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Malaysian Expressway System

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Malaysian expressway logo

The Malaysian Expressway System (Malay: Sistem Lebuhraya ), which begins with the North- South Expressway (NSE), is currently in the process of being substantially developed. It was built by private companies under the supervision of the government authority, Malaysian Highway Authority (abbreviated as MHA; also referred to as Lembaga Lebuhraya Malaysia (LLM) in Malay).

Contents

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 1 Overview

o 1.1 AH2 border crossing dispute

 2 History

o 2.1 Interstate

o 2.2 Greater / Valley

o 2.3 Bahru

o 2.4

o 2.5 East Malaysia

 3 Expressway standards

o 3.1 Expressways/Highways categories

. 3.1.1 Expressway route numbers

. 3.1.2 Federal route numbers

 4 Expressway monitoring and maintenance

o 4.1 Monitoring

o 4.2 Maintenance

o 4.3 management

 5 Advertising services in expressways

 6 Toll system

o 6.1 Multi Free Flow (MLFF) o 6.2 Toll rebate

o 6.3 Malaysian expressway toll rate classes

. 6.3.1 Toll rate classes for every expressway in Malaysia

. 6.3.2 Toll rate classes for Penang

. 6.3.3 Toll rate classes for SMART

 7 Facilities on Malaysian expressways

 8 Types of expressway interchanges in Malaysia

 9 Safety

o 9.1 Speed limits

o 9.2 Types of vehicles not allowed to enter an expressway

. 9.2.1 PLUS expressway networks and (ECE)

. 9.2.2 Ampang-Kuala Lumpur (AKLEH)

. 9.2.3 (MEX) (Kuala Lumpur- Expressway (KLPE))

. 9.2.4 SMART Tunnel

o 9.3 Accidents

. 9.3.1 List of accident-prone areas in Malaysian tolled expressways and highways

o 9.4 During festive seasons

o 9.5 Natural hazards

. 9.5.1 List of landslide-prone areas

. 9.5.2 List of crosswind-prone areas

. 9.5.3 List of flash flood-prone areas

 10 Controversial issues

 11 Interesting facts

 12 List of expressways and highways in Malaysia

 13 Malaysian expressways in popular culture

o 13.1 Films

o 13.2 Televisions

. 13.2.1 Dramas

. 13.2.2 Documentary

o 13.3 Video games

 14 Gallery

 15 See also

 16 References

 17 External links

[edit]Overview

Map of major expressway routes in .

The expressway network of Malaysia is considered the best expressway network in Southeast and also in Asia after Japan and China.[1] They were 27 highways in the country and the total length is 1,630 kilometres (1012.8 miles).[1] and another 219.3 kilometres (136.3miles) is still under construction. The closed toll expressway system is similar to the Japanese Expressway System and Chinese Expressway System. All Malaysian toll expressways are managed in the Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) system.

Malaysian expressways exist in both West Malaysia and East Malaysia, however, the former are better- connected.[2] The North-South Expressway passes through all the major cities and conurbations in West Malaysia, such as Penang, , the and . The Pan Borneo Highway connects the Malaysian states of and with Brunei.

A few major expressways in Malaysia are part of the larger . The Asian Highway Network is an international project between Asian nations to develop their highway systems, which will form main routes in the network. There are three Asian Highway routes passing through Malaysia - Asian Highway Route 2 AH2, Asian Highway Route 18 AH18 and Asian Highway Route 150 AH150 in East Malaysia.[3] The Malaysian section of Route AH2 consists of the North-South Expressway, the North-South Expressway Central Link, the , the Highway and the Johor- .[4]

[edit]AH2 border crossing dispute

The status of the route alignment of the Asian Highway AH2 crossing the Malaysia-Singapore border is currently being disputed. Malaysia had commissioned the Second Link Expressway as part of AH2 to maintain the primary access-controlled highway status of the route.[4] Meanwhile, Singapore had commissioned the Johor-Singapore Causeway and the Expressway as part of AH2, as the Johor-Singapore Causeway is the main gateway to Singapore from Malaysia,[5] which could mean that the would be included in the route alignment instead of the Second Link Expressway.

[edit]History Further information: Chronology of Malaysian Expressway System events

[edit]Interstate

South section of NSE near Pedas-Linggi, , facing towards Kuala Lumpur. (Before upgrading into six- lane carriageway from 1 July 2005 until 1 July 2007) withTitiwangsa Mountains in the top peak

The East Coast Expressway towards Range,.

Before tolled expressways were introduced in the mid 1970s, most Malaysians traveled around Peninsula Malaysia on federal .

The major reasons for building new expressways in Malaysia are the increasing number of vehicles along federal routes, the opening of major ports and airports in Malaysia, and the increasing population in major cities and towns of Malaysia.

The first tolled highway in Malaysia was the Tanjung Malim-Slim River tolled (Federal Route ) which was opened to traffic on 16 March 1966. However, in 1994, with the completion of the North-South Expressway, the toll plaza is removed and it became a toll-free highway.

