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The Intrarenal Venous Architecture of the Pig Kid- Ney (Sus Scrofa)

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The Intrarenal Venous Architecture of the Pig Kid- Ney (Sus Scrofa) Venous Architecture of pig kidney Farag,F.M.M. The Intrarenal Venous Architecture of the Pig Kid- ney (Sus scrofa) Farag, F.M.M. Anatomy Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, EGYPT With 9 figures. Received August, accepted for publication December 2012 Abstract throughout the renal parenchyma and on that basis we conclude that The aim of the present study was to the renal venous system in the pig explore the intrarenal ramifications is not segmented. Our results are of the renal vein in the kidney of the compared to those in other animal pig. For this purpose, the kidneys of species and in humans. eight adult pigs of both sexes were used. Corrosion casting and Keywords: Pig Kidney, intra-renal, radiography revealed that the main venous architecture. stem renal vein was formed by the union of three renal veins, cranial, Introduction middle and caudal. The 3nd order of Many animals have been used as branching was represented by 8-9 experimental models for urologic interlobar veins. The ventral half of procedures. The pig kidney is often the cranial end and the caudal third used due to the resemblance of its of the kidney were drained by the structural features to those of the cranial and caudal renal veins as human kidney (Sampaio et al., 1998 well as their large interlobar and Pereira-Sampaio et al., 2004). tributaries. The dorsal half was The pig kidney is also frequently drained by small dorsal collateral used in the nephrolithotomy as a veins that emptied into the ventral model for research (Kaouk et al., set. In the middle third of the organ, 2003) and training (Hammond et al., there were large veins in a close 2004 and Erap, 2003). Urologists relationship to the ventral and have been looking for a better dorsal surface of the uretero-pelvic method to control bleeding during junction in 75% and 25% of the and after endourological procedures specimens respectively. Numerous (Jua et al, 2004). Many studies venous anastomoses were found J. Vet. Anat. 1 Vol 6 No 1, (2013) 1-15 Venous Architecture of pig kidney Farag,F.M.M. have been done on the anatomy of Two approaches to injection were the pig kidney, including its employed: one to visualize the veins morphometric aspects (Sampaio et in 3-dimensions in a plastic cast; al,1998) , the collecting system and and one for a radiological view arterial relationships (Pereira- using a radio-opaque filler material Sampaio et al, 2004) as well as the without corrosion. intrarenal venous arrangement (Vo- denicharov and gulubova, 1995 and 1- Cast formation: This was com- Filho et al, 2008). However, this posed of blue Kem-epoxy No. 151/ study is undertaken to extend know- 20, a mixture of solutions A/B in a ledge of the intrarenal tributaries of ratio of 3:1 respectively. The speci- the renal vein, as a way to help mens were kept at room tempera- urologists in experimental research ture for 4 days then corroded in and urological surgical training 10% KOH for 4-6 weeks, then when using the pig as an animal rinsed with a gentle stream of water. model. 2- Radio – opaque visualization: Material and Methods This was composed of a 30% suspension of red lead oxide color- The kidneys of eight adult pigs of less in Kem-epoxy No. 150. 2A:1B. both sexes were used for this study. It was examined at 55 k v 30-70 In addition, five pig feti were used to MA, 0.5 second and FFd 70 cm. demonstrate the origin of the renal The specimens were photographed veins. Eight fresh unfixed kidneys using Olympus digital camera SP- (four rights and four left) were used 600UZ 12 mega pixel. for cast formation, these were manually dissected before corrosion The results obtained were dis- to demonstrate the relationship cussed and compared with those of between the intrarenal veins and other authors who performed earlier the collecting system. The remai- studies in the pig and other animals. ning eight kidneys were used for the radiographic study. The specimens The nomenclature used here is that were injected through the stem of the Nomina Anatomica Veteri- renal vein and in two specimens naria (2005). Some additional terms only the cranial and caudal renal were used based on that in the veins were injected separately extant literatures which may not be visualize the anastomoses between recorded in the N.A.V. these veins. J. Vet. Anat. 2 Vol 6 No 1, (2013) 1-15 Venous Architecture of pig kidney Farag,F.M.M. Results portion of the renal hilus. However in six of the examined specimens V. renalis the cranial