 226, 409 Hope, G. W .: reference, 419 Hausa language, 392, 393, 396, 398 Hope, Thomas: reference, 368, 370 Hausa people: supply geographical data Horneman, Frederick, 146, 151, 167 in Brazil, 202 Hospitals: influence on medicine of, 182 Havana, 433 Hottentot language, 298, 413 Hawthorne, Nathaniel: reference, 322 Hottentots: racial status of, 42, 233, 400, Hecht, ]. ].: reference, 35, 53 413 Hecquard, 1. H. : Senegambian explora- Houghton, Major Daniel, 18, 22 tions of, 310; reference, 310, 412 Housing: and prevention of disease, 188­ Hemoglobin characteristics, 84n; 237n 89 Hercules, 41 I Howard, J . E.: reference, 192 Herodotus: Rennell's scholarship concern ­ Howick, Lord. See Grey, Sir Henry ing, 22; use of, as racist authority, 372 George, third Earl Herschel, Sir John F. W.: reference, 333 Howison, John: on culture theory, 404 , Hervas y Panduro, Lorenzo: lingustic 416; reference, 375, 397, 403, 404, 406, studies of, 220 416, 418, 434 H ill, Pascoe, G .: reference, 322 Howitt, William: referen ce, 404, 421, 458 H ill, S. J.: opposition to representative Huard-Bessinieres, 309- 10 Index

Hudson's Bay Comp any: importance in Ibn-Kh aldun , 'Abd-al-Rahman: menti oned , British Empi re, 4, 30 1 10, 335 ; reference, 336 Hulbert, Charles: mentioned , 216; refer­ Ibo: European judgment of, 206, 40 9, 410 ence, 216 Ibolanguage, 392, 393, 398 Humanitarianism: era of, defined, vi- vii ; Idealogues: and criteria for race classifi­ and racial thought , 34, 235 , 239-40; cation, 233-34 329- 32, 385-87; and Afr ican culture, Idrisi, 'abu -Abdullah Muhammad ibn-Mu­ 52-57, 68-69, 139, 216 , 252-53, 255; hammad al- : menti oned , 10, II, 203 ; and colonial administration, 169, 197, reference, 10 290-91 ; and slave trade, 255-56; and Ifemesia, C. c.: reference, 296, 298, 3°4, N iger Expedition, 28 5, 298-99, 453 ; 312, 313, 409, 462 , 46 3, 465 , 485 and anti-slavery blockade, 315- 16, 444­ Igala: British relations with , 462-63, 464 , 47; and free trade, 316; period ical pub. 465,468 lications of, 339- 40 ; opposition to, 343; Ijaw: racial difference from Efik, 4 10 on tru steeship and convers ion, 415; on Ijebu, 334 legit imate trade , 429-30; and African Ilorin, 156 emigration, 443 ; mentioned, 98, 228, Image of Africa : concept of, v-vii; vari­ 298-99 ance from real ity of, 479 Hu me, David : menti oned , 42, 247; refer­ Imlah, Albert: reference, 6, 415 ence, 4 2, 60 Immigration: West Indian to Africa, 442 , Hume, Joseph : mentioned , 28 5; reference, 45 1 Imperial ism, era of : defined, vi 28 5 Hundredors: in Sharp's proposals, 100; Imports, See Trade, Anglo-West Afr ican ; as established in Sierra Leone, 108 , 134­ Trade, British India: European mortality in, 71; Sharp' s 36, 138 utopian project for, 142 ; in Mill's theory Hunter, John (1723-1793, anatomist), of progress, 250-51 ; place of, in Mac­ 38n, 45 Queen's pro ject, 285 ; mentioned, 4, 123, Hunter, John (d , 180 9, physician) : on 141 , 182 , 380 racial classification, 38; on or igin of India Act of 1784, 4 race, 41; opposition to cultural chau­ Ind irect Rule, 283-84 vinism, 47 ; reference, 38, 41, 47 Industrial revolution, influence of : on Afri­ Hunting : as stage of human progress, 64 can policy , 3, 293; on demand for trop i­ Huntley, H, V,: refe rence, 322, 418, 430 cal products, 61; on view of labor, 62 ; Hutchinson , T. J.: mentioned, 321; ref- on British self-im age, 143-44; on medi­ erence, 311, 320 , 352 , 353, 412 cine, 181-82; on idea of progress, 245 Hutt, William: mentioned, 316-17, 444­ Infant mortal ity: from malaria, 73 45, 44 8; reference, 445 Infection: defined, 346 Hutt Committee. See Commons , House of Informal emp ire : suggestions for, 28 1­ Hutton, Catherine : ment ioned , 215, 216; 86 ; 466-68, 469; and ideas of trustee­ reference, 2 I 5 ship and conversion, 415 ; defined, 459 Hu xham, J .: reference, 72, 78 Ingestre, Lord : reference, 459 Hybrids : fertility of, in racial thou ght, 44, Institution for Benefiting the Foulah 368- 69 Tr ibe, 312 , 424 Hydrogen sulphide: as possible cause of Instructions for Surgeons: mentioned , 19 2, fevers, 350 355 ; reference, 192 Hydrographi c Office: ment ioned , 200; ref­ Interior: superiority to coast of, 25, II 5, erence, 200 226, 256-58, 35 3, 408 -9, 46 2-63 Hygiene, tropical: ru les for, 79-80, 190­ Interior school : in strategic thought, 163, 9 2, 353- 55 169-70, 46 1 Intermittent fever, 75 , 347 International law : and right to dominion, Ibadan , 156 105, 457-59; and anti-slave-trade block­ Ibn-Battuta, Muhammed ibn-'AbduIHih, ade, 114 , 158-59; in colonial projects, 10, 336 117-18; position of African states in, Ibn-Ha wqal, 10 278-81, 465 -66 Index 5°7

Ireland, 4, 33, 2Y3 Sierra Leone by, 325 Isert. Paul Erdman: mentioned, 16, 23; Johnston, c.: reference , 428, 435 reference, 12 Johnston, Sir Ha rry H.: reference, 222 Islam: European views of, 256-57, 267, Jones, Sir William, 250 405-6, 463-64 Journal des Voyages: reference, 215 Israel,99 Journal of Civilization: mentioned , 340; Ital ian language: interpretation of linguis - reference , 407, 412 tic change in, 365 Juarez, Benito Pablo, 414 Italians, 379 Judicial Assessor, Office of, 307, 476 Italy, 167, 293 Judicial protectorate, Gold Coast: discus- Ivory Coast, 20, 202 sions of theory of, 474-76 Jukun, 20 Jackson, James Grey : strategic views of, Juvenile Instructor, 325 163-64; geographical research of, 164­ 65, 200, 201; on "indirect rule," 283, Kaffrar ian. See Bantu languages; Bantu­ 284-85n; reference, 164, 165, 200, 226, speaking peoples 277, 283, 285 Kafu Bullom, 263 Jackson , John R.: mentioned, 331; refer- Kames, Lord (Henry Home) : men­ ence, 331 tioned, 42-43, 229, 247 ; reference, 43 Jacobins, II2, 124 Kanemi, Mohammed el-Amin el-, See Jaga, 44 Mohammed el-Amin el-Kanemi Jamaica: anthropological data from , 43; Kano, 22, 164, 172, 207, 256, 257 plan for European settlement in, 85-86; Kanowry . See Kanuri missionaries from , 3I 2-1 3; support for Kant, Immanuel : on orgin of race, 41, 67n blockade in, 447; mentioned, 36, 66, Kanuri, 208, 393, 396-97 135, 305,419 Katunga (Old Oyo), 20, 155, 156 James, Frederick, 169 Kebe, Lamen: reference, 334 James Island, 8 Kehoe, Thomas: mentioned, 449, 469; Jamieson, Robert: expeditions sent by, reference, 341, 449 296-97, 308; opposition to Niger Ex­ Kerr, Robert: mentioned, 2I 5; refer- pedition, 298, 429, 448-49; reference, ence, 215 214, 341,429, 449 Kew Gardens, 15, 16 Japhet, descendents of: as racial group, 38 Khaldiin , ibn-, See Ibn-Khaldiin Japhetic languages, 413 Kikongo. See Kongo language Java, 123 Kilham , Hannah: linguistic studies by, Jeffcott, J. W .: reference, 359 221; reference, 221, 266 Jefferson, Thomas: racial thought of, 46 Kimble, David: reference, 456 Jenkins, W. S.: reference, 371 Kimble, G. H. T.: reference, 10 Jenne, 10, 31, 201, 256 King, Richard. : reference, 331, 429, 447 jerernie, Sir John: on West Ind ian mi­ Kirk-Greene, A. H. M.: reference 319 gration to West Africa, 442 ; reference, Kitab Rudjar, 10 ' 44 2 Klemm, Gustav : mentioned, 289, 377; re- Jews, 369 ference, 331, 377, 389 Johansen, Anders (or Andrew): men­ Klingberg, K. ].: reference, 52 tioned, 189; reference, Il2, 117, 189, Knight, William: reference, 424, 449 483 Knox, Robert: racial theory of, 368-69, John, Prester, 25 377-80; influence of, 372, 381-82 ; John Bull: mentioned, 196; reference, mentioned , 413, 480; reference, 238, 179, 26r 369, 378, 379, 380 Johnson, James : on cause of fevers, 185­ Koelle, S. W. : linguistic studies of, 393, 86, 19°-91; on treatment of fevers, 394, 396; literary collection of, 396-97; 193; reference, 185, 186, 191, 193, 197 language classification of, 398-99; men­ Johnson, L. G.: reference , 274 tioned, 321, 397; reference, 320, 335, Johnson, Samuel: reference, 156 393,396,397,398,399 Johnson, W. A. B.: missionary report on Konigsberg, 220 5°8 Index