The Kuala Lumpur-Karak Highway (Federal Route ) was built between 1976 and 1979. Meanwhile the 900 m (-- ft) Genting Sempah Tunnelwas the first highway tunnel in Malaysia, constructed between 1977 and 1979. The tunnel was officially opened in 1979 by the then Minister of Works and Communications, Dato' Abdul Ghani Gilong.

The first section of the North-South Expressway was the Kuala Lumpur- Expressway, which was opened in 1981. The next sections of the North-South Expressway were the Ipoh-Changkat Jering and Seremban-Ayer Keroh stretches, which were opened to traffic in 1986. However, on 1 October 1987 the closed-toll system came into force along the Kuala Lumpur-Ayer Keroh and Ipoh-Changkat Jering stretches. The Ayer Keroh- stretch on the North-South Expressway was opened to traffic in 1988. All sections of the North-South Expressway were completed and officially opened on 8 September 1994 by the former Prime Minister of Malaysia, Tun Dr Mahathir Mohammad.

Other interstate expressway projects in Malaysia are North-South Expressway Central Link (opened 1996), East Coast Expressway (opened 1997) and -Seremban Highway (opened 2008).

[edit]Greater Kuala Lumpur/Klang Valley

The Damansara Link section of Klang Valley's near Semantan.

The SMART Tunnel, during a test on 29 January 2007.

The history of the highways in the Klang Valley started after the separation of Singapore from Malaysia on 9 August 1965, when the Malaysian government decided to make Port Swettenham (now ) Malaysia's new national port as a replacement for Singapore. As a result, the government planned to build a first highway in Klang Valley known as Federal Highway connecting Port Klang to Kuala Lumpur in the 1960s.

In the early 1990s the federal government decided to build more expressways and highways in Klang Valley because of the increasing size and population of the Klang Valley conurbation, development of new townships and industrial estates, and the massive traffic jams along Federal Highway.

The New Klang Valley Expressway (NKVE), which was opened in 1990, is the second link to Kuala Lumpur from Klang after Federal Highway. In 1997, North-South Expressway Central Link (NSECL), which is the main link to Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) was opened to traffic.

Other expressway projects in Klang Valley are Expressway (SAE/KESAS) (opened 1997), Damansara- Expressway (LDP) (opened 1999), Sprint Expressway (opened 2001), (NPE) (opened 2004), SMART Tunnel (opened 2007), KL-KLIA Dedicated Expressway or Kuala Lumpur-Putrajaya Expressway (KLPE) (now Maju Expressway (MEX)) (opened 2007) and Duta- Expressway (DUKE) (opened 2009).

In addition to Kuala Lumpur Inner (KLIRR) as the inner ring road in Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur Middle Ring Road 1 (KLMRR1), Kuala Lumpur Western/Northern Dispersal Link Scheme (Sprint Expressway and Duta-Ulu Klang Expressway (DUKE)) and Kuala Lumpur Middle Ring Road 2 (KLMRR2) also act as middle ring roads of the city. Kuala Lumpur-Kuala Expressway (KLS) (formerly Assam Jawa-Templer Park Highway (LATAR)), Kajang Dispersal Link Expressway (SILK), South Klang Valley Expressway (SKVE) and the planningKuala Lumpur Outer Ring Road (KLORR) may form the outer ring roads of Kuala Lumpur.

Following the formation of the Greater Kuala Lumpur in the early 2010s, there are many expressways and highways will be built in the Greater Kuala Lumpur under the Economic Transformation Programme (ETP). These are the Guthrie-Damansara Expressway (New North Klang Valley Expressway), Pandan-Cheras- Ampang Expressway (Besraya Extension Expressway or Expressway) and Paroi-Senawang- KLIA Expressway.

[edit]Johor Bahru

The Johor-Singapore Causeway serves as the primary connection of Johor with the city-state of Singapore. Johor Bahru, the capital city of Johor, is visible in the background

The Malaysia-Singapore Second Crossing serves as the secondary connection of Johor with the city-state ofSingapore.

The Sungai Johor Bridge on the - Expressway, Johor, the longest river bridge inMalaysia.

The history of highways in Johor Bahru started in the 1980s when the city of Johor Bahru became a main southern international gateway to Malaysia from Singapore after the separation of Singapore from Malaysia on 9 August 1965.

The main reasons for building expressways in Johor Bahru are the increasing size of the Johor Bahru metropolitan area since it achieved city status on 1 January 1994, and the formation of the South Johor Economic Region (SJER) or Iskandar Development Region (IDR) (now ) on 30 July 2006. Many townships have been constructed around Johor Bahru and industrial estates have been developed in areas such as Senai, Skudai, , and Tampoi.

The first highway in Johor Bahru was Skudai Highway linking Senai to Johor Causeway, which was completed in 1985 and it was the first toll highway in Johor Bahru. However the toll plaza near Senai was abolished in 2004. Highway, the only state road in Malaysia constructed as a 2-lane highway was completed in 1994. The Malaysia-Singapore Second Crossing, which is the second link to Singapore after Johor Causeway, was opened to traffic on 18 April 1998.

