Islamic Political Thoughts (IPT), Vol.1, No.1, Spring & Summer 2014, pp.109-138 Shiite Scholars in the Era of Constitutionalism and the Image of Western Domination Naser Jamalzadeh∗ Abstract This article is an interdisciplinary study of culture and politics that combines insights from political science and the concept of image in the discipline of culture and communication. Relying on various documents and secondary sources pertaining to the period of constitutional revolution in Iran, this article is an attempt to reconstruct the mental image that the Shiite scholars (Ulama) had of western political systems as well as their own government and society. Western domination and its cultural hegemony seemed to threaten Muslim societies including Iran due to western countries' superiority in science and technology. Perceptions of such an imminent danger created a particular image of the west in the minds of majority of Iranian political elite and Shiite scholars prompting them to join in one way or another the reform movement known as the constitutional movement towards saving Islamic culture and Iran from foreign invasion. Keywords image of western domination, Shiite scholars, constitutional movement, Tobacco Movement, mental image, political documents ∗ Associate Professor, Faculty of Islamic Studies and Political Science, ISU
[email protected] 110 Islamic Political Thoughts, Vol.1, No.1, Spring & Summer 2014 Introduction Implementing reforms in government and attempts at overcoming backwardness as well as achieving progress and development like that of the western countries, have been the main concern of the political elites towards the end of the reign of the Qajar dynasty in Iran. The need for change and transformation in the structure of the political system, political authorities and the policies of government is the dominant mental image of elites including rulers, intellectuals and religious scholars in that era.