DOCSLIB.ORG

The Structure of Ionic Compounds: Closest Packing

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Structure of Ionic Compounds: Closest Packing Ionic Compounds Applications of Chemistry to Mineralogy Claude H. Yoder Franklin and Marshall College A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication Ionic Compounds Ionic Compounds Applications of Chemistry to Mineralogy Claude H. Yoder Franklin and Marshall College A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication Copyright © 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Yoder, Claude H. Ionic compounds : applications of chemistry to mineralogy / Claude H. Yoder. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-471-74046-9 (pbk.) ISBN-10: 0-471-74046-2 (pbk.) 1. Ionic crystals. 2. Ionic structure. 3. Crystallography. I. Title. QD921.Y63 2007 549′.18—dc22 2006012524 Printed in the United States of America 10987654321 Contents Preface vii 3.3 Crystal Systems 53 3.3.1 Crystallographic Axes 54 1. Bonding and Composition 1 4. The Structure of Some Simple 1.1 Types of Bonding 3 Closest-packed Compounds 59 1.2 Ionic Compounds 5 1.2.1 Types of Ions 5 4.1 Symmetry of the AB and ABC 1.2.2 Names of Ions 8 Closest-packed Arrangements 59 1.3 Percent Composition and Empirical 4.2 The Unit Cell 60 Formula 11 4.3 The NaCl Structure 65 1.3.1 The Mole 13 4.4 The Sphalerite Structure 68 Molar Mass (Formula 4.5 Axial Relationships 72 Weight) 15 4.6 Wurtzite, a Polymorph of 1.3.2 Calculation of Empirical Formula Sphalerite 74 from Percent Composition 15 1.3.3 Use of Oxide Data 17 4.7 The Fluorite Structure 76 1.3.4 Formulas for Solid 4.8 The Rutile Structure, Polyhedral Solutions 18 Coordination Models 80 1.4 Covalent Character in Ionic Compounds 19 5. Factors that Affect the Symmetry 1.5 Interactions Between Ions 22 of the Unit Cell 87 1.5.1 Some Laws of 5.1 Effect of Cation 87 Electrostatics 22 5.1.1 The Chalcopyrite Structure and Potential Energy of Charged Solid Solution 88 Particles 23 90 1.5.2 Lattice Energy and Its Effect on 5.2 Effect of the Anion 5.2.1 Some Oxy Anions 90 Properties 27 5.2.2 The Pyrite Structure 92 2. The Structure of Ionic Compounds: 5.2.3 The Calcite Structure 95 5.2.4 Aragonite, A Polymorph of Closest Packing 29 Calcite 97 2.1 Closest Packing of Ions 30 5.2.5 Several Sulfates, Anhydrite and 2.1.1 The Holes Between the Barite 100 Layers 31 5.2.6 Several Silicates, Zircon, and 2.1.2 Stacking Sequences 33 Beryl 106 2.1.3 Closest Packing for Ionic The Silicates 108 Compounds 36 5.3 Effect of Temperature and 2.1.4 Relationship of Formula to Pressure 113 Occupation of Voids 39 6. Physical Properties: Morphology 115 3. The Symmetry of Crystals 41 6.1 Crystal Morphology 115 3.1 Symmetry Elements 41 6.2 Miller Indices 115 3.2 Hermann-Mauguin Notation (Point 6.3 Forms 118 Groups) 49 6.3.1 Habit 127 v vi Ionic Compounds Table of Contents 6.4 Deviations in Crystal 8.2 Reaction with Acids 157 Growth 129 8.2.1 Types of Chemical 6.4.1 Parallel Growth 129 Reactions 157 6.4.2 Twinning 129 8.2.2 Water as Both Acid and 6.4.3 Epitaxis and Base 159 Pseudomorphism 131 8.2.3 Strong and Weak Acids 160 8.2.4 Conjugate Bases 160 8.3 Use of Chemical Reactions for 7. Physical Properties: Color 135 Identification 162 7.1 Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum 135 Appendices 165 7.2 The Nature of Electrons 136 1. The Periodic Chart 165 7.3 Electron Configurations 142 2. The Elements: Symbols, Melting Points, 7.4 The Crystal Field Model 143 Boiling Points, Densities, and 7.5 Colored Cations 147 Electronegativities 169 7.6 Ion Impurities 148 3. Metallic, Covalent, and Ionic Radii 171 7.7 Crystal Defects 148 4. Quartz 173 5. Crystal System Identification 8. Chemical Properties 