Other expressway projects in Johor Bahru are Senai-Desaru Expressway (SDE) linking Senai in the west to Desaru in east coast of Johor, theJB Eastern Dispersal Link (EDL) which linking Pandan of the North-South Expressway to the new Sultan Iskandar Customs, Immigration and Quarantine Checkpoint in city centre, the linking Nusajaya in the west to the city centre in the east and the Johor Bahru East Coast Highway linking Kampung Bakar Batu passing through , Taman Rinting and finally towards Pasir Gudang.

In addition to Johor Bahru Inner Ring Road (JBIRR) as the inner ring road in Johor Bahru, , Second Link Expressway andJohor Bahru also act as middle ring roads of the city. Second Link Expressway and the Senai-Desaru Expressway may form the outer ring roads of Johor Bahru.

[edit]Penang

The was the first expressway in Penang.

The history of highways in Penang started in the 1970s when the federal government decided to build the Penang Bridge, connecting Seberang to . The construction of Penang Bridge began in 1982 and was completed in 1985. This bridge was officially opened on 14 September 1985 by then Malaysian Prime Minister Tun Dr Mahathir Mohammad.

The main reasons for constructing new expressways in Penang are the increasing population of George Town and Butterworth since the Penang Bridge was opened. Many townships have been built in Penang and new industrial estates have sprung up in areas such as Perai and . Other expressway projects in Penang are Butterworth-Kulim Expressway (BKE), Butterworth Outer Ring Road (BORR), (PORR), Jelutong Expressway (JEWAY) (now Tun Dr Expressway), Sungai Juru Expressway and Penang Second Bridge.

A proposal for a second bridge, the Penang Second Bridge, has been approved by the government and included as one of the Ninth Malaysia Plan national projects. According to official news, construction work of the new Penang Second Bridge started on Nov 2007, and was targeted for completion before the end of the year 2010.

[edit]East Malaysia

Main article: Pan Borneo Highway

Tun Salahuddin Bridge, the only tolled expressway in East Malaysia. In the background is City Centre

The history of highways in East Malaysia started in the 1960s when the federal government decided to build the Pan Borneo Highway, linking Sarawak and Sabah state.

The Pan Borneo Highway project is a joint project between the governments of Brunei and Malaysia. The project started as soon as Sarawak and Sabah joined the federation of Malaysia in 1963. The lack of a road network system in Sarawak was the main factor of the construction.

There is one toll expressway and one toll federal highway in Sarawak - the Tun Salahuddin Bridge in Kuching city and -Baram Highway inMiri Division. The Tun Salahuddin Bridge is the first and currently the only toll expressway in East Malaysia.

[edit]Expressway standards

Malaysian expressway code logo

Malaysian expressway exit signs

The construction, standards, management and usage of expressways in Malaysia are subject to Federal Roads Act (Private Management) 1984. In Malaysia, expressways are defined as high-speed routes with at least four (two in each direction) and should have full access control or partial access control. Most expressways in Malaysia are controlled-access expressways.

Expressways are defined as high-speed highways built under the JKR R6 rural highway standard, as dual- carriageways of at least 4 lanes (2 lanes per carriageway) with full access control, -separated interchanges and high design of 120 km/h, allowing the maximum speed limit of 110 km/h.[6] However, the section between Cahaya Baru and Penawar of the Senai-Desaru

Expressway is built as a two-lane with the similar features as the Swiss autostrasse, making it as the first true two-lane controlled-access expressway in Malaysia.[7] All expressways are considered as federal highways, but administered by Malaysian Highway Authority (MHA) and the respective concessionaire companies.

Highways, on the other hand, complement the national network of expressways and federal roads and built under the JKR R5 rural highway standard, with relatively high design speed limit (although not as high as the expressway speed limit) of 100 km/h, allowing the maximum speed limit of 90 km/h.[6]The highways are built with partial access control, and grade-spearated interchanges and at-grade crossings are both permitted. However, it is possible for a federal or state highway to be built with almost equivalent standard of an expressway with the exception of lower speed limit, for example theFederal Highway. Highways can be built either as dual-carriageway or 2-lane single carriageway.

Before the mid-1990s, there were no specific coding system for the expressways. When more and more expressways were built, a system of expressway numbering was applied to all expressways. Expressways are labelled with the letter E followed by assigned numbers, for example the code for North-South

Expressway southern route is . The expressways have green signs and the text colour is white.

However, there are some exceptions in some highways. Some highways like Federal Highway (Federal

Route ) and Skudai Highway (Federal Route ) retain their federal route codes. In addition, there are some highways in Malaysia which are classified as municipal roads such as Kuala Lumpur Middle Ring Road 1.

The syntax for highway exits in Malaysia is in the format EXIT xxnn or EXIT xxnn, where xx is the expressway code number (which can be one or two digits) and nn is the two-digit assigned number for each highway exit. For example, Johor Bahru exit at the end of North-South Expressway is labelled EXIT 257, where the last two digits (57) are the assigned exit number and the first digit (2) is the expressway route number (E2). Meanwhile,Jalan Templer exit at the Federal Highway is labelled EXIT 224, where the two digits (24) are the assigned exit number and the first digit (2) is the federal route number (2), . Expressways have distance markers in green colour (blue for federal expressways and highways) placed every 100 m.

