AnTard, 24, 2016, p. 317-359 DOI 10.1484/J.AT.5.112632
A NEWLY EXCAVATED PRIVATE HOUSE IN JERASH RECONSIDERING ASPECTS OF CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN MATERIAL CULTURE FROM LATE ANTIQUITY TO THE EARLY ISLAMIC PERIOD
ACHIM LICHTENBERGER, RUBINA RAJA (FIRST AUTHORS) CHRISTOPH EGER, GEORG KALAITZOGLOU, ANNETTE HØJEN SØRENSEN (SECOND AUTHORS)
La récente fouille d’un habitat privé à Jerash : nouvelles considérations sur les permanences et les changements de la culture matérielle de l’Antiquité tardive au début de la période islamique
Depuis 2011, le Projet germano-danois du quartier nord-ouest de Gerasa mène des recherches archéologiques sur la zone la plus élevée de l’ancienne ville enceinte. En 2014, les fouilles ont débuté sur la « terrasse orientale » , qui s’étend sur environ 3 000 m² et surplombe l’Artémision d’époque romaine. Cette zone était recouverte par d’importants déblais qui enfermaient les vestiges d’un habitat domestique du début de l’époque islamique, détruit par le tremblement de terre de 749 et jamais réoccupé depuis. Une maison privée a été en partie fouillée (secteur K). Elle ne recouvre aucune phase ni romaine ni byzantine et a été abandonnée à la suite du tremblement de terre avec l’ensemble de son mobilier. L’absence de phases chronologiques antérieures, le mobilier ainsi que la destruction soudaine de cette habitation en font un exemple important qui permet d’entreprendre une étude des permanences et des changements de la culture matérielle de l’Antiquité tardive au début de l’époque islamique. L’habitat et les découvertes de ce secteur sont présentés ici pour la première fois et contextualisés dans l’arc chronologique des VIIe-VIIIe siècles. [Trad. de la Rédaction]
The ancient city Gerasa, modern day Jerash in and 3rd centuries CE developed primarily along the north- northwest Jordan, formed part of the Syrian Decapolis south axis of the main colonnaded street (ÀJ), and of the Roman period.1 The city was an important urban research has focused on the monuments situated along FHQWHU GXULQJ WKH 5RPDQ %\]DQWLQH DQG HDUO\ ,VODPLF this street. Remains from the late Hellenistic period periods among other things with large-scale local KDYHDOVREHHQIRXQG,QWKLVSHULRGDVPDOOVHWWOHPHQW pottery production.2 The Roman period city of the 2nd is attested on the Camp Hill in the southern part of the city and across from one of the main sanctuaries, that of Zeus Olympios, which was also founded in the Hellenistic period (ÀJ).3 According to legend the settlement was .UDHOLQJ GLU =D\DGLQH GLU /LFKWHQEHUJHU SS .HQQHG\ 5DMD SS IRU HDUOLHU UHVHDUFK XQGHUWDNHQ RQ WKH VLWH DQG IXUWKHU UHIHUHQFHV $OVR VHH $QGUDGHSS IRUWKHPRVWUHFHQWVXEVWDQWLDOVXPPDU\ of the history of the city and further references. See the collection DOVR VHH .HQQHG\ :DUG3HUNLQV :DOPVOH\ of articles in Syria: Archéologie, Art et Histoire SS 2000, as well as Walmsley 2005. which all also relate to the history and archaeology of Gerasa. 6HLJQH D E)RUWKHLPSDFWRIWKHSRVLWLRQLQJRIWKH :DOPVOH\ DQG 6LPSVRQ IRU IXUWKHU OLWHUDWXUH RQ major sanctuaries on the development of the urban center, see ,VODPLFSHULRG-HUDVK)RULVVXHVRIHFRQRP\DQGWUDGHLQWKHUHJLRQ /LFKWHQEHUJHUDQG5DMD DVZHOODV5DMD 318 ACHIM LICHTENBERGER, RUBINA RAJA AnTard, 24, 2016
)LJ² The Zeus Olympios sanctuary in Gerasa, view from the Northwest Quarter (phot. Rubina Raja).
)LJ² The Sanctuary of Artemis in Gerasa, view from the Sanctuary of Zeus Olympios (phot. Rubina Raja).
)LJ² City plan of Jerash with the Northwest Quarter marked (after Th. Lepaon 2010, Danish-German Northwest Quarter Project 2014).
established either by Alexander the Great or his general of the central northern part of the city (ÀJ).7 The 3HUGLFFDV EXW LW LV PRUH OLNHO\ WKDW LW ZDV IRXQGHG E\ sanctuary was laid out on an east-west axis with extensive $QWLRFKXV,,,RU$QWLRFKXV,9DQGWKHUHIRUHDOVRQDPHG propylaea extending across the main street, resulting in Antiochia at the Chrysorrhoas (the Golden River).4 The an overall size that is rarely matched in the Roman world. sanctuary of Zeus was oriented towards the Roman period The main north-south street was intersected by two Oval Piazza, which connected the southern part of the traversing roads, one in the north and one in the south of city with the Roman period main street.5 Along the main WKHFLW\7KHVHOLQNHGWKHFLW\FHQWHUWRWKHHDVWDQGWKH street the typical public monuments of any Roman city in west quarters. The city was laid out on both sides of the WKH*UHHN(DVWDUHIRXQG DPDFHOOXP WHUPHGDJRUDLQDQ river Chrysorrhoas, which dramatically and literally cut the inscription from the building), shops, public monuments city in two parts. These parts were in antiquity connected such as the tetrapylon, a monumental nymphaeum, by bridges spanning the deep wadi (ÀJ).8 The modern SXEOLFEDWKVWKHDWHUVDQGWKHSXEOLFPDUNHWVRIWKHFLW\ town of Jerash covers the eastern part of the ancient city including a large basilica.6 The Artemis sanctuary of the DQGOLWWOHDUFKDHRORJLFDOZRUNKDVEHHQXQGHUWDNHQWKHUH 2nd century CE was the most impressive urban feature The landscape slopes from the west towards the east to the
4. See Lichtenberger 2003, 316 for this theory. )LVKHU E 3DUDSHWWL IRU WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH 5. Raja 2012, pp. 172-175 for the development of this part of the city as VDQFWXDU\RI$UWHPLVDVZHOODV5DMD well as further literature. 8. Lichtenberger, Raja 2016a on the water supply of Gerasa and the 5DMD SS IRU WKH XUEDQ GHYHORSPHQW LQ *HUDVD 7KH impact of the river on the city’s topography and urban image and “forum” of the city remains unpublished. ideology. AnTard, 24, 2016 A NEWLY EXCAVATED PRIVATE HOUSE IN JERASH
)LJ² Profile drawing of Gerasa, from Schumacher 1902 (ZDPV 1902).
deep wadi and from the eastern side of the city towards ODWH5RPDQ%\]DQWLQHDQGHDUO\,VODPLFSHULRGVDVZHOO the west also towards the steep wadi. Schumachers plan DVLQWKHHDUO\0DPOXNSHULRG10 Many churches and two IURP VKRZLQJDSURÀOHRIWKHVLWHZKLFKDOWKRXJK PRVTXHVDWWHVWWRWKHÁRXULVKLQJUHOLJLRXVOLIHRIWKHFLW\ exaggerated, gives a good impression of the dramatic and to the continuation of private sponsorship in public topography of the site. This extreme topographic location space. of the city has been ignored until now. 6LQFHWKHEHJLQQLQJRIPDMRUH[FDYDWLRQVLQWKH V 7KH FLW\ ZDV HQFORVHG E\ PRUH WKDQ NLORPHWHUV RI research has focused on the major public monuments city walls with towers, bastions and gates punctuating DORQJWKHPDLQVWUHHWV1RWPXFKLVNQRZQDERXWWKHGHYHO- WKH ZDOOV DW YDULRXV SRLQWV 9DULRXV GDWHV IRU WKH FLW\ RSPHQWRIWKHFLW\RXWVLGHWKHVHFHQWUDODUHDV LQDGGLWLRQ walls have been proposed by scholars, with suggestions excavations of domestic architecture are sparse.11 Despite ranging from the Hellenistic period to Late Antiquity with WKHLPSRUWDQWZRUNGRQHE\:DOPVOH\DQGKLVWHDPVRYHU no consensus yet reached. The city prospered during the WKH \HDUV PXFK UHPDLQV WR EH VDLG DERXW HDUO\ ,VODPLF SHULRG-HUDVKDQGLQSDUWLFXODUOLWWOHLVNQRZQDERXWSULYDWH domestic contexts.12,QWKLVFRQWULEXWLRQZHSUHVHQWUHVXOWV stemming from an excavation of parts of a private house 'HWZHLOHU D EIRUWKH1RUWKDQG6RXWKJDWHV)LVKHU D SSIRUDGHVFULSWLRQRIWKHYLVLEOHIRUWLÀFDWLRQV.UDHOLQJ GDWLQJWRWKHHDUO\,VODPLFSHULRGH[FDYDWHGLQLQWKH SZDVWKHÀUVWWRDGYRFDWHDÀUVWFHQWXU\&(GDWHIRUWKHFLW\ZDOO Northwest Quarter of the ancient city. based on epigraphic evidence supposedly belonging to the Northwest Gate. This date has been questioned by Seigne on the basis of his excavations by the South Gate. Seigne argues for the erection of the city walls in this area in the late 3rd or early 4th century CE (Seigne et al. SS 6HLJQH DS 7KLVGDWHLVGLVSXWHGE\.HKUEHUJ DQG0DQOH\ZKRDUJXHIRUDQHDUOLHUGDWHLQWKHÀUVWTXDUWHURI the 2nd century CE for the western parts of the city wall (followed by )RU OLWHUDWXUH DQG IXUWKHU UHIHUHQFHV VHH IRU WKH ODWH DQWLTXH /LFKWHQEHUJHU S 5DMD SS 7KH -DUDVK &LW\ %\]DQWLQH SHULRG VHH &URZIRRW :KDUWRQ SS :DOOV3URMHFWKHDGHGE\.HKUEHUJ0DQOH\DQG.HQQHG\H[FDYDWHG 0DUFK 5DMD )RU WKH WUDQVLWLRQ EHWZHHQ ODWH DQWLTXH strategically located trenches relating to the city walls and supplied DQG%\]DQWLQH3DOHVWLQHVHHLQJHQHUDO$YQL)RUHDUO\,VODPLF data for an early 2nd century CE dating, but without publishing all the -HUDVKVHH%ODQNHet al. :DOPVOH\DQG'DPJDDUG)RUWKH UHODWHGÀQGV .HKUEHUJDQG0DQOH\ ,QPDQ\SODFHV SRVW8PD\\DGSHULRGVVHH3LHURERQ 7KROEHFT it is obvious that spolia were built into the city wall, which is a clear Lichtenberger, Raja, 2016b. indication that at least some parts of the walls were heavily renovated 11. Most excavations of recent years have also encountered some or rebuilt at later points in time. All necropoleis of the second and domestic architecture. However, a comprehensive study of this third centuries CE are located outside the course of the city walls, DUFKLWHFWXUH FXUUHQWO\ UHPDLQV D GHVLGHUDWXP 6HH )LVKHU F indicating that the limits of the city were located here (walled or DQG LQ SDUWLFXODU SS IRU GRPHVWLF KRXVLQJ GDWLQJ WR WKH XQZDOOHG )RUWKHQHFURSROHLVVHH6HLJQH DSSLOOV %\]DQWLQHSHULRG)XUWKHUPRUHVHH*DZOLNRZVNL SSIRU On city walls in general in the Decapolis region see also the summary an Umayyad domestic complex situated on the south decumanus. survey by Smith 2011, 501-502 on Gerasa. 6HHQRWHIRUIXUWKHUUHIHUHQFHVDVZHOODV%ODQNHet al. 2007. 320 ACHIM LICHTENBERGER, RUBINA RAJA AnTard, 24, 2016
The Danish-German Northwest Quarter Project: for farming after the Circassian resettlement of the area WKHFDPSDLJQV LQWKH thFHQWXU\$QDLUSKRWRIURP VKRZV the area with dense vegetation which attests to farming A new archaeological project, which was begun in or grazing (ÀJ). 2010, has aimed at examining the settlement history of ,Q D VXUIDFH DQG DUFKLWHFWXUDO VXUYH\ ZDV the so-called Northwest Quarter of Jerash in all periods.13 XQGHUWDNHQGXULQJDWZRZHHNORQJFDPSDLJQDORQJVLGH The Northwest Quarter is the area to the west of the an extensive geophysical examination. These examina- Artemision, stretching from the sanctuary to the city tions resulted in a detailed plan of the surface structures walls (ÀJZLWKWKH1RUWKZHVW4XDUWHUPDUNHG ,WLVWKH as well as a plan of the area’s geophysical morphology.17 highest area within the walled city of Gerasa. Apart from The architectural survey plan gives a clear impression of the so-called Synagogue Church, which was excavated in how the structures were constructed in alignment with WZRZHHNVDQGSXEOLVKHGLQWKHFRPSUHKHQVLYHSXEOLF a terrace system that extended across the hill, following DWLRQIURP HGLWHGE\.UDHOLQJWKLVDUHDKDVEHHQ the sloping topography and facilitating extensive left largely unexplored.14 ,Q WZR WUHQFKHVZLWKLQ construction (ÀJ). The results of the geomagnetic the area of the Northwest Quarter were excavated by examinations supported the initial impression gained 9$&ODUNHDQG-%RZVKHU%RWKZHUHSUHVHQWHGLQDVKRUW from the survey, namely that a dense settlement pattern report. One of the trenches (trench NWG) was located was to be found on the hill (ÀJ). Georadar examina- app. 60 m south of the supposed Northwest Gate and, tions were also conducted, but the results were unclear, according to the excavators, revealed two walls, as well due to the similarity between the limestone of the natural DVPDWHULDOÀQGVWKDWGDWHGWRWKHrd century CE15 The EHGURFN DQG WKH OLPHVWRQH XVHG LQ WKH DUFKLWHFWXUH second trench further to the northeast (called trench E Prominent features that are visible on the surface and by the excavators) was excavated in order to clarify the survey plan include a large cistern, the largest instal- possible continuation of the North Decumanus, but did lation for water in Gerasa (ÀJ), as well as the remains not yield any conclusive results.16 The main reasons for of a monumental complex built partly of spolia, situated H[SORULQJWKH1RUWKZHVW4XDUWHUZLWKLQWKHIUDPHZRUN on the very top of the hill.18 These features were the main RI D ORQJHUWHUP DUFKDHRORJLFDO SURMHFW DUH ÀUVW DQG focus of the project in the campaigns that followed, which foremost the prominent topographical location, its centered on understanding the development of this area. vicinity to the Artemision, its relation to the city walls, During the campaigns of 2012, 2013 and 2014 a total and its location in relation to the supposed east-west of 12 trenches were excavated in different areas of the main streets on the north and south sides of the hill. Northwest Quarter (see ÀJ for trench locations). The Northwest Quarter covers app. 4 ha and is 0RVW WUHQFKHVZHUH H[FDYDWHG HLWKHU WR EHGURFN RU FKDUDFWHUL]HGE\DKLOOGRPLQDWHGE\DÁDWSODWHDX7KH virgin soil except where it was deemed necessary to VRIWZKLWHOLPHVWRQHEHGURFNZKLFKLVGRPLQDWLQJIRU SUHVHUYH \RXQJHU LQVLWX LQVWDOODWLRQV VXFK DV WKH ÀQG the region, is close to-and even visible on-the surface RI D E\]DQWLQH NLWFKHQ LQVWDOODWLRQ WUHQFK' ÀJ ). LQVHYHUDOSODFHVDFURVVWKHKLOO)XUWKHUPRUHFROODSVHG The excavations have yielded material dating as early structures made of the local soft whitish limestone are as the Neolithic period (trench A), but which came also visible on the surface. The hill slopes to the north and IURPXSSHUÀOOOD\HUVRIPL[HGPDWHULDO20 This soil may south as well as towards the east, where the Sanctuary have been brought from elsewhere in a later period in of Artemis is situated. The Northwest Quarter was used order to prepare the hill for agricultural use. Only one fragment of Early Bronze Age material (trench D) has EHHQ GRFXPHQWHG DQG QR ,URQ $JH PDWHULDO KDV EHHQ recognized.21 7KHUH DUH VRPH +HOOHQLVWLF EODFN JOD]HG )RU WKH QHZ H[FDYDWLRQV LQ WKH 1RUWKZHVW 4XDUWHU RI -HUDVK VHH pottery sherds (ÀJ) (trenches C and H) and Hellenistic /LFKWHQEHUJHUDQG5DMD .DODLW]RJORXet al. IRUWKF D IRUWKF glass (ÀJ) (trenches E and H) but these fragments E IRUWKF F /LFKWHQEHUJHU et al. IRUWKF D IRUWKF E IRUWKF F 22 Lichtenberger, Raja 2016c. do not come from undisturbed contexts. Early Roman 2QWKH6\QDJRJXH&KXUFK &URZIRRWDQG+DPLOWRQ &URZIRRW SS 'YRUMHWVNL 6RPH UHPDLQV LQ WKLV DUHD ZHUH DOUHDG\GHVFULEHGE\6FKXPDFKHU LQSDUWLFXODUSSOIRU the remains. See Lepaon 2011 for an updated plan of Jerash which includes some features in the Northwest quarter. Some unpublished .DODLW]RJORXet al. 2012. plans from the Yale Expedition remain in the archives at the Yale 6FKXPDFKHU S /LFKWHQEHUJHU 5DMD E DQG F 8QLYHUVLW\$UW*DOOHU\7KDQNVWR/LVD%URG\0HJDQ'R\OHDQG6XVDQ .DODLW]RJORXet al. forthc.(a) and (b). Matheson, we were able to consult these in 2012 and 2015 and verify .DODLW]RJORXet al. forthc.(a). WKDWWKH\LQFOXGHDVNHWFKRIWKHODUJHUHFWDQJXODUVWUXFWXUHWRWKH .DODLW]RJORXet al. forthc.(a) and Lichtenberger et al. forthc.(a). East of the building as well as several wall structures to the West. 21. Lichtenberger et al. forthc.(b), cat. no. 180 for the EBA sherd found &ODUN DQG %RZVKHU LQ SDUWLFXODU S IRU WKH VRXQGLQJ LQDQRQVWUDWLÀHGFRQWH[W relating to the possible decumanus. 22. Lichtenberger et al.IRUWKF D FDWQR /LFKWHQEHUJHUet al. forthc.(b), &ODUNDQG%RZVKHU SS cat. nos. 153 and 154. AnTard, 24, 2016 A NEWLY EXCAVATED PRIVATE HOUSE IN JERASH 321
)LJ² The Northwest Quarter with dense vegetation, detail of an air photo 1917/1918 (Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv )LJ² Map of the Northwest Quarter with trenches BS-Palästina 1127a). of the years 2012-2014 and the south slope survey area of 2014 (Danish-German Northwest Quarter Project 2015) 322 ACHIM LICHTENBERGER, RUBINA RAJA AnTard, 24, 2016
)LJ² Plan of the geophysical (geomagnetic) survey in the Northwest Quarter (Danish- German Northwest Quarter Project 2014).
