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(Genel Türk Tarihi) Anabilim Dali Timurlu Devleti'n

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(Genel Türk Tarihi) Anabilim Dali Timurlu Devleti'n T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH (GENEL TÜRK TARİHİ) ANABİLİM DALI TİMURLU DEVLETİ’NDE MİRZALAR VE MİRZALIK KURUMU Yüksek Lisans Tezi Selim AYDIN Ankara-2020 T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH (GENEL TÜRK TARİHİ) ANABİLİM DALI TİMURLU DEVLETİ’NDE MİRZALAR VE MİRZALIK KURUMU Yüksek Lisans Tezi Selim AYDIN Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. Üçler BULDUK Ankara-2020 i T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH (GENEL TÜRK TARİHİ) ANABİLİM DALI TİMURLU DEVLETİ’NDE MİRZALAR VE MİRZALIK KURUMU Yüksek Lisans Tezi Tez Danışmanı: Prof. Dr. Üçler BULDUK Tez Jüri Üyeleri Adı ve Soyadı İmzası Prof. Dr. Üçler BULDUK ..................................... Prof. Dr. Musa Şamil YÜKSEL ..................................... Doç. Dr. Cihat AYDOĞMUŞOĞLU ..................................... .......................................................... ..................................... .......................................................... ..................................... .......................................................... ..................................... ii ÖNSÖZ 14. yy’ın ikinci yarısında kurulan ve 16. yy’ın ilk çeyreğine kadar dünya tarihini etkileyen Timurlu Devleti, Cengiz Han’ın bıraktığı topraklardan yola çıkarak devasa bir imparatorluğa dönüşmüştür. Cengiz Han’dan sonraki süreçte Hanların siyasi birliği sağlayamamaları ve ayrıca başkaldıran ulus emirlerini tam olarak bertaraf edememeleri sonucunda ortaya çıkan kaotik ve anarşik düzen, Emir Timur’u birleştirici lider olarak bölgeye zuhur etmesine imkân hazırlamıştır. Emir Timur ilk etapta Çağatay bölgesini kontrol altına aldığı gibi, hedeflediği imparatorluk için Çağatay Ulus’unun insan kaynaklarından yararlanmış ve disiplinli bir ordu tertip ettirmiştir. Henüz yirmi beş yaşındayken siyaset sahnesine çıkan Emir Timur, yaptığı siyasi evlilikler, ordusu ve halkına duyduğu sadakat ve yaptığı savaş hazırlıkları ile neredeyse hayatının çoğunu seferlerde geçirmiş ve durmaksızın imparatorluk sınırlarını genişletmiştir. Ayrıca genişletmiş olduğu imparatorluk sahasında da düzeni ve asayişi sağlamış, ticareti ve zirai faaliyetleri teşvik etmiştir. Emir Timur, ilk olarak kendi fikrine güvenir daha sonra Mirzaların fikirlerine önem verirdi. Bu sebepten o, kendisinden sonra Mirzalara çok önem vermiştir. Zira genişleyen imparatorluk vilayetlerini yönetecek kişilerin kendi hanedanından olması Timur’un birinci tercihleri arasındaydı. Emir Timur her ne kadar bu toprakları veraset sistemi üzerinden elde etmediyse de, verasetin Mirzalara aktarımı konusunda hassasiyet ile yaklaşmış ve kadim zamanlardan beri var olagelen bir Türk geleneğini olan Mirzalık Kurumunu önemsemış ve sürdürmüştür. Bu çalışmadaki temel amacımız Timurlu Devleti’nde Mirzalar ve Mirzalık Kurumu’nu ana hatlarıyla aydınlatmaya çalışmaktır. Timurlu Mirzaları ve bu kurum ile ilgili doğrudan malumatlar elde etmek için ağırlıklı olarak Timurlu dönemi ana kaynaklar tahkik edilmiştir. Yapılan çalışmalar neticesinde Timurlu Mirzaları geniş bir şekilde mercek altına alınmaya ve konu aydınlatılmaya çalışılmıştır. Araştırmamız giriş ve dört bölümden oluşmaktadır. Çalışmanın sonunda sonuç ve değerlendirme bölümüyle çalışmadan yararlanılan kaynakçaya yer verilmiştir. Araştırmamızın giriş bölümünde çalışmanın konusu, amacı, önemi ve sınırlılıklarına yer verilmiştir. Çalışmanın birinci bölümü Emir Timur’un soyu, ortaya çıkışı, mücadelesi ve seferleri ile noktalanırken, ikinci bölümde ise, Mirzalık kurumu ve Mirzaların siyasi mücadelelerine yer verilmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde, Timurlu Devleti’nin hâkimiyet anlayışı, idari yapıları incelenirken, dördüncü bölümde, Mirzaların dini hayatları, imar ve ilmi faaliyetlerine yer verilmiştir. i Çalışmam sırasında beni destekleyen ve yardımlarını hiçbir zaman esirgemeyen değerli danışman hocam sayın Prof. Dr. Üçler BULDUK’a çok teşekkür ederim. Ayrıca beni Timurlu tarihine yönelmek ve çalışmam konusunda cesaretlendiren Sayın Prof. Dr. Abdullah GÜNDOĞDU hocam’a ve Timurlular Devleti ile ilgili derin malumatları ile çalışmama yön veren Sayın Prof. Dr. Musa Şamil YÜKSEL Hoca’ya da sonsuz minnettarlığımı bildirmek isterim. Son olarak Çalışma konumla ilgili, tecrübelerinden yararlandığım değerli hocam Sayın Doç. Dr. Cihat AYDOĞMUŞOĞLU’ya da teşekkürü bir borç bilirim. Selim AYDIN Ankara 2020 ii İÇİNDEKİLER ÖNSÖZ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- i İÇİNDEKİLER --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iii