[edit]Expressways/Highways route number categories

[edit]Expressway route numbers

Examples Information Number digits

Expressway route numbers E01 - E99

EXIT 253 EXIT 201 - EXIT 299 Expressway exit numbers EXIT 1108 EXIT 1100 - 1199

[edit]Federal route numbers

Examples Information Number digits

Main federal route numbers 001 - 999

EXIT 226 Federal road exit numbers EXIT 201 - EXIT 299

For more information, please refer to Most expressways are paved with typical tarmac, which is a mixture of fine stone chips and tar; however, some expressways are paved withconcrete such as North-South Expressway Northern Route (from Bukit Lanjan Interchange, Selangor to Tapah interchange, ), New Klang Valley Expressway, North-South Expressway Southern Route (from Ayer Keroh interchange, Melaka to interchange, Johor), SMART Tunnel and Skudai-Pontian Highway (from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia interchange to Taman Sri Pulai junction). Meanwhile at Federal Highway linking Klang to Kuala Lumpur, the section of the expressway from to Kota Darul Ehsan near is paved with asphalt.

PLUSLINE 1800-88-0000

Malaysian expressway code logo with highway concessionaries logo and SOS hotline

[edit]Expressway monitoring and maintenance

[edit]Monitoring

Since 1986, Malaysian expressways have been built by private companies under the supervision of the government highway authority, Lembaga Lebuhraya Malaysia (Malaysian Highway Authority). Every private concession company, such as PLUS Expressways, MTD Prime and the others have monitored and maintained their expressways.

[edit]Maintenance

Projek Penyelenggaraan Lebuhraya Berhad or PROPEL has undertaken repair and maintenance works on highway facilities, such as road works and repair works, road line painting, cleaning works on laybys and rest and service areas, trimming grass and landscaping along expressway areas, installing road furniture, and others. Meanwhile the Propel Response Team Unit is a special response team unit.

The Karak Expressway and East Coast Expressway are maintained by Alloy Consolidated Sdn Bhd.

[edit]Traffic management

Since late 2006, every expressway in Malaysia has been monitored by the Malaysian Highway Authority (LLM) Traffic Management Centre (LLM TMC). However, in some parts of Klang Valley, the expressways are monitored by the Integrated Information System (ITIS); expressways in Johor Bahru are monitored by (Majlis Bandaraya Johor Bahru) (MBJB) and those in George Town, Penang are monitored by Penang Municipal Council (Majlis Perbandaran Pulau Pinang) (MPPP).

Malaysian Highway Authority traffic information page [edit]Advertising services in expressways

. Big Tree Outdoors - PLUS Expressways networks

. Nilam Simfoni - East Coast Expressway networks [edit]Toll system

Every expressway and highway in Malaysia has a toll system, which is either a closed toll system or open toll system.

. Open system - Users only have to pay at certain toll plazas within the open system range for a fixed amount.

. Closed system - Users collect toll tickets (North South Expressway issues the transit ticket and the East Coast Expressway issues the transit card) before entering the expressway at respective toll plazas and pay an amount of toll at the exit toll plaza plus the distance from the plaza to the Limit of Maintenance Responsibility (LMR). The toll rate in this system is based on the distance traveled.

The electronic toll collection systems, Touch 'n Go and Smart TAG, have been made compulsory in all expressways since 1 July 2004, following the instruction of the Works Minister, Datuk Seri S . Other electronic payment systems that were previously used by other highway operators, like FasTrak for all Gamuda Expressway Networks and SagaTag in Cheras - Kajang Expressway, were abolished in a move to standardise the electronic payment method.

[edit]Multi Lane Free Flow (MLFF)

The Multi Lane Free Flow (MLFF) is an electronic toll collection system that allows free flow high speed tolli system highway for all its users. With MLFF, the current toll lanes at toll plazas will be replaced with readers at gantry across the highway to detect vehicle and deduct toll using the existing Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) when fully implemented. The Malaysian Highway Authority (MHA) is planning to implement MLFF system at all highways in stages starting 2010.

[edit]Toll rebate

Beginning 1 September 2009, the 20 per cent rebate given to motorists who pay toll charges more than 80 times a month, can be saved for up to six months. The rebate can be redeemed at 126 locations which would be announced in due time.

[edit]Malaysian expressway toll rate classes

The Malaysian toll rates can be considered among the cheapest in the , says former Works Minister, Datuk Seri S Samy Vellu.[8]

There are fixed toll rate classes for every Malaysian expressway except for the Penang Bridge and SMART Tunnel where toll rates are not the same.