149 Practice 177 8.1 Solubility 149 6. Crystal Systems and Classes 179 8.1.1 Energetics of Dissolution 151 7. Additional Reading and Resources 181 8.1.2 Solubility Rules 155 8.1.3 Double Salts 156 Index 183 Preface This introduction to ionic compounds is designed for the reader who wants a better under- standing of the concepts that are used by the chemist and mineralogist in their attempts to unravel the mysteries of nature. The emphasis on the relationship of structure at the atomic level to the symmetry and properties of crystals will be of particular interest to those inter- ested in mineralogy. The book requires no knowledge of chemistry or mineralogy beyond that obtained in a typical secondary school curriculum. It is designed to appeal to the min- eralogy student who wants to delve more deeply into the relationships between structure and bonding at the atomic level and the macroscopic properties of minerals. It should also appeal to the serious mineral collector who wants to learn more about the chemical and crystallographic properties of his collection. Finally, the author hopes that the book will be of value to those students of geology who want to bolster their understanding of chemistry. The author believes that learning is enhanced by the reader’s active participation in the material. Consequently, brief segments of information are followed by a question that the reader should grapple with before looking at the answer. In most cases, the questions are not difficult and can be answered with minimal effort. However, even this amount of reflection, in the author’s experience, increases understanding of the subject material. The author has made considerable use of the excellent computer program Crystal- Maker3 (written by David Palmer), for illustrations throughout this book. Information about this program can be obtained from the web site http://www.crystalmaker.co.uk. The program Kristall2000 (written by Klaus Schilling), was used for drawings of crystal forms. The author is grateful for reviews of portions of the manuscript by Dr. Peter Leavens (University of Delaware), Joe Dague (Chambersburg, PA), John S. White (Stewartstown, PA), Amy Hoffman (California Institute of Technology), Dr. Stanley Mertzman (Franklin and Marshall College), and Dr. Robert Wiebe (Franklin and Marshall College), for the technical assistance of Sarah Correll, Carol Strausser, Peter Weed, Jonie Young, Kate Seeds, Ben Williams, Erin Roschel, and for the loan of specimens or photos by Lee Tori and George Godas. vii Chapter 1 Bonding and Composition The way in which atoms in compounds are held together is one of the major concerns of the chemist. Atoms differ in the number of protons and neutrons in their nuclei, the very tiny center of the atom that contains all of the positive charge contributed by the protons. For example, atoms of carbon contain 6 protons, while atoms of silicon contain 14 protons. Although every atom of carbon must contain 6 protons, the number of neutrons, which have no charge, can vary. Two atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes. The predominant isotope of carbon, carbon-12, contains 6 protons and 6 neutrons. The mass number, the sum of the number of protons and neutrons, is used to designate the isotope. About 1% of naturally occurring carbon is carbon-13, which has 6 protons and 7 neutrons in the nucleus. Each neutral atom must also have elec- trons equal in number to the number of protons. If the atom gains electrons to become a negative ion, the number of electrons exceeds the number of protons. Thus, a neutral sodium atom contains 11 negatively charged electrons, but a sodium atom with a single negative charge, Na−, contains 12 electrons, and the common Na+ ion contains only 10 electrons.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Badania Kazimierza Fajansa* W Dziedzinie Promieniotwórczości I Izotopii