Kong Mount ains, 310 Lake Chad. See Chad, Lake Kongo, 226 Lamarck, Jean Baptiste de, 230, 391 Kongo language: classification of, 222 Lamb, William, second Viscount Mel - Kru , 211, 410 bourne. See Melbourne Kuczynski, R. R.: reference, 180, 294, 359, Lancaster ian system. See "British system" 362, 483, 484 Lander, John : mentioned, 146, 174, 206; Kuk av j r reference, 175, 320, 384 Kumasi: expedit ions to, 169-70, 213; Lander, Richard Lemon: expeditions of, menti oned, 31, 152, 202, 313, 337 172-75, 206, 296; quality of reporting Kwa, 398 by, 207-8; mentioned, 146, 289; refer­ ence, 174, 175, 195, 208, 219, 320, 384 Labarth e, P.: reference, 146 Landon , Letitia (L.E.L.) , 306 Labat, Perc J.-B.: mentioned, 12, 26; re­ Land pol icy: of early settlement projects, ference, 12 III, 113, 129- 32 Labe,144 Land purchases: questionable legality of, Labor : ideas about value of, 62, 100-101; 117-18 117, 248, 438-39 ; projects for control Land values : beliefs about, 100-101,117 of, IIO , 116, 276 Language: of instruction in educat ional -forced: convicts as, 90; in colonial proj­ theory, 265-66; interpreted as a racial ects of, 102, II6, 123, 127, 273-75, trait, 332, 365-66, 394-95 452-5 6; and blockade, 445, 452-56 Languages, African: study of, 24-25, 219­ Labor-currency: pro jects for , 100-101, II 3 22, 397-400 Labor disturbances: Sierra Leone, II3 Languages, European: used in West Af- Labor mobility: in economic thought about rica, 24 South Alantic System, 69, 96, 435- 38, Lapetidae: as racial category, 369 44 0 - 47 La Peyrer, Isaac: on polygenesis, 41 Labor supply: Sierra Leone, 127-28; in Las Casas, Bartolome de, 373 W est Indi es, 439-40; and tropical Latham , R. G. : and popularized anthropol­ exuberance, 454 ogy, 336-37; linguistic studies of, 369­ Labour ie, P. H.: and guide for coffee plant­ 70, 392, 398, 409; mentioned, 395; ref­ ers, 70 ; reference, 70 erence, 337, 370, 392, 395, 398, 4°9, La Brue, Sieur de : explorations in Sene­ 410 gambia, 12 ; and myth of the superior Latin American: in British imperial interior, 25; and siting of Bulama thought, 5; ideas about culture change settlement, II 5 in, 414 ; influence of free trade on, 443­ Lagos: capt ure of, vii, 314- 15, 464, 468; 44. See also Brazil; Cuba ; Mexico; Peru European mortality in (1881 -1897 ), Latin language, 365, 395, 396 362; treaty with (185 2) , 469 ; men­ Laurie and Whittle's New Sailing Direc­ tioned, 155, 202 tions: reference, 200 Lahou, 202 Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent: on chemistry Laing, Capt. Alexander Gordon : expedi­ of resp irat ion, 76n , 182 tions of, 170, 172-74; on government­ Law: forms of, in West African posts, sponsored missions, 282; reference, 170, 307, 469, 475; in Niger treaties, 467 268, 283 Lawrence, Sir William: influences on work Laird, Macgregor : expl orations of, 296, of, 47, 231-32, 234-35 ; racial thought 485 ; on Niger strategy, 3II-12, 461; of, 230, 231, 236; and humanitarianism, travel report by, 320; on medical topog­ 239- 40, 262; reference, 230, 231, 232, raphy, 351-52; economic thought of, 236, 240, 262 428-29, 440-41, 442, 445; on naval in­ Ledyard, John, 17 tervention, 430; mentioned, 353, 469 ; Legislative Council : created for Gold reference, 295, 296, 320, 341, 352, 359, Coast, 476 419, 428, 430, 440, 441, 442, 445, 484, Legitimate trade: supposed value of, 68­ 485 70, 253, 270-72, 428-31 ; and Sierra Laissez faire, doctr ine of: influence on Leone Company, 125, 128, 141; and colonial pol icy, 291- 92 slave trade, 125, 429; and N iger proj- Index

ects, 284, 3°1 ; in plan for the Niger savage," 48-51 ; juvenile books about Expedition , 301 Africa, 215-16, 325-26 Lehman, W. c.: reference, 64 Little, Kenneth : reference, 12 Le Louis : case of, 158 "Little community" : and African peasant Lemain Island . See MacCarthy's Island life, 31-32 Le Mesurier, Paul : mentioned, IIO, II3 ; Liverpool, 14, 59 reference, II 2 Livingstone, David, 292, 319 Leo Africanus : geographical writings of, Livingstone, F. B.: reference, 73, 84 II; and myth of superior interior, 25 ; Lloyd, Christopher: reference, 72, 159, reference, II 299, 304, 317, 356 Leonard, Peter : reference, 322, 323 Lokke, C. 1. : reference, II4 Leprosy, 195 Lokoja, 163, 463 Lepsius, K. R.: orthography of, 393 London, City of: support of Bulama Is­ Letters, humane : position of in English land Association, 1I0; mentioned, 374 thought, 244-45 Long, Edward : influence of, 36, 45, 228 ; Lettsom, J. c.: reference, 60 racist arguments of, 43-45; rules for Le Vaillant, Francois, 94 tropical hygiene, 79; plan for European Levant, 201 settlement in Jamaica, 85-86; men. Leyden, John: travel publ ications of, 213­ tioned, 46, 55, 229 ; reference, 36, 43, 14 ; on African agriculture, 218; on 44, 45, 47, 66, 77, 79, 80, 83, 86 African character, 222-23; mentioned, Lonsdale, H. : reference, 378 367; reference, 12, 214, 218, 223, 226 , Lords House of: defeat of slave-trade 254 , 258 abolition by, 124; Committee on the Liberated Africans: in Sierra Leone, 128, slave trade (1850), 316, 434 157 ; and forced labor, 157, 274 ; mor­ Lovejoy, A. 0 .: mentioned, 24, 219 ; ref. tality rates of, 180, 359; return to erence, 24, 37, 41, 42, 43, 49, 67, 388 Yoruba of, 313; as linguistic inform­ Lowie, R. H.: reference, 377 ants, 393 ; European opinions about, Luanda, 7, 94 410, 418-19 ; Macbriar's scheme for, Lucas, William, 17-18, 22, r67 424-25; emigration to West Ind ies, 443 Ludlam, Thomas: as Royal Commissioner, Liberia, 9, 20, 21I, 313 , 410 , 472 159, 2I 2; as Governor of Sierra Leone, Libya, 201 , 310 , 412 . See also Tripoli I8 8n ; ethnographic report on Kru peo­ Liebig, Justus von: on causes of disease, ple, 2 II ; on slave trade and African 349 ; reference, 349 backwardness, 255; reference, 255 Lind, James: place in history of medicine, Lugard, Frederick, Lord, 281 72 ; definition of fever, 74; on preven­ Lurie, E.: reference, 371 tive tropical medicine, 79, 80, 82 ; on Lyon, George Francis: expedition to Fez­ value of chinchona bark, 82 ; on racial zan, 167, 201; reference, 167, 201 immunities, 84 ; on Africanization, 86, Lytton, Edward Bulwer-, first Baron 197 ; on medical topography, 183 ; men­ Lytton (1803-1873) : racist historical tioned, II9, 177, 180 ; reference, 72, theory of, 381; reference, 381 74, 75, 77, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84, 86 Lindley, M. F.: reference, 280 Macaulay, George, 275 Lindroth, Sten: reference, 27 Macaulay, Kenneth, 275 Linguistics: stud ies of, 15, 24-25, 219­ Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 388, 414 22, 331, 392-400; institutions for, 331 ; Macaulay, Zachary: as Governor of Sierra relation to racial thought, 332-33, 365­ Leone, 133-34, 137 ; project for over­ 66 land route to the Niger, 148-50; on Linnaeus, Carolus (Carl von Linne) : anti-slave-trade strategy, 157; men­ African investigations of, 15 ; racial tioned, 255 ; reference, 129, 134, 148, classification of, 37-38, 42 150, 255, 275 Literacy: in Sub-Saharan Africa, 31 Macbriar, T. M.: contribution to Ham ite Literary Gazette: reference, 201 myth, 339-400; scheme for theocratic Literature, African: stud ies of, 396-97 mission, 424-25 ; mentioned, 41I; refer­ Literature, English: and theme of "noble ence, 325, 370, 396, 399, 412, 425 Index

MacCann, William: reference, 374, 375 Maghrib: knowledge of We st Africa from, MacCarth y, Sir Charles : death of, 170, 10, 20-2 2, 164-65, 200- 201, 335-36; 171, 179, 188n; education policy of, exped itions toward West Africa from, 263- 64; and peasant agriculture, 275 18, 164, 166-67 ; opinion of, 256-57, MacCarthy's Island : and Gambia convict 405 ; British activity in, 310; mentioned, scheme, 92, 118 ; purchase of, 117 ; 198. See also North Afr ica Wes leyan mission to, 312, 424-25; men­ Mai of Bornu, 167, 463 tioned, 460 Malaria: holoendemic and hyperendemi c McCormack, John: mentioned, 278; ref­ areas of, 73 ; Plasmodium fa/cipa,um , erence, 256, 278 73, 74, 84, 180, 347 ; Plasmodium MacCulloch , John: mentioned, 187, 349; vivax, 73; described by H ippocrates, 74; reference, 186, 187, 191, 192, 295, 434 problems of diagnoses, 75, 346- 47, Macdonald , Norman W .: mentioned, 427­ 356; theories about cause of, 76-81, 28; reference, 362, 426, 428, 435 349- 50; origin of the term, 187; mor­ MacDonnell, Richard Graves: exped ition tality of officials from, 188n; treatment to Bondu, 310; on superiority of agr i­ of, 194, 195, 355-59; cerebral, 195n ; culture to commerce, 430-31; peasant symptoms of, 347; protection against, vill age project of, 450 ; reference, 310, 351, 353-57; discovery of incubation 431,450,465,466 period of, 354 Macfarlane, John: reference, 421 Mala ya: as Fulbe place of origin, 411 Mackintosh, Sir James: reference , 63 Malay language, 370 Mclachlan, Peter : reference, 211 Malemba, 163 Maclean, George : in Madden's report and Ma lgache, 370 1842 Committee recommendations, 306­ Mal i: Portuguese embassy to, 20; histori­ 7; ideas of, 383, 453, and de facto cal publi cation about, 336 Fante alliance, 464; and Gold Coast "Malignant pestilential fever" : and yellow judicial protectorate, 474- 76; men­ fever controv ersy, 183 tioned, 410, 460 Mal/ams: in l ander's reporting, 208 Macleod, J.: reference, 224 Malte-Brun, c.: as transmitter of Reich­ MacNamara, Governor: and convict trans­ ard 's theory to England, 205; as editor portation to Senegambi a, 91 of travel peri odical, 215; reference, 205, MacQueen, James: strategic views of, 162, 254 284- 85, 469; opposition to Sierra Malthus, Thomas: influence of on idea of leone, 196 ; geographical ideas of, 205­ progress, 143, 245; Murray's response 6; on moral right to annex African to, 248 territory, 281, 458 ; and Niger Exped i­ Manchester, England, 105, 337 tion, 300-302; economic thought of, Mande languages : classification of, 222, 428-29, 430, 434-38, 452; anti-slavery See also Mandinka language stand of, 453; on treaty policy, 467 ; Mandinka culture: European opinion of, mentioned , 319, 336, 338, 463; refer­ 226 ence, 163, 205, 226, 254, 256, 257, 277, Mandinka language, 392, 398 281, 284, 285, 333, 339, 430, 435, 447, Mandinka peopl e: classified as mixed race, 448,453,458,467,471 370 ; European judgment of, 410 M'William, J. 0 .: mentioned, 321; refer­ Mangrove: as cause of disease, 77 ence, 320, 351, 354, 355, 358, 361, 487 Mansfield, first Earl (William Murray) : Madagascar, 411 on legality of slavery, 53 Madden, Richard R.: as Royal Commis­ Mansfield, ]. S.: reference, 341 sioner, 305-8 ; investigations of, 333, Marcet, Jane: reference, 410, 412 345, 441; medical ideas of, 350, 353, Marketing : peasant produce and schemes 356, 358, 359; questionnaire on nature for , 449-50 of race, 382- 83; explan ation of Afr ican Market ing Boards: foreshadowed by Ste­ culture by, 404 ; economic suggestions phen 's scheme, 450 of, 430 ; mentioned, 460 ; reference, 347, Markham, C. R.: referen ce, 22 348, 352, 353, 356, 358, 359, 404, 419, Marmol Carvajal, luis del : historical writ­ 426, 429, 442, 453, 487 ings of, II ; reference , II Index