Sungai Besi Toll Plaza on North-South Expressway in Kuala Lumpur

[edit]Toll rate classes for every expressway in Malaysia

Class Type of vehicles Payment Notes

Except toll plaza on Motorcycles, bicycles or 0 Free the Malaysia-Singapore Second Link vehicles with 2 or less wheels TnG

Vehicles with 2 axles and 3 or RM 1 4 wheels excluding taxis (Cash) TnGTAG

Vehicles with 2 axles and 5 or RM 2 6 wheels excluding buses (Cash) TnGTAG

Cash only (Express Card for Shah Alam

3 Vehicles with 3 or more axles RM (Cash) Expressway only)

4 Taxis RM (Cash) Cash only, paid by passengers only.

5 Buses RM (Cash) Cash only

Malaysian expressway toll rate list signboard

Malaysian expressways toll plaza with Smart TAG and Touch 'n Go lanes

PLUS Expressways transit ticket

Malaysian expressway toll receipt

[edit]Toll rate classes for Penang Bridge

Class Type of vehicles Payment Notes

Motorcycles, bicycles or vehicles with 2 or 1 RM (Cash) TnG less wheels

Motorcycle with sidecars, cars including RM For taxis, toll charges are 2 station wagon and commercial vehicles on (Cash) TnGTAG paid by passengers only. three wheels Lorries, vans and buses with two axles and RM 3 four wheels (Cash) TnGTAG

Lorries, vans and buses with two axles and

4 RM (Cash) Cash only five and six wheels

5 Vehicles with three axles RM (Cash) Cash only

6 Vehicles with four axles RM (Cash) Cash only

7 Vehicles with five or more axles RM (Cash) Cash only

[edit]Toll rate classes for SMART Tunnel

Class Type of vehicles Payment Notes

1 Private car RM (Cash) TnG TAG

4 Taxis RM (Cash) Toll charges are paid by passengers only.

The Sungai Perak Rest and Service Area, Perak of theNorth-South Expressway Northern Route.

[edit]Facilities on Malaysian expressways

There are several facilities provided along Malaysian expressway as follows:-

. Rest and Service Area (R&R) - Rest and service areas (RSA) are located roughly about every 60 km along interstate expressways such as the North-South Expressway and the East Coast Expressway. However, some urban expressways may also provide RSA, such as the , theDamansara-Puchong Expressway and the Guthrie Corridor Expressway. A typical RSA may have a food court, fruit stall, craft shop, public toilets and baths, public telephones, huts (wakaf), petrol stations and prayer rooms (surau) for Muslims. Some RSAs may have ATMs, motels like "Highway Inn",convenience shops such as Highway Mart and 7-Eleven, fast food restaurants and a food court. The wireless broadband internet facility is now available in RSAs; the Tapah RSA in Perak was the first RSA on a Malaysian expressway to provide wireless broadband internet facilities.

. Layby (P) - Laybys are basic parking lots beside the expressways that may also have public toilets and baths, fruit stall, huts (wakaf) and public telephones. However, some laybys may have a few food stalls and petrol stations. Usually, there are about two laybys in between every two RSAs.

. Overhead restaurants (R&R) - Overhead restaurants are special RSAs with restaurants above the expressway. Unlike typical laybys and RSAs which are only accessible in one-way direction only, an overhead restaurant is accessible from both directions of the expressway. Currently, there are 3 overhead in Malaysia - (North-South Expressway Northern Route), Ayer Keroh (North-South Expressway Southern Route) and USJ (North- South Expressway Central Link). The PLUS Art Gallery is located in Ayer Keroh Overhead .

. Customer Service Centre (CSC) - Every toll plaza in Malaysia has a customer service centre. This centre includes highway maps, toll fare lists, information counters, Touch 'n Go card reload counters, Touch 'n Go and Smart TAG sales counters and many more.

. Touch ‘n Go Drive-Through Purchase and Refill card lane (POS) (TnG POS) - Touch 'n Go card users can refill existing or purchase new Touch 'n Go cards directly from the lane without the hassle of going to customer service centres. This Touch 'n Go POS lane are available at all expressways on the PLUS Expressway network.

. Vista point (V) - Vista points are special parking areas that allow motorists to see scenic views of the expressway; available only at Senawang (both directions) and Ipoh (northbound only).

. Motorcycle shelter - Motorcycle shelters provide protection and shelter for motorcyclists from heavy rain. Usually, most motorcycle shelters are located below overhead bridges, but some may be special booths.

. - In some parts of the whole expressway, there is an additional lane designated for motorcycles. These lanes are usually about half the width of a normal lane on the North-South expressway and are positioned on the extreme left side of the main carriageway in each direction of travel. These special lanes are found in Shah Alam Expressway, Butterworth-Kulim Expressway, Federal Highway andGuthrie Corridor Expressway . Emergency phones - Emergency phones are located every 2 km along interstate expressways; useful if there are breakdowns on the expressway. Attendants from the nearest toll plaza will tow the broken cars to the nearest workshops.

. Tunnel emergency exits (Ventilation/ escape shafts) - Tunnel emergency exits are located every 1 km along expressway , such asSMART Tunnel, Penchala Tunnel on Sprint Expressway, Menora Tunnel on North-South Expressway and Genting Sempah Tunnel on Kuala Lumpur-Karak Expressway.

. Highway hotline service - Every expressway has a hotline service.

. unit - Every expressway has a highway patrol unit.

. Highway helicopter patrol unit - This unit is available at all PLUS Expressway networks only.