    A R TYKUŁY Józej Hurvoic (Marsylia) BADANIA KAZIMIERZA FAJANSA * W DZIEDZINIE PROMIENIOTWÓRCZOŚCI I IZOTOPII W 10 rocznicą śmierci Był to rok 1910. Sława 39-letniego wtedy Ernesta Rutherforda, już od dwóch lat laureata nagrody Nobla, ściągała do jego pracowni w Man­ chesterze badaczy z różnych krajów. Znajdowali się tu w tym okresie: Anglicy J. Chadwick, Charles Galton Darwin — wnuk słynnego twórcy teorii ewolucji, W. Makower, H. G. J. Moseley i J. M. Nuttal, Australij­ czyk D. C. H. Florance, Kanadyjczyk R. W. Boyle, Nowozelandczyk J. A. Gray, Amerykanin ze Stanów Zjednoczonych Alois F. Kowarik, Niemiec H. Geiger, Rosjanin G. N. Amltonow (Anitonoff) i Węgier G. von Hevesy. Do tego grona przybył Kazimierz Fajans. Urodzony 27 maja 1887 ro­ ku w Warszawie, po ukończeniu tamże gimnazjum studiował chemię na uniwersytecie w Lipsku, następnie w Heidelbergu uzyskał doktorat za pracę z zakresu chemii fizycznej organicznej wykonaną pod opieką pro­ fesora Georga Brediga, a w Zurychu odbył uzupełniający staż podoklor­ ski w dziedzinie chemii organicznej. Tam jednak, stwierdziwszy, że ze względu na empiryczny charakter ówczesnej chemii organicznej nie znajduje upodobania w tej gałęzi wiedzy, postanawia zająć się badaniem promieniotwórczości. Wraz ze świeżo poślubioną Salomeą Kapłan, war­ szawianką studiującą na uniwersytecie w Heidelbergu, wybiera się na rok akademicki 1910—1911 do Manchesteru. Najbliższym współpracownikiem Rutherforda był wtedy Hans Geiger, którego imię nosi licznik do pomiarów promieniotwórczości, wynalezio­ ny w 1912 r., a później przy udziale W. Müllera ulepszony. Dla Fajansa Geiger stał się głównym przewodnikiem i doradcą. Złożyły się na to * ur. 27 maja 1887 r., Warszawa — zm. 18 maja 1975 r., Ann Arbor.
    [Show full text]
  • Sterns Lebensdaten Und Chronologie Seines Wirkens
    Sterns Lebensdaten und Chronologie seines Wirkens Diese Chronologie von Otto Sterns Wirken basiert auf folgenden Quellen: 1. Otto Sterns selbst verfassten Lebensläufen, 2. Sterns Briefen und Sterns Publikationen, 3. Sterns Reisepässen 4. Sterns Züricher Interview 1961 5. Dokumenten der Hochschularchive (17.2.1888 bis 17.8.1969) 1888 Geb. 17.2.1888 als Otto Stern in Sohrau/Oberschlesien In allen Lebensläufen und Dokumenten findet man immer nur den VornamenOt- to. Im polizeilichen Führungszeugnis ausgestellt am 12.7.1912 vom königlichen Polizeipräsidium Abt. IV in Breslau wird bei Stern ebenfalls nur der Vorname Otto erwähnt. Nur im Emeritierungsdokument des Carnegie Institutes of Tech- nology wird ein zweiter Vorname Otto M. Stern erwähnt. Vater: Mühlenbesitzer Oskar Stern (*1850–1919) und Mutter Eugenie Stern geb. Rosenthal (*1863–1907) Nach Angabe von Diana Templeton-Killan, der Enkeltochter von Berta Kamm und somit Großnichte von Otto Stern (E-Mail vom 3.12.2015 an Horst Schmidt- Böcking) war Ottos Großvater Abraham Stern. Abraham hatte 5 Kinder mit seiner ersten Frau Nanni Freund. Nanni starb kurz nach der Geburt des fünften Kindes. Bald danach heiratete Abraham Berta Ben- der, mit der er 6 weitere Kinder hatte. Ottos Vater Oskar war das dritte Kind von Berta. Abraham und Nannis erstes Kind war Heinrich Stern (1833–1908). Heinrich hatte 4 Kinder. Das erste Kind war Richard Stern (1865–1911), der Toni Asch © Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland 2018 325 H. Schmidt-Böcking, A. Templeton, W. Trageser (Hrsg.), Otto Sterns gesammelte Briefe – Band 1, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55735-8 326 Sterns Lebensdaten und Chronologie seines Wirkens heiratete.