Maroons: settlement in Sierra Leone, 135­ control near Sierra Leone, 96 36, 138; population decline among, Merchants, British: as source of knowl­ 180; opinions about character of, 226 edge about Africa , 13-14; and opposi­ Maroon War, 135 tion to Gambia convict scheme, 94 Marry at, Joseph: reference, 162, 275 Merchants' government, Gold Coast, 175, Marsden, William: and classification of 306- 7, 470 Bantu languages , 22 2 Mercury: in treatment of fevers, 19 3-94, Martin, E. c.: reference, 152 358 Martin, R. Montgomery: ment ioned, 340; Meredith, Henry: ethnographic research reference, 353, 458,470 on Angona, 211 ; pro jected economic Marx, Karl, 388 policy of, 273- 74 ; reference, 191 , 274 Massawa, 164 Merivale, Herman : as Colonial Office offi­ Masson, Francis: botanical work at Cape cial, 290 ; on problems of culture of Good Hope, 15 change, 416-17 ; attitudes toward race Mathieson, W . 1. : reference, 159 and culture, 473; on legal status of Matson, H. J.: reference, 341, 460, 465 aborigines, 474; mentioned, 475 ; refer­ Matthews, John: use of evidence by, 36; ence, 374, 389, 417, 439 , 443 , 458, 473, influence on foundation of Sierra Leone, 474 107; reference, 25, 35, 36, 40, 61, 102 Merowe. ar r Maupertuis,P. 1. Moreau de: on origin Mesopotamia, 253 of human races, 40; reference, 40 Mesurado, Cape. See Cape Mesurado Mauritania: account of, by Frederick Sho­ Mesurado River: as strateg ic entry to berl , 215; culture of, 404 Western Sudan, 150 Maxwell, Charles W .: and plantation Metcalfe, G . E.: reference, 306, 464, 475, agriculture, 275 ; mentioned, 179 476 Mecca: and pilgrimage by African Mus ­ Methodism: influence on British relig ious lims, 18 life, 52 Med ical knowledge: influence of, 119 , Methodist Magazine, 325 196-97, 362 Methodist Missionary Society. See Wes· Medical topography: investigations of, 80, leyan-Methodist Missionary Society 183, 344, 352-53; influence on policy Mexico : and South Atlantic System, 5; suggestions, 86, 163 , 180; as consola­ image of potential converts in, 225; in tion after Sierra Leone experience, 178 ; Murray's theory of progress, 248 and belief in a healthier interior, 350; Miasma: as cause of disease, 77, 185-87; and idea of a safe altitude, 351-52; distinguished from effluvia, 185 ; beliefs seasonal safety in, 357 about, 349-51 Medicine : relation to biological thou ght, Michaelis, Joh ann D.: and questionn aire vii, 37, 71-72, 181-82; importance of for African investigation, 15; referen ce, history of, viii ; in Michaelis' question. 12 naire, 15 Michelet, Jules, 388 -preventive: rules for personal conduct Middle belt of Ni geria, 20, 201 in, 79-80, 19C>-92, 35 3-55 ; mentioned, Middleton, C. T.: reference, r z 188-92, 354 Migration. See Emigration, Afr ican; Irn- -tropical: investigation of, 71-87, 177­ migration 97, 343-62 Military power: availability in West Med iterranean Sea, 293 , 310 Africa, 281 Melbourne, second Viscount (William Military reminiscences: as a type of travel Lamb) , 302, 303 literature, 321-22 Mellor, G. R.: reference, 42, 52 Mill, James : theory of progress by, 250­ Melson, J. B.: reference, 421 51 ; reference, 251 Mel ville, Elizabeth: reference, 322 , 362 , Millar, John: on stages of hum an prog· 426 ress, 64; on place of women in society, Menonites: as model for Sierra Leone 219 ; influence on Mill 's theory of prog­ villages, 276 ress, 250; mentioned, 245 ; reference, Merchants, Anglo-African: and political 64, 426 Index

Missing link: and racial thought, 42 Moreau de Maupertuis. See Maupertuis, Missionary movement : influence of an P. 1. Moreau de Image of Africa, 225, 324- 29; eight­ Morgan, John : reference, 240 eenth-century activities of, 259; general Morocco, 164, 296, 310, 4II policies of, 262, 266- 69, 282, 298-99, Morse , Edward : mentioned, 91-92, 148; 303, 312- 15, 423-25 ; education policy referen ce, 92 of, 265, 425-28 ; criticism of, 267-68; Mortality, Afr ican, 73, 75-76, 102, 178­ justifications of, 269-70; and problem 80, 359-60, 483- 85 of abor iginal extinction, 374; and ideas Mortality, European: compared with Ind ia of trusteeship and conversion, 415; and W est Indies, 71; explanations of, theory of, 419-23; mortality of agents , 74, 238, 372- 75 ; influence of, 89, 94­ 484,486 95, II9, 163- 64, 178- 81, 263, 278, Mohammed el-Arnin el-Kanerni: and re­ 283, 343, 423-25, 473; statistics for , sistance to Fulan i, 167 II2, 177, 178, 296, 303, 3II, 344, 361­ Mollan (commander at Secondi): on Afri ­ 62, 483-87; in different occupations, can character, 224 179, 188; influence of medical treat­ Mollien, Gaspard Theodore: Senegambian ment on, 194; as explanation of African expedit ion of, 170 ; as enlightened culture, 403 traveller , 209; diffusi onist outlook of, Mortality, Negro Ameri can: in West 257; reference, 170, 256, 257 Afr ica, 36o Monardes, Nicholas: and beginnings of Morton, Samuel George : craniometric tropical medicine, 71 stud ies of, 367, 371-72; importance of, Monboddo, Lord (James Burnet): on 387; sub-di vision of Negro race by, classification of men and apes, 42-43; 413; mentioned, 372, 381; reference, place in racial thought, 45; reference, 367, 387, 413 43,62 Mosely, Dr. Benjamin: on degeneration of Mongolian : type described by Cuvier, 231 Europeans in trop ics, 65 ; on heat and Mongolidae: as racial category, 369 fevers, 78; rules for tropical hygiene , Monogenesis: defined, 40; support for, 79; reference, 65, 72, 78, 79, 82 40-41, 48, 230; influence of Darwinian Mosquitoes: Anopheles [unestus, 73, 349, hypothesis on, 364; opp osition to, 387; 351 ; Anopheles gambiae, 73, 75, 77 , mentioned, 239, 330 81, 349, 351; A edes aegypti, 75, 348­ Mono poly, commercial : plans for , 107, 49 ; A nopheles quadrimaculatuJ, 81; in­ 446, 448-49 cidence of infectious bites by, 87n ; Monrovia, 104 range of, 355 Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, Baron Mosquito net : use of, 191 de la Brede et de: on environment and Mossi: European knowledge about, 20 behavior, 65-66; on mark of social Motte, Standish: on problems of culture level, 219; influence of environmental­ contact, 417-1 8 ; on rights of non­ ism of, 242 ; H . Murray opposes en­ Western peoples, 458-59; on aborigines vironmentalism of, 247; mentioned, and legal theory, 474; reference, 418, 4°4 ; reference, 64, 65, 66 459, 474 Montgomery, James : on Afr ican character, Mouat, R.: reference, 464 223; on political future of Africa , 279 ; Mountains of the Moon, 258 referenc e, 223, 254, 279 Mount Cameroons, 352, 353 Montlinot, Charles Le Clerc de : referenc e, Mudford, W illiam : attitude toward cul­ II4 ture change, 261 Morality: and commercial profit, 69 ; and Miihlmann, W . E.: referen ce, 40 right to dominion, 105; and mortality of Mulattoes: in racial thought, 44, 55-56, Europeans, 180, 188; distinction be­ 368-69 tween law and, 280 Mum language, 396n Moral philosophy: position of, in English Muncaster, Lord (John Pennington), though t, 63, 217, 244; and stereotype 216-17 of African character, 223- 26; and racial Murray, Sir George: ment ioned, 197, 278, thought, 375; mentioned , 67 472 ; reference, 197, 278 Morbidity : rates of, from fever, 487 Murray, Hu gh : travel publications of, Index