KISALTMALAR -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- vi GİRİŞ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 1. Araştırmanın Konusu -------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 2. Araştırmanın Amacı ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 3. Araştırmanın Önemi --------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 4. Araştırmanın Sınırlılıkları --------------------------------------------------------------- 5 I. BÖLÜM TİMURLU DEVLETİ’NİN KURULUŞU VE ÖNEMİ 1.1. TİMUR’UN DOĞUMU VE SOYU ------------------------------------------------- 6 1.1.1. Emir Timur’un Siyasi Sahneye Çıkışı ve Mücadelesi -------------------------- 9 1.1.2. Emir Hüseyin ile İttifak ve Zorluklar ile Mücadele Dönemi ----------------- 11 1.1.3. Emir Timur ve Emir Hüseyin Arasındaki Mücadeleler ------------------------ 12 1.2. EMİR TİMUR’UN ASKERİ SEFERLERİ VE MİRZALARIN ROLÜ ------- 13 1.2.1. Emir Timur’un Harezm Seferleri ve Sebepleri --------------------------------- 13 1.2.2..Moğollar ve Deşt-i Kıpçak Üzerine Yapılan Seferler -------------------------- 16 1.2.3. Horasan Seferleri ------------------------------------------------------------------- 18 1.2.4. Üç Yıllık Sefer (1386-1388) ------------------------------------------------------ 21 1.2.5. Toktamış Han Üzerine Yapılan Birinci Sefer ----------------------------------- 22 1.2.6. Beş Yıllık Sefer (1392-1397) ----------------------------------------------------- 24 1.2.7. Emir Timur’un Hindistan Seferi (1398-1399) ---------------------------------- 26 1.2.8. Yedi Yıllık Sefer (1399-1404) ---------------------------------------------------- 27 1.2.9. Emir Timur’un Çin Seferi ve Ölümü --------------------------------------------- 31 II. BÖLÜM TİMURLU DEVLETİ’NDE MİRZALAR VE MİRZALIK KURUMU 2.1. ANLAM VE KAVRAM OLARAK MİRZALIK ……………………………33 2.2. MİRZALARI’IN EĞİTİMİ VE ATABEK TAYİNLERI ……………………36 2.3. MIRZALAR’IN SIYASI EVLILIKLERI ………………….……………..… 41 2.4. TİMURLU MİRZALARI DÖNEMİNDE İKTİSADİ DURUM ………….…44 iii 2.5. MİRZALAR VE ARALARINDAKI İLETİŞİM VE ETKİLEŞİM ………....47 2.6. MİRZALAR’IN SAVAŞ KATKILARI MÜKÂFAT VE MECAZAT …….. 49 2.7. EMİR TİMUR'UN ÖLÜMÜ SONRASINDAKİ MÜCADELELER ………. 53 2.7.1. Timur’un ölümünün ardından Mirzaların Hâkimiyet Alanları---------------- 54 2.7.2. Mâverâünnehr -Horasan’daki Mücadeleler-------------------------------------- 55 2.8. MİRZA ŞAHRUH DÖNEMİ VE DİĞER MİRZALAR’IN AKIBETİ-------- 59 2.9. MİRZA ŞAHRUH SONRASI İKTİDAR MÜCADELELERİ------------------ 66 2.10. ULUĞ BEY’İN KISA SALTANATI VE OĞLU İLE MÜCADELESİ ----- 69 2.11.SEMERKAND’DA EBÛ SAID, HERAT’TA EBÛ’L-KASIM BABÜR---- 73 2.12. SULTAN HÜSEYİN BAYKARA VE MÜCADELESİ ----------------------- 79 2.13. HÜSEYİN BAYKARA VE TİMURLULARIN SONU------------------------ 81 2.14. ZAHİRÜDDİN MUHAMMED BABÜR VE MÜCADELESİ --------------- 83 III. BÖLÜM TİMURLULARDA HÂKİMİYET ANLAYIŞI VE İDARİ TEŞKİLÂTLAR 3.1. EMİR TİMUR VE TİMURLULAR'DA HÂKİMİYETANLAYIŞI --------------- 86 3.2. TİMURLU DEVLETİ’NDE İDARİ YAPILAR --------------------------------------- 92 3.2.1. MERKEZ TEŞKİLÂTI ------------------------------------------------------------ 92 3.2.2. Merkezi Divânlar ve Görevlileri-------------------------------------------------- 95 3.2.3. Divân-âlâ’nın işlevleri----------------------------------------------------------- 95 3.2.4. Divân-ı Buzurg ( Divân-ı Çağatay-î) ------------------------------------------ 96 3.2.4.1. Emirler--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 96 3.2.4.2. Tavaciyan ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 97 3.2.4.3. Nüvisendegan-i Türk ---------------------------------------------------------- 97 3.2.4.4. Nüvisendegan-i Tazik (Vezir) ----------------------------------------------- 97 3.2.4.5. Mühürdar ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 98 3.2.4.6. Yargucu ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 98 3.3. SARAY TEŞKİLÂTI VE GÖREVLİLERİ ------------------------------------ 98 3.3.1. Kurcu --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 98 3.3.2. Ahtacı--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 98 3.3.3. Bakavul ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 98 3.3.4. Suci ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 99 3.4. TAŞRA TEŞKİLÂTI VE GÖREVLİLERİ ------------------------------------ 99 3.4.1. Daruga ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 100 3.4.2 .Kutval ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 101 3.4.3. Muhassıl ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 102 3.4.4. Tamgacı ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 102 iv IV. BÖLÜM MİRZALAR’IN DİNİ
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