    [Show full text]
  • Inorganic Chemistry for Dummies® Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc
    Inorganic Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry by Michael L. Matson and Alvin W. Orbaek Inorganic Chemistry For Dummies® Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River St. Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774 www.wiley.com Copyright © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permis- sion of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley. com/go/permissions. Trademarks: Wiley, the Wiley logo, For Dummies, the Dummies Man logo, A Reference for the Rest of Us!, The Dummies Way, Dummies Daily, The Fun and Easy Way, Dummies.com, Making Everything Easier, and related trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affiliates in the United States and other countries, and may not be used without written permission. All other trade- marks are the property of their respective owners. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.
    [Show full text]
  • Sylwetka Naukowa Kazimierza Fajansa
    POLSKA AKADEMIA UMIEJĘTNOŚCI TOM II PRACE KOMISJI HISTORII NAUKI 2000 Józef HURWIC SYLWETKA NAUKOWA KAZIMIERZA FAJANSA Kazimierz Fajans był jednym z najwybitniejszych fizykochemików pierw­ szej połowy naszego stulecia. W 1929 r. został wybrany na członka czynnego Wydziału Matematyczno-Przyrodniczego Polskiej Akademii Umiejętności. Mimo dużej różnicy wieku miałem zaszczyt i szczęście utrzymywać z nim i jego rodziną stosunki przyjaźni. W 1991 r. Instytut Historii Nauki, Oświaty i Techniki PAN wydał nakładem Ossolineum opracowaną przeze mnie dość obszerną biografię Fajansa1 do której odsyłam bliżej zainteresowanych jego osobą i dziełem. W niniejszym referacie postaram się zwięźle przedstawić najważniejsze jego dokonania naukowe. Kazimierz Fajans urodził się 27 maja 1887 r. w Warszawie w spolonizo­ wanej rodzinie żydowskiej bardzo dla Polski zasłużonej. Po ukończeniu w 1904 r. szkoły średniej w rodzinnym mieście wyjeżdża na studia chemiczne do Lipska, które następnie kontynuuje w Heidelbergu. Tu pod opieką Georga Brediga wykonuje pracę doktorską na temat katalizy stereospecyficznej2. Pracę obronił w 1909 r. Do jej tematu więcej nie wrócił. Bardziej zainteresowała go promie­ niotwórczość. W roku akademickim 1910-1911 odbył staż w sławnej pracowni Ernesta Rutherforda w Manchesterze. Przebywali tam wówczas m.in.: James Chadwick, Hans Geiger, Georg von Hevesy, H. J. G. Moseley, J. M. Nuttal. Fajans znalazł się w centrum badań, które w 1911 r. doprowadziły Rutherforda do odkrycia jądra atomowego na podstawie analizy rozpraszania cząstek a przez cienką folię metalową3. Fajans był obecny na historycznym posiedzeniu Man- chesterskiego Towarzystwa Filozoficznego, gdy Rutherford referował to epoko­ we odkrycie. Na sali znajdowali się przeważnie młodzi rówieśnicy Fajansa. Po 1 J. Hurwic, Kazimierz Fajans (1887-1975). Sylwetka Uczonego, Ossolineum, Wro- cław-Warszawa-Kraków-Gdańsk-Łódź 1991.
