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Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology, 5Th Ed

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University of Baghdad College of Nursing Department of Basic Medical Sciences

Overview of Anatomy and Physioloy –II Second Year Students Asaad Ismail Ahmad , Ph.D. Electrolyte and Mineral Physiology [email protected] 2012 - 2013 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - II

Brief Contents 1- Cardiovascular System 2- Blood 3- Lymphatic System 4- 5- Male Reproductive System 6- Female Reproductive System 7- Sensory Function

Asaad Ismail Ahmad, Ph.D in Electrolyte and Mineral Physiology College of Nursing – University of Baghdad / 2012 – 2013 [email protected] Text book

Martini FH. Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology, 5th ed. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2001.

References: 1.Barrett KE, Barman SM, Boitano S, Brooks HL. Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, 23rd ed. McGraw Hill, Boston, 2010. 2.Drake RL, Vogl W, Mitchell AWM. Gray's Anatomy for Students. Elsevier, Philadelphia, 2005. 3.Goldberger ,E. 1975.A Primer of Water Electrolyte and Acid-Base Syndromes. 5th ed., Lea and Febiger ,Philadelphia.

4. Martini, FH and Welch K. Applications Manual Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology,4th ed., Prentice Hall, NewJersey, 1998. 5.Maxwell, MH and Kleeman CR. 1980.Clinical Disorders of Fluid and Electrolyte Metabolism. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. 6.McKinley M, and O'Loughlin VD. Human Anatomy, McGraw Hill, Boston, 2006. 7.Nutrition Foundation.1984.Present Knowledge in Nutrition. 5th ed., Nutrition Foundation, Inc , Washington, D.C. 8.Vander A, Sherman J, Luciano D., Human Physiology, 7th ed., McGraw Hill, Boston, 1998.

NINTH LECTURE ANATOMY OF URINARY SYSTEM

1- Kidneys 2- 3- 4-

Asaad Ismail Ahmad, Ph.D in Electrolyte and Mineral Physiology College of Nursing – University of Baghdad / 2012 – 2013 [email protected]

ANATOMY of

Location of Kidneys

In humans the kidneys are located in the abdominal cavity, the liver typically results in the right kidney being slightly lower than the left. The left kidney is approximately at the vertebral level T12 to L3. The right kidney sits just below the diaphragm and posterior to the liver, the left below the diaphragm and posterior to the spleen. Resting on top of each kidney is an adrenal gland. Each adult kidney weighs between 125 and 170 grams in males and between 115 and 155 grams in females. The left kidney is typically slightly larger than the right.

The kidneys receive a rich supply of blood. Each kidney has two distinct portions: the outside (cortex) and the inner portion (medulla). In addition to blood and lymph vessels and nerve fibers, most of the kidney consists of over a million tiny units, called . STRUCTURES OF KIDNEYS

1- 2- Cortex 3- Medulla : consist of 6-18 renal pyramids 4- Renal papilla : the tip of each pyramid 5- : cortical tissue separated renal pyramid 6- Renal lobe :renal pyramid and overlying 7- Minor calyx : place where papilla discharge urine into a cup shape structure 8- : large funnel shaped chamber connect to 9- : the basic functional unit of kidney

1. Renal pyramid • 2. Interlobular • 3. • 4. 5. • 6. Renal pelvis • 7. Ureter • 8. Minor calyx • 9. Renal capsule • 10. Inferior renal capsule • 11. Superior renal capsule • 12. Interlobular vein • 13. Nephron • 14. Minor calyx • 15. Major calyx • 16. Renal papilla 17. Renal column BLOOD SUPPLY OF KIDNEY p.946 1- Renal artery 2- Segmental artery 3- Interlobar artery 4- Arcuate artery 5- Interlobular artery 6- Afferent arteriole 7- 8- a- (cortical nephron) b- (juxtamedullary nephron) Continue: BLOOD SUPPLY OF KIDNEY

VEINS 1- Interlobular vein 2- 3- Interlobar vein 4- Renal vein

BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE KIDNEYS p.947

NEPHRON TYPES OF NEPHRON

1- Cortical nephron 85%

2- Juxtamedullary nephron 15% TYPES OF NEPHRON P. 950 STRUCTURES OF NEPHRON

I- Afferent Arteriole II- Efferent Arteriole III- IV- Renal Tubules

STRUCTURES OF NEPHRON I- STRUCTURES OF RENAL CORPUSCLE 1- Bowman`s capsule 2- Parietal epithelium 3- Capsular space 4- Lamina densa 5- 6- Pedicels 7- Filtration slits 8- Glomerulus capillaries Glomerulus (The afferent and efferent arteriole are shown, with a capillary anastomosis ) GLOMERULUS RENAL CORPUSCLE P. 951 RENAL CORPUSCLE p.951

Continue: STRUCTURES OF NEPHRON II- STRUCTURES OF RENAL TUBULES 1- Proximal cnovoluted tubule 2- 3- 4- Juxtaglomerular apparatus a- (D.C.T.) b- juxtaglomerular cells (afferent arteriole) 5- Collecting ducts STRUCTURES OF NEPHRON P.948 RENAL ARTERY BRANCHES Renal Pelvis

Structures of Renal Pelvis

1- Minor calyces (CA1)

2- Major calyces (CA2) 3- Renal pelvis (P) 4- Ureter (U).

Renal Pelvis :Minor calyces (CA1) fuse to form major calyces (CA2) that finally become the renal pelvis (P), which tapers to continue on as the ureter (U). Urinary Tract

1- Two Ureters 2- Urinary Bladder 3- Urethra WALL STRUCTURES OF URETER P.974

1- Mucosa a- Transitional epithelium b- Lamina properia 2- Muscular (smooth muscle) a- Longitudinal b- Circular 3- Serosa ( fibrous connective tissue) URETERS 975 URETERS RENAL CALCULI Renal Stone (kidney stone) Urinary Bladder STRUCTURES OF THE WALL OF THE URINARY BLADDER

1- Mucosa; compose from a- Transitional epithelium b- Lamina properia 2- 3- Muscularis ‘ ’ 4- Calyces and renal pelvises of the kidneys, the ureters, and the urinary bladder. URINARY BLADDER Urethra male and female urinary bladder and urethra. PARTS OF URETHRA IN MALE

1-

2- Penile urethra STRUCTURES OF URETHRA IN MALE P.975 1- Urethral sinuses 2- Openings of prostate gland 3- Opening of ejuculatory glands 4- Prostate utricle (sac) 5- Seminal collicus (prominent) 6- Opening of bulbourethral glands (male) 7- Internal urethral sphincter ( involuntary) 8- External urethral sphincter (voluntary) 9- Urethral orifice

STRUCTURES OF URETHRA IN FEMALE

1- Opening of paraurethral glands 2- Internal urethral sphincter ( involuntary) 3- External urethral sphincter (voluntary) 4- Urethral orifice

Cystoscopic examination of a male.

Male Urethral Catheter Clinical photograph of penis and scrotum shows extensive erosion of penile urethra by indwelling urethral catheter.

Femal Urethral Catheter THANK YOU

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