2I 3-14; theory of early social develop­ of, on thought about Africa, 26-27 ; in ment, 246-51; on W est Af rican culture constitution of Swedenborgia n settle­ h istory, 258 ; on missions and cultu re­ ment, 104 . See also Swedenborgia ns contact, 268-69; ment ioned, 262, 338, New Jerusalem Magazine: refere nce, 26, 367; refereace, 214, 218, 226, 246, 247, 27 248, 249, 258, 269, 270, 339 N ew Monthly Magazine: mentioned, 218; Murray, Wi lliam. See Mansfield, first Earl reference, 167, 2I 8 Murzuk, 17, 146 , 167 , 20 1, 310 New South Wales, 95, 119 N ew York, 196 Na imbana, King of Koya Temne, 99n N ew Zealand, 292 N amaqualand : exploration of, 94 N icholls, Edward : educatio nal reforms N amib Desert, 95, 47 1 proposed by, 426- 27 ; peasant village N apoleon, 140 , 415 proj ect of, 450 ; administrative project Napoleonic Wars: influence on trop ical of, 471 ; mentioned, 469; reference , medi cine, 182 ; ment ioned , 143, 157, 427, 447, 450 , 471 245 N iger Basin: beliefs about extent of, 203, Natal, 456 205 N ational Socialist Party (of Germany) , N iger-Congo languages, 400 28 Niger Delta: European knowledge of, 20 ; N ational Society for the Education of the as source of palm oil, 295; British in­ Poor in the Principles of the Church tervention in, 468; mentioned, 410 , 441 , of Engl and , 264 45 1 "National system " : educational practices Ni ger Expedit ion, 184 1-1842: background of, 264 of, 281-86, 298- 303 , 441 ; events of, "N ative agency": in mission pol icy, 4 23­ 303-4 ; result s of, 303-5; publ ished re­ 24; secular use of, 472-73 ports of, 320-21; scientific investiga­ N ative poli cy: in sixteenth-century Span­ tions of, 333; publicity of, 339 , 340­ ish theory of emp ire, 32-33; in early 41; opp osition to, 343- 44, 349; medi­ British theory of empire, 33 cal experience of, 345, 350, 355-56, Naturalis ts: and scientific investigation in 358, 360, 361, 486-87 ; and forced Africa, 15- 16 labor, 452-53; pol itical strategy of, N autilus: expl oration of Sou th West 462-63, 466-68; menti oned, vii, 31 2, Africa, 95 315, 317, 324, 340, 410 , 415 , 416, N avigation guides. See Pi lot guides 445 , 448, 464, 472, 480 N avy: and anti-slavery blockade, 157- 59, Niger ia, 152 , 155, 398, 409 293, 300, 304-5, 36 1; coastal exp lora­ N igeria, National Archives of, 489 tions of, 295-96; political relat ions N iger River: geographical problem of, with African states , 314, 470 ; medical 20-22, 162-63, 165-66, 174-76, 202­ practice in, 345 , 346-47, 349, 354- 56, 6; maps of, 149 , 297; strategic thought 36 1; mentioned , 128, 271. See also about, 159, 162, 171, 284, 460-65; ex­ Admiralty ploration of, 165, 174-75, 296-98, N egro character. See Af rican character 303- 4, 308, 3II-I 2, 320n ; medical Negro notables : list of, in ant i-racist reputation of, 353, 357 ; ment ioned , works, 47, 241 , 386, 411 144, 146, 148, 157 , 172 , 174, 258, 289, Negr o race. See Race, African 310, 319, 352, 409 , 441 , 449, 450. See Netherland s: participation in South At­ also Oil Rivers lantic System, 5; Gold Coast fort s of, Niger Valley: African state system in, 462 9, 152, 161 , 307 ; expl orat ion by, 94; Nile River, 142, 164, 201, 202 colonies of in Brit ish strategy, II5, 123, Noble savage, idea of: and racial thou ght, 14°-41 ; mentioned , 158 34 ; development of, 48-5I ; influence Neutrality: proposed for certain African of, 51, 104 , 223, 225, 327- 28 ; and colon ies during European wars, II4 opin ion about Africans, 56 ; and myth Newbury, C. W .: reference, 313, 464 , of trop ical exuberance, 61, 62; decline 469 of, 262 New England, 421 Noel , B. W.: reference, 421 New Jerusalem, Church of the : influence Nootka Sound, 104 Index

Nordenskiold, Augustus, )04, 209 Orange River, 94 No rmanby, Marqu is of (Constantine Orang-outangs: problems in classification Henry Phipps), 290 of, 42 ; in Long's racial thought, 44 N orris, Edwin: acceptance of polygenesis Or iginal sin: influence of, on savage cul­ by, 368-69; mult ilingual dictionary of, ture, 53 392 ; reference, 369, 39 2 Oroonoko: and theme of " noble savage," N orri s, Robert : historical work of, 24; on 49 African race, 36; reference, 24, 36, 62 Osei Bonsu : as Asantehene, 169 North , Lord: and Regulating Act of 1773 , Ottoman Empire: and Tripoli, 174 . See 4 also Turkey N orth Africa : and historical theor ies about Oudney, W alter: expedition to Western the Wes tern Sudan, 205-6, 256-58 Sudan, 172 North America: influence on British Ouidah (Wydah) , 8, 157 , 306, 310, 314 , theory of empire, 3, 33 ; importance to 415 South Atlantic System, 4; in medical Overweg, Adolf : explorations in Western thought, 80-81, 183-84 Sudan by, 3lI- 12 North Amer ican colonies: consequences of Owen, W . F.: reference, 200 loss of, 88 , 9 1, 95 ; American Indian Oxford, Samuel Wilberforce, Bishop of. mortality in, 373-74 See W ilberforce, Samuel North British Insurance Office: reference, Oxygen : as cause of trop ical fevers, 191 71 Oyo, Old (city) , 20, 155 , 156 No rthern environm ent : supposed influ- Oyo (country) , 20, 155- 57, 313, 408 . ences of, 65 See also Yoruba Nott, Jos iah Clark: racist publication by, 372; judgment of Afr ican cultures by, Pallas, P. S.: linguistic studies of, 220 413; mentioned, 381, 480; reference, Palmerston, third Viscount (John Henry 38 1, 4 13 Temple) : opinion of N iger Exped ition, No va Scotians: settlement in Sierra Leone, 30 2; support of blockade by, 447 107 , 128, 130-38; mortality rate of, Palm oil: in N iger commercial strategy, 179-80; opinion about, 226 ; medical 461 study of, 229 ; religious opinions of, Pamphlet publications about West Afr ica, 266 ; mentioned , 384 340-41 Nubia: Burckhardt's visit to, 201 Pan-Africanism: suggest ion of, 279 Nubian language, 398 Panyarring, 307 N ubian peoples, 413 N un mouth of N iger : exploration of, 298 Papel,409 N unez River, 150, 165, 174 Paris, 133, 334, 378 Nupe, 22, 155 , 20 1, 409, 46 2, 463 Park, Mungo : first expedition of, 109, Nuremberg, 24 144-46; second expedition of, 148- 51, Nya nimaru, 91 , 92 181 ; strategic ideas of, 150 ; optim ism about "climate," 181 ; influence on Oche ji, Attah of Igala, 463 Niger problem, 20 2, 20 3; attitudes and 207 ; Office du Niger, 45 1 background of, on Afri can women, Oil Rivers, 16 2, 203 . See also N iger River 219; lingu istic stud ies of, 220; and Oils: in Anglo-West Afr ican trade, 295 myth of the superior interior, 226 , 256 ; Old endorp , Chr istian: ment ioned, 25, data of used by James Mill, 250; men­ 220 ; reference, 25 tioned, 148, 151, 164, 165 , 17 2, 199 , Oldfield, R. A. K. : travel report by, 320; 20 2, 213, 281 , 318, 319; reference, 144 , treaty with Igala by, 465 ; ment ioned , 181 , 199 , 202, 205, 224 , 281 32 1 ; reference, 295, 296, 320, 352 , 428, Parliament, 13, 91n , 106, 169 429, 44°,485 Parl iamentary Papers, 489 Old Oya, 20, 155 , 156 Parliamentary Reform movement, lI8 Omai: visit to England, 54 Parrinder, Geoffrey: reference, 407 Onitsha, 461 Parry, J. H .: reference, 33 Index

Pastoralism: as stage of human progress, Pilot guides: for West Africa, 18, 200 64 Pine, Benjamin: reference, 36 2, 456 Pathology, humoral, 71-72, 78-79, 190- Pinkerton, John , 215 91 Pitt, William (the younger) : and India Pathology : one-cause systems of, 181, 184 Act of 1784, 4; on African culture, 54 ; Paul III, Pope, 32-33 and reform spirit, 88; and slave-trade Pawns on Gold Coast, 273-74 posts, 109-10; mentioned, 102 Peace of Amiens, 146-47, 148 Plantations: proposals for, in West Africa, Peanuts: in Anglo-West African trade, 6, 102 , 107, IIO, 113 , II7, 126-27, 295 140 , 188-89, 227, 448 , 451; experi­ Pearce, R. H. : reference, 269, 373 ments with, 69, 102-3, 274-75, 424-25 Peasant agriculture : in Sierra Leone, 107, Pleiad: expedition to Niger of, 3II-12, 128-29, 275, 277; os. plantations, 117 , 334. 357 450 ; and schemes for central marketing, Poets, anti-slavery, 50-5 I 449 Poison, gaseous. See Miasma Peasants: culture of, 31-32 Political behavior: English changes in, Peddie, Major: expedition in Senegambia, 289--90 165, 170 Political constitutions. See Constitution, Pedersen, Holgar: reference, 220 political Peel, Robert : and Niger Expedit ion, 304 Political systems: equated with stages of Pelletier, Pierre Joseph : and isolation of progress, 64 ; African, 96, 218, 407-8 quinine, 194 Political theory: in colonization projects, Pennington, Sir John, 216-17 96"-97, II8-19 Pepple (properly Perekule), 322-23 Polygamy, 219, 252 Periodicals : publications about West Polygenesis: defined, 41 ; support for, 41, Africa in, 214-15, 339-40 43, 48, 84, 365-66, 368-69, 371-72 ; Persia : as place of Fulbe origins, 4II opposition to, 54-55, 229- 30, 235-36, Perspiration: as cause of fevers, 78 , 190- 364 ; and environmentalism, 66 91 Polyglotta Ajricana, 393 Peru, 5,248 Polygyny, 219, 252 Peterman, A.: reference, 320 Polynesians: as "noble savages," 49 ; and Peuls. See Fulbe racially differential mortality, 373 Phelan, John 1. : reference, 48, 225 Polytheism: discussions of, 406 -7 Philadelphia: yellow fever epidemic in, Pongas River: as strategic entry to West­ 184 ern Sudan, ISO The Philanthropist, 276 Poole, T. E.: reference, 322, 426 Phillips, Edward : on rainfall nomadism, Pope, Alexander: and "noble savage," 49 ; 404; irrigation works proposed by, reference, 49 450-5 I; reference, 405 "Popicola" (Pseud .) : strategic views of, Philological Society: foundat ion of, 331 164; reference, 164 Philology: and African languages, 219­ Popularization: of travel accounts, 2I5­ 22. See also Linguistics 16; of ethnography, 337 Pbilosopbes: on polygenesis, 41-42 Population: eighteenth-century increase of, Phipps, Constantine Henry, Marquis of 3; estimates for Gambia convict settle­ Normanby, 290 ment, 92; British, in West Africa, 294 Phlogiston: in social theory of Alexander Population density: and tropical environ- Wilson, 66-67; as cause of disease, 77, ment. ea 186 Port Loko, 150, 171 Phoenicia, 253 Porto Novo, 155, 157, 314 Phrenology: development of, 234 , 366­ Portugal : slave trade of, 5, 8, 157, 158 , 67; influence on anthropology, 234-35 304; African possessions of, 7, II, 86 , Physiocrats: influence on colonial projects 94; relations with Britain, 141; image of, 117 of, in missionary publications, 326 Physiology: ethnology classified as, 331 Portuguese America. See Brazil Index