    [Show full text]
  • Listening to Black Holes
    Issue 03 Feb 2017 REDISCOVERING SCHOOL SCIENCE Page 4 LISTENING TO BLACK HOLES A publication from Azim Premji University i wonder No. 134, Doddakannelli Next to Wipro Corporate Office Sarjapur Road, Bangalore - 560 035. India Tel: +91 80 6614 9000/01/02 Fax: +91 806614 4903 www.azimpremjifoundation.org Also visit Azim Premji University website at www.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in A soft copy of this issue can be downloaded from www.http://azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in/SitePages/resources-iwonder.aspx Editors Ramgopal (RamG) Vallath Chitra Ravi Editorial Committee REDISCOVERING SCHOOL SCIENCE Anand Narayanan Chandrika Muralidhar Geetha Iyer Hridaykant Dewan Editor’s Desk Jayalekshmy Ayyer Julfikar Ali Propelled by science, humanity is at the cusp of becoming a spacefaring Radha Gopalan civilisation, with ‘eyes’ firmly set on distant stars and feet taking the first Rajaram Nityananda baby steps towards other planets in the Solar system. At this juncture, it Reeteka Sud is important to remember that science education can no longer be limited Richard Fernandes to telling students a plethora of facts, as if they are a given. Rather, the role of science education, as emphasized in the article Why Science Saurav Shome Matters, is to enable children understand and appreciate the scientific Sushil Joshi process that has led to the most plausible hypotheses being proven with Yasmin Jayathirtha hard data and then being presented as theories. It is also about Advisors encouraging children to make use of this process, not only in scientific Falguni Sarangi quests, but also in their day-to-day life. Effective science teachers can convey the beauty of this process and share the wonder it brings with Manoj P their students.
    [Show full text]
  • Aństwo 4 Ciekawostki L Marek Orlik
    Spis treści Metodyka i praktyka szkolna Szanowni Państwo 4 Ciekawostki l Marek Orlik jesiennym wydaniu naszego czasopisma niemało miejsca zajmuje tematyka Nagród Nobla i – dla rów- Wnowagi – tzw. Antynobli. O ile opisywanie kolejnych wyróżnień Królewskiej Szwedzkiej Akademii Nauk nie wyma- ga uzasadnień, o tyle Antynoble (czy ściślej - Ig Noble) mogą sprawić wrażenie materiału wręcz humorystycznego, a przez to – może mniej wartościowego. Oczywiście, nie mają one nawet w przybliżeniu takiej wagi jak autentyczne Noble, ale nie znaczy to, iż trzeba je ignorować. Jak nam przypominają Państwo mgr Iwona i Krzysztof Orlińscy - Autorzy opracowania o przyzna- nych dotychczas chemicznych „Antynoblach”, laureaci otrzy- mują je „za osiągnięcia, które najpierw powodują śmiech, ale potem zmuszają do myślenia”. Tym, co charakteryzuje lau- reatów Antynobli jest bowiem niczym nieskrępowana fantazja i pomysłowość, która może niekiedy przerodzić się w drogę do autentycznego naukowego odkrycia, a przykładem jest wspomniany w tym artykule „Ignoblista” z fi zyki, Andre Geim, który najpierw zmusił żabę do lewitacji w polu magnetycznym, 6 Chemiczne IgNoble l Iwona Orlińska, Krzysztof Orliński a w 10 lat później odebrał Nagrodę Nobla z fi zyki (razem z Konstantinem Novoselovem) za przełomowe eksperymenty Otrzymywanie nanocząstek srebra z zastosowaniem z grafenem. Być może to właśnie owa niczym nieskrępowana 12 surowców pochodzenia naturalnego fantazja, nawet na granicy pozytywnie pojmowanego sza- l Agnieszka Kurek, Jakub leństwa, sprzyja niekonwencjonalnym badaniom, odważnym Barbasz, Dagmara Malina hipotezom i w końcu przełomowym odkryciom. Nie znaczy to, że musimy bezkrytycznie wierzyć w „pamięć wody” czy zimną 14 Innowacja pedagogiczna z chemii – chemia a odżywianie fuzję jąder atomowych w temperaturze pokojowej, ale prze- l Ilona Chmiel cież śmiech to zdrowie, a ponadto – całkiem zdrowy sposób na nauczanie… Znaczną część niniejszego numeru zajmują także zadania o bardzo zróżnicowanym stopniu trudności – od propozycji te- Nauka i technika matów dla gimnazjów, pióra p.