renal vein was formed The principal renal vein (Figs 1-9/1) only by three interlobar veins (I,II was represented by a single vessel and III), while the fourth (IV) one per each kidney entering the caudal emptied into the middle renal vein. vena cava on a level between the Moreover, the cranial renal vein re- 2nd and 3rd lumbar vertebra. The ceived three dorsal collateral veins right renal vein joined the vena cava A and B and C that drained the cor- slightly more cranial than the left responding dorsal portion. The one in three of the dissected pig veins A (Figs 3 , 4/14) drained the embryos while in other two both most cranial polar portion through veins joined the vena cava at the 2-3 tributaries and emptied into the same level. The left renal vein dorsal aspect of the interlobar vein I crossed the ventral surface of the (12 specimens) or II (4 specimens). abdominal aorta and was relatively The vein B (Figs 3 , 4/15) drained longer than the right one. The main the caudal portion of the cranial 3rd stem renal vein was fed by three by 3-4 tributaries and terminated renal veins, cranial, middle and into the dorsal aspect of the cranial caudal. Each of these veins was renal vein ( 10 specimens) or the responsible for the venous drainage interlobar vein IV (6 specimens). of a corresponding portion of the The vein C (Figs 3, 4/16) drained kidney via a variable number of in- the dorsal aspect of the ureteropel- terlobar veins in the ventral half of vic region through two radicals and the kidney, ventral to the collecting opened into the cranial renal vein system while the dorsal half of the near its origin. kidney was drained through smaller dorsal collateral veins that emptied V. renalis medius into the dorsal aspects of these The middle renal vein (Figs 1-9/3) trunks. was the smallest of the three main venous trunks of the stem renal V. renalis cranialis vein. It measured about 2.0 cm in The cranial renal vein (Figs 1-9/2) length and was formed by the union arose in the cranial portion of the of two middle interlobar veins (V kidney by the confluence of four and VI) which drained the middle cranial interlobar veins (I-IV), pro- third of the ventral half of the kidney ceeded caudally for about 2-3 cm (hilar zone). It also received one before it emerged from the cranial dorsal collateral vein D (Figs 3 , 4/ J. Vet. Anat. 3 Vol 6 No 1, (2013) 1-15 Venous Architecture of pig kidney Farag,F.M.M. 17) that drained the corresponding collateral branches (E) and (F) that dorsal portion of the renal paren- drained the corresponding dorsal chyma through two main tributaries. half of the renal parenchyma. The The middle renal vein proceeded vein E (Fig. 3 and 4/18) was the ventral to the collecting system in largest of the dorsal collateral veins. 12 specimens and dorsal to it in the It drained the cranial portion of the other 4 specimens. In only two of caudal 3rd just caudal to the hilar the examined specimens the middle zone of the kidney by 4-5 tributaries renal vein joined the stem renal vein that radiated caudally towards the while in 12 specimens it emptied caudal pole of the kidney. The vein into either the cranial renal vein F (Fig. 3 and 4/19) drained the most (Figs 1-4 and 8) or into the caudal caudal portion (caudal polar region) renal vein (Figs 5-7) in an equal through 2-3 small radicles and percent. In the remaining two spec- emptied into the dorsal aspect of imens the stem middle renal vein the interlobar vein IX (13 speci- was absent (Fig 9) and the interlo- mens) or VIII (3 specimens). How- bar veins V and VI drained into the ever in four other specimens the cranial and caudal renal veins re- later vein was absent and the spectively. tributaries of the vein E extended to the caudal pole of the kidney. V. renalis caudalis The caudal renal vein (Figs 1-9/4) Vv. Interlobares from point of its size and direction The interlobar veins where repre- represented the direct continuation sented by 8-9 vessels that formed of the stem renal vein. It was near the corticomedullary junction formed in the caudal portion of the by the confluence of the arcuate kidney by the confluence of three veins and extended ventral to the caudal interlobar veins which could main collecting ducts then between be designated as interlobar veins the calyces minor and medullary VII, VIII and IX that drained the pyramids and joined forming the caudal third of the ventral half of the three main renal veins. These can kidney. It swerved cranially for be numbered in Roman numerals about 2.5 cm caudal to the ureter from I-IX and differentiated into then emerged from the caudal three groups; cranial, middle and portion of the renal hilus and caudal.
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