Portuguese Guinea, 8, 170 political constitution of, 1I8; selection Postlethw ayt, Mala chy: and W est Afr ican of site for, 353; mort ality in, 483; men­ plan tations, 70, 96, 3° 1; referen ce, 70 tioned, 103, 104, 124 Potts, J. F.: reference, 26 Psalrnanzar, George: reference, 12 Pre-Adamites: in polygenetic theory, 4r Publ ic Record Office, 489 Prejud ice, racial: efforts to combat, 240- Puerto Rico, 438 42, 385- 87 Pur chas, Samuel : and publication of travel Presbyterian missions: linguistic studies accounts, II, 12; on ethics of coloniza­ by, 393 tion, 269; reference, 266, 269 Pressure groups in Britain, 17 Pym, W ill iam: and yellow fever con­ Prester John, myth of: influence on ideas troversy, 346 ; reference, 184, 347 about West Africa, 25 Pr ice, c.: reference, 12 Quakers: oppos ition to slavery, 52 ; and Prices: West African level of, 449 Smeathrnan's settlement project, 95 ; re­ Prichard , James Cowles: influences on, 47, lations with Gr anville Sharp, 98; lin­ 238 ; early publications of, 217; on guistic studies sponsored by, 22r ; on language, 222, 365, 398; on origin of education pol icy, 265-66; and Sierra race, 230, 361; on classification of races, Leone cooperatives, 276; as opponents 231, 369, 398; career of, 232-33, 329, of blockade , 316 336; on Islam, 257; in APS, 331; and Quaque, Philip, 14, 35 ethnological questionnaires, 331-32, Quarantine: and yellow fever controversy, 334; posthumous "correction" of, 368­ 183- 84, 349 69 ; on theory of aboriginal mortality, Quarles, B.: reference, 107 374; failure of anti -racism of, 386-87; Quarterly Paper, 325 on West African races and cultures, Quart erly Review: mentio ned, 206, 213, 408-9; mentioned, 258, 364, 480; ref­ 270; reference, 179, 213, 271, 375, 460 erence, 217, 220, 226, 230, 233, 236, Quatran fever, 74, 75 238, 257, 258, 361, 365, 368, 369, 374, Quatremere, M.: reference, 335 Questionnaires: as method of investiga- 387, 409 Priestly, Jo seph: chemical discoveries of, tion, 14-15, 199, 21I-12, 331-34 66, 182 Qu inine: isolation of, 194; use of, in Priestly, Margaret : reference, 154 West Afr ica, 194-95, 31I, 355- 56, Primates: classification of, 44 357, 358; commercial prod uction of, "Primitive society": misuse of concept of, 355 in Africa, 30-31 Qu itrents: in Sierra Leone, 130- 32, 275, Principe, 16r, 162, 163, 306 277 Pringle, Sir John: reference, 72 Quorra: explorations in, 296-97, 308, Pr ivy Council : Committee on African 485 Trade, 35, 61 ; Committee of Council Quotidian fever, 74, 75 on Education, 427-28; mentioned, 13; Raba, 313 reference, 6, 12, 35, 61, 84, 85 Raban, J.: linguistic studies by, 394; ref­ Profits : and morality, 69 erence, 394 Progress, idea of : and evolutionary social Race: in Swedenborgian thought, 27; theories, 63-64; growth of, 245-51, classification of, 37- 40, 44, 46, 230-32, 389- 91; and acculturation theory, 26o ; 233, 369-71; origin of, 41-45, 236-39, W.R. Greg on, 376-77 ; B. Cruick­ 258, 368-69; assumed connection with shank on, 400-403. See a/so Civiliza ­ culture, 42, 233- 35, 236, 238, 246-47, tion 370-71, 386-87, 480; assumed connec­ Progressi ve principles: in Murray's theory tion with immun ity to disease, 67, 73, of progress, 247-5r 75-76, 83-85, 179- 80, 361, 372-74; Protten, Chr istian : stud ies of Af rican lan­ in government policy, 133- 35, 272, guages, 24; reference, 24 456, 472-74; possibility of change of, Province of Freedom: origins of, 97-102; 236, 238; concept of, 330, 370-7r and Sierra Leone Comp any, 105-6; Race, Afri can: British opinion of, 34-51, Index

54-57, 138-39, 222- 26, 227- 43, 272, Religion : and racial hierarchy, 39; as 359-60, 363 -87, 410-11 political issue in Sierra Leone, 133; in Race, Europea n: assumed inability to work Golbery's analysis of Afri can society, in tropics, 85, 359 25 1 Racism: impor tance of, viii-ix; defined, Religion in Africa: report ing about, 23, 29-30 ; extent of, in Britain, 29, 242­ 218, 405- 7 43, 364-65, 375, 383-84 ; and defense Religious Society of Friends. See Quakers of slave trade, 36, 56, 251; in America, Remittent fever, 75, 347 45, 37° -72; opposition to, 55-56, 66, Rendall, Gov. ]. : contribution to N iger 242, 384-87; us, environmentalism, 66; plan, 3°2; on European settlement, in colonial projects, II5- 16, 284- 85; 469; administrative reorganization pro ­ influence on scholarship, 205 , 253-54, posed by, 471 ; reference, 353, 469 256-57, 33 2-33, 376, 394-95, 399, Rennell, James: geographical scholarship 411 -1 2,416-17,475 ; influence on mis­ of, 22, 199, 200; theory about Niger's sion and education policy, 239, 4 22, course, 202 ; map of W est Africa by, 426-28; encouraged by missionary pub ­ 204 ; mentioned, 202, 336; reference, lications, 326-28; and idea of trustee­ 22, 199 ship, 415 ; influence on blockade policy, Renner, M.: reference, 269 444-47; influence on intern ational mo­ Renouard , G. c. reference, 335 rality, 4 59 Rents: Sierra Leone policy and ideas on, Radicals in Engla nd: influence of, 290 , 13°-32 291, 3°2 Report ing: from Wes t Africa, 9-26, 19 3­ Raffenel, A.: reference, 310, 4 12 226, 318-342 Ragatz, L. J.: reference, 70 Representative government : in Sierra Rainy seasons : theori es about, 186, 352 Leone, 134, 138, 476- 78 Raleigh , Sir Walter: reaction to tropi cal Retzius, Anders : and development of environ ment, 60 craniometry, 366-67 Ramsay, James: anti-racist influence of, Revue Africaine: reference, 335 55-56, 240-41; reference, 56 Rey, Rio del, 165, 203 Ranke, Leopold von, 388 Ricardo, David : influence of, 291-92 Rankin, F. H arrison : quality of travel ac­ Richardson, George: attitude toward Gold count by, 324; on protect ion against Coast Africans, 212 malaria, 35I ; on racial inferiority of Richardson, James: expeditions in North slaves, 41Q-II ; on European settlement, Africa, 310-II; on deserts and human 469; reference, 322, 351, 35 3, 38 5, 4 II, culture, 405 ; pro-Islamic views of, 406 ; 469 reference, 3II, 320, 341, 405, 40 6 Raper, A. B.: reference, 84 Ricketts, H . I. : reference, 226, 322, 353 Rattray, R. S.: reference, 274 Ridgeway, A. R.: reference, 322 Read, Paul: pro ject for trad ing-post em­ Right of conquest: in international law, pire, 469 ; reference, 34 1, 37 5, 469 280 Recaptives. See Liberated Afr icans Rights of man, idea of : influence on hu­ Redfield, Robert : on " little commun ity," manitarian thought, 52 ; influence on 3I; reference, 32 acculturation theory, 260 Red Sea, 164, 201 Riis, H. N .: linguistic studies of, 394; Reform Act, 289 study of Twi proverbs by, 396; refer­ Regressive principles : in Murray's theory ence, 394, 397 of progress, 247- 5 I Rio del Rey, 165, 203 Regressive taxation: origins of, as policy Rio Grande, 148-50 for tropi cal Afr ica, 454-56 Ritchie, Joseph : expedition to Fezzan, 167 Regul ating Act of 177 3, 4 Roberts, G. W .: reference, 439 Reichard, Christian Gottlieb: on Oil Robertson, G. A.: project for West Afri ­ Rivers as Niger mouth, 2°3- 5; refer­ can protectorate, 16 2; suppli es data ence, 203 about interior geography, 202; theory Reid, D. B.: reference, 350 about N iger's course, 2°5; quality of 518 Index