. Integrated Transport Information System - The Integrated Transport Information System comprises a number of traffic monitoring systems such as Traffic CCTV, Variable Message Systems (VMS) and Vehicles Breakdown Sensors. This system is normally found in the Klang Valley and Johor Bahru.

. Road Transport Department (JPJ) Enforcement Stations - These stations can be found at Karak Expressway and East Coast Expressway. These JPJ enforcement stations have weighing bridges to detect heavy vehicles.

. Police Watch Tower - These towers can be found at all interstate expressways in Malaysia to monitor traffic situations during festive seasons.

. Warning lights - These yellow lights can be found in hazardous and accident areas.

. Automated Enforcement System (AES) - These systems can be found at accident-prone areas and the red-light camera at junctions.

. Runaway truck ramp - A traffic device that enables vehicles having braking problems to stop safely. These systems are found at mountainous areas such as at nearby Ipoh North Toll Plaza Interchange along the North–South Expressway Northern Route [edit]Types of expressway interchanges in Malaysia

These are the different types of expressway interchanges in Malaysia:

. Trumpet interchange - It is usually found in every closed toll system expressway like the North-South Expressway and East Coast Expressway. The trumpet design is popular as a highway exit with toll booths for the closed toll system because of the minimum construction cost of its toll booths.

. - It is more popular in Malaysia to link two overlapping expressways because of its relatively cheaper cost. The biggest cloverleaf highway interchange in Malaysia is Bulatan Darul Ehsan a.k.a. Shah Alam Cloverleaf Interchange of Federal Highway in Shah Alam, Selangor. . - It is more popular in Malaysia to join the expressway crossing over municipal roads.

. Multi-Level Stacked Diamond Interchange - It is a diamond interchange upgraded into a multi- level interchange. Examples include the Interchange between Damansara- Puchong Expressway and New Pantai Expressway in Petaling Jaya.

. Diverging diamond interchange - This is a rare type of diamond interchange which involves temporary lane changes, i.e. from left-hand traffic to right and then back to the left. Like SPUI, it allows traffic from two opposite directions to turn right at the same time but does not allow traffic to go straight ahead. Examples include the Freescale Interchange at Damansara- Puchong Expressway.

. Single-point urban interchange (SPUI) - A SPUI interchange is nearly similar with a typical diamond interchange but it allows traffic from two opposite directions to turn right at the same time; however, it does not allow traffic to go straight. Examples include the Danga City Mall interchange at Skudai Highway / Johor Bahru Inner Ring Road.

. interchange - Very popular in Malaysia.

. Parclo interchange - An example of this is the Interchange on the North-South Expressway and Interchange on the New North Klang Straits Bypass.

. Directional T interchange - These interchanges are found at North and Nilai Interchanges of North-South Expressway and also Interchange and Bukit Lanjan Interchange on New Klang Valley Expressway.

. Stacked Interchange - Examples of these are the Penchala Interchange on the Damansara- Puchong Expressway and Penchala Link of the Sprint Expressway.

. Multi-Level Stacked Interchange - Examples of these are the Ampang Interchange on the and the Ampang flyover of the Kuala Lumpur Middle Ring Road 2.

. Multi-Level Stacked Roundabout - There are three-level and four-level found in Malaysia. Examples of four-level roundabouts include the Interchange of Kuala Lumpur-Rawang Highway and Kewajipan Interchange of New Pantai Expressway.

. Double U-Turn Interchange - These interchanges found at Tampoi North interchange on the Skudai Highway and Pasir Gudang Highway.

. Left in/left out (LILO) junction - These junctions restrict the ingress and egress of the minor roads; they only permit left-turn entries. To turn to opposite direction, motorists may need to make a U-turn on the expressway. These junctions are very common in urban expressways such as in Expressway and Damansara-Puchong Expressway. [edit]Safety

[edit]Speed limits

Two-Lane 110 km/h of North-South Expressway nearTangkak, Johor.

The default National Speed Limit on Malaysian expressways is 110 km/h (70 mph), but in certain areas a lower speed limit (such as 90 km/h (55 mph) or 80 km/h (50 mph)) is applied, especially in large urban areas, crosswinds, heavy traffic and in dangerous mountainous routes and 60 km/h is applied 1 km before the toll plaza Speed traps are also deployed by the Malaysian police at many places along the expressways.

[edit]Types of vehicles not allowed to enter an expressway

[edit]PLUS expressway networks and East Coast Expressway (ECE)

. Bicycles

. Steam roller

. Tractors

. Excavators and backhoes [edit]Ampang-Kuala Lumpur Elevated Highway (AKLEH)

. Bicycles [edit]Maju Expressway (MEX) (Kuala Lumpur-Putrajaya Expressway (KLPE))

. Bicycles [edit]SMART Tunnel

. Motorcycles and bicycles . Bus

. Steam roller

. Heavy vehicles like lorries, trailers, etc.