    [Show full text]
  • Marie Skłodowska Curie a Special Issue Commemorating the 100Th Anniversary of Her Nobel Prize in Chemistry
    The News Magazine of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) CHEMISTRY International January-February 2011 Volume 33 No. 1 Marie Skłodowska Curie a special issue commemorating the 100th anniversary of her Nobel Prize in Chemistry ii CHEMISTRY International September-October 2003 January 2011 cover.indd ii 1/3/2011 3:53:43 PM From the Editor CHEMISTRY International Special The News Magazine of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) s we embark on the International Year of Chemistry, it is hard to Aimagine a more fitting symbol of chemistry’s potential, power, and www.iupac.org/publications/ci peril than Madame Marie Skłodowska Curie. For this one pathbreaking woman embodies all of the goals of our year-long celebration of chem- Managing Editor: Fabienne Meyers istry. Her story illustrates the role of chemistry in meeting world needs, it Production Editor: Chris Brouwer can help encourage interest in chemistry among young people, and can Design: pubsimple generate enthusiasm for the creative future of chemistry. And, quite obvi- ously, in Marie Curie we have an opportunity All correspondence to be addressed to: to celebrate the contributions of women to Fabienne Meyers science and to highlight the benefits of inter- IUPAC, c/o Department of Chemistry national scientific collaboration. Boston University In preparing this special issue of Chemistry Metcalf Center for Science and Engineering International devoted entirely to Marie Curie, 590 Commonwealth Ave. guests editors Robert Guillaumont, Jerzy Kroh, Boston, MA 02215, USA Stanislaw Penczek, and Jean-Pierre Vairon made a point of celebrating not only her sci- E-mail: [email protected] entific achievements, but also the person and Phone: +1 617 358 0410 the woman.
    [Show full text]
  • Roberto Caciuffo
    Actinide Research with Neutrons and hard Synchrotron Radiation [email protected] Roberto Caciuffo European Commission, Joint Research Centre Institute for Transuranium Elements, Karlsruhe, Germany [email protected] Hercules Specialized Courses, 14-18 September 2015, Grenoble The Actinide Series [email protected] A series of radioactive metallic elements in Group 3 of the periodic table including the 14 elements with atomic numbers 90 through 103. The Actinide Series [email protected] As the atomic number increases in the series, added electrons enter the 4pr2 R 2 highly anisotropic 5f electron orbitals. nℓ 5fy3 5fx3 5fz3 5fx(z2-y2) 5fy(z2-x2) 5fz(x2-y2) 5fxyz P.G. Hay 5fxyz The Actinide Series [email protected] Thorium (1828) Jens Esmark (N) Jons J. Berzelius (S) Uranium (1789) Martin H. Klaproth (D) Th and U are the only actinides found in the Earth's crust in large quantities. The Actinide Series [email protected] André-Louis Debierne (F) Actinium (1899) Protactinium (1913) Kazimierz Fajans (P), Oswald Helmuth Göhring (D) Ac and Pa are found in nature as decay products of some Th and U isotopes. All the others An are synthetic elements. Their discovery is strictly linked to the progress in nuclear physics during the 1930 1940 decades. Small amounts of Np and Pu have been found in U ores. The Actinide Series [email protected] Np(1940) discovered by Edwin M. McMillan and Philip Abelson Neptunium Pu: discovered in 1940 by Glenn T. Seaborg, J. W.Kennedy, E.