reporting by, 2I o-II ; reference, 162 , determinant of Afri can culture, 404-5 ; 190, 20 2, 205, 2II, 268, 270, 282 ment ioned, 66 , 164, 17 2, 471 Robinson, R.: reference, 415 Saint Domingue: slave revolt in, 124 , 140, Romer, Ludev ig Ferdinand : ethnographic 146; mentioned , 433 investigations on Gold Coast, 16 ; men­ St. George's Bay Association : as precur­ tioned, 23; reference, 12 sor of Sierra Leone Comp any. 106 Roger, Baron : study of Wolof fables by, St. Helena: proposed as capital for British 396; reference, 397 West Afr ica, 371 Roger II, King of Sicily, 10 Saint-Hilaire, Etienne Geoffroy de. See Romantic movement : influence of, 24, 59, Geoffroy de Saint-Hilaire , Etienne . II 5, 323, 326-27 St. Kitts, 55 Rome, 249 , 253, 257 , 376, 379 Saint Louis: rebell ion of garrison, 147; Roscoe, William: on African art, 50; on mentioned, 6, 7, 170 Afric an economic conditions, 61; refer­ Saint-Saveur, J. Grasset de. See Grasset ence, 61 de Saint-Saveur, J. Rostow, Walt Whitman: and concept of Salaga, 169 " take-off," 143; reference, 143 Sale, George: reference, 12 Rouppe, Ludovicus: on cause of fever, Sali-bul-Ali: reference, 335 78; reference, 72, 75 , 78 Sanitation: and prev ent ion of tropical dis­ Rousseau, Jean Jacques: opinion about ease, 189-90. See a/so Segregation, sani­ African race, 42; on "state of nature," tary 49 ; on early stages of human society, Sansanding, 202 63 ; ment ioned , 391 Sao Thome, 94 , 306 Roussin, A.: reference, 200 Sarmiento, D. F.: as a theorist on cul­ Rowan, James: as Royal Commiss ioner, ture change, 414 175 , 212; on mortality in Sierra Leone, Savagery: as stage of human progress, 64, 179-80; investigation of medical topog­ 391-5)2 raphy, 183; and Royal Comm ission Savanna vegetation: medical reputation of, 1826, 212; on forced labor and eco­ 163 nom ic development, 277; on Afri can Saxons, 379 demography, 359; mentioned, 197 , 344 Schmid, Rev. D. H .: lingu istic studies by, Royal Africa Company, 69, 470 399-4°0 Royal College of Physicians: yellow fever Schon, J . F.: profess ional background of, investigation of, 345 321; linguistic studies by, 393 , 396; Royal Commiss ion of I 8II : creation of, opposition to "native agency," 423 ; 159; report of, 160-61 reference, 320, 335, 396, 423, 426 Royal Commiss ion of 1826-1827, 175, Schotte, J . P.: clinical description of yel­ 179-80 low fever , 76 ; on perspiration and ra­ Royal Geogra ph ical Society: mentioned, cial immunities, 85; reference, 72, 76, 151 , 310, 329 ; reference, 308 , 331 79, 85 Royal Na vy. See Navy Science: position of, in English thought, Rush, Benjamin: as pioneer in medical 244 ethnography, 182; reference, 81 Scientific institutions: and study of race, Russell , Lord John: Government of 1846­ 37 1852, vii, 291 ; support of Ni ger Ex­ Scott, H . 5.: reference, 428 pedition, 3°2; reaction to Madden's re­ Scott, Henry H.: reference, 76 port, 305; on African emigration and Scottish Missionary Society, 312- 13, 393 . acculturation, 419; reference, 305, 333, See a/so Presbyterian missions 419, 44 1, 453 , 468 Scottish school of moral philosophy, 62, Russell, P. F.: reference, 74 , 82, 355 64, 245-51 Russia , 29 3, 301 Scurvy, 76 "Seasoning." See Acclimatization Sahara Desert: ideas about extent of, 203 , Seetzen, Ulrich Jasper: linguistic studies 205 ; diffusion of culture across, 256­ of, 220 57 ; Briti sh activity in, 310- II; as a Segregation, sanitary, 190 Index

Segu, 170, 171 Siberia, 301 Seller, J.: reference, 12 Sicily, 167 Semites, 379 Sickle-cell trait, 84n, 237n Semitic languages in racial classifications, Sidra, Gulf of, 203 369 Sierra Leone: scientific investigations in, Senegal: and investigations of Adanson, 16, 182, 209 ; medical reputation of, 15-16; French posit ion in, 147; men­ 86, CI9, 178, 179-80, 188, 348, 353, tioned, 164, 215, 220, 258, 310, 396 384-85; projects for settlement of, 97­ Senegal Company: linguistic studies of, 102, 105-10, CI4, CI5 ; legal status of, 220; mentioned, 146, 392 99n, 117; under the Company, 123-39, Senegal River : as route to the Western 266 ; map, 126; and the Afr ican Insti­ Sudan, 18, 9r , r48-50, 165; mentioned, tution, 143; Crown administration of, 6, 146, 412 151, 157, 159, 169, 171, 277, 278, 456, Senegambia, colony of : and projects for 466, 473-74, 476 ; strategic opinions convict settlement, 91-92 about, 158-61, 159, 162, 171, 308, Senegambia , region of : account of, by 46o; British opposition to, 161, 196, Frederick Shoberl , 215 ; lingu istic stud­ 340; relations with African states near, ies in, 220; and N iger strategy, 308-10; 170-71, 466; committees and commis­ mentioned, 4CI, 470 sions on, 175, 306; demography, 179­ Separate creation of races. See Polygenesis 80, 359; linguistic studies in, 220-21, Seringapatam fever, 185 393, 399 ; opinions about Africans of, Serology, 84n, 237n 226, 322, 324, 410, 425-26; theories of Servente, Henry: reference, 27 tropical exuberance applied to, 254; Settlement, European: and convict trans- ideas about acculturat ion in, 274, 418­ portation, 89-95 ; in Henry Smeath­ 19; human itarian discouragement about, man's project, 95-97 ; in Sierra Leone, 286; European population, 294; and 78, lor, 107; projected for Sweden­ liberated Africans, 3I 3; and Islam, 405­ borgian settlement, 104-5; in early proj­ 6; and education policy, 425-28; and ects, CI 5; advocated, 272, 469-70 coerced labor, 454; legal institutions, Seven Years' War, 4 474; representat ive government for, Shannon , Richard : reference, 236 476 ; national archives of, 489; men­ Sharp, Granville: arguments against slav­ tioned, 9, 12, 16, 96, 102, 142, 144, ery, 53, 55; opinion of Africans, 53; 148, 165, 170, 174, 2II, 229, 240, 269, on culture of "savages," 54; opposition 305, 321, 375, 398, 443, 470, 480. See to polygenesis, 55; and "Province of also Province of Freedom Freedom, " 97-102 ; relations with Wad­ Sierra Leone Company: formation of, 105­ strom, 1°3 ; and Sierra Leone Company, 7; and opposition to Bulama Settlement, 105-6, 108-9; and labor-currency, 117; ICI ; on land values, 117; relations with on forced labor, 128, 274; on land Great Britain, CI8 ; political policy of, policy, 131-32, 142 ; on European mor­ CI9, 132-36 ; economic policies of, 125, tality as retributive justice, 178; men­ 126-32, 136, 141, 271, 282; opin ion tioned, 132, 138, 228, 278; reference , about Africans and Nova Scotians, 136­ 53, 54, 55, 100, 101, 106, 1°9, 132, 38; investigations of, 144, 182, 2°9, 142, 178 2CI ; medical problems, 188; on Islam , Shelvocke, George: reference, 12 256; education and mission policy, 262­ Shem, descendents of : as racial group, 38 64; mentioned, 140, 142, 276, 277, 384; Sherbo Island , 171 reference, 107, 125, 127, 128, 129, 135, Sherbo language, 393, 399 137, 138, 139, 178, 189, 263, 483 Shifting cultivation: attempts to abolish, Sierra Leone Council Minutes : reference , 277,450,456 127,129, 131, 134 Shorberl, Frederick: account of Mauri­ Sierra Leone River, 69, 124, 150, 171 tania and Senegambia by, 215 ; refer­ Simmonds, P. L., 340 ence, 215 Simmond's Colonial Magazine: reference, Shreeve, W. W .: reference, 322 451,464 Shryock, R. H.: reference, 72, 182, 238 Simpson, William: reference, 320 52 0 Index

Singapore: as model for Buxton's plan, Smith, Bernard: reference, 328 448 Smith, Elihu Hubbard: attack on Colin Singleton, William: racial xenophobia of, Chisholm, by, 196 240; reference, 240, 266 Smith, John: as example of cultural ar­ Skin color : in ranking of races, 39 ; be­ rogance, 322-23; reference, 322, 323 liefs about differences in, 236 Smith , Joseph: contribution to ethnog­ Slane, Baron MacGurkin de : reference, raphy of, 335, 337 335 , 336 Smyth, Captain William Henry : and ex­ Slave Coast: map of, 314; mentioned, 409 ploration from Tripoli, 167 Slave dealers : in Bight of Benin, 157 Snelgrave, William: reference, 35 Slave emancipation, West Indian: influ- Social analysis : dynamic VI. static forms ence of, 453 of, 345, 388 Slavery: declared illegal in England, 53 ; Social sciences: institutional development arguments in favor of, 56, 62 , 68 , 105, of, 37, 217-18, 227-28, 329, 363-65, 240 , 274-75, 368, 370-72, 384-85 ; in 388-89 " Province of Freedom," 100; in Lt. Social structure: nature of reporting about, Clarke's scheme for Gold Coast, 102 ; 23 and proposals for "ransoming" slaves, Social theory, 61-69, 96, II3, 244-58, 270­ 1°9, II6; influence of debate about , on 71, 388-413, 427-28 reporting, 216 ; social theories about , Societe de Geographie, Paris : reference, 270-71 , 273 , 4°2; oppos ition to, 275n , 335 298-99 ; Brit ish policy toward, 452-56 Societe Ethnologique : foundation of, 330 Slavery, African, 23, 284-85, 452 Society: stages of, in social theory, 63-64, Slavery, West Indian, 16 1, 196, 244 , 384­ 68 , 389-90 85 Society for the Advancement of Civil iza­ Slaves: price of, 6n, 102 , 439 tion, 339-40 Slave trade : end of, to Brazil, vii, 317; Society for the Propagation of the Gospel: economic base of, 4, 71 , 96 , 125, 284 , activity in West Africa, 266 429, 436-38; extent and nature of, 6-9, Society for the Suppression of the Slave II8n, I28n, 141, ISS, 157-59, 317; Trade and the Civilization of Africa . and African culture, 9, 68 , 253-56, 403­ See African Civilization Society 4; and data from Africa, 13-14; argu ­ Society of Friends. See Quakers ments in favor of, 25, 85, 255; argu­ Soemmering, S. T. von : investigations of ments against, 52, 68 , 84 , 96 , 253-56, comparative anatomy, 46; influence of, 403-4; plans for suppression of, 102, 228; Winterbottom's correction of, II4, 157-59, 299-303 , 315-16, 356n , 228-29; on skull shape and psychology, 432; abolition of, 109, 141 , 151-52 ; 233 ; reference, 46 moral right to intervene in, 280 ; plans Soils : influence on society of, 60, 66 , 132 for modified renewal of, 308 , 440, 445­ Sokoto : becomes Fulani capital, 156; Clap­ 46 perton's visits to, 172-74; mentioned, Slave traders: opinion of African race, 257 , 4 II, 463 34-35 Somali language, 398 Smeathman, Henry: investigations in Ba­ Songha i: Ahmad Baba's history of, 336 nana Islands, IS, 16; on tropical en­ South Africa : Knox's visit to, 378, 380 ; vironment, 59-61; on causes of African mentioned, vi, 142, 216, 340, 452, 460 backwardness, 67-68; and project for South America, 141 African settlement, 95-97, 98-99, II8, South Asia, 249 119, 353 ; character of, 99n; mentioned, South Atlantic System: defined, 4n ; eight­ 17, 102 , 138 ; reference , 12, 60 , 61 , 67, eenth -century operation of, 4-6; criti­ 96,97,99 cism of, 69, 96 ; medical reasons for Smith, Adam : on esthetic relativity, 47 ; establishment of, 71 ; readjustments of, influence of doctrine on rents, 101 ; in­ 91 , 290, 292, 432-34 ; British economic fluence on colonial projectors, 117 ; thought about (1830-1850), 434-48; and classical economics, 245 ; reference , maps, 435, 436; ment ioned, 60, 140 47, 25 2 South Carolina, 91 , 371 Index 52 1