. Tractors

. Excavators and backhoes [edit]Accidents

Malaysian expressways are potential sites of fatal highway accidents in Malaysia, especially during festive seasons. However, accidents in Malaysia happen on federal, state, and municipal roads. Most road accidents are caused by the attitude of certain road users who drive dangerously over the speed limit. [edit]List of accident-prone areas in Malaysian tolled expressways and highways

. km 25 of Gunung Pulai near , Johor on North-South Expressway Southern Soute

. km 171 to 141 of Tangkak - Pagoh stretch on North-South Expressway Southern Soute

. km of Jalan Duta toll plaza, Kuala Lumpur on North-South Expressway Northern Route

. km 256 of old Jelapang toll plaza, Perak on North-South Expressway Northern Route

. km --- to --- of North-South Expressway Northern Route from Menora Tunnel to Sungai Perak Rest and Service Area, Perak

. km 31 of Gombak, Selangor on Karak Expressway (not far from Genting Sempah Tunnel).

. Sungai Besi sharp corner flyover bridge from Jalan Dewan Bahasa (formerly Jalan Lapangan Terbang) on Kuala Lumpur Middle Ring Road 1 towards Kuala Lumpur-Seremban Expressway.

. km of on Damansara-Puchong Expressway near Kelana Jaya LRT stations.

. km of Puchong on Damansara-Puchong Expressway near Tractors Malaysia.

. km of -Section 14 on Sprint Expressway.

. Subang Jaya aka Interchange on the railway bridge corner (from Kuala Lumpur to Subang Jaya) at the exit of Federal Highway. [edit]During festive seasons

During festive seasons such as Chinese New Year, Deepavali, Christmas and Hari Raya, activities such as construction, road repairs and maintenance works have been temporarily stopped to ensure a smoother traffic flow on the expressways. Meanwhile, heavy goods vehicles such as logging trucks, cement trucks, container trucks, construction materials trucks and other heavy goods vehicles (except tanker lorry, provision goods truck, crane, tow truck, fire engine, ambulance, etc.) are banned from using roads, highways and expressways during festive seasons. A massive nationwide operation known as Ops Sikap is held annually by the Malaysian police to ensure safety on all roads in Malaysia during festive seasons.

[edit]Natural hazards

Other hazardous conditions on expressways include landslides, crosswinds, fog, storms, road damages, paddy (jerami) burning activities and flash floods.

[edit]List of landslide-prone areas

. km of Bukit Lanjan-Jalan Duta on North-South Expressway Northern route . km of Bukit Lanjan between -Bukit Lanjan on New Klang Valley Expressway

. km of Gua Tempurung between Gopeng-Tapah on North-South Expressway Northern route

. km of Bukit Merah between Bukit Merah-Taiping (Utara) on North-South Expressway Northern route . km of Sungai Perak-Jelapang Toll Plaza on North-South Expressway Northern route

. km of Bukit Berapit between Changkat Jering-Kuala Kangsar on North-South Expressway Northern route

. km of Gombak-Genting Sempah on Karak Expressway

. km of Bukit Tinggi- on Karak Expressway

. km of Gunung Ma'okil between Pagoh- on North-South Expressway Southern route

. km of Puchong- on Damansara-Puchong Expressway near Puchong Selatan toll plaza.

. km 15 of Skudai-Senai (North) on North-South Expressway Southern route near Skudai toll plaza. [edit]List of crosswind-prone areas

. km of Senawang-Pedas/Linggi on North-South Expressway Southern route

. km of Alor Gajah-Ayer Keroh on North-South Expressway Southern route

. km along East Coast Expressway [edit]List of flash flood-prone areas

. km 15 of Interchange on Federal Highway . km of Shah Alam Interchange on New Klang Valley Expressway

. km of Sungai Besi on near Razak Mansion

. km of Interchange underpass on Butterworth-Kulim Expressway near Carrefour Seberang Jaya

. km of Alor Star - Jitra of the North-South Expressway Northern Route

. km 173.9 - 171.9 of Jasin, Melaka and Tangkak, Johor on North-South Expressway Southern Route [edit]Controversial issues

There are several controversial issues regarding the construction of expressways. The main issue is the increase of toll rates, which can be a huge burden especially for residents of Kuala Lumpur and the surrounding Klang Valley conurbation.

There are also various parties who question the capability of the numerous expressways in Klang Valley to overcome traffic congestion, which does not show signs of improvement with the construction of new expressways.

Other controversial issues include the following:

1. The cracks found on beams on the Flyover in Kuala Lumpur Middle Ring Road 2 (MRR2) on 10 August 2004. 2. The flyover which collapsed on Setia Alam Interchange in New Klang Valley Expressway during construction on 10 July 2005, where, tragically, about 4 lives were lost.

3. The 8 fallen I-beams at the Pajam Interchange in Negri Sembilan during the construction of the Kajang-Seremban Highway (LEKAS Highway) on the night of 27th September 2007. [edit]Interesting facts

. PLUS Expressway Berhad is the biggest highway concessionaries operator company in Malaysia, also the largest listed toll expressway operator in , Asia, and the eighth largest in the world. The second biggest is Prolintas.

. The longest bridge in Malaysia is Penang Bridge with a total length 13.5 km (8.4 miles).

. The longest expressway in Malaysia is North-South Expressway with a total length 966 km (600 miles).