    [Show full text]
  • Joint Newsletter of the NY and NJ Sections of The
    MAY 2020 Vol. 101 • No. 5 ISSN0019-6924 The North Jersey Section of the American Chemical Society Recognizes Its 2020 Fifty, Sixty and Seventy Year Members See write-ups on pages 12-14. www.theindicator.org www.njacs.org www.newyorkacs.org 2 THE INDICATOR-MAY 2020 THIS MONTH IN CHEMICAL HISTORY Harold Goldwhite, California State University, Los Angeles • [email protected] In a recent column I briefly mentioned the chemist Fajans, and suggested he was worthy of a full column. So here it is. I start with a recollection of my university’s inorganic chemistry course in the early 1950s. Sobering to reflect that was 70 years ago. In addition to hearing about crystal field theory, a brand new way of thinking about coordination compounds, we were taught Fajans’ rules. These rules indicate whether a bond between two atoms is likely to be covalent or ionic. Factors indicating ionic behavior include low positive charge; large cation; small anion. Covalence is indicated for high positive charge; small cations; and large anions. For example Al(III) and I- form aluminum iodide, which is likely to be covalent. Now- adays we talk about hard and soft acids and bases, but that is a re-statement of Fajans’ rules. Now to the man himself. Kazimierz Fajans, known after he moved to the U.S.A. as Kasimir Fajans, was born in Warsaw in May 1887 to a Jewish family. At that time Poland had no in- dependent identity, being partitioned between Germany and Russia. Fajans completed high school in Warsaw but studied chemistry at universities in Leipzig, Heidelberg, and Zurich where he earned his Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • 246Th National ACS Meeting, Fall 2013, Indianapolis, IN, HIST Program
    American Chemical Society DIVISION OF THE HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY PROGRAM AND ABSTRACTS 246th ACS National Meeting Indianapolis, IN September 8-12, 2013 S. C. Rasmussen, Program Chair DIVISION OF THE HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY Chair: Ned D. Heindel Councilor: Mary Virginia Orna Lehigh University Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry College of New Rochelle Seeley G. Mudd Lab New Rochelle, NY 10805 Bethlehem, PA. 18015 Phone: (914) 654-5302 Phone: (610) 758-3464 Fax: (914) 654-5387 Fax: (610) 758-3461 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Councilor: Roger A. Egolf Chair-Elect: Gary Patterson Pennsylvania State University - Lehigh Valley Department of Chemistry Campus, 2809 Saucon Valley Road Carnegie Mellon University Center Valley, PA 18034 Pittsburgh, PA 15213 Phone: (610) 285-5110 Phone: (412) 268-3324 Fax: (610) 285-5220 Fax: (412) 268-1061 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Alternate Councilor: Joe Jeffers Past Chair: E. Thomas Strom Ouachita Baptist University Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry 410 Ouachita Street, Box 3786 University of Texas at Arlington Arkadelphia, AR 71998-0001 P. O. Box 19065 Phone: (870) 245-5216 Arlington, TX 76019-0065 Fax: (870) 245-5241 Phone: (817) 272-5441 Email: [email protected] Fax: (817) 272-3808 Alternate Councilor: Arthur Greenberg Email: [email protected] Department of Chemistry Secretary-Treasurer: Vera V. Mainz University of New Hampshire 2709 Holcomb Drive Parsons Hall Urbana, IL 61802 Durham, New Hampshire 03824 Phone: (217) 328-6158 Phone: 603 862-1180 Email: [email protected] Fax: 603 862-4278 Email: [email protected] Program Chair: Seth C.