Southeast Asia, 4, 7I Stokes, Robert: reference, 341 Southern Baptist Convention : mission to Stormont, Charles: investigation of medi­ Yoruba, 313 cal topography, 183; on tropical ex­ Southern environment: supposed influence uberance in Sierra Leone, 254; refer­ of, 65. See also Tropical environment ence, 183, 186, 190, 254, 352 South West Africa: scheme for convict Stowe, Harriet Beecher: on Africans as settlement in, 94 ; political constitution natural Christians, 328 proposed for, 119 Strangford Treaty, 141, 158 Sovereignty : in colonial projects, 96, 105, Strategic thought: general consideration 117-18, 467 of, 148-50, 159-64, 460-65 ; maps of, Spain : slave trade of, 5, 157, 158, 300; 149, 160 ; and Ashanti, 154-55, 159, imperial thought and practice of, 15, 169 ; and administrative changes, 169 , 32-33, 105 , 141, 225, 283 ; and Fer­ 197 ; Niger Valley in, 175, 205 , 284, nando Po, 175-76; mentioned , 141, 158, 441, 461-62 296,314,373 Strategy, world-wide, 123, 14°-42, 459­ Spanish West Indies : ethnographic ques­ 60 tionnaire in, 15 Sturge, Joseph : opposition to blockade by, Sparrman, Andrew: expedition to West 316 Africa of, 16-17, 103 Sublimis Deus, 32-33 Spilsbury, F. B.: reference, 219, 226 Subsidies: paid to African states, 8, 281, Spurzhe im, Johann Gaspar: and phren­ 466 , 467; to foster export production ology, 234 in Sierra Leone, 129 Stanley, Edward G. G. S., fourteenth of Derby: as Sec. of State for Colonies, Sudan, N ilotic, 283 Sudan, Western: defined, 10 ; sources of 290 ; and Niger Expedition, 304 ; re­ data about, 10, 164-65, 206-8, 335; action to Madden's report, 305; men­ and exploring expeditions to, 17-18, tioned, 459 ; reference, 305, 419, 442 , 144, 166-67, 172, 310-II ; British 470, 476 image of, 22, 25-27, 164, 203-5, 256­ Stanton, William: reference, 367, 371 58, 319 ; map of northern approaches Stephen, Sir George : on racism in Eng­ to, 168 ; political condition of, 206 ; land, 38 2; marketing scheme of, 449­ historical publications about, 336 ; race 50; on forced labor, 453 ; and plan for classification of, 370 ; studies in the grand alliance, 464; on European set­ literature of, 397 ; mentioned, 18, 146, tlement, 470; on Africanization, 472; 148, 214, 312, 398, 412 . See also Ex­ mentioned, 469; reference, 341, 382 , ploration 417, 435, 449, 450, 464 , 470, 47 2, 476 Stephen, James (1758-1832): and the Suez Canal, 6 Clapham Sect, 98 Sugar : prices and consumption of, 443; in Stephen, James (1789-1859) : as Colonial economic thought of Africa enthusiasts, Office official, 290; oposition to West 447 African activity, 302 , 459 ; attitude Sugar duties, vii, 292, 443, 448 toward Maclean's administration of Sulima, 170, 409 Gold Coast, 306 ; oposition to racial Sunstroke : in medical terminology, 195 discrimination, 473; on legal problems Sussex, Duke of (Augustus Frederick) , of the judicial protectorate, 476 ; men­ 47 2 tioned , 305, 340; reference, 305, 459, Susu language, 220-21, 266, 393 473 , 476 Swamps: as source of fevers, 185-87 Sterling, T .: beliefs about medical top­ Sweden: African projects in, 16-17, 103 ography, 351 ; reference, 352 Swedenborg, Emanuel : ideas about Africa, Steuart, Sir James Denham: social theory 26-27, 115 ; mentioned , 49, 409 ; ref­ of, 61-62, 65 ; reference, 62 erence, 26 Stevens, William: on treatment of fevers, Swedenborgians : African actrvitres of, 358 101, 103-5, 113, 118, 209 Stewart, Alexander: reference, 195 Sweeney, Dr. M.: on sanitation and tropi­ Stock, E.: reference, 197 cal disease, 190; reference, 190, 195 52 2 Index

Swift, Jonathan: quoted, 198 Thompson,T. Boulden, R.N .: and settle­ Swinton, John: reference, 12 ment of Sierra Leone, 99 Switzerland, 372 Thompson, T. Perronet: exploration plan Sydney, Lord (Thomas Townshend, first of, 160 ; on education policy, 263; on V iscount Sydney) : and Gambia convict forced labor, 275; on Africanization, scheme, 95 ; reference, 92 278, 472; on representative government, Syndenharn, Thomas: place In history of 476; reference, 160, 274, 472 medicine, 72 ; on value of chinchona Thomson, T.R.H.: travel report of, bark, 82 321; on quinine prophylaxis, 355-56; Syn ocbus atrabiliosa: as name for yellow reference, 320, 351, 353 , 356, 358 , 400, fever, 76 403, 453, 472, 474 Synochus putris, 75 Thomson, William Cooper: expedition to Sypher, Wylie: reference, 49, 50 Timbo by, 308, 310 Syphilis, 373 Thorne, Major Peregrine Francis: and "Systematic colonization": and African Sierra Leone plantations, 127 emigration to America, 441-42 Thorne, Henry: and the Clapham Sect, 98; and formation of Sierra Leone Com­ Tafel, R. L.: reference, 104 , 209 pany , 106, 108 ; on Sierra Leone poli­ Tafilelt, 201 cies and prospects, 109 , 128, 132 ; ref­ Tahiti, 248 erence, 107, 108, 109, II0, 125, 128, 174 Tangier, 13 2, 137, 178 Tasso Island: plantations on, 102-3 Thorpe, Robert: on African education, Taxation, direct: policy of Sierra Leone 265 ; reference, 265, 275 Company, 129-32 ; as incentive for ex­ Tibesti, 203 port production , 277; as a device for Timbo: European visits to, 144 , 160, 170, coercing labor, 454-56. See a/so Quit­ 308 , 310; mentioned, 159 , 171 rents Timbuctu: European visits to, 164, 172­ Taylor, Isaac : reference, 216 74 , 296 , 3II; in strategic thought, 164, Tayl or, William Cooke: historical theory 165, 171; in juvenile literature, 216; of, 391 ; linguistic theory of, 395 ; ref ­ mentioned, 10, 170, 201 , 203, 256 , 257, erence, 391, 395 18 Technical assistance, 448 , 450-51 283 , 3 , 397 Th e Times (London) : opposition to Technology: influence on history of, V1l1; interest in Afrl­ as measure of social advancement, 30­ Sierra Leone, 196; and can geography, 202 ; reference, 179, 3 1 Technology, European: as a means to re- 196, 202, 344 ligious conversion, 267, 269 Togo, 152 Ternne, 128, 135 Tonality: as a linguistic problem, 39 3­ Temne language, 221 , 393 , 399 94, 396 Temne War, 136 Torrane, George: as governor of Gold Temple, John Henry, third Viscount Coast forts, 152 ; policy toward Ashanti, Palmerston. See Palrnerston 154-55, 159 ; mentioned , 169 ; refer­ Tennent, R. Dillon: plantation project of, ence, 155, 226 , 256 45 1 Torrington, Lord, 455 Territorial empire: in ideas of trusteeship Townsend, George: reference, 325 and conversion, 4 I 5 Townsend, Rev. Henry: appeal on behalf Tertian fever, 74, 75 of Abeokuta, 315 ; reference, 315, 344 Tetuan, 200 Townshend, Thomas. See Sydney, Lord Textile trade: prices in Ashanti, 20 Trade, Anglo-West African: in 1783­ Thevenot, J. P . F. : reference, 345, 352, 1787, 6; prospects of, 20, 114, 235; 354, 360 c. 1808, 141-42; c. 1815, 151-52; and Th ierry, Amadee and Augustin: influence culture change, 260 ; in 1829, 277-78; on W . F. Edwards, 235 comparison of 1787 with 1829, 285; in Thompson, Edward, R. N .: mentioned, 1829-1852, 294 ; in 183°-1852, 294­ 94 , 95; reference, 94 95 Index

Trade, British : and South Atlantic Sys­ Troy, 249 tem, 3, 141-42, 433-34; importance of Trusteeship: idea of, in early colonial West Afr ica in, 6-7; with South projects, 105, II5, II6; origins of, 415 ; America, 141; with tropical countries and missions, 422-25 ; in education (1816-1842),415 policy, 425-28 ; increased support for, Trade control : as a strategy of informal 473-74; in legal institutions, 473-76 empire, 171, 282-83, 284 Tuaregs, 405 Trade routes , 18, 169 Tucker, Sarah : mentioned , 325; reference, Trading forts , British: administration of, 325 8--9. See also Administration, colonial Tuckey, Captain James K.: expedition to Trading forts, European: relations with Congo, 165-66, 484 African states, 7-8 Tulloch, Alexander : on causes of fevers, Traill, T. S.: reference, 165 350; on military mortal ity, 360; on race Transcendental anatomy : in Knox's racial and disease, 361; mentioned, 344; refer­ theory, 378 ence, 344, 352, 360, 361 Transportation: as punishment, 89-90 Tunis, 310 Travel accounts : publ ication of, II-12, Turkey: relations with Tripoli, 166-67; 213-16, 318-24; and scientific investi­ conquest of Libya, 10. See also Otto­ gat ion, 14-18; influence of, 46, 48, 52; man Empire opinion of Africans in, 34, 56 Turnbull, David : reference, 447 Travellers: source of bias in, 23-24, 218 Turner, Gen . Charles : strategic views of, Treasury: and African policy, 170, 283, 170- 71; death of, 179; on acculturation 450 and economic development , 276 ; on Treaties with African states : and N iger trade control near Sierra Leone, 282; Expedition, 300, 303, 466-68; British reference, 171, 276, 282 pol icy on, 301, 465-66; anti-slave-trade, Twi ,396 304, 441, 446, 468; on Gold Coast, Typhoid fever, 75, 346 307 . See also International law Typhus fever, 75 Trew, J . M.: reference, 423 Tythingman, office of: in Sharp's constitu­ Tribute. See Subsid ies tional proposals, 100; as established in Trier, 234 Sierra Leone, 108 Trinidad : economic development of, 439­ Tythingmen: in Sierra Leone, 134-36, 138 40 ; mentioned, 419, 447 Tripoli: political situation of, in 1810'S, 166; as point of entry to Western Uncle Tom 's Cabin, 328 Sudan, 172; British relations with, in "Uniforrnisrn" in European attitudes, 24 1820'S, 174; mentioned, 17, 289, 310. United Provinces. See Netherlands See also Libya United States: abolition of slave trade, Tropical environment : and racial thought, 158; phrenology in, 366-67 ; pro­ 40-41, 83-85, 359, 379-80; special slavery arguments in, 368, 371-72; characteristics of, 57-62; and defense of racist ideas in, 381; missionary theory slavery, 68. See also Medicine, tropical ; in, 42I; in the nineteenth -century South Tropical exuberance; Southern environ­ Atlantic System, 433 ; slave demography ment in, 433; and British economic national­ Tropical exuberance, myth of: orig ins of, ism, 438 ; mentioned, 298, 3I 3 60, 62, 65; and idea of "noble savage," L'Univers, 339 61, 62 ; in social theory, 65, 249, 254, Universal History: treatment of Africa in, 403, 434-35 ; influence on colonial 12-13; scholarship of, 24; mentioned, projects, 107, II6-17, II9, 125; in­ 213 fluence on blockade controversy, 445­ Upsala, Sweden, 15 46; as justification for forced labor, Usuman dan Fodio, 156 452-5 6 Utilitarians : and the idea of progress, Tropic of Cancer, 191-92, 205 250 Trotter, H. D.: reference , 355, 468 Utopianism: in sixteenth-century litera­ Trotter, Thomas : reference, 72, 184, 192 ture, 48-49 ; in early colonization proj- Index