)LJ² Plan of the large cistern on the south slope (Danish- German Northwest Quarter Project 2013). AnTard, 24, 2016 A NEWLY EXCAVATED PRIVATE HOUSE IN JERASH 323
)LJ² Drawing of Hellenistic Black Glazed sherd from trench H (Danish-German Northwest Quarter Project).
0 5 cm
)LJ ² Photo of the Early Islamic period kitchen )LJ²Drawing of a Hellenistic glass sherd in trench D, view from north (Danish-German from trench E (Danish-German Northwest Quarter Project 2013). Northwest Quarter Project).
material was also found, but only in sparse amounts and preliminary study of the bone material from the excava- not in direct association with built structures (trenches A, tions has not yielded a single human bone. This evidence ) * DQG + 23 Evidence for extensive building activity, calls into question whether extensive necropoleis existed covering more or less the whole hill, is only attested from in this area at all in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, the later Roman period (3rd century CE) onwards.24 The since it is to be expected that some human bone material most prominent feature is the famous Synagogue Church, would have been found if this had been the case. built as a synagogue in the 4th or 5th century CE and turned The Byzantine and Umayyad periods, which are often into a church in the 6th century CE25 Although synagogues GLIÀFXOW WR GLVWLQJXLVK WKURXJK WKHLU PDWHULDO FXOWXUH in the diaspora were sometimes located outside cities, since the transition from one to another is not distinctly this does not seem to have been a general rule.26 The visible, are clearly the most prosperous phases of the location therefore provides no information about the Northwest Quarter of Gerasa.30 During this time the hill XUEDQFRQWH[WRIWKLVPRQXPHQWRWKHUWKDQFRQÀUPLQJ was densely covered with domestic and industrial instal- the preference for positioning synagogues at the highest lations.31 A complete oil press, excavated in the 2012 point within ancient settlements.27 No archaeological campaign east of the highest area of the quarter, attests evidence for the presence of necropoleis, either on the to such industrial activities (ÀJ).32 )XUWKHUPRUH hill or on the slopes of the hill within the walled city, has pressure water pipes excavated on the plateau as well as been detected in the extensive survey or in the following on the north ridge of the Northwest Quarter during the excavation campaigns in the Northwest Quarter.28 A 2013 campaign attest to the fact that this part of the city was well integrated into the water supply system of the city from the Roman period onwards (ÀJ, trench E as well as ÀJ, trench H).33 14C AMS-analysis, which 23. Lichtenberger et al.IRUWKF D FDWQRVDQG /LFKWHQEHUJHUet ZDVXQGHUWDNHQRQWKHPRUWDUÀWWLQJWKHSLSHVWRJHWKHU al.IRUWKF E FDWQRV DQG 24. Lichtenberger, Raja, 2015a on termination deposits of the 3rd century CE LQ WUHQFK$ RQ WKH WRS RI WKH KLOO LQVLGH D EXLOGLQJ ZKLFK VSHDNV IRU earlier activity. &URZIRRW+DPLOWRQ IRUWKHÀUVWSXEOLFDWLRQRIWKHV\QDJRJXH in Gerasa. )RU SUH&( GLDVSRUD V\QDJRJXHV VLWXDWHG LQ UHPRWH DUHDV LQ /LFKWHQEHUJHU et al. forthc.(c) includes a section by Pernille cities see Levine 2000, p. 120. See, however, the many examples of Bangsgaard on the bone material. later diaspora synagogues within the central areas of cities: Levine $YQL IRU WKHWUDQVLWLRQ IURP WKH%\]DQWLQHWR (DUO\ ,VODPLF 2000, pp. 232-287. period in this region. 7RVHIWD0HJLOOD 0LGU7DQ 'YRUMHWVNLS 6HH DERYH QRWH IRU SXEOLFDWLRQV UHODWLQJ WR WKH ZRUN LQ WKH 6HLJQH D WUDFHV D SUH+DGULDQLF QHFURSROLV TXDOLÀHG Northwest Quarter by the Danish-German team. KRZHYHUZLWKDTXHVWLRQPDUNRQWKHQRUWKHUQVORSHRIWKH1RUWKZHVW 6HH.DODLW]RJORXet al. forthc.(a) and Lichtenberger et al. forthc.(a) TXDUWHU6RIDUQRWRPEVKDYHEHHQLGHQWLÀHGE\WKH'DQLVK*HUPDQ for relevant material relating to these trenches. team, neither during the extensive survey nor during the excavation )RUUHVXOWVUHODWLQJWRWKHZRUNGRQHGXULQJWKHFDPSDLJQVHH FDPSDLJQV1RKXPDQERQHVKDYHEHHQLGHQWLÀHGHLWKHU .DODLW]RJORXet al. forthc.(b) and Lichtenberger et al. forthc.(b). 324 ACHIM LICHTENBERGER, RUBINA RAJA AnTard, 24, 2016
)LJ² Photo of the late antique oil press in trench B, view from east (Danish- German Northwest Quarter Project 2012).
)LJ² Clay water pressure pipe in trench E, view from west (Danish-German Northwest Quarter Project 2013). 12 )LJ² Clay water pressure pipe in 13 14 trench H, view from east (Georg).
suggests a construction date in the 3rd-4th century CE34 ,PSRUWDQW UHVXOWV ZHUH JDLQHG FRQFHUQLQJ WKH 6HYHUDO HDUWKTXDNHV RFFXUUHG LQ WKH %\]DQWLQH DQG urban organization, street layout and infrastructure (DUO\ ,VODPLF SHULRGV DQG WKH PDVVLYH HDUWKTXDNH RI of the Northwest Quarter in the campaign of 2014.37 &( VHHPV WR KDYH EURXJKW DQ HQG WR D ODUJHVFDOH ,W ZDV FODULILHG WKDW WKH 5RPDQ 1RUWK 'HFXPDQXV settlement at Jerash.35 This was followed by a gap in, or running from the Tetrapylon on the main street at least a massive reduction of, settlement between the towards the west did not extend further to the west Abbasid (at the latest) and Ayyubid periods. However, than where the last stretch of it had been excavated the Northwest Quarter shows considerable evidence for FORVH WR WKH 1RUWK 7KHDWUH WUHQFKHV, DQG 0 settlement from the Ayyubid period onwards and well (ILJ).38 )XUWKHU LQYHVWLJDWLRQ RI WKH South Street LQWRWKH0DPOXNSHULRG36 on the other side of the hill suggests that it had EHHQ SODQQHG DQG LPSOHPHQWHG PRVW OLNHO\ DV ODWH as the Byzantine period (see fig. 6 for location of trench L). This fits the pattern of a newly excavated street in trench J located centrally on the very top of 34. Lichtenberger et al.7KLVGDWHSURYLGHVDJRRGÀWZLWKWKHZDWHU pressure pipes that were excavated south of the Northwest Quarter the hill, the layout of which dates in its first phase running along the city wall. They were dated to the 2d century CE by the excavator, but it remains unclear whether these were fed by ZDWHULQVWDOODWLRQVLQWKH1RUWKZHVW4XDUWHU .HKUEHUJDQG0DQOH\ 2003, pp. 84-86). 2QWKHHDUWKTXDNHRI &(FI7VDIULUDQG)RHUVWHU 7KHODVW 2QWKHXUEDQSODQDQGOD\RXWRI*HUDVD-HUDVKLQJHQHUDOVHHHJ VHDVRQVRIDUFKDHRORJLFDOZRUNLQ-HUDVKKDYHVKRZQWKDWVHWWOHPHQW .UDHOLQJ GLU =D\DGLQH GLU 6HLJQH D .HQQHG\ FRQWLQXHG RQ D VPDOOHU VFDOH DIWHU WKH HDUWKTXDNH UHDFKLQJ ZHOO .HKUEHUJS 5DMDSS LQWRWKH$EEDVLGSHULRG VHHHJ%ODQNHet al. 2010). &ODUN et al. LQ SDUWLFXODU SS /HSDRQ IRU WKH 36. Lichtenberger, Raja 2016b. otherwise most up-to-date city plan of Jerash. AnTard, 24, 2016 A NEWLY EXCAVATED PRIVATE HOUSE IN JERASH 325
)LJ² Plan of the Northwest Quarter with projection of the presumed North Decumanus (Danish-German Northwest Quarter Project 2015 after Th. Lepaon 2010).
WR HLWKHU WKH ODWH 5RPDQ SHULRG RU WKH %\]DQWLQH South slope survey Umayyad periods. This street, the so-called “Central Street”, runs from east to west and followed the A surface survey of an area on the south slope was QDWXUDO WHUUDLQ OLNH WKH VRXWK VWUHHW GLG ,WV FRXUVH XQGHUWDNHQ LQ 7KLV DUHD RI DERXW P2 between was already visible in the magnetogramme of the trench L and the debris of the city walls is densely dotted JHRSK\VLFDO VXUYH\ XQGHUWDNHQ LQ VHH fig. 7). with structures visible on the surface (ÀJV and ). This Extensive organization of this area seems to have area was divided into three parallel strips with in total 42 WDNHQSODFHIURPWKHODWH5RPDQSHULRGRQZDUGV constructed units for the purpose of the survey. Within A considerable amount of finds from the 2014 WKHVHXQLWVDUHSUHVHQWDWLYHDPRXQWRIVXUIDFHÀQGVZDV campaign, however, can be related to earlier periods FROOHFWHG $OWKRXJK WKH ÀQG DQDO\VLV LV VWLOO LQ SURJUHVV (Hellenistic and Roman). Especially a cave complex WZR SUHOLPLQDU\ UHVXOWV DUH ZRUWK PHQWLRQLQJ ÀQGV excavated in trench J and parts of its deliberate RI WKH 0LGGOH ,VODPLF SHULRGV DUH UDUH 7KLV FRQÀUPV PDVVLYHILOOOD\HUVFRQVLVWLQJLQODUJHSDUWVRIEURNHQ WKH DVVXPSWLRQ WKDW WKH $\\XELG0DPOXN VHWWOHPHQW ceramics which were not very worn, attest to consid- DQGDFWLYLWLHVZHUHOLPLWHGWRWKHYLFLQLW\RIWKH0DPOXN erable building activity in Roman to Late Roman hamlet on top of the Northwest Quarter. $QLQFUHDVLQJ times on the hill (ILJV). The major part of the amount of Roman pottery was found the closer we got ILQGVKRZHYHUSRLQWWRD%\]DQWLQHWR(DUO\,VODPLF to the city walls. Although this concentration of Roman date for constructions. On the so-called East Terrace VXUIDFH ÀQGV PRVW OLNHO\ UHVXOWV IURP D EXOOGR]HU ODQH an undisturbed destruction layer from the end of OHDGLQJXSWKHKLOOLWLVREYLRXVWKDWWKHRULJLQDOEDFNÀOORI WKH8PD\\DGSHULRGLQWUHQFK.WXUQHGRXWWREHRI the demolished retaining walls of the terraces must have great importance and will be the focus of this article (ILJ 2QO\IHZILQGVRI$\\XELG0DPOXNGDWHZHUH discovered and these periods were almost absent on /LFKWHQEHUJHU5DMDEWRSRIWKHKLOOLQWKH1RUWKZHVW4XDUWHU the southern hill slope where a ceramic survey was )XUWKHUPRUHVHH.DODLW]RJORXet al.IRUWKF D DVZHOODV.DODLW]RJORX XQGHUWDNHQLQ et al. forthc.(b). 326 ACHIM LICHTENBERGER, RUBINA RAJA AnTard, 24, 2016
16 17 18
)LJ² Trench J, view from north into the cave (Danish-German Northwest Quarter Project 2014).
)LJ² Plan (photogrammetric) of trench J with staircase leading down (Danish-German Northwest Quarter Project 2015).
)LJ² Trench J, east profile with pottery fill above the staircase, view from west (Danish-German Northwest Quarter Project 2014).
)LJ ² Trench K, situation before the excavation, view from west (Danish- German Northwest Quarter Project 2014). AnTard, 24, 2016 A NEWLY EXCAVATED PRIVATE HOUSE IN JERASH 327
)LJ² Overview of the pottery survey area on the South Slope, view from west (Danish-German Northwest Quarter Project 2014).
FRQWDLQHG UHPDUNDEOH DPRXQWV RI 5RPDQ RU HYHQ ROGHU directly to the west above the Artemision. The trench was pottery, attesting to Roman period activities in this area. laid out half way between the large courtyard further west The development of the activities in the Northwest and the modern dirt road to the east (ÀJ). Since this Quarter, which we have encountered so far, ranging from terrain is scattered with large stones as well as with archi- VXUYH\VRIYDULRXVNLQGVJHRSK\VLFDOH[DPLQDWLRQVDQGWR WHFWXUDOHOHPHQWVRIPRVWO\5RPDQGDWHLWDWÀUVWVLJKW H[FDYDWLRQVOHDYHWKHÀUPLPSUHVVLRQWKDWWKHKLOOZDV gave the impression of being an area heavily disturbed used as a quarry in the Roman period and that noteworthy in modern times. Excavation, however, showed that this building activity started from the 3rd century CE onwards. area had preserved closed contexts from the Umayyad 0RVWEXLOGLQJDFWLYLW\VHHPVWRKDYHWDNHQSODFHLQWKH period and that the piles of stones derived from a sudden ODWH5RPDQ%\]DQWLQHDQGHDUO\,VODPLFSHULRGVDVZHOO destruction of the buildings. The sudden destruction can DVWKH0DPOXNSHULRG7KHHDUO\,VODPLFSHULRGKDVRQO\ be dated in the 8th century CE and was probably due to EHHQVKRZQLQWHUHVWVLQFHWKHHDUO\ VZKHQDPRQJ WKH HDUWKTXDNH RI &( ZKLFK LV FRQÀUPHG WKURXJK RWKHUV *DZOLNRZVNL H[FDYDWHG D FRPSOH[ RI KRXVHV RQ & GDWLQJ RI FKDUFRDO IURP WKH KHDUWKV LQ WKH NLWFKHQ the northern side of the South Decumanus.40 Since then RI WKH KRXVH ZKLFK ZDV H[FDYDWHG LQ WUHQFK.42 After :DOPVOH\DQGKLVWHDPKDVXQGHUWDNHQH[WHQVLYHZRUN WKH HDUWKTXDNH QR UHEXLOGLQJ WRRN SODFH LQ WKLV DUHD in other areas mainly focusing on areas around the main 7UHQFK. FRQVLVWHG RI D WRWDO DUHD RI P2, whereof street as well as the south-western part of the city.41 ÀUVWO\DQHDVWHUQVTXDUHPHDVXULQJPE\PZDV excavated. This was later extended to the west resulting in a trench 11,2 m long and 6,5 m wide.43 Trench K 7KHEXLOGLQJUHPDLQVH[FDYDWHGLQWUHQFK.EHORQJHG to a complex orientated along the slope and continuing :LWK WUHQFK. WKH H[SORUDWLRQ RI WKH VRFDOOHG (DVW in northern and southern direction. The building was Terrace began (ÀJV and ,Q WKLV DUHD GHQVHO\ FRQVWUXFWHG GLUHFWO\ RQ EHGURFN EXW LW VHHPV WR KDYH scattered with stone collapse, only few walls are traceable had a relatively short occupation history with only on the surface but large amounts of architectural elements minor changes in its architectural layout, before it was are visible dispersed across the area. The terrace lies GHVWUR\HGE\WKHKHDY\HDUWKTXDNH7KHEXLOGLQJVHHPV to have been used for domestic purposes and was rich
*DZOLNRZVNL IRURQHRIWKHIHZHDUO\,VODPLFSHULRGKRXVLQJ complexes which has been excavated in Jerash until now. 6HHDERYHQRWHDVZHOODV%ODQNHet al. 2007 as well as Walmsley 42. See below notes 48-50. and Damgaard 2005. .DODLW]RJORXet al. forthc.(c). 328 ACHIM LICHTENBERGER, RUBINA RAJA AnTard, 24, 2016
)LJ² General view of the East Terrace, view from west (Danish-German Northwest Quarter Project 2011).