    [Show full text]
  • Józef Hurwic Sylwetka Naukowa Kazimierza Fajansa
    Józef Hurwic Sylwetka naukowa Kazimierza Fajansa Prace Komisji Historii Nauki Polskiej Akademii Umiejętności 2, 21-29 2000 POLSKA AKADEMIA UMIEJĘTNOŚCI TOM II PRACE KOMISJI HISTORII NAUKI 2000 Józef HURWIC SYLWETKA NAUKOWA KAZIMIERZA FAJANSA Kazimierz Fajans był jednym z najwybitniejszych fizykochemików pierw­ szej połowy naszego stulecia. W 1929 r. został wybrany na członka czynnego Wydziału Matematyczno-Przyrodniczego Polskiej Akademii Umiejętności. Mimo dużej różnicy wieku miałem zaszczyt i szczęście utrzymywać z nim i jego rodziną stosunki przyjaźni. W 1991 r. Instytut Historii Nauki, Oświaty i Techniki PAN wydał nakładem Ossolineum opracowaną przeze mnie dość obszerną biografię Fajansa1 do której odsyłam bliżej zainteresowanych jego osobą i dziełem. W niniejszym referacie postaram się zwięźle przedstawić najważniejsze jego dokonania naukowe. Kazimierz Fajans urodził się 27 maja 1887 r. w Warszawie w spolonizo­ wanej rodzinie żydowskiej bardzo dla Polski zasłużonej. Po ukończeniu w 1904 r. szkoły średniej w rodzinnym mieście wyjeżdża na studia chemiczne do Lipska, które następnie kontynuuje w Heidelbergu. Tu pod opieką Georga Brediga wykonuje pracę doktorską na temat katalizy stereospecyficznej2. Pracę obronił w 1909 r. Do jej tematu więcej nie wrócił. Bardziej zainteresowała go promie­ niotwórczość. W roku akademickim 1910-1911 odbył staż w sławnej pracowni Ernesta Rutherforda w Manchesterze. Przebywali tam wówczas m.in.: James Chadwick, Hans Geiger, Georg von Hevesy, H. J. G. Moseley, J. M. Nuttal. Fajans znalazł się w centrum badań, które w 1911 r. doprowadziły Rutherforda do odkrycia jądra atomowego na podstawie analizy rozpraszania cząstek a przez cienką folię metalową3. Fajans był obecny na historycznym posiedzeniu Man- chesterskiego Towarzystwa Filozoficznego, gdy Rutherford referował to epoko­ we odkrycie. Na sali znajdowali się przeważnie młodzi rówieśnicy Fajansa.
    [Show full text]
  • The Periodic Table: a Window to the History of Chemistry! Savita Ladage & Tejas Joshi
    8- ANNALS OF HISTORY THE PERIODIC TABLE: A WINDOW TO THE HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY! SAVITA LADAGE & TEJAS JOSHI The periodic table is central he periodic table is an integral part Early attempts to identify to chemistry education, of the chemistry we study today. natural elements and it can be just as central TBut, have you ever wondered how in exploring the inspiring elements were discovered? Or, how the The belief that all matter in the world history and evolution of periodic table has evolved to its present around us is made up of a limited pool of chemistry as a subject. This structure and format – especially in the building blocks has persisted since ancient article embarks on this absence of advanced analytical techniques, times. This has led to numerous attempts, historical journey, with the instruments or accessible literature? The from different civilisations, to identify these objective of showcasing its answers to these questions lie in the building blocks. value for both teachers and unflinching human quest for knowledge, One such attempt identified four students. a logical approach, and a great deal of elementary substances – Water, Air, Fire and foresight. As lucid and organized as it Earth. Aristotle added one more element – may appear today, the periodic table is in ‘Aether’, the element of the heavens, to this fact a reflection of the challenging and list. These finite building blocks were put uphill evolution of the very subject of together in a preliminary, but convincing, chemistry. Thus, learning about its history ‘table’ – becoming one of the first efforts is as invaluable for a teacher as it is for a to classify elements.
    [Show full text]