ects, 88-89, 96-5>7, 99-101, 1I2-14, of disease, 189; contribution to N iger 1I5-16 plan, 301; mentioned , 209; reference, Utopian socialism: foreshadowed by 12, 103, 104, 105, 110, III, 112, II3, Sharp's project, 101 1I4, 178, 189 Wakefield, Edward Gibbon: as a Colonial Reformer, 291 ; as a theorist on culture Vai language, 393, 396 Vastey, Baron]. 1. de: racist defense of changes, 414; mentioned, 284 African abilities by, 241-42; reference, Walckenaer, Baron C. A.: geographical scholarship of, 201-2 , 214; reference, 242 Vater, ]. S.: lingu istic studies of, 220, 201, 214 222; reference, 222, 392 Ward, W . E. F.: reference, 154, 170 Warrington, Col. G. H.: as consul in Vattel, Emer de: on law of annexations , 280; reference, 280 Tripoli, 167, 174, 310 Vedder, H.: reference, 94 Washington, Capt. : reference, 335 Waterloo, 151 Vegetation: in tropical lands. See Tropi­ cal exuberance Watson , Richard : anti-racist arguments Venn, Henry : and missionary policy, 423­ of, 242, 385; reference, 242 24; and marketing schemes, 449; men­ Watt, James : and expedition to Futa Jallon, 144; mentioned , 148, 308 tioned, 98; reference, 424, 449 Wawa ,169 Venn, John, 98 Weber, Max : on originas of favorable Versailles, Peace of, 3 view of labor, 62 Vice-Admiralty Court : established at Wellington, Henry : as Royal Commis­ Sierra Leone, 157 Vicq d'Azyr, Felix : on link between sioner, 175, 2I 2; on mortal ity in Sierra Leone, 179-80, 359 ; on medical topog­ physiology and psychology, 234 Vidal, O. E.: study of Yoruba proverbs raphy, 183; mentioned, 196, 197, 344 Wells, William evolutionary theory of by, 397; reference, 397 c.: race, 237; influence on anthropology, Vienna, 234 Virey, Julien Joseph: work of, used by 238; mentioned, 374; reference, 236­ American racists, 371; reference, 371 37, 238 Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro) : on Wesley, John : view of African culture , 26, 53; influence on British religious moving focus of civilization, 249 life, 52; on tropical exuberance, 60; on Vogel, Eduard : explorations in Western racial immunities, 84; mentioned , 54; Sudan by, 31I-12; reference, 320 reference, 26, 54, 60, 84 Volney, C. F. de Chasseboeuf, Comte de, Wesleyan-Methodist Missionary Society: 247 educational policy of, 264 ; missions to Voltaire (F. M. Arouet): on African race, Sierra Leone, 267; missions to Ashanti, 2 4 312 ; missions to Yoruba , 3I3; public Volta River, 157, 282, 307, 323 relations of, 324-26; linguistic studies Von Bunsen, Christian Karl Josias . See of, 393; Fulbe mission to MacCarthy's Bunsen, Baron C. C. J. de Island, 424; mortality of agents, 486; Von Ranke, Leopold, 388 archives of, 489 ; mentioned, 321, 335; reference, 324, 325 Wadai,31I Wesleyan Missionary Notices: character Wade, Dr.: and unpopularity of chin­ of, 325 chona, 192 West Africa : levels of British interest in, Wadstrom, Carl Berns : expedition to Sene­ v-vi, 6, 176, 318-19, 338-39 gal of, 16-17; background of, 103; Westernization of Africa : objections to, and Swedenborgian settlement project, 265; associated with civilization, 414­ 103-5, 1I8; and Bulama Island As­ 15 sociation, IIO, 1I2-14; career in France, Western Sudan. See Sudan, Western 1I4; on African land values, 1I7; on West India interest : opposition to, 5 ; on European right to dominion, 1I7; polit­ European settlement, 85; opposition to ical philosophy of, 1I8; on prevention Bulama settlement, II I; and opposition Index

to idea of trustee ship, 116, 261; and 132; reference, 54, 68, 69, 109, 137, French colonies, 140; and abolition of 217, 252, 253, 255, 256, 257, 264 slave trade, 141-42, 158, 261, 438, Wilks, Ivor : reference, 154 447; opposition to Sierra Leone, 161, Williams, Eric: reference, 52 196; and James MacQueen, 162, 285; Williams, Helen Marie : reference, 103 on forced labor in Africa, 274; eco­ Wilson, Alexander: phlogiston theory of, nomic thought of, 438-39; support for 66-67, 80; reference, 67, 68, 81, 82 emigration schemes by, 441-43 Wilson, J. Leighton : on inaccuracy of West Indi an colonies : in South Atlantic data from Africa, 338; on African system, 4, 59, 433-34 ; ideas about states, 407-8; reference, 325, 338, 341, Africa in, 14, 23, 85, 229; in pro-slavery 362, 396, 407, 408, 419 arguments, 25, 53, 380-81, 384-85 ; W ilson, James : reference, 214 opinion on environmentalism in, 66; W ilson, John Macaulay, 263 agricultural technology in, 70 ; mortality Wiltgen, R. M.: reference, 313 rates in, 71, 360, 473, 485; immigration Windward Coast: defined, 8; organization to, 85, 307-8, 419, 440-42, 445 ; medi­ of slave trade on, 8; strategic ideas about, cine in, 85, 183-84, 195-96; economic 158-61, 162, qo, rr r, 306; mentioned , conditions in, 91, 140, 294-95, 438, 96, 165, 295 440, 443-44; and humanitarian move­ Winnebah,211 ment, 142-43, 290; racial thought con­ Winniett, Sir William: dealings with the cerning white creoles of, 236 ; emigra­ Asantehene, 337-38; on forced labor, tion from, to West Africa, 279, 312­ 454-55 ; on European settlement, 469; 13, 423, 442, 473; British trade with reference, 338, 450, 454, 469 (1847-1852), 294-95; Knox's policy Winterbottom, Matthew: and expedition for, 380; influence on African educa­ to Futa Jallon, 144; mentioned, 148, tion policy, 427-28; influence on Afri­ 308 can tax policy, 454-56; mentioned, 60, Winterbottom, Thomas : medical studies 80, 123, 182, 292, 340, 368, 452 by, 182, 186, 187, 228-29; ethno­ Westminster Review: supp ort of Africani­ graphic contribution of, 2°9-10; press zation, 278; reception of Knox 's racial reactions to work of, 2I 3; social theory theory, 381; justification of slavery by, of, 219, 251-52 ; linguistic studies by, 453 ; on representative government for 221; anti-racist influence of, 240-41; Sierra Leone, 476; reference, 278, 319, mentioned, 2II, 344; reference, 182, 327, 360, 375, 382, 385, 418, 453, 476 186, 188, 195, 197, 210, 219, 221, 229, White, Charles : race thought of, 45-46, 252, 256, 306 56 ; Winterbottom's opposition to, 228; Wolfson, Freda : reference, 306 mentioned, 229, 232; reference, 37, 46, Wolof: on racial thought, 44, 236; Shor­ 47, 84 berl's account of, 2I 5 ; European opinion White, Edward William: on methods of of, 226, 404, 4°9; relation to Fulbe cul­ culture chance, 262; reference, 262 ture of, 412 ; mentioned, 23 "White man's burden," 239-40, 422. See Wolof language, 16, 220, 221, 392, 396, also Trusteeship 400, 412 "White man's grave," image of, 89, 171, Women, African: reporting about, 219 179, 194, 324, 344, 362 Women, position of : marking of stage Whitfield, T.: reference, 454 of progress , 64 Whydah. See Ouidah Wright, F. N .: reference, 73, 87 Wilberforce, Samuel : supports anti-slavery Wright, Joseph: reference, 334 blockade, 316 W ilberforce, William: on African cul­ Xenophobia: influence on racism, 28, 30; ture, 54, 68; on "legitimate trade," 69, in travel literature, 34; in English atti­ 106, 117; and the Clapham Sect, 98; tudes, 35, 240 on commercial policy for Sierra Leone, Xhosa, 400 106, 109; use of African data by, 216­ 17; historical theory of, 252-53; on Yaws, 195 educational policy, 264; mentioned, Yellow fever : characteristics of, in West Index

Africa, 75-76; problems in diagnoses 226 ; mentioned, 17 2, 32I, 326, 409, and terminology, 75, 76, 183- 85, 345­ 423 47; theories about cause of, 76-81; Yoruba language, 392, 393, 397 medical controversy about, 183-85, 345 , Yoruba Wars, 161 349 ; epidemiology of, 197 , 348; in­ Young, D. M.: reference, 171 Yule, Sir Henry : reference, 341 vestigatio ns of, 345, 348; attempted prevention of, 349, 353- 55 Zaire, 202 . See a/so Congo River Yend i, 169 Zambezi River, 319 Yoruba: political position of, 155-56 ; Zanzibar, 283 missionary activities in, 13-15; British Zaria, 172, 201, 462 intervention in, 314-15 ; ethnographic Zavala, S. A. : reference, 33 investigation in, 334; opini on about, Zoroastrianism, 400