)LJ² Plan (photogrammetric) of trench K, find position of coin hoard marked (Danish-German Northwest Quarter Project 2015).
RQ ÀQGV ,Q WKH IROORZLQJ WKH H[FDYDWHG SDUWV RI WKH Phase 2 (Umayyad) EXLOGLQJDQGLWVÀQGVZLOOEHSUHVHQWHG What is traceable from the earliest phase of the house is a large rectangular basement room limited Phase 1 (Roman period) by walls (ev. 20, ev. 21 and ev. 33) (ÀJ). These walls The earliest evidence for human activity is traces ZHUH EXLOW RQ EHGURFN DQG WKH HDVW ZDOO HY ZDV of a quarry, discovered in the northwest corner of the EXLOWDJDLQVWDVWHSLQWKHEHGURFN7KHURRPFRQVLVWHG WUHQFK $OWKRXJK WKH XQHDUWKHG SDUW RI WKH EHGURFN of a north room and a south room divided by an LV OLPLWHG LUUHJXODU VWHSOLNH FXWV VKRZ WKDW VWRQHV RI east-west running wall (ev. 27A), which did not reach medium size were quarried on this spot (ÀJ). Quarry the west wall (ev. 20) but seems to have left space for a PDUNV ZHUH DOVR GLVFRYHUHG LQ RWKHU DUHDV VXJJHVWLQJ GRRUZD\DWWKHZHVWHUQHQG7KHORZHVWÁRRUIRXQGLV that large parts of the Northwest Quarter were used as DWKLQPRUWDUÁRRU HY WKDWZDVODLGRYHUWKHSDUWO\ stone quarries. OHYHOHGEHGURFN HY DQGWKHIRXQGDWLRQÀOO HY AnTard, 24, 2016 A NEWLY EXCAVATED PRIVATE HOUSE IN JERASH
)LJ² Trench K, photogrammetric vertical photo of quarry )LJ² Trench K, view of the basement room between the walls traces in the northwest corner of the trench (Danish-German evidence 20, 21 and 33, view from southeast (Danish-German Northwest Quarter Project 2014). Northwest Quarter Project 2014).
(ÀJ 7KH ODWWHU ZDV EURXJKW LQ WR ÀOO FUDFNV DQG ODFXQDHLQWKHEHGURFN East of this building an open plaza was situated on a PWRPKLJKHUURFNVXUIDFHWKDWZDVRQO\URXJKO\ straightened (ÀJ). At the eastern end of this open VSDFHDZDWHUFKDQQHO HY ZDVIRXQGOHDGLQJIURP north to south almost parallel to the building (ÀJ). 7KHFKDQQHOZDVFXWSDUWO\LQWRWKHURFNDQGSDUWO\EXLOW DJDLQVW D QDWXUDO" URFN HGJH ,W ZDV OLQHG ZLWK KDUG K\GUDXOLFPRUWDU,QWKLVSKDVHWKHRSHQVSDFHGRHVQRW
)LJ² Trench K, mortar floor (evidence 72) above the levelled bedrock (evidence 6) in the south room, view from south (Danish-German Northwest Quarter Project 2014). )LJ² Trench K, open area east of the building )LJ²Trench K, water channel lined with hydraulic mortar with younger structures, view from south in at the eastern limit of the trench (Danish-German Northwest (Danish-German Northwest Quarter Project 2014). Quarter Project 2014). 330 ACHIM LICHTENBERGER, RUBINA RAJA AnTard, 24, 2016 seem to have been accessible from the basement rooms (ev. 67) and under the subsequent ramp (ev. 56), belonging as the door in the east wall was added only later. This to building phase 4 (see below). This shows that in this VXJJHVWVWKDWWKHEDVHPHQWRIWKHHGLÀFHLQWKLVSKDVH phase the southern room was given a door that provided must have been accessible through a door further north access to the open space to the east. To gain access to the beyond the limits of the trench. south room a door way (ev. 64) was built into the east wall (ev. 33). That this door was added secondarily is clear Phase 3 (Umayyad) WKURXJKWKHRSHQZDOOFRUHVRQERWKVLGHV)XUWKHUPRUH ,QWKLVSKDVHWKHEXLOGLQJZDVH[WHQGHGWRWKHHDVWD WKHWKUHVKROG HY ZDVEURNHQLQWRSDUWVZKLFKZHUH door was constructed and another room in the courtyard worn, and not in line with the wall but projecting into ZDV FRQVWUXFWHG 7KLV SKDVH LV VLJQLÀHG E\ D QHZ FOD\ the room. This underlines the secondary character of ÁRRU LQ WKH VRXWK URRP ,Q WKH QRUWK URRP ZKLFK ZDV the door construction. The staircase (ev. 67) consisted of H[FDYDWHG GRZQ WR EHGURFN RQO\ LQ LWV VRXWKZHVWHUQ irregular stones set in a soil and stone foundation loosely FRUQHUDFRUUHVSRQGLQJÁRRUZDVQRWIRXQG7KHÁRRULQ against the threshold (ÀJ ). WKHVRXWKHUQURRPRIWKLVSKDVHZDVDVLPSOHFOD\ÁRRU ,QWRWKHÁRRURIWKHURRPDQRSHQÀUHSODFH HY HY WRFPWKLFN ÀJ ,WZDVODLG ZDVLQVWDOOHGQHDUWKHZHVWZDOO HY ,QIURQWRIWKH DERYHWKHROGHUÁRRU HY ZKLFKVHHPVWRKDYHEHHQ east wall (ev. 33) two low column drums (ev. 41) were damaged and partly removed, especially in the western found in upright positions (ÀJ). The southern one SDUW7KDWWKHQHZFOD\ÁRRUEHORQJVWRWKHWKLUGSKDVH was hollowed out and a basalt grinder was inside it, so LVFRQÀUPHGE\WKHIDFWWKDWLWUXQVDJDLQVWWKHVWDLUFDVH that it was used as a crusher (ÀJ). The installations
)LJ² Trench K south room, stratigraphic sequence between )LJ ² Trench K, staircase (evidence 67) leading to the open the mortar floor (evidence 72) and the hearth (evidence 51), view space east of the building, view from west (Danish-German from north (Danish-German Northwest Quarter Project 2014). Northwest Quarter Project 2014).
)LJ² Trench K, a hollowed column drum )LJ² Trench K, re-used column drums in front with a grinder found in it, view from north of the east wall, view from west (Danish-German (Danish-German Northwest Quarter Northwest Quarter Project 2014). Project 2014). AnTard, 24, 2016 A NEWLY EXCAVATED PRIVATE HOUSE IN JERASH 331 suggest that the southern room was used as a simple WKH FUXVKHU ZDV QR ORQJHU IXQFWLRQDO LQ WKLV SHULRG ,Q ZRUNLQJVSDFHZLWKDQRSHQÀUHSODFHRQWKHÁRRU WKHQRUWKURRPWKHORZHUFOD\ÁRRU HYHYHY As a door was installed in this phase leading to the ZDVODLGRQWKHIRXQGDWLRQÀOO HYDQGHY $VWKLV area east of the house, a further room must have been ÁRRUZDVSDUWO\EDNHGDQGVKRZHGWUDFHVRIDÀUHLWLV constructed in this phase as well. This east room was VXJJHVWHGWKDWWKLVSKDVHHQGHGXSZLWKÀUHGHVWUXFWLRQ located in the open space between the central wall at least in the north room. HY DQG WKH ZDWHU FKDQQHO ,WV ZDOOV HY HY ZHUHVHWDJDLQVWWKHROGHUHGLÀFHRQDWKLQIRXQGDWLRQÀOO Phase 5 (Umayyad) HY DQGHY RYHUWKHEHGURFNDQGDGRRUZDVEXLOW 'XULQJWKLVSKDVHDOWHUDWLRQVRQO\WRRNSODFHLQWKH DWWKHHDVWZDOO HY $ZDOOOLNHVWUXFWXUHLQWKHHDVW QRUWKURRP7KHZDOO HY ZDVEXLOWRQWKHROGHUÁRRU URRPFRQVLVWLQJRIWKUHHVWRQHURZV HYHY HY (ev. 54, ev. 66, ev. 77) to create a low pedestal in front of DQGODLGSDUDOOHOWRWKHHGLÀFHVHDVWZDOOFRXOGEHORQJWRD WKHZHVWZDOO HY 7KLVSHGHVWDOFRYHUVWKHEHGURFN staircase leading up to an upper storey of the house. which was left protruding in the preceding phases. ,QWKHUHVWRIWKHQRUWKURRPDQHZWKLQPRUWDUÁRRU Phase 4 (Umayyad) (ev. 38) was laid over a thin foundation layer (ev. 55) The main feature of this building phase is the division ERWKUXQQLQJDJDLQVWWKHQHZSHGHVWDO,QQRQHRIWKH of the north room and the south room into two uncon- rooms traces of wall plaster were found. nected rooms by a wall (ev. 27B), which closed the opening The various phases described above display a strong HY$ ,QWKHQRUWKURRPWKHQRUWKHUQZDOOIDFHRIWKH continuity in the use of the building. No radical altera- ROGHU ZDOO HY$ ZDV NHSW DQG D QHZ ZDOO HY% tions were made and nothing suggests that the general was built parallel to it separating both rooms. The wall nature of use of the building was changed over time. The HY% ZDV EXLOW RQ D WKLFN IRXQGDWLRQ ÀOO DQG LQ WKH layout, building technique and architectural features VRXWKURRPWKHÁRRURIWKLVSKDVHZDVUDLVHGE\DOD\HURI RIWKHEXLOGLQJÀWZHOOLQWRZKDWLVNQRZQIURPHDUO\ ÀVWDQGPHGLXPVL]HGVWRQHV HY VHWLQWRDEURZQLVK ,VODPLF GRPHVWLF DUFKLWHFWXUH LQ WKH UHJLRQ44 Similar FOD\ HY DQG 7KLV ÁRRU FRPSOHWHO\ FRYHUHG WKH room structures on different levels are well attested IRUPHUÀUHSODFH HY LQWKHVRXWKURRP2QWKHQHZ from the domestic quarter at the South Decumanus of ÁRRU D VLPSOH KHDUWK HY ZDV EXLOW PDGH RI WZR Jerash as well as from Pella and Beth Shean.45 parallel rows of larger stone slabs (ÀJ). This hearth ZDV IRXQG ÀOOHG ZLWK DVKHV DQG VKHUGV RI D *UH\ ZDUH vessel. Traces of burning were visible around the area of Destruction of the building (749 CE) WKHVRXWKZDOO HY $VWKHÁRRUZDVPXFKKLJKHUWKH former staircase was covered and restructured as a simple The above described layout was in use when a ramp (ev. 56) consisting of clay and mortar (ev. 47, ev. 52, KHDY\ HDUWKTXDNH GHVWUR\HG WKH EXLOGLQJ 7KH URRPV ev. 71). The column drum installation (ev. 41) remained in ZHUH ÀOOHG ZLWK EHWZHHQ P WR P GHEULV HY SODFHDQGZDVLQWHJUDWHGLQWRWKHÁRRU,QFRQVHTXHQFH and homogeneous silty clay (ev. 3) (ÀJ). The silty clay stems from the pisé walls belonging to the upper VWRULHV RI WKH EXLOGLQJ ,Q WKH VRXWK URRP D OD\HU RI loose brownish soil (ev. 44) was found under the debris )LJ² Trench K, a simple hearth (evidence 51) in front FRYHULQJWKHODWHVWÁRRU HY DQGWKHVLPSOH of the south wall, view from south (Danish-German hearth construction (ev. 51). Since this layer covers the Northwest Quarter Project 2014). ÁRRU DQG LQVWDOODWLRQV RI WKH ODVW RFFXSDWLRQ SKDVH LW PRVWOLNHO\RULJLQDWHGIURPWKHFHLOLQJRIWKHEDVHPHQW room with wood and beams. A similar but much thinner layer of loose brownish soil (ev. 35) was found in the QRUWKURRPFRYHULQJWKHXSSHUPRVWÁRRU HY Embedded in the clay and stone collapse (ev. 2 and DUFKLWHFWXUDO ÀWWLQJV DQG VRPH ROGHU REMHFWV ZHUH found (the latter formerly incorporated into the wall cores) as well as a large assemblage of objects which had fallen from an upper storey. Whereas the majority
6HHIRUH[DPSOH$YQLIRURQHRIWKHPRVWUHFHQWRYHUYLHZV )RRWH *DZOLNRZVNL .HQQHG\ DVZHOODV:KLWFRPE 7VDIULUDQG)RHUVWHU 0F1LFROOet al. 6PLWK 332 ACHIM LICHTENBERGER, RUBINA RAJA AnTard, 24, 2016
)LJ² Trench K, general view of the debris and silty clay (evidences 2 and 3) in sectors e to h, view from south (Danish-German Northwest Quarter Project 2014).
)LJ² Photo of stucco profile (evidence 39) (Danish-German Northwest Quarter Project 2014).
0 10 cm
RIÀQGVZDVFRQFHQWUDWHGLQWKHQRUWKHUQKDOIRIWKH )RUWKHGDWLQJRIWKHÀQDOGHVWUXFWLRQRIWKHFRPSOH[ south room between 0,5 and 1,0 m above the uppermost ZHUHO\RQWKHGDWLQJRIWKHÀQGVDVZHOODV&GDWLQJV ÁRRU HY VRPHREMHFWVZHUHIRXQGDERYHWKH The pottery found in all evidences excavated seems to destroyed walls and other structures. Traces of colored be of Umayyad date. Only small fragments of Jerash ZDOO SODVWHU LQ HY DQG VWXFFR SURÀOH IUDJPHQWV bowls were found, which in most cases stemmed from LQ HY ÀJ) prove that the upper rooms were the foundation layers indicating that they relate to the GHFRUDWHG,QIURQWRIWKHZHVWZDOODEURNHQDPSKRUD pre-occupation period. Glass lamps with beaded stems, (ev. 32, cat. no. 14) and a Grey ware vessel (ev. 40, W\SLFDOIRUWKHHDUO\,VODPLFSHULRGZHUHIRXQGLQWKH cat. no. 15) were found. They had also fallen from the debris as well as three globular glass bottles with short ÀUVW ÁRRU 7ZR JOREXODU JODVV ERWWOHV VXUYLYHG WKH WXEXODUQHFNVW\SLFDOIRUWKH8PD\\DGSHULRG VHHDERYH fall undamaged (cat. nos. 16-17). The most important as well as the accompanying catalogue). This evidence ÀQGV ZHUH D FRLQ KRDUG IRXQG LQ FORVH FRQQHFWLRQ suggests both an occupation and destruction of the with a metal object (ÀJ) and a mortar with pestle house in the Umayyad period. FDWQR D ÁD[ RU ZRRO FRPE FDWQR DQG D 7KLV GDWH LV VXSSRUWHG E\ WKH ÀQG FRLQV IURP WKH EURQ]H REMHFW FDWQR 46 Nearby, at a distance of trench. Although analysis of these is not yet completed, RQO\PDQRWKHUÀQGFOXVWHU HY FRQWDLQHGLURQ it is clear that the latest coins are post-reform coins of DQG EURQ]H REMHFWV FDWQRV WKHÀUVWKDOIRIWKH 8th century CE This evidence supports 42, 44-45, 47-54), as well as a bone object (cat. no. 55), or at least does not contradict the suggested dating of VSLQGOHZKRUOV FDWQRV DQLURQORFN FDWQR WKH GHVWUXFWLRQ RI WKH EXLOGLQJ LQ WKH HDUWKTXDNH RI (probably stemming from a wooden box) and a bronze &(:LWKLQWKHGHVWUXFWLRQOD\HUDVPDOOFRLQKRDUG NH\ FDWQR $W D GLVWDQFH RI RQO\ P WR WKH ZDVIRXQGDVPHQWLRQHGDERYH,WFRQVLVWHGRIFRLQV47 west of the coin hoard, a concentration of golden beads )XUWKHU IRXU FRLQV PLJKW KDYH EHORQJHG WR WKH KRDUG (cat. no. 62) and some carnelian beads (cat. nos. 67, 70), ,W FRQWDLQHG %\]DQWLQH DQG $UDE%\]DQWLQH FRLQV 7KH DEURNHQJODVVERWWOHRIWKHNQRZQJOREXODUW\SHDQGD HDUOLHVW FRLQV DUH GDWLQJ WR WKH UHLJQ RI $QDVWDVLXV , VPDOOXQJXHQWSRWZHUHIRXQG HY FDWQRV &( WKHODWHVWIURPWKHWLPHRI¶$EGDO0DOLN The entire area seems to have been abandoned until (685-705 CE). The latest coins stem from the pre-reform PRGHUQ WLPHV DIWHU WKH HDUWKTXDNH GHVWUXFWLRQ 1R period. This is an important observation, since it is WUDFHV RI EXLOGLQJ DFWLYLWLHV LQ $\\XELG0DPOXN WLPHV JHQHUDOO\DVVXPHGWKDWZLWKWKHUHIRUPRI¶$EGDO0DOLN were encountered and no agricultural activity seems to completely new coinage was introduced and older coins KDYHWDNHQSODFHRQWKH(DVW7HUUDFH fell out of use. Until now hardly any coin hoards of this period from controlled excavations have been published
)RUWKHFRLQKRDUGVHH/LFKWHQEHUJHU5DMDE 47. Ibidem. AnTard, 24, 2016 A NEWLY EXCAVATED PRIVATE HOUSE IN JERASH 333
770 CE, and thus only slightly younger, proving that the destruction followed relatively soon thereafter.50 Since the destruction of the room was devastating and ÀQDOLWFDQEHDVVXPHGWKDWWKHHDUWKTXDNHRI &( which destroyed most of the city, was also responsible for the destruction of this house. 7R VXP XS WKH FKURQRORJLFDO HYLGHQFH LW LV OLNHO\ that the house was built in the early Umayyad period DQG WKDW LW ZDV GHVWUR\HG LQ WKH &( HDUWKTXDNH DW the end of the Umayyad period, thus giving us a rarely matched closed Umayyad context with a huge diversity of material culture spanning from the inclusion of Byzantine material to Umayyad period material.