. The longest expressway river bridge in Malaysia is Sungai Johor Bridge on Senai-Desaru

Expressway with a total length 4 km (2.5 miles)

. The section between Cahaya Baru and Penawar of the Senai-Desaru Expressway is built as a two-lane single carriageway making the first two-lane controlled-access expressway in Malaysia.

. The most expensive section of the expressway is the Gopeng-Tapah section on the North-

South Expressway Northern Route . At RM200 million, it translates to RM 20 million per kilometre. Embankment strengthening is the major contributor for this escalating cost.

. The widest toll plaza in Malaysia is Sungai Besi toll plaza in North-South Expressway

Southern Route with over 18 lanes (excluding additional toll booths).

. The highest toll plaza in Malaysia is Setul toll plaza in Kajang-Seremban Highway is located at the hilly top of Gunung Mantin-Seremban.

. Interchange on North-South Expressway Central Link and South

Klang Valley Expressway is the only expressway interchange in Malaysia to have two toll plazas.

. The North-South Expressway is the first expressway in Malaysia that provided an Overhead Bridge Restaurant (OBR).

. The busiest expressway in Malaysia is Federal Highway route from Klang to Kuala Lumpur

. Federal Highway route is the first highway in Malaysia to have a motorcycle lane.

. The first highway tunnel in Malaysia is Genting Sempah Tunnel on Kuala Lumpur-Karak

Expressway . . The first elevated highway in Malaysia is Ampang-Kuala Lumpur Elevated

Highway (AKLEH) .

. The longest flyover bridge in Malaysia is Batu Tiga Flyover on North-South Expressway

Central Link .

. SMART Tunnel (4 km (2.5 miles)) is the longest tunnel, as well as the first double-decked tunnel and the first tunnel that has a stormwater tunnel and a motorway tunnel in Malaysia.

. The widest tunnel in Malaysia is Penchala Tunnel on Penchala Link of Sprint

Expressway .

. The first expressway with double-decked carriageway in Malaysia is Kerinchi Link on Sprint

Expressway .

. The biggest cloverleaf highway interchange in Malaysia is Bulatan Darul Ehsan

Interchange of Federal Highway route and Kemuning-Shah Alam Highway in Shah Alam, Selangor.

. The largest highway interchange in Malaysia is Complex Interchange at Penang

Bridge .

. The PLUS Speedway (formerly ELITE Speedway), is the first go-kart circuit in the Malaysian expressways. The circuit is located near the USJ Rest and Service Area on North-South

Expressway Central Link .

. Tapah Rest and Service Area (both bound) on North-South Expressway Northern

Route in Perak is the first rest and service area in the Malaysian expressway to have wireless broadbandinternet facilities.

. The PLUS Art Gallery in Ayer Keroh Overhead Bridge Restaurant (OBR) North-South

Expressway Southern Route is the first highway art gallery in Malaysia.

. The largest advertising board on the Malaysian expressways is the Giant Wau Kite

Spectacular Advertising Board on the North-South Expressway Southern Route

near Sungai Besi and theNorth-South Expressway Central Link near Putrajaya.

. While most toll expressways in Malaysia use green signboards with white letters, the MetaCorp expressway networks (East-West Link Expressway and Kuala Lumpur-Seremban

Expressway) use blue signboards instead, as if they are municipal expressways.

. Before 2007, all federally-funded expressways have no exit numbering system; however, the exit number system similar to toll expressways was introduced in 2007 exclusively for Federal

Highwayroute (then followed by the Putrajaya- Expressway route ); thus making the Federal Highway as the first federal expressway with expressway exit numbering system. . Tun Salahuddin Bridge is the first and currently the only toll expressway in the East Malaysia, while almost all toll expressways are built in the Peninsular Malaysia. The Tun Salahuddin Bridge is also the only toll expressway without any grade-separated interchanges.

. The Rest and Service Area (north bound) at the North-South Expressway Southern

Route is the first fully air-conditioned in Malaysia.

. The Sungai Perak Rest and Service Area (south bound) at the North-South Expressway

Northern Route in Perak is the first rest and service area in the Malaysian expressway to have an eco-management theme known as "The Green Trail" or "Jejak Hijau".

. Putrajaya-Cyberjaya Expressway route is the first future federal highway on Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC).

. PLUSMiles is the first and only toll rebate loyalty programme in the Malaysian expressways.

. Shah Alam is the first and currently the only city in Malaysia to have its own municipal route numbering system, while other municipal routes in Malaysia do not bear any route numbering scheme.

. The longest closed toll collection system coverage in Malaysia is from Juru toll plaza to Skudai toll plaza (previously Ipoh South toll plaza to Skudai toll plaza), which runs through

the North-South Expressway Northern Route , New Klang Valley Expressway

, North-South Expressway Central Link and North-South Expressway Southern

Route .

. The North-South Expressway Northern Route is the first and currently the only expressway in Malaysia to have a runaway truck ramp near Jelapang, Ipoh.

. There is one semi tunnel on the East-West Highway (Route ) from , Perak to Jeli, . It is probably the only one of its type in Malaysia.

. The first true two-lane expressway with full access control in Malaysia is the Cahaya Baru-

Penawar section of the Senai-Desaru Expressway .[7