14 14 CONEIXEMENT I SOCIETAT 14 SUMARI ARTICLES One hundred years of science policy and the Institute of Catalan Studies 06 Josep M. Camarasa and Antoni Roca i Rosell The usefulness and impact of R&D and Innovation certification. Who benefits the most: industry, CONEIXEMENT government, society or the university? 52 Anna M. Sánchez i Granados An appraisal of the economic impact of the University of Girona on the local environment 90 Miquel Carreras Simó and Ricard Rigall i Torrent CONEIXEMENT I SOCIETAT NOTES Knowledge and