7KHÀQGVIURP7UHQFK.DQGWKHLULPSOLFDWLRQV for understanding of the Umayyad period )LJ² Trench K south room, area in which the coin hoard was found, $ODUJHQXPEHURIÀQGVZHUHUHJLVWHUHGIURPWUHQFK. view from southwest (Danish-German Northwest Quarter Project 2014). amounting to 11,860 objects. Ceramic, including sherds, amounted to 10,651 of these objects. The material from WUHQFK. PDLQO\ FRQVLVWHG RI PDWHULDO XVHG LQ FRRNLQJ installations with associated pottery in the lower levels DVZHOODVWKHPDWHULDOIRXQGLQWKHWKLFNKRPRJHQRXV DQGWKHUHIRUHLWLVGLIÀFXOWWRDVVHVVWKHHYLGHQFHLQD FRQWH[WLQWKHOD\HUDERYHWKHNLWFKHQIDOOHQIURPWKH broader context. One question for example remains upper storey of the building. This closed context is of about whether the coin hoard attests to further local use special importance since it belongs as shown above to of pre-reform coinage in post-reform Jerash or whether D GHVWUXFWLRQ SKDVH GDWLQJ WR &( 0DQ\ ÀQGV ZHUH it is simply a collection of coins that fell out of use and well preserved and among these was the Byzantine ZHUHRQO\NHSWIRUWKHYDOXHRIWKHPHWDO$QRWKHUSRVVL- and Arab-Byzantine coin hoard and also a silver amulet bility is that the hoard was assembled and deposited inscribed with pseudo-Arabic script (see below). VRPHGHFHQQLDEHIRUHWKHHDUWKTXDNH)XUWKHUVWXG\RI The amount of roof tiles located in the trench was WKHÀQGFRLQVIURPWKHGHVWUXFWLRQOD\HUZLOOJLYHPRUH low and thus the existence of a tile roof on top of the data to solve these questions. building is not plausible. The Grey Ware pottery was $GDWHRIWKHGHVWUXFWLRQWRZDUGVWKHHQGRIWKHÀUVW SULPDULO\ IRXQG LQ UHODWLRQ WR WKH NLWFKHQ LQVWDOOD- half of the 8th century CE is furthermore supported by WLRQVDQGZDVXVHGDVFRRNLQJYHVVHOV51 The use of the three radiocarbon dates, which in addition show that *UH\:DUHDVDFRRNLQJZDUHPD\SRLQWWRDFKDQJHLQ WKHHGLÀFHZDVRFFXSLHGIRURQO\WZRRUWKUHHJHQHUD- the overall use of this ware during the later Umayyad tions, before it was destroyed. The sample from the period, developing from primarily being a storage ware VLPSOHÀUHSODFH HY RIWKHVHFRQGEXLOGLQJSKDVH to being used for the preparation of food.52 The general JLYHVDGDWHEHWZHHQ &(DQG&(48 This is almost DSSHDUDQFHRIWKH*UH\:DUHOLNHZLVHVHHPVWRXQGHUJR identical with the date given for the charcoal found a development during the later part of the Umayyad and dated in the hearth (ev. 51) built in phase three, period.53 A new feature within the Grey Ware repertoire since this gives a date between 674 and 764 CE Also LVWKHELDQVXODWHFRRNLQJSRW FDWQR 54 a sample from the lowest part of the debris (ev. 44) FRYHULQJ WKH ODWWHU KHDUWK LV GDWHG EHWZHHQ DQG
6DPSOH QR -.J ,QVWLWXW IRU )\VLN RJ $VWURQRPL $DUKXV8QLYHUVLW\ 'HQPDUN &DJH %3G& GXDOLQOHW 6DPSOH QR -.K ,QVWLWXW IRU )\VLN RJ $VWURQRPL ZRRG FDOLEUDWLRQFXUYH,QW&DO̮ &(̮670- $DUKXV8QLYHUVLW\ 'HQPDUN &DJH%3G& GXDOLQOHW &( UHVS&( ROLYHFRUHV FDOLEUDWLRQFXUYH,QW&DO̮ &( 51. Lichtenberger et al. IRUWKF F IRUÀQGVUHODWLQJWR*UH\:DUH 2̮ 667-775 CE 52. Ibidem. 6DPSOH QR -.K ,QVWLWXW IRU )\VLN RJ $VWURQRPL 53. Ibid LQWKH1RUWK7KHDWUHLQ-HUDVKDGDUNHUDQGURXJKHUYHUVLRQRI $DUKXV8QLYHUVLW\ 'HQPDUN &DJH %3G& GXDOLQOHW WKH*UH\:DUHZDVOLNHZLVHREVHUYHGDQGWHUPHG:DUH% VHH&ODUN ZRRG FDOLEUDWLRQFXUYH,QW&DO̮ 674-764 CE, 2̮664- DQG)DONQHU S &( 54. Ibidem, no. 64. Present cat. no. 13. 334 $&+,0/,&+7(1%(5*(558%,1$5$-$ AnTard, 24, 2016
The majority of objects was found in the collapse YDWLRQ LQ SDUWLFXODU RI WKH LURQ DUWHIDFWV LW LV GLIÀFXOW DQGÁRRUOHYHORIWKHURRPH[FDYDWHGWRZDUGVZHVWLQ to determine the exact shape as well as the function of HYLGHQFHVDQG)URPWKHXSSHUÁRRURIWKLVKRXVH DQXPEHURILWHPV$IXWXUHUHVWRUDWLRQRU;UD\H[DPL tools connected to textile production were encoun- nation might help to interpret these items. However, other WHUHG LQFOXGLQJ VFLVVRUV FDWQR D KHFNOLQJ FRPE objects or fragments are easier to identify as they belong (cat. no. 25) and spindle whorls of bone, steatite WRZHOONQRZQW\SHV$WWKLVVWDJHWKHPHWDOREMHFWVFDQEH DQG URFN FU\VWDO FDWQRV DORQJ ZLWK MHZHOU\ GLYLGHGLQWRVHYHUDOJURXSV $UFKLWHFWXUDOÀWWLQJV &DVNHW (cat. nos. 62-75) consisting of beads of semi-precious ÀWWLQJVDQGORFN &RVPHWLFLPSOHPHQWV 'UHVVDFFHVVRULHV VWRQHVJODVVDQGERQH)XUWKHUPRUHDEURQ]HULQJZLWK +RUVHWUDSSLQJV " +RXVHKROGDSSOLDQFHDQGWRROV /RFNV a glass bead was found (cat. no. 76) and parts possibly DQG NH\V :HLJKLQJ HTXLSPHQW )XUWKHUPRUH WKHUH DUH belonging to a lead mirror frame and a possible bone objects, which are not clearly assigned to the one or the mirror handle (cat. nos. 40-41, 56). Many of the metal RWKHUJURXSDVZHOODVREMHFWVZLWKDQXQNQRZQIXQFWLRQ objects were found concentrated within a small area and might have belonged to the content of a wooden Metal amulet ER[ HYLGHQFH 7KHODPSVIURPWUHQFK.VKRZODWH Within the collapse of the building a 4 cm broad Umayyad to early Abbasid period traits such as the scroll tightly folded was found. The scroll was encased FKDQQHOQR]]OH FDWQR ÀJXUDWLYHO\GHFRUDWHGEDVHV in a lead tube, which served as an amulet container. The FDWQRV DQG D K\EULGODPS FRPELQLQJ WKH XSSHU scroll was carefully removed from the container but part of a Jerash lamp (however, without the “cross” at the could not be unfolded without being damaged (ÀJV KDQGOH DQGDQ8PD\\DG$EEDVLGODPSEDVH FDWQR and ). The metal of the scroll was tested and turned The Red Painted Pale Ware and the Yellowish Sandy out to be pure silver mixed with a bit of gold, which :DUH DOVR SRLQW LQ WKH GLUHFWLRQ RI D ODWH 8PD\\DG in ancient terms is called electron.55 Since letters of early Abbasid type (cat. nos. 1-4, 11-12), suggesting that semitic origin could be observed on the scroll, it was what we term early Abbasid was in fact well rooted in decided to conduct computer tomography on the scroll late Umayyad types and that those features already and thereafter try to unfold it digitally, which is a fairly developed in the late Umayyad period. new technique available. Such a procedure demands $UHPDUNDEOHQXPEHURIPHWDOREMHFWV FDWQRV FRPSXWHUVNLOOVWKHVSHFLDOO\GHYHORSHGVRIWZDUHDVZHOO ZHUHIRXQGLQWUHQFK.0RVWRIWKHREMHFWVDUHRILURQ DV WKH OLQJXLVWLFHSLJUDSKLF NQRZOHGJH56 The digital a smaller number were made of lead and of copper alloy unfolding was successful. An Arabic text of 17 lines could ZKLFKLQFOXGHVDOONLQGVRIFRSSHUEDVHDOOR\VDPRQJVW be deciphered (ÀJV and 41). The reading of the text, others bronze). Because of the deteriorated state of preser- however, is still subject to study. Until now it has not
0 5 cm
)LJ² Line 1, scroll back side (“Inverted region”) (Danish- )LJ² Photo of scroll prior German Northwest Quarter Project 2014 to conservation (Danish- and John Møller Larsen). German Northwest Quarter Project 2014). )LJ ² Fig. 41: Line 11, scroll back side (segm. “L11”) (Danish- German Northwest Quarter Project 2014 and John Møller Larsen).
)LJ² Photo of conserved scroll (Danish-German Northwest Quarter Project 2014).
55. Assistant professor Gry H. Barfod, GeoScience, Aarhus University was responsible for the analysis of the metals (Barfod et al. 2015). 56. John Møller Larsen from Aarhus University was trained in this technique and did the digital unfolding of the scroll (Barfod et al. 2015). AnTard, 24, 2016 $1(:/<(;&$9$7('35,9$7(+286(,1-(5$6+ 335
EHHQSRVVLEOHWRPDNHVHQVHRIWKH$UDELFOHWWHUV7KHUH ÀEUHVRIZRROSULRUWRIXUWKHUWUHDWPHQW$JRRGSDUDOOHO is a high probability that we might have to do with a WRVXFKDZRROFRPEZDVIRXQGLQ3HUJDPRQ7XUNH\ magic Arabic pseudo-script, but it is too early to come to ÀUPFRQFOXVLRQVDQGIXUWKHUVWXG\LVQHFHVVDU\ Locks and keys %HVLGHWKHFDVNHWVORFN VHHEHORZ WKUHHLWHPVKDYHEHHQ $UFKLWHFWXUDOÀWWLQJV IRXQGEHORQJLQJWRORFNVDQGNH\V7KLVLVQRWXQXVXDOIRU 7KH WZR REMHFWV FDWQRV DQG DUH PDGH RI WKHVSHFWUXPRIKRXVHKROGÀQGLQJV&LUFXODUNH\KROHSODWHV copper alloy and have an almost identical shape. They RIFRSSHUDOOR\OLNHFDWQRDUHDOVRNQRZQIURP6DUGLV consist of an oblong bar with one rectangular end, 7XUNH\2O\PSLDDQG,VWKPLDERWK*UHHFHDQGWKRXJKWWR while the other end narrows into a little peg and bends be of Byzantine and Late Byzantine date.60 They cover rotary XSWRIRUPDKRRN$OWKRXJKWKH\GLIIHULQVL]H OHQJWK ORFNV ZKLFK ZHUH FORVHG DQG RSHQHG E\ URWDU\ NH\V ,Q UHVSHFWLYHO\FPDQG FP WKH\EHORQJWRWKHVDPH fact, the 2014 campaign yielded one exemplar of this sort of W\SH RI ÀWWLQJV VRFDOOHG UHYHWPHQW SHJV ZKLFK ZHUH NH\ WKHNH\ZLWKULQJFDWQRZKLFKFDQEHGDWHGLQWKH XVHGWRFODPSPDUEOHVODEVWRDZDOO7KH\DUHNQRZQ same period.61 Typical for Byzantine times are the dolphin from Roman-Byzantine contexts, among others from VKDSHGHQGVRIWKHULQJ,QFRQWUDVWWRWKLVVRUWRINH\LWHP Caesarea Maritima.57 Two other objects are of similar FDWQRLVDELJVOLGHNH\ZKLFKZDVFUHDWHGIRUDWXPEOHU shape and have sizes of 7 cm and almost 10 cm. However, ORFNOLNHWKHSUREDEOHFDVNHWORFNFDWQR DQGFDWQR cat. no. 21 is made of iron, which is not common for this 6OLGHNH\VDUHDVWDQGDUGIRUPLQ5RPDQWLPHVEXWDSSHDULQ W\SHRIÀWWLQJV$OOIRXUDUWHIDFWVZHUHFHUWDLQO\QRWXVHG even larger amounts throughout Late Antiquity. as revetment pegs in the building in which they were ÀQDOO\ GHSRVLWHG 7KHLU FRQWH[W LQGLFDWHV D VHFRQGDU\ Weighing equipment usage. They were found located close together along 7KHPRVWVWULNLQJHYLGHQFHIRUZHLJKWHTXLSPHQWLQ with other objects, which were all probably contained in WKHH[FDYDWLRQDUHDRIWKHFDPSDLJQLVWKHÁDWVTXDUH a box (see below). RI D FRPPHUFLDO ZHLJKW FDWQR 7KH LQFLVHG *UHHN letters Gamma and Alpha indicate a standard weight Household appliance and tools of one ounce, ca. 27 g. The square type is one of three The largest artefact among the objects assigned to different shaped Byzantine weights and was the leading “household appliance” is an iron ladle of some 70 cm type in the Byzantine and Late Byzantine period.62 ,W LV length with an oval, plain bowl (cat. no. 23). Similar not clear whether this was still in use in the mid-eighth ladles were found in Olympia, Greece, and were inter- FHQWXU\&( RU ZKHWKHU LW ZDV NHSW IRU LWV PHWDO YDOXH preted as coal ladle, which were used to heap up the Two other items are components of balances: the suspen- JORZLQJFRDORIWKHFRRNHU58 However, such ladles may VLRQVFDWQRVDQG 7KH\EHORQJWRUDWKHUVPDOODQG also have been used for textile production processes slender balances with a horizontal beam and a movable LQ SDUWLFXODU VRIWHQLQJ ÀEUHV DQG G\LQJ WH[WLOH ZKLFK suspension with two long legs, which are attached to LQFOXGHG WKH VXEPHUVLRQ RI WH[WLOHV LQ ÁXLG DQG D the centre of the beam. Complete preserved examples of substantial amount of stirring was required. Scissors, this type of balances were found in the Byzantine shops NQLYHV DQG GLIIHUHQW VL]HG VHZLQJ QHHGOHV ZHUH LQ RI 6DUGLV 7XUNH\ ZKLFK ZHUH GHVWUR\HG LQ WKH HDUO\ VWRFNLQHYHU\KRXVHKROG+RZHYHUODUJHLURQVFLVVRUV 7thFHQWXU\&(SHUKDSVGXULQJD3HUVLDQDWWDFNLQ&(63 OLNHWKHIUDJPHQWVFDWQRVZLWKDWRWDOOHQJWKRI cm are much bigger than what one would expect for Horse trappings (?) daily life use. Scissors of this size were rather used for There is no clear evidence for horse trappings. agricultural or manufacturing activities, especially for +RZHYHUWZRLWHPVPLJKWEHDVVLJQHGWRVXFKDVSHFLÀHG VKHHSVKHDULQJ $QRWKHU ÀQG KDV \LHOGHG HYHQ PRUH XVH7KHLURQEXFNOHFDWQRKDVDSLYRWPRXQWHGD[LV evidence for textile production activities. Although ZKLFKLVTXLWHXQXVXDOIRUEHOWEXFNOHVRI%\]DQWLQHDQG EURNHQ LQ PDQ\ IUDJPHQWV REMHFW FDWQR FDQ EH Late Byzantine period.64%XFNOHVRIWKLVNLQGZHUHUDWKHU LGHQWLÀHG DV D ZRRO RU ÁD[ FRPE RU KHFNOLQJ FRPE through its typical feature with two rows of long, needle- shaped teeth. This instrument is used to remove the ÀEURXVFRUHDQGLPSXULWLHVIURPÁD[DQGWRDUUDQJHWKH *DLW]VFKS SO :DOGEDXP SS SO %DLWLQJHU 9|OOLQJ SS SO -DQW]HQSO 3DWULFK S QR :DOGEDXP S SO QR -DQW]HQ SOQR 3DWULFKSSDQGQR :DOGEDXP SS 3DWULFKSS QR :DOGEDXP S SO SO -DQW]HQ SO :DOGEDXP S SO %DLWLQJHU9|OOLQJS :DPVHUSS %HQGDOO SS pl. 31.376. :DOGEDXP SS SO DQG 336 $&+,0/,&+7(1%(5*(558%,1$5$-$ AnTard, 24, 2016 used for saddle girth or other parts of horse harnesses.65 A WXPEOHU ORFN DQG LWV FORVLQJ GHYLFH ZHUH DOVR GLVFRYHUHG related item is the fragment with missing axis cat. no. 46, FDWQRV 7KHUHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKHER[KRZHYHUVWLOO PDGHRIFRSSHUDOOR\4XLWHVLPLODUEXFNOHVDUHGDWHGWR UHPDLQVWREHXQGHUWDNHQ,VVXHVDERXWWKHIXQFWLRQRIWKH the sixth – seventh centuries CE and were only used as box remain open and therefore a contextualized interpre- EHOWEXFNOHVRQUDUHRFFDVLRQV66 tation of its content cannot be given. However, there are LQGLFDWLRQVWKDWLWSDUWO\KHOGVFUDSPHWDOZKLFKZDVNHSW Cosmetic implements for the sheer value of the metal and not because the objects There are some cosmetic implements among the metal were in use. The objects stemming from the box included objects of the 2014 campaign, while pieces of jewellery are weighing instruments as well as tools and dress accessories. ODUJHO\DEVHQW MXVWRQHÀQJHUULQJDQGEHDGVRIHJJROG None of the objects seem to have been complete or belonged carnelian, and glass have been found (cat. nos. 62-76). to a complete unit, which supports such an interpretation. &DWQRVDUHIUDJPHQWVRIDQRSHQZRUNZKHHOOLNH $VLQJOHZHLJKWDQGMXVWRQHVXVSHQVLRQRIDEDODQFHVFDOH frame made of lead. Yet, it is not clear if all fragments stem a single strap end, and even more astonishingly some from one single frame. They were very probably part of a revetment pegs (see above) originating from monumental now lost glass mirror, which was attached to the frame. buildings formed part of the ensemble. The artefacts rather 3DUDOOHOV RI RSHQ ZRUN OHDG IUDPHV ZHUH XQFRYHUHG LQ give the impression of being a collection of recycled minor Caesarea Maritima, but the precise function of the Caesarea metal objects than a box of useful instruments for household pieces is unclear.67 They span a wide chronological range, DQGRUKDQGLFUDIWVSXUSRVHV from the Byzantine to the Crusader period. However, OHDG PLUURU IUDPHV DUH XVXDOO\ NQRZQ IURP 5RPDQ DQG %\]DQWLQH FRQWH[WV )LQDOO\ D OLG PDGH RI FRSSHU DOOR\ Finds relating to textile production/ cat. no. 42, is assigned to the cosmetic implements, because linen production in Jerash LWPLJKWKDYHEHHQSDUWRIDQHHGOHRUNRKOWXEH ,QWRWDOREMHFWVIRXQGLQ7UHQFK.FDQEHUHODWHG Dress accessories directly to textiles and textile production processes. One model for ans one strap end of belt sets, These include: cat. nos. 43-44, were also found. Both can be dated to the - a pair of sheep shearing scissors (cat. no. 24) Late Byzantine period.68 The decorated strap end no. 43 DZRROFRPERUKHFNOLQJFRPEIRUÁD[ FDWQR GHVHUYHVVSHFLDODWWHQWLRQ,WVHUYHGDVDPRGHOIRUDVWUDS - a large ladle (cat. no. 23) HQGRIDFRPSRVLWHEHOW DVSHFLDOEHOWW\SHZKLFKFDPH - two needles (cat. nos. 26-27) into fashion in the Byzantine world and surrounding ÀYHVSLQGOHZKRUOV FDWQRV regions from the mid-sixth century CE onwards. The Although not overwhelming in a trench yielding so stylized vegetable ornament of cat. 43 is typical for a series ULFK ÀQGV WKHVH REMHFWV DUH VLJQLÀFDQW VLQFH WKH\ DUH RI EHOW SODWHV ZKLFK DUH ZHOO NQRZQ IURP /DQJREDUGLF found in a contextualized context along so many other ,WDO\DOWKRXJKWKHRUQDPHQWVW\OHLVFOHDUO\%\]DQWLQH ÀQGV ZKLFK DOORZ XV DQ RYHUYLHZ RI DW OHDVW SDUWV RI D However, up to now there is only little evidence for such domestic household assemblage. The focus on textile belt plates in the Near Eastern provinces and this piece is production and not only spinning itself, but also the one of the few found in the region, and probably attest to earlier stages such as sheering as well as possibly dying or production of such belts in Jerash. ZRUNLQJÀEUHVIRUWH[WLOHSURGXFWLRQLQGLFDWHWKDWVXFK SURFHVVHV GLG QRW RQO\ WDNH SODFH RXWVLGH RI GRPHVWLF &DVNHWÀWWLQJVDQGORFN FRQWH[WVEXWPD\DOVRKDYHWDNHQSODFHLQHLWKHUGRPHVWLF Some 30 metal objects were found close together, some of contexts or possibly in communal settings in which the WKHPZHUHHYHQOLQNHGWRJHWKHUE\FRUURVLRQSURFHVVHV7KLV FRSURGXFHUEURXJKWKLVKHURZQWRROVWRDSODFHZKHUH feature is interpreted as having belonged to a wooden box YDULRXVVWDJHVLQWKHSURGXFWLRQSURFHVVFRXOGWDNHSODFH and the objects representing its contents. Among the metal ÀQGVDUHVHYHUDOLWHPVZKLFKFRXOGEHÀWWLQJVRIWKHER[OLNH Other places in the Decapolis region were renowned WKHKLQJHFDWQR)XUWKHUPRUHIUDJPHQWVRIDSUREDEOH for their textile production, among these was Scythopolis. The Price Edict of Diocletian mentions textile from Scythopolis as some of the most expensive textiles in the Roman Empire in the 4th century CE70 Producers of textile -DQW]HQSOQR VLPLODUEXFNOHVRIFRSSHUDOOR\EXWMXVW with one pivoted axis: Patrich 2008, p. 458, nos. 211-212. 9LGD SS 3DWULFKSS QRV 6FKXO]H'|UUODPP SS 3ULFH HGLFW RI 'LRFOHWLDQ /DXIIHU GLU SS Ibidem. VY6F\WKRSROLWDQXV DQG 6N\WKRSROLWDQRV6HH DOVR IRU WH[WLOHV LQ AnTard, 24, 2016 $1(:/<(;&$9$7('35,9$7(+286(,1-(5$6+ 337 in Scythopolis were according to the edict authorized to RSSRUWXQLW\ WR JDLQ PRUH NQRZOHGJH DERXW GRPHVWLF DVNWKHKLJKHVWSULFHIRUWXQLFVDQGRWKHUFORWKPDGHRI contexts in this period. Together with evidence to be OLQHQ7KHHGLFWPHQWLRQVRWKHUNLQGVRIJDUPHQWV PRUH published from the Scythopolis excavations pertaining than a dozen) for men, women and children. These are to commercial activities as well as the results of the rated according to various quality grades. Textiles from H[FDYDWLRQV RI WKH ,VODPLF SHULRG VKRSV RQ WKH PDLQ Gerasa do not appear in the edict. However, Gerasa offers street in Jerash this house and its inventory provide one evidence from the Roman period for the importance of RIWKHPRVWHQOLJKWHQLQJUHFHQWÀQGV73 Since the context linen production in the city in a context, which underlines is undisturbed and well dated, important observations that linen manufacturing held a central role in Gerasene on the typology and chronology of central groups of society at least in the late Roman period. An inscription material culture can be gained. This closed context dating to the 3rd century CE situated on the front row provides insight into the contemporary spectrum of EHQFKHVLQWKH1RUWK7KHDWUHVSHDNVRIWKHJURXSRIWKH material culture in the Umayyad period. Unfortunately linen workers.717KHVHZHUHVHDWHGSURPLQHQWO\LQWKHÀUVW in Jerash such closed undisturbed contexts are rare row of the North Theatre in this period along with other and therefore this complex adds needed data on the phylai+RZHYHUWKHOLQHQZRUNHUVZKRLQIDFWPXVWKDYH FKURQRORJ\ DQG W\SRORJ\ RI HDUO\ ,VODPLF PDWHULDO been a group of elite owners of manufacturing places, culture. The objects from this trench provide well-dated remain the only group of professionals, which are repre- reference points for the Umayyad period. Another sented in the inscriptions of the North Theatre. This attests important result is also a more differentiated picture of to the importance of this handicraft in 3rd century CE the continuity and transformation of material culture Gerasa. Linen production involved extensive use of water, IURPWKH%\]DQWLQHLQWRWKHHDUO\,VODPLFSHULRGDVZHOO VXFKDVÁD[DQGOLQHQSURGXFWLRQDQG*HUDVD·VORFDWLRQRQ as tracing features usually termed as Abbasid already in the Chrysorrhoas, the so-called Golden River, would have the Umayyad period. facilitated this métier greatly.72 Also relevant are the objects related to textile Although from a later period the objects from production from the house. Although it is clear that the domestic Umayyad context on the East Terrace WH[WLOH SURGXFWLRQ GLG QRW WDNH SODFH RQ DQ LQGXVWULDO calls to mind the importance of textile production, scale in this house and that this building is not related ZKLFK FRQWLQXHG ZHOO LQWR WKH HDUO\ ,VODPLF SHULRG WR WKH 5RPDQ OLQHQ ZRUNHUV PHQWLRQHG LQ WKH 1RUWK )XUWKHUPRUHWKHÀQGVUHPLQGXVWKDWVXFKXQGHUWDNLQJV Theatre of Jerash, it adds information to decentralized may have been a collaborative initiative between several small scale textile production in the Umayyad period. families and may not always have been purely based The development of the Northwest Quarter in RQDZRUNVKRSPRGHODVLVRIWHQDVVXPHG1HHGOHVVWR JHQHUDOLQGLFDWHV WKDW WKH %\]DQWLQH DQG HDUO\ ,VODPLF VD\PXFKUHPDLQVWREHSURYHQEXWWKHÀQGVIURPWKH periods were the most prosperous ones in this area and GRPHVWLF FRQWH[W IURP WKH HDUO\ ,VODPLF SHULRG ZLOO that the hill in earlier times was used as a quarry. Only allow for further insight. from the 3rd century CE onwards did building activity WUXO\WDNHRIILQWKLVDUHD7KHORFDWLRQRIWKH1RUWKZHVW Quarter – high above the city, the highest point within Conclusion WKHFLW\ZDOOVDQGÀUPO\ERXQGLQWRWKHZDWHUVXSSO\ of the city – must have made this area attractive in the The domestic complex of the Umayyad period %\]DQWLQHDQGHDUO\,VODPLFSHULRGVZKHQRWKHUDUHDV excavated in parts in the 2014 campaign of the Danish- of the city were already clustered with monuments and German Northwest Quarter project gives us the buildings of earlier periods.
The Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project
Scythopolis: Expositio totius mundi et gentium 30-31 and the Rabbinic VRXUFHV\4LG,,F\$=, FDVZHOODVCTh 10,20,8. 5HW]OHII0MHO\LQSDUWLFXODUSS 72. Lichtenberger, Raja 2016a for a survey of the sources and uses of water in Gerasa. 7VDIULU)RHUVWHU 338 $&+,0/,&+7(1%(5*(558%,1$5$-$ AnTard, 24, 2016
CATALOGUE*
Pottery – Fine ware S QR ÀJ 1DMMDU S ÀJ QR ¶$PU ÀJ QR :DOPVOH\ et al. Red Painted Pale Ware S:DUH,, S ÀJQR References – VKDSH *DZOLNRZVNL DQG 0XVD S -.K VHFRQGWRSRQULJKWFROXPQ :DONHUS ÀJ Bowl rim, fragmented. QR :DOPVOH\ et al. S :DUH S 'LDP ÀJQR /LFKWHQEHUJHUet al. forthc.(c), no. 12. + Umayyad (7th-8th c. AD. / T.: 0,4. 0XQVHOO FRUH LQQHU <5 RXWHU <5 LQW <5 H[W <5 GHFR <5 +DUG ÀUHG DQG PHGLXP ÀQHO\ OHYLJDWHG FOD\ LQFOXGLQJ DIHZDLUSRFNHWV:KHHOPDGHULPIUDJPHQWZLWKUHG SDLQWHGGHFRRQH[W WZRWKLFNGLDJRQDOOLQHV References – GHFR :DONHU S ÀJ QR SS ÀJQR ÀJQR 5DVVRQ6HLJQH 0 5 cm
-.K Bowl rim, fragmented. References – VKDSH :DONHU S QR ÀJ 'LDP *DZOLNRZVNLDQG0XVD SOVHFRQGWRSRQULJKW + FROXPQ :DOPVOH\ et al. S :DUH S / QR ÀJ /LFKWHQEHUJHUet al. forthc.(c), no. 13. T.: 0,3. Umayyad – 8th th c. AD. 0XQVHOO FRUH <5 LQW <5 H[W <5 GHFR <5 %RZO KDUG ÀUHG DQG UDWKHU ÀQHO\ OHYLJDWHG FOD\ LQFOXGLQJ D IHZ DLU SRFNHWV )ODWWHQHG ULP IUDJPHQW with red painted zig-zag lines. References – GHFR :DONHU S ÀJ QR 1DMMDU S ÀJ QR 5DVVRQ 6HLJQH SQR ÀJ :DOPVOH\et al. S:DUH S ÀJQR 0 5 cm
-.K Bowl rim, fragmented. References – GHFR :DONHU S ÀJ QR 'LDP SS ÀJ QR ÀJ QR 5DVVRQ + 6HLJQH S QR ÀJ QR 1DMMDU / S ÀJ ¶$PU SS ÀJ QR 7 PLQ Walmsley et al. S:DUH SQR ÀJ T. (max.): 0,7. References –VKDSH :DONHUS ÀJQR 0XQVHOO FRUH LQQHU <5 RXWHU <5 LQW *DZOLNRZVNL 0XVD SO WRS RQ ULJKW FROXPQ <5 H[W <5 GHFR 5 ZDVK ZKLWH Walmsley et al. S :DUH S QR < ÀJ /LFKWHQEHUJHUet al. forthc.(c), no. 14. &ULVS\ ÀUHG PHGLXP ÀQHO\ OHYLJDWHG FOD\ LQFOXGLQJ Umayyad – 8th th c. AD. VRPHDLUSRFNHWVPDQ\OLPH DIHZHUXSWHG DQGPDQ\ brown spots. The thin, matt and worn red paint is put onto a matt and worn white wash which is covering the surface.
* Abbreviations: – AE FRSSHUDOOR\ ¶EURQ]H· – D.: depth. – Diam.: diameter (in cm). – ext.: exterior. – FE: iron. – H.: height. – int.: interior. – L.: length. – PB: lead. – T. WKLFNQHVV– W.: width. – Wt.: weight (in g). 0 5 cm 'UDZLQJVSUHSDUHGIRUSXEOLFDWLRQE\-DQHN6XQGDKO AnTard, 24, 2016 $1(:/<(;&$9$7('35,9$7(+286(,1-(5$6+
-.K-.K Jar, body. References –GHFR :DONHUS ÀJQR 6PLWK 'LDP + / 7 SO & /LFKWHQEHUJHUet al. forthc.(c), no. 18. 0XQVHOO FRUH LQQHU <5 RXWHU <5 LQW References – VKDSH :DONHU S ÀJ QR <5 H[W <5 GHFR <5 6FKDHIHU)DONQHU S ÀJ 3HDUVKDSHGMDU+DUGÀUHGDQGUDWKHUÀQHO\OHYLJDWHGFOD\ Umayyad – 8th th c. AD. LQFOXGLQJDIHZDLUSRFNHWV7KLQZKLWLVKVOLS GHFR WZR red horizontal lines, two wavy lines below and remains of another red paint above. 0 5 cm
Lamps
-.F Jerash lamp, intact. + / 7 0XQVHOO FRUH *OH\ VXUIDFH LQW *OH\1 H[W *OH\1 0RXOG PDGH ZLWK D ZDY\ OHGJH RQ XSSHU VXUIDFH continuous diagonal lines running around edge of ERG\ URXQG ÀOOLQJ KROH $ERYH ZLFN KROH D YHUWLFDO OLQHLVÁDQNHGZLWKYROXWHVDQGWZRFLUFOHV WZROHGJHV DURXQG WKH ÀOOLQJ KROH VWUDLJKW ]RRPRUSKLF KDQGOH DQGRYDOEDVHULQJ GLDJRQDOOLQHVUXQQLQJRQULQJEDVH inside base ring, deco.: bird and star. References DO.KRXO\ ÀJ QR .KDLU\ ·$PU ÀJ 'D\ SO /LFKWHQEHUJHU et al. forthc.(c), no. 33. 0 5 cm Late Byzantine – Umayyad.
-.F Rim, fragmented. 0RXOGPDGHFKDQQHOQR]]OHODPS GHFR VWDUVRQXSSHU + / VLGH GLDJRQDO OLQHV RQ WRS RI FKDQQHO QR]]OH /HGJH T.: 0,55. UXQQLQJDURXQGÀOOLQJKROH Munsell: References DO.KRXO\ ÀJ QR .KDLU\ ·$PU FRUH <5 ÀJ /LFKWHQEHUJHUet al. forthc.(c), no. 36. VXUIDFH LQW <5 th- th 0 5 cm Umayyad (7 8 c. A.D.). H[W <5
-.DF Complete base. + / 7 PD[ 7 PLQ W.: 5,27. 0XQVHOO FRUH <5 VXUIDFH LQW <5 H[W <5 0RXOG PDGH GURS VKDSHG EDVH LQVLGH WKH GURS VKDSHG VWDQG ULQJ OHDI GHFR GLDJRQDO OLQHV UXQQLQJ DURXQG VWDQGULQJ VWDUVDQG*UHHNOHWWHUV>1;@RQXSSHUVLGHRI EDVH,QWWUDFHVRIXVHDQGÀQJHUSULQWV References .KDLU\·$PU ÀJ /LFKWHQEHUJHUet al. forthc.(c), no. 40. Umayyad (7th-8th c. A.D.). 0 5 cm 340 $&+,0/,&+7(1%(5*(558%,1$5$-$ AnTard, 24, 2016
-.F Base, fragmented. 0RXOGPDGH GHFR YDVHOLNHGHSLFWLRQLQEDVHULQJ DURXQG + edge of base: stars, leaves and circles. / References DO.KRXO\ ÀJ QR .KDLU\ ·$PU W.: 5,7. ÀJ /LFKWHQEHUJHUet al. forthc.(c), no. 41. Munsell: Umayyad (7th-8th c. A.D.). FRUH <5 VXUIDFH LQW <5 H[W <5<5 0 5 cm
-.JV Base, fragmented. + / 0RXOG PDGH GHFR DW EDVH FHQWUH WZR FRPSOHWH ÀVK T.: 0,7. DQG SDUWV RI D WKLUG ÀVK RQH VWDU DQG RQH FLUFOH RQ Munsell: upper base part. FRUH <5 References .KDLU\·$PU SOÀJ 'D\ SO VXUIDFH LQW <5 ÀJ /LFKWHQEHUJHUet al. forthc.(c), no. 42. H[W <5 0 5 cm Umayyad (7th-8th c. A.D.)
Household vessels
-.J Juglet, almost intact. 6WUDLJKWHQHG HORQJDWHG QHFN FRPSUHVVHG JOREXODU 'LDP EDVH ERG\ GLVN EDVH 1R KDQGOH DWWDFKPHQW YLVLEOH 'LDP PD[ 6HFRQGDULO\ÀUHGDWH[W+DUGÀUHG/HYLJDWLRQ 5DWKHU + ÀQHO\ ZLWK DLU SRFNHWV LQFOXVLRQV VRPH OLPH PDQ\ / HUXSWHGVRPHEODFNDQGUHGEURZQVSRWV T.: 0,4. References: Lichtenberger et al. forthc.(c), no. 55. 0XQVHOO ([W <5 FRUH <5 0 5 cm Not datable.
Yellowish Sandy Ware
-.F 0XQVHOO H[W :KLWH < LQW :KLWH < Jug rim, fragmented. FRUH < 'LDP -XJ ZLWK URXQGHG ULP VWUDLJKWHQHG QHFN 6RIW ÀUHG + /HYLJDWLRQ PHGLXP VRPH DLU SRFNHWV LQFOXVLRQV / VRPHWLQ\VWRQHJULWVDQGEODFNVSRWV 7 PLQ References: Lichtenberger et al. forthc.(c), no. 52. 0 5 cm T. (max.): 0,57. Not datable.
-.F Jug rim, fragmented. PDQ\VPDOOOLPHHUXSWLRQVDIHZUHGEURZQ 'LDP References: 3DQLW]&RKHQ0D]DU GLU SS + pl. 17, no. 5; Lichtenberger et al. forthc.(c), no. 53. / Not datable. 7 ULP T. (body): 0,45. 0XQVHOO H[W <5 LQW < FRUH <5 -XJZLWKURXQGHGULPDQGVWUDLJKWHQHGQHFN7ZREURDG DQG VKDOORZ ULEV FLUFXODWLQJ WKH QHFN 6OLPPHU DQG HYHQVKDOORZHUULEVDWVKRXOGHU6RIWÀUHG/HYLJDWLRQ PHGLXP ZLWK DLU SRFNHWV LQFOXVLRQV D IHZ OLPH 0 5 cm AnTard, 24, 2016 $1(:/<(;&$9$7('35,9$7(+286(,1-(5$6+ 341
Cooking vessel – Grey Ware
13. -.K &RRNLQJSRWDOPRVWLQWDFW 'LDP + 7 PLQ T. (max.): 0,64. 0XQVHOO FRUH LQQHU <5 RXWHU <5 VXUIDFH H[W < LQW < 5RXQGHGWKLFNHQHGULPRXWFXUYLQJQHFN9DJXHVKRXOGHU ULEELQJ RQ QHFN DQG ERG\ 5RXQGHG EDVH )ODWWHQHG YHUWLFDO KDQGOH DWWDFKHG DW XSSHU QHFN DQG PLG ERG\ +DUG ÀUHG /HYLJDWLRQ PHGLXP ZLWK VRPH DLU SRFNHWV LQFOXVLRQV IHZOLPHDQGSHEEOHVPDQ\EODFNVSRWV References 8VFDWHVFX S QR ÀJ ÀJ QRJ 0 5 cm Lichtenberger et al. forthc.(c), no. 64. Late Byzantine – Umayyad.
Storage and transport vessels
-.K.K $PSKRUDLQWDFWSURÀOH 'LDP ULP + T.: 0,6-1. 0XQVHOO FRUH LQQHU <5 RXWHU <5 LQW <5 H[W 5 %DJJ\ VKDSHG DPSKRUD ZLWK LQWDFW SURÀOH 2XWZDUGV WKLFNHQHG ULP DQG RYDO WLOWHG KDQGOH %DJJ\ ULEEHG body and pointed base. Ledge around shoulder. White strip deco. References 6PLWK SO ÀJ &ODUN SO Lichtenberger et al. forthc.(c), no. 72. Byzantine – Umayyad.
0 5 cm
Grey Ware
-.J %DVLQLQWDFWSURÀOH 'LDP ULP 'LDP EDVH + 7 PLQ T. (max.): 1,64. 0XQVHOO FRUH LQQHU */(< RXWHU < LQW <5 H[W */(<1 7KLFNHQHGULP&RPEHGGHFRUDWLRQRQH[WHULRURIERG\ )ODWWHQHGYHUWLFDOKDQGOH References GHFR 6PLWK ÀJ Shape: McNicoll et al. SO ÀJ /LFKWHQEHUJHUet al. forthc.(c), no. 82. Byzantine – Umayyad. 0 5 cm 342 $&+,0/,&+7(1%(5*(558%,1$5$-$ AnTard, 24, 2016
Glass
.J; Bottle, intact. 'LDP ULP 'LDP PD[ 'LDP EDVH + *UHHQLVK WUDQVOXFHQW 2XWZDUGV ÁDWWHQHG ULP ÁDW rounded base, squat globular body. Umayyad 0 5 cm
.K; Bottle, intact 'LDP ULP 'LDP PD[ 'LDP EDVH + 'DUNJUHHQWUDQVOXFHQW2XWZDUGVÁDWWHQHGULPÁDWEDVH with convex centre, squat globular body. Umayyad 0 5 cm
.J .JKV$ Bottle, fragmented. 'LDP ULP 'LDP PD[ 'LDP EDVH + *UHHQLVK EOXH ,QZDUGV IROGHG URXQGHG ULP SLQFKHG GHFRUDWLRQRQJOREXODUERG\ ÁDWEDVH Byzantine – Umayyad. 0 5 cm
Metal objects
$UFKLWHFWXUDOÀWWLQJV
-.K Revetment pin. AE. / : T.: 0,45. Oblong rectangular bar, ingot-shaped with a curved peg at one end. References 3DWULFK S QR :DOGEDXP SS SO QR Lichtenberger et al. IRUWKF F QR +HOOHQLVWLF5RPDQDQGODWHU
-.K Revetment pin. AE. / W.: 1. Oblong rectangular bar with a curved peg at one end. References 3DWULFKQR /LFKWHQEHUJHUet al. IRUWKF F QR +HOOHQLVWLF5RPDQDQGODWHU 0 5 cm AnTard, 24, 2016 $1(:/<(;&$9$7('35,9$7(+286(,1-(5$6+ 343
-.K 5HYHWPHQWSLQ " )(EDGO\FRUURGHG / : T.: 008. References 3DWULFK S QR :DOGEDXP SS SO QR Lichtenberger et al. IRUWKF F QR +HOOHQLVWLF5RPDQDQGODWHU
22. -.K )UDJPHQWRIXQNQRZQIXQFWLRQUHYHWPHQWSLQ " Cat. ill. 22. $(/ : T.: 1,4. Long bar with one rectangular end and one rounded end with a small peg. References: Lichtenberger et al. IRUWKF F QR +HOOHQLVWLF5RPDQDQGODWHU 0 5 cm
Household appliance and tools
-.I[ /DGOHVFRRS )(EDGO\FRUURGHG / : W. eye: 5,7. /RQJKDQGOHZLWKDOPRVWUHFWDQJXODUVHFWLRQ RYDOSODLQ ERZO DWWKHRSSRVLWHHQGDEURNHQFLUFXODUH\H References :DOGEDXP S SO QR %DLWLQJHU DQG 9|OOLQJ S SO QR Lichtenberger et al. IRUWKF F QR +HOOHQLVWLF5RPDQDQGODWHU
-.H[.HIV )UDJPHQWHGVFLVVRUV )(EDGO\FRUURGHG / References 3DWULFK S QR IURP /DWH W.: 16. 5RPDQFRQWH[W .Q]ODQG:HEHU SS ÀJ 7ULDQJXODUEODGHV WKHKDQGOHLVPDGHRIDFXUYHGEDQG Lichtenberger et al. IRUWKF F QR The top of one blade is missing. +HOOHQLVWLF5RPDQDQGODWHU 344 $&+,0/,&+7(1%(5*(558%,1$5$-$ AnTard, 24, 2016
-.J[ )UDJPHQWVRIDZRROFRPERUKHFNOLQJFRPEZLWKGR]HQV of teeth. )(EDGO\FRUURGHG L. (max.): teeth 12.1. Long iron band with needle-shaped teeth, arranged in at least two rows. References *DLW]VFK S SO QR Lichtenberger et al. IRUWKF F QR +HOOHQLVWLF5RPDQDQGODWHU
-.K Needle. References 3DWULFK S QR S AE. QR :DOGEDXP S SO QR 'LDP Lichtenberger et al. IRUWKF F QR L.: 6. 0 5 cm +HOOHQLVWLF5RPDQDQGODWHU Short needle with an oblong eye.
-.K Needle. )(EDGO\FRUURGHG / W.: 0,85. /RQJVKDIWZLWKDQRWKHUVPDOOLURQIUDJPHQWDGKHUHQW DQREORQJH\HLVSLHUFHGWKURXJKWKHÁDWWHQHGHQG References 3ODWW 5D\ -U SS ÀJ QR :DOGEDXP SS SO QR Lichtenberger et al. IRUWKF F QR +HOOHQLVWLF5RPDQDQGODWHU 0 5 cm
-.K 6PDOONQLIH " References :DOGEDXP SOQR /LFKWHQEHUJHU )(EDGO\FRUURGHG et al. forthc.(c), no. 100. / +HOOHQLVWLF5RPDQDQGODWHU : T.: 1,1. 2EORQJVOLJKWO\FRQLFDOKDQGOH VKRUWWULDQJXODUEODGH 0 5 cm
Locks and keys
-.K 6PDOOFDVNHWVKDSHGREMHFWSUREDEO\DORFN )(EDGO\FRUURGHG + / W.: 2,5. 5HFWDQJXODUFDVNHWRQRQHVLGHRSHQ DELJKROHDWWKH IURQWVLGH LQHDFKFRUQHUDVPDOOKROHWKURXJKZKLFK is passed a rivet. References :DOGEDXP SO /LFKWHQEHUJHU et al. forthc.(c), no. 101. +HOOHQLVWLF5RPDQDQGODWHU AnTard, 24, 2016 $1(:/<(;&$9$7('35,9$7(+286(,1-(5$6+ 345
-.K )UDJPHQWRIWKHFORVLQJGHYLFH " )(EDGO\FRUURGHG / + T.: 0,8. Rectangular band with an oblong eye which is attached on the upper ridge of the band. References: Lichtenberger et al. forthc.(c), no. 102. +HOOHQLVWLF5RPDQDQGODWHU 0 5 cm
-.J[ .H\KROHSODWH AE. Diam.: 6,5. &LUFXODUSODWHZLWKDFHQWUDONH\KROHDQGDVPDOOUHFWDQ- gular hole on the upper right. References :DOGEDXP SS SO QR %DLWLQJHUDQG9|OOLQJSS SOQR -DQW]HQ SO QR /LFKWHQEHUJHU et al. forthc.(c), no. 103. %\]DQWLQH/DWH%\]DQWLQH 0 5 cm
-.K[ 5LQJZLWKPRYDEOHNH\$( HQGZKLFKLVOLQNHGWRDVKRUWD[LVEHWZHHQWKHGROSKLQ / heads. 'LDP ULQJ References 3DWULFK S QR :DOGEDXP / NH\ S SO QR -DQW]HQ SO Ring with two dolphin head-shaped QR /LFKWHQEHUJHUet al. forthc.(c), no. 104. HQGV VPDOO NH\ ZLWK DQ H\H DW RQH 0 5 cm Late Byzantine.
-.K[D 6OLGHNH\ )(EDGO\FRUURGHG / W.: 4,6. .H\ZLWKORQJVKDIWDQGRUWKRJRQDOELWZLWKWKUHHWHHWK WKHDQQXODUHQGRIWKHKDQGOHLVEURNHQDQGÀ[HGWR the shaft. References *DLW]VFK SO 6 %DLWLQJHU 9|OOLQJ SS SO 6HLJQHet al. S SO QR /LFKWHQEHUJHUet al. forthc.(c), no. 105. +HOOHQLVWLF5RPDQDQGODWHU
&DVNHWÀWWLQJV
34. -.K References :DOGEDXP SS SO QR +LQJHKLQJHSODWH -DQW]HQ SO QR /LFKWHQEHUJHU et al. AE. forthc.(c), no. 106. / %\]DQWLQH/DWH%\]DQWLQH W.: 2,5. )ODW EDU ZLWK D NQXFNOH DW RQH HQG DQG D URXQGHG SHUIRUDWHG H[WHQVLRQ DW WKH RWKHU HQG )DFH ZLWK decorated with chased geometrical ornament (concentric circles and small dots). 0 5 cm 346 $&+,0/,&+7(1%(5*(558%,1$5$-$ AnTard, 24, 2016
-.K 6PDOODWWDFKPHQWSUREDEO\DVWDQGIRRGRIDFDVNHW AE. + : T.: 1,6. Massive “foot” with triangular extension. References 'DYLGVRQ SOQR SOQR Lichtenberger et al. forthc.(c), no. 107. Roman – Late Byzantine.
-.K Hinge. )(EDGO\FRUURGHG / 5HFWDQJXODUSODWHZLWKWKUHHH\HVRIWKHNQXFNOH : References /LFKWHQEHUJHUet al. forthc.(c), no. 108. 0 5 cm T.: 1,2. +HOOHQLVWLF5RPDQDQGODWHU
Weighing equipment )ODW UHFWDQJXODU SODWH IDFH FKDVHG ZLWK WZR OHWWHUV -.K Gamma and Alpha (= weight of one ounze), and a small, Weight. AE. dotted circle. / References :DPVHU SS %HQGDOO : SS /LFKWHQEHUJHUet al. IRUWKF F QR T.: 0,25. 0 5 cm Late Byzantine.
-.K Suspension of a balance. +HOOHQLVWLF5RPDQDQGODWHU AE. / W.: 0,6. 6ROLGXSSHUSDUWZLWKSVHXGRWRUVLRQSURÀOHZKLFKHQGV LQDORRSZLWKPRYDEOHULQJ WKHORZHUSDUWLVGLYLGHG LQWZRÁDWOHJV References :DOGEDXP SS SO QR Lichtenberger et al. forthc.(c), no. 110. 0 5 cm
-.K Suspension, probably from a balance. AE. References :DOGEDXP SS SO QR / Lichtenberger et al. forthc.(c), no. 111. W.: 1. Roman and later. 6KRUW VROLG XSSHU SDUW ZLWK D ORRS WKH ORZHU SDUW LV GLYLGHGLQWZRORQJDQGÁDWOHJVHDFKDUHSHUIRUDWHG through the lower end. 0 5 cm
Cosmetic implements
-.HIV Rim fragments of a mirror (?). References 3DWULFK S QR PB. Lichtenberger et al. forthc.(c), no. 112. / ODUJHVWIUDJPHQW +HOOHQLVWLF5RPDQDQGODWHU W.: 1,2. 6L[ IUDJPHQWV RI DQ RSHQZRUN IUDPH ZLWK ]LJ]DJ RUQDPHQW SUREDEO\SDUWVRIWKHVDPHIUDPHOLNHWKH IUDJPHQWV.KJV 0 5 cm AnTard, 24, 2016 $1(:/<(;&$9$7('35,9$7(+286(,1-(5$6+ 347
-.JKV Rim fragments of a mirror (?). References 3DWULFK S QR PB. Lichtenberger et al. forthc.(c), no. 113. / ODUJHVWSLHFH +HOOHQLVWLF5RPDQDQGODWHU W.: 1,3. 7KUHH IUDJPHQWV RI DQ RSHQZRUN IUDPH ZLWK ]LJ]DJ RUQDPHQW SUREDEO\ SDUWV RI WKH VDPH IUDPH OLNH 0 5 cm .HIV
42. -.K Lid of a cosmetic tube. AE. + Diam.: 2,2. &\OLQGULFDOKXOOFORVHGDWRQHHQG ZLWKDOLWWOHKROHLQ centre. References :DOGEDXP S SO QR Lichtenberger et al. forthc.(c), no. 114. +HOOHQLVWLF5RPDQDQGODWHU
Dress accessories
-.H Model for a strap end. AE. / W.: 1,1. 0 5 cm 8VKDSHGSODWH IDFHZLWKHQJUDYHGRUQDPHQWRIVW\OL]HG vegetable character. References 6FKXO]H'|UUODPP SS Lichtenberger et al. forthc.(c), no. 116. Late Byzantine.
-.K Strap end. AE. 0 5 cm / W.: 2,5. 8VKDSHG XSSHUHQGVOLJKWO\ÁXWHGZLWKWZROLWWOHSHUIR- rations for lost rivets. References .D]DQVNL S ÀJ QR Lichtenberger et al. forthc.(c), no. 117. Late Byzantine.
Horse trappings (?)
-.K %XFNOH )(EDGO\FRUURGHG / : T.: 1,6. Almost rectangular loop with eyes at the end of both DUPVZKLFKKROGDSLYRWHGD[LV DWULDQJXODUWRQJXHLV OLQNHGZLWKWKHFHQWUDOÀ[HGD[LV References -DQW]HQ SO QR VLPLODU EXFNOHV of copper alloy, but just with one pivoted axis: Patrich SQR /LFKWHQEHUJHUet al. forthc.(c), no. 118. Roman – Late Byzantine. 348 $&+,0/,&+7(1%(5*(558%,1$5$-$ AnTard, 24, 2016
-.H[ /RRSRIDEXFNOH " AE. / B.: 3,7. Almost rectangular loop with extended rounded ends each perforated to hold a pivoted axis that is lost. References 3DWULFKSQR /LFKWHQEHUJHU
et al. IRUWKF F QR 0 5 cm Roman – Late Byzantine.
Chains and hooks
-.K References 3ODWW SS ÀJ QR )UDJPHQWRIDFKDLQ Lichtenberger et al. forthc.(c), no. 121. )( +HOOHQLVWLF5RPDQDQGODWHU / : KRRN 7ZRFKDLQOLQNVHDFKVKDSHGE\WZRGLIIHUHQWVL]HG ORRSVOLNHDGLVWRUWHG´µ 0 5 cm
-.K %UDFNHWSUREDEO\RIDFKDLQ AE. / W.: 1,4. )ODW SODWH RI REORQJ WULDQJXODU VKDSH 7ZR H[WHQGHG rounded ends each perforated. References :DOGEDXP SS SOQR -DQW]HQSOQR /LFKWHQEHUJHUet al. forthc.(c), no. 122. %\]DQWLQH/DWH%\]DQWLQH
-.K )UDJPHQWRIDFKDLQ )(EDGO\FRUURGHGDQGFRQWDPLQDWHGZLWKRWKHUPDWHULDO / VLQJOHOLQNFD W.: 1,35. $FOXVWHURIVHYHUDOREORQJRYDOFKDLQOLQNV References: Lichtenberger et al. forthc.(c), no. 123. +HOOHQLVWLF5RPDQDQGODWHU
Nails and rivets
-.K %XWWRQKHDGRIDULYHW " PB (?). 'LDP T.: 0,15. )ODWVOLJKWO\FRQFDYHDQGGLVFRLGSLHFHRIPHWDO References: Lichtenberger et al. forthc.(c), no. 126. Roman – Late Byzantine. AnTard, 24, 2016 $1(:/<(;&$9$7('35,9$7(+286(,1-(5$6+
-.K Boss or decorated head of a rivet (?). References :DOGEDXP SS SO QR AE. Lichtenberger et al. forthc.(c), no. 127. / +HOOHQLVWLF5RPDQDQGODWHU Diam.: 1,6. Solid, oblong vase-shaped. 0 5 cm
-.K 7ZRVPDOOQDLOVULYHWV Each of them with round, slightly convex head. D -.K References 3DWULFK S QR E -.K Lichtenberger et al. forthc.(c), no. 128. )(EDGO\FRUURGHG +HOOHQLVWLF5RPDQDQGODWHU L 1,5 and 1. 0 5 cm
Varian
-.K 7XEHKXOORIXQNQRZQIXQFWLRQ AE, heavily corroded and contaminated with other material. 'LDP PD[ L.: 6,2. Almost cylindrical tube. References: Lichtenberger et al. forthc.(c), no. 134. +HOOHQLVWLF5RPDQDQGODWHU
-.K )LWWLQJ )(EDGO\FRUURGHGDQGFRQWDPLQDWHGZLWKRWKHUPDWHULDO / : T.: 1,25. Oblong, originally rectangular bar with eyeholes at the ends through both are passed a small rivet. References: Lichtenberger et al. forthc.(c), no. 135. +HOOHQLVWLF5RPDQDQGODWHU
Bone Utensils
-.K :RUNHGERQHGLVFLQWDFW References: 0DFDOLVWHU YROSÀJ YROSO 'LDP 7 QR SO QRD $\DORQ &LUFXODUZRUNHGERQHGLVF HLJKWLQFLVHGFLUFOHVDORQJ ÀJ .RWWHU5D\-U ÀJ QR ÀJ RXWHUHGJHHDFKFLUFOHKDVDFHQWUDOLQFLVHGGRW QR /LFKWHQEHUJHUet al. forthc.(c), no. 147. from which incised lines are connected to the Not datable. FLUFOHVDORQJWKHRXWHUHGJH SRVVLEO\DJDPHSLHFH
0 5 cm 350 $&+,0/,&+7(1%(5*(558%,1$5$-$ AnTard, 24, 2016
-.K[ :RUNHGERQHF\OLQGHULQWDFW 'LDP / T.: 0,54. :RUNHGERQHF\OLQGHUVL[LQFLVHGOLQHVDWERWKHQGVRI 0 5 cm WKHF\OLQGHU VOLJKWULEEHGVXUIDFH SRVVLEO\DFRQWDLQHU or (mirror?) handle. References: McNicoll et al. SOQR )LQGODWHUet al. SS ÀJ $\DORQÀJQR :DSQLVKSSÀJQR .RWWHU5D\-U ÀJ QR 3DQLW]&RKHQet al. ÀJ QR /LFKWHQEHUJHUet al. forthc.(c), no. 152. Late Roman – Mid Byzantine.
Spindle Whorls
-.K 'LDP PLQ 'LDP PD[ + 0 5 cm : Wt.: 17. SOQR McNicoll et al. SO QR 3ODWW5D\ Almost intact cone-shaped spindle whorl with -U ÀJQR /LFKWHQEHUJHUet al. forthc. FHQWUDO KROH ÁDW EDVH VWHHS VLGHV VOLJKW D QR IRUWKF E QR /LFKWHQEHUJHUet al. FLUFXODU GHSUHVVLRQ DW WKH WRS GDUN EOXLVK forthc.(c), no. 154. EODFNVWRQH Not datable. References: Ploug et al. ÀJ QR 5LLV%XKO ÀJ QR 0F1LFROOet al.
-.K
'LDP PLQ 0 5 cm 'LDP PD[ + References: Ploug et al. ÀJ QR 5LLV %XKO : ÀJ QR 0F1LFROO et al. SO WTO: 11,37. QR McNicoll et al. SO QR 3ODWW 5D\ -U Almost intact cone-shaped spindle whorl with ÀJQR /LFKWHQEHUJHUet al. forthc.(a), FHQWUDO KROH ÁDW EDVH FXUYLQJ VLGHV GDUN QR IRUWKF E QR /LFKWHQEHUJHU et al. JUHHQLVKEODFNVWRQH forthc.(c), no. 155. Not datable.
-.KV 0 5 cm Steatite. 'LDP PLQ 'LDP PD[ References: 3ORXJ ÀJ QR 5LLV %XKO + ÀJ QR 0F1LFROO et al. SO QR 7 McNicoll et al. SO QR 3ODWW 5D\ -U WTO: 11,87. ÀJ QR /LFKWHQEHUJHU et al. forthc.(a), Almost intact cone-shaped spindle whorl with a QRV DQG IRUWKF E QR /LFKWHQEHUJHU et FHQWUDOKROH ÁDWWRSDQGEDVHEODFNVWHDWLWH al. forthc.(c), no. 156. Not datable.
-.H Bonge. 'LDP PLQ 0 5 cm 'LDP PD[ + References: Dever et al. SOQR SO QR :72 McNicoll et al. SOQR /LFKWHQEHUJHUet al. Almost intact cone-shaped spindle whorl with forthc.(c), no. 157. DFHQWUDOKROH ÁDWEDVHFXUYLQJVLGHV ERQH Not datable. AnTard, 24, 2016 $1(:/<(;&$9$7('35,9$7(+286(,1-(5$6+ 351
-.JKV 5RFNNU\VWDO References: Lichtenberger et al. forthc.(c), no. 158. 'LDP PLQ Not datable. 'LDP PD[ + / : WTO: 22,17. ,QWDFW WUDSH]RLGDO VSLQGOH ZKRUO ZLWK D FHQWUDO KROH ÁDW EDVH FXUYLQJ VLGHV XSSHU VXUIDFH LV ZRUNHG LQ WUDSH- ]RLGDO SDWWHUQV ZRUNHG KH[DJRQ DURXQG FHQWUDO KROH 0 5 cm URFNFU\VWDOFOHDU
Jewellery
-.JKV.J1 References 5LLV ÀJ /LFKWHQEHUJHUet al. forthc. -.J F QR Metal beads. Not datable. DI .J / : EI .JKV / : FI .JKV / : GI .JKV / : 0 3 cm HI .JKV / : I .J1 / : DQG.J / : &\OLQGULFDO VKDSHG LV JOREXODU VKDSHG lead beads, coated with golden foil, pierced through lengthwise.
-.I Two metal beads. 1R / : 1R / : No. 1: AE. Circular, bronze plate, central 0 3 cm KROH 1R $( 7ZR FLUFXODU EURQ]H EHDGV References: Lichtenberger et al. forthc.(c), no. 160. corroded. Not datable.
-.JKV References 3ORX S 5LLV ÀJ Stone bead. Lichtenberger et al. forthc.(c), no. 161. / Not datable. W.: 0,61. 0 1 cm Agate. Cylindrical shaped, agate stone bead, pierced 0 3 cm through the small sides, coloured in stripes in GDUNEURZQZKLWHDQGOLJKWEURZQ
-.JKV Stone bead. References 3ORX ÀJ 5LLV ÀJ / Lichtenberger et al. forthc.(c), no. 162. W.: 0,62. Not datable. 0 1 cm Agate. Cylindrical shaped, agate stone bead, pierced 0 3 cm WKURXJK WKH VPDOO VLGHV FRORXUHG LQ D GDUN brown part, separated from a very light brown one by a white line. 352 $&+,0/,&+7(1%(5*(558%,1$5$-$ AnTard, 24, 2016
-.J' Stone bead. / W.: 0,77. 0 3 cm References 3ORX ÀJ 5LLV ÀJ Cylindrical shaped carnelian bead, pierced Lichtenberger et al. forthc.(c), no. 163. through the small sides. Not datable.
-.J' Stone bead. 0 3 cm Cylindrical bead, pierced through the small sides. / References 3ORX ÀJ 5LLV ÀJ W.: 0,76. Lichtenberger et al. forthc.(c), no. 164. Carnelian. Not datable.
-.J1 Stone bead. / W.: 0,77. 0 1 cm 2YRLGVKDSHG ZKLWH DQG GDUN EURZQ EODFN FRORXUHG
semi-precious stone bead. Pierced through on the short 0 3 cm sides. References 5LLV ÀJ /LFKWHQEHUJHUet al. forthc.(c), no. 165. Not datable.
-.K 0 1 cm Stone bead. / : 0 3 cm Diam. (hole): 0,34. &\OLQGULFDO EODFNLVKEURZQ VWRQH EHDG 3LHUFHG KROH LQ the centre of the small sides. References: Lichtenberger et al. forthc.(c), no. 166. Not datable.
-.HV Stone bead, almost intact. 0 1 cm + Diam.: 1,17. Carnelian. 0 3 cm &LUFXODU UHGGLVKEURZQ FDUQHOLDQ VWRQH SDUWO\ EURNHQ RII5HPDLQVRIDEURQ]HZLUHVWLFNLQJLQWKHSLHUFHG hole. References 3ORX ÀJ 5LLV ÀJ Lichtenberger et al. forthc.(c), no. 167. Not datable.
-.J Stone bead. / W.: 1,0. Circular, white stone bead, possibly made of quartz, 0 3 cm pierced through on the small sides. References 5LLV ÀJ 6PLWK SO Lichtenberger et al. forthc.(c), no. 168. Not datable. 0 1 cm AnTard, 24, 2016 $1(:/<(;&$9$7('35,9$7(+286(,1-(5$6+ 353
-.J Semi-precious stone bead. / 0 1 cm W.: 0,7. 7KH UHG EURZQOLJKW EURZQ EHDG LV F\OLQGULFDOO\ HORQJDWHG WKLFNHU LQ WKH PLGGOH DQG KDV ZKLWH VWULSHV UXQQLQJ around it. Pierced through at the small side. References 5LLV ÀJ/LFKWHQEHUJHUet al. forthc. F QR Not datable.
-.K Stone pendant. 7 Diam.: 2,43. 0 3 cm )ODW GLVF SHQGDQW Not datable. 0 1 cm -.JKV Bone bead. / W.: 0,88. 0 1 cm %ODFNERQHEHDGVHFRQGDULO\EXUQHGGULOOHGKROHWKURXJK WKHVPDOOVLGH6XUIDFHIXOORIFUDFNVDQGÁDNLQJRII 0 3 cm References 5LLV ÀJ 6PLWK SO Lichtenberger et al. forthc.(c), no. 171. Not datable. -.K Glass bead. + 0 1 cm 'LDP Diam. (hole): 0,27. 2SDTXHZKLWHOLJKWEOXHLVKJODVVEHDGKROHLQFHQWUHRI the small sides. 0 3 cm References 5LLV ÀJ Nicol et al. SO 6PLWK SO /LFKWHQEHUJHUet al. forthc.(c), no. 172. Not datable. -.K )LQJHUULQJIUDJPHQWHG Measurements not available. +DOI D EURQ]H ULQJ YHU\ FRUURGHG ZLWK D ZKLWLVKEOXH glass pearl (weathered) inserted in depression on top. References 3ORX ÀJ, /LFKWHQEHUJHUet al. forthc. 0 3 cm (c), no. 173. Not datable. 354 $&+,0/,&+7(1%(5*(558%,1$5$-$ AnTard, 24, 2016 Stone vessel -.H Small grey-yellowish limestone mortar with pestle. Mortar with pestle, intact. Slightly weathered. 0RUWHU + : HQGHVWDWLRQ : References: McNicoll et al. SO /LFKWHQEHUJHUet al. 3DVWHO + : PLQ : PD[ HQGHVWDWLRQ forthc.(c), no. 183. 1,8. Not datable. AnTard, 24, 2016 $1(:/<(;&$9$7('35,9$7(+286(,1-(5$6+ 355 BIBLIOGRPAHY* DO.KRXO\0 &ODUN9$)DONQHU5. 2001 “Nouvelles lampes inscrites de la période ´7KHSRWWHU\µLQ&ODUN RPH\\DGHµLQ(9LOOHQHXYH GLU La céramique byzantine et proto-islamique en Syrie-Jordanie (IVe- Crowfoot J.W. VIIe siècles apr. J.C.)%H\URXWKSS ´7KH&KULVWLDQFKXUFKHVµLQ.UDHOLQJ GLU pp. 171-262. ¶$PU$- ´6KDOORZ8PD\\DGSDLQWHGERZOVIURP5XMPHO Crowfoot J.W., Hamilton R.W. .XUVLH[FDYDWLRQVµADAJ 32, pp. 247-254. ´7KHGLVFRYHU\RIDV\QDJRJXHLQ-HUDVKµPale- stine Exploration QuarterlySS Andrade N. J. 2013 Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World, Cambridge. Davidson G.R. The Minor Objects, Corinth 12, Princeton. Ayalon E. 2005 The Assemblage of Bone and Ivory Artefacts from 'D\() Caesarea Maritima, Israel 1st-13th Centuries CE (BAR ´(DUO\ ,VODPLF DQG &KULVWLDQ ODPSVµ Berytus 7, International Series 1457), Oxford. SS Avni G. Detweiler A.H. 2014 The Byzantine-Islamic Transition in Palestine. An D ´7KHQRUWKJDWHµLQ.UDHOLQJ GLU SS Archaeological Approach, Oxford. E ´7KHVRXWKJDWHµLQ.UDHOLQJ GLU SS %DLWLQJHU+9|OOLQJ7 Dever W.G., Lance H.D., Bullard R.G. 2007 Werkzeug und Gerät aus Olympia%HUOLQ1HZ &ODUN9$%RZVKHU-6WHZDUW' Gaitzsch W. ´7KH -HUDVK QRUWK WKHDWHU DUFKLWHFWXUH DQG 2005 Eisenfunde aus Pergamon. Geräte, Werkzeuge und DUFKDHRORJ\ µLQ=D\DGLQH GLU Waffen. Mit einem Beitrag von G. Gassmann und pp. 205-302. A. Hauptmann 3HUJDPHQLVFKH )RUVFKXQJHQ %HUOLQ1HZ *DZOLNRZVNL0 ´$UHVLGHQWLDODUHDE\WKH6RXWK'HFXPDQXVµLQ * Abbreviations: ADAJ = Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan. =D\DGLQH GLU SS 356 $&+,0/,&+7(1%(5*(558%,1$5$-$ AnTard, 24, 2016 *DZOLNRZVNL00XVD$ .UDHOLQJ&+ GLU ´7KH &KXUFK RI %LVKRS 0DULDQRVµ LQ =D\DGLQH Gerasa, City of the Decapolis, New Haven (CT). GLU SS .Q]O(:HEHU7 Jantzen U. ´'DVVSlWDQWLNH*UDEHLQHV=DKQDU]WHV]X*DGDUD 2004 Die Wasserleitung des Eupalinos. Die Funde (Samos 20), LQ GHU 'HNDSROLVµ Damaszener Mitteilungen 5, Bonn. pp. 81-118. .DODLW]RJORX*.QLHVV5/LFKWHQEHUJHU$3LO]'5DMD5 Lauffer S. (dir.) 2012 “Report on the geophysical prospection of the Diokletians Preisedikt, Berlin. 1RUWKZHVW 4XDUWHU RI *HUDVD-HUDVK µ ADAJSS Lepaon T. ´8Q QRXYHDX SODQ SRXU -HUDVK*HUDVD -RUGD- .DODLW]RJORX*/LFKWHQEHUJHU$5DMD5 nie),” ADAJSS forthc.(a) “Preliminary report of the second season of the Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter /HYLQH/, Project 2012,” ADAJ 57. 2000 The Ancient Synagogue: The First Thousand Years, forthc. (b) “Preliminary report of the third season of the New Haven. Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Proj- ect 2013,” ADAJ 58. Lichtenberger A. 2003 Kulte und Kultur der Dekapolis: Untersuchungen zu forthc. (c) “Preliminary report on the fourth season of numismatischen, archäologischen und epigraphi- the Danish-German Northwest Quarter Project schen Zeugnissen (Abhandlungen des Deutschen 2014,” ADAJ 3DOlVWLQD9HUHLQV :LHVEDGHQ .D]DQVNL0 2008 “Artemis and Zeus Olympios in Roman Gerasa and 2003 4DODW6HPDQ,9 5DSSRUWÀQDO 3: Les objets métalli- 6HOHXFLGUHOLJLRXVSROLF\µLQ7.DL]HU GLU The ques, Beyrouth. Variety of Local Religious Life in the Near East in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods, Leiden, pp. 133-154. .HKUEHUJ, 2011 “Roman Gerasa seen from below: An alternative Lichtenberger A., Lindroos A., Raja R., Heinemeier J. study of urban landscape,” Australasian Society for 2015 “Radiocarbon analysis of mortar from Roman and Classical Studies 32, pp. 1-18. Byzantine water management installations in the Northwest Quarter of Jerash, Jordan,” Journal of .HKUEHUJ,0DQOH\- Archaeological Science: Reports 2, pp. 114-127. ´1HZDUFKDHRORJLFDOÀQGVIRUWKHGDWLQJRIWKH Gerasa Roman city wall,” ADAJ 45, pp. 437-446. Lichtenberger A., Raja R. 2002 “The 2001 season of the Jarash City Walls Project: ´7KH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -HUDVK 1RUWKZHVW 4XDUWHU Preliminary report,” ADAJSS Project: Results of the 2011 Survey Campaign,” ADAJ 56, pp. 231-240. 2003 “The Jerash City Walls Project (JCWP) 2001-2003: UHSRUW RI SUHOLPLQDU\ ÀQGLQJV RI WKH VHFRQG D ´,QWHQWLRQDOFRRNLQJSRWGHSRVLWVLQ/DWH5RPDQ season 21st September-14th October 2002,” Jerash (Northwest Quarter)”, Syria: Archéologie, ADAJ 47, pp. 83-86. Art et Histoire SS 2015b “A hoard of Byzantine and Arab-Byzantine .HQQHG\' coins from Jerash,” Numismatic Chronicle 175, 2007 Gerasa in the Decapolis: A “Virtual Island” in SS Northwest Jordan 'XFNZRUWK'HEDWHVLQ$UFKDH- 2016a “Living with and on the river-side: The example ology), London. of Roman Antiochia-on-the-Chrysorrhoas-for- PHUO\FDOOHG*HUDVDµ LQ -.XKOPDQQ GLU Water .HQQHG\+ of Life. Festschrift for Peder Mortensen, Copenhagen, ´)URP3ROLVWR0DGLQD XUEDQFKDQJHLQ/DWH$QWL- pp. 88-117. TXHDQG(DUO\,VODPLF6\ULDµPast and Present 106, E ´-HUDVKLQWKH0LGGOH,VODPLFSHULRG&RQQHFWLQJ pp. 3-27. texts and archaeology through new evidence .KDLU\,1·$PU$- from the Northwest Quarter,” Zeitschrift des ´(DUO\ ,VODPLF LQVFULEHG SRWWHU\ ODPSV IURP Deutschen Palästina-Vereins, 132, pp. 63-81. Jordan,” Levant 18, pp. 143-153. 2016c “The Danish-German Northwest Quarter Project in Jerash. Results from the 2011-2013 campaigns,” .RWWHU:55D\-U3- Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan 12, ´2EMHFWVRIVWRQHFOD\ERQHDQGLYRU\IURP7HOO Amman, pp. 173-188. Hesban and vicinity,” in P.J. Ray Jr. (dir.), Small Finds: Studies of Bone, Iron, Glass, Figurines, and Stone Lichtenberger A., Raja R., Sørensen A. H. Objects from Tell Hesban and Vicinity (Hesban 12), forthc.(a) “Preliminary registration report of the second Berrien Springs, pp. 113-146. season of the Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project 2012,” ADAJ 57. .UDHOLQJ&+ forthc. (b) “Preliminary registration report of the third ´7KHKLVWRU\RI*HUDVDµLQ.UDHOLQJ GLU season of the Danish-German Jerash Northwest pp. 27-72. Quarter Project 2013,” ADAJ 58. AnTard, 24, 2016 $1(:/<(;&$9$7('35,9$7(+286(,1-(5$6+ 357 forthc. (c) “The Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Platt E.E., Ray Jr. P.J. Project 2014. Preliminary registration report,” ´7KHWH[WLOHWRROVIURP7HOO+HVEDQDQGYLFLQLW\µ ADAJ in P.J. Ray Jr. (dir.), Small Finds: Studies of Bone, Iron, Glass, Figurines, and Stone Objects from Tell MacAlister S. R. A. Hesban and Vicinity (Hesban 12), Berrien Springs, The Excavation of Gezer: 1902-1905 and 1907-1909 SS (3 vol.), London. Ploug G. March C. Hama: Fouilles et Recherches de la Fondation Spatial and Religious Transformations in the Late Carlsberg, 1931-1938,,, The Graeco-Roman Town, Antique Polis: A Multidisciplinary Analysis with a Copenhagen. Case-Study of the City of Gerasa, Oxford. Ploug G., Hammershaimb E., Oldenburg E., Thomsen R. McNicoll A.W., Edwards P.C., Hanbury-Tenison J., Hennessy J.B., Hama: Fouilles et Recherches de la Fondation 3RWWV7)6PLWK5+:DOPVOH\$:DWVRQ3 Carlsberg, 1931-1938,9 Les Petits Objets Médiévaux Pella in Jordan 2: The Second Interim Report of the sauf Les Verreries et Poteries, Copenhagen. Joint University of Sydney and College of Wooster Excavations at Pella 1982-1985, Sydney. Raja R. ´7KH6DQFWXDU\RI$UWHPLVLQ*HUDVDµLQ7)LVKHU McNicoll A.W., Smith R.H., Hennessy B. Hansen, B. Poulsen (dir.), From Artemis to Diana: Pella in Jordan 1: An Interim Report on the Joint Uni- The Goddess of Man and Beast (Acta Hyperborea 12), versity of Sydney and The College of Wooster Excava- Copenhagen, pp. 383-401. tions at Pella 1979-1981, Canberra. 2012 Urban Development and Regional Identity in the Eastern Roman Provinces, 50 BC-AD 250: Aphrodi- Najjar M. sias, Ephesos, Athens, Gerasa, Copenhagen. ´$EEDVLG SRWWHU\ IURP HO0XZDTTDUµ ADAJ 33, 2013 “Changing spaces and shifting attitudes: Revisiting pp. 305-322. WKH6DQFWXDU\RI=HXVLQ*HUDVDµLQ7.DL]HU$ Leone, E. Thomas, R. Witcher (dir.), Cities and Gods: Panitz-Cohen N., Mazar A. (dir.) Religious Space in Transition (Babesch Supplements 2006 Timnah (Tel Batash), 3. Finds from the Second Millen- 22), Leuven, pp. 31-46. nium BCE (Qedem, 42), Jerusalem. 2015 “Bishop Aeneas and the Church of St. Theodore in *HUDVDµLQ-5SNH(5HELOODUG GLU Group identity 3DQLW]&RKHQ1 Schumacher G. Waldbaum J. ´'VFKHUDVFKµ Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina- Metalwork from Sardis: The Finds Through 1974 VereinsSS (Archaeological Exploration of Sardis, 8), Cambridge (Mass.). Seigne J. ´+LVWRU\RIH[SORUDWLRQDW-HUDVK WKH6DQFWXDU\RI :DONHU%- =HXVµLQ'+RPpV)UHGHULFT-%+HQQHVV\ GLU ´7KH,VODPLF3HULRGµLQ-$6DXHU/*+HUU GLU Archaeology of Jordan, 2, 1: Field Reports, Surveys and Ceramic Finds: Typological and Technological Studies Sites A-K & L-Z $NNDGLFD6XSSOHPHQWXP /HXYHQ of the Pottery Remains from Tell Hesban and Vicinity SS +HVEDQ %HUULHQ6SULQJV 0, SS D ´-pUDVK URPDLQH HW E\]DQWLQH GpYHORSSHPHQW urbain d’une ville provinciale orientale,” in Walmsley A. S. Tell (dir.), Studies in the History and Archaeology ´%\]DQWLQH3DOHVWLQHDQG$UDELD 8UEDQSURVSH- of Jordan, 4, Amman, pp. 331-341. rity in Late Antiquity,” in N. Christie, S. T. Loseby E ´ O·RPEUH GH =HXV HW G·$UWpPLV *HUDVD GH OD (dir.), Towns in Transition: Urban Evolution in Late Décapole,” ARAM PeriodicalSS Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, Aldershot, pp. 126-158. 6HLJQH - $XJp & %UDHPHU ) 'HQW]HU)H\GH\ - 0RQWOL- ´/DQG UHVRXUFHV DQG LQGXVWU\ LQ (DUO\ ,VODPLF th th YDXOW9LOOHQHXYH (* GH 'XVVDUW 2 *DWLHU3/ Jordan (7 -11 century). Current research and Rasson-Seigne A.M. future directions,” in G. Bisheh (dir.), Studies in ´5HFKHUFKHV VXU OH VDQFWXDLUH GH =HXV j -HUDVK the History and Archaeology of Jordan, 6, Amman, 2FWREUH GpFHPEUH 5DSSRUW SUpOLPL- pp. 345-351. QDLUHµLQ=D\GLQH GLU SS 2000 “Production, exchange and regional trade in WKH ,VODPLF (DVW 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ 2OG VWUXFWXUHV 6LPSVRQ, QHZ V\VWHPV"µ LQ / +DQVHQ & :LFNKDP GLU ´0DUNHWEXLOGLQJVDW-DUDVK &RPPHUFLDOWUDQVIRU- The Long Eight Century: Production, Distribution and PDWLRQDWWKH7HWUDNLRQLRQLQWKHthWR th centu- Demand, Leiden, pp. 265-344. ULHV&(µLQ.%DUWO$50RD] GLU Residences, µ7KH )ULGD\ 0RVTXH RI (DUO\ ,VODPLF -DUDVK LQ Castles, Settlements. Transformation Processes from -RUGDQ WKHÀHOGVHDVRQRIWKH'DQLVK-RU- Late Antiquity to Early Islam in Bilad al-Sham (Procee- GDQLDQ,VODPLF-DUDVK3URMHFWµJournal of the C. L. dings of the International Conference held at Damascus, David Collection 1, pp. 111-131. 5-6 November 2006), Rahden, pp. 115-124. ´7KHYLOODJHDVFHQGDQWLQ%\]DQWLQHDQG(DUO\,VOD- mic Jordan: Socio-economic forces and cultural Smith R. responses,” in J. Lefort, C. Morrisson, J.-P. Sodini 2011 “Walls of the Decapolis,” ARAM Periodical 23, (dir.), Les Villages dans l’Empire Byzantin, IVe-XVe siècle, SS Paris, pp. 511-522. 2007 Early Islamic Syria (Debates in Archaeology), London. Smith R.H. Pella of the Decapolis, 1: The 1967 Season of the College :DOPVOH\$'DPJDDUG. of Wooster Expedition to Pella, Wooster. 2005 “The Umayyad congregational mosque of Jarash in Jordan and its relationship to early mosques,” Tholbecq L. Antiquity SS ´8QHLQVWDOODWLRQG·pSRTXHLVODPLTXHGDQVOHVDQ- ctuaire de Zeus de Jérash (Jordanie): La cérami- Walmsley A., Macumber P. G., Edwards P. C. que,” ARAM Periodical SS ´7KHHOHYHQWKDQGWZHOIWKVHDVRQRIH[FDYDWLRQV DW 3HOOD 7DEDTDW )DKO µ ADAJ 37, 7VDIULU<)RHUVWHU* pp. 165-240. ´7KHGDWLQJRIWKH¶(DUWKTXDNHRIWKH6DEEDWLFDO Uscatescu A. Wapnish P. La Cerámica del Macellum de Gerasa (Yarash, Jorda- 2008 “The manufacture of bone artefacts”, in nia), Madrid. L.E. Stager, J.D. Schloen, D.M. Master (dir.), Ashkelon 1: Introduction and Overview (1985-2006), 9LGD7 :LQRQD/DNH ,QG SS ´/RFDO RU IRUHLJQ 5RPDQV" 7KH SUREOHP RI WKH late antique population of the 6th-7th centuries AD :DUG3HUNLQV% in Pannonia,” in D. Quast (dir.), Foreigners in Early 2001 “Specialisation, trade, and prosperity: an over- Medieval Europe. Thirteen International Studies on Early view of the economy of the Late Antique Eastern Medieval Mobility (Monograohien des Römisch- 0HGLWHUUDQHDQµ LQ 6$ .LQJVOH\ 0'HFNHU Germanischen Zentralmuseums 78), Mainz, (dir.), Economy and Exchange in the East Mediterra- pp. 233-260. nean during Late Antiquity, Oxford, pp. 167-178. AnTard, 24, 2016 $1(:/<(;&$9$7('35,9$7(+286(,1-(5$6+ Wharton A. J. 5HFRQÀJXULQJ WKH 3RVW&ODVVLFDO &LW\ 'XUD (XURSRV Jerash, Jerusalem and Ravenna, Cambridge. Whitcomb D. ´5HDVVHVVLQJ WKH DUFKDHRORJ\ RI -RUGDQ RI WKH Abbasid period,” in S. Tell (dir.), Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan, 4, Amman, SS =D\DGLQH) GLU Jerash Archaeological Project 1981-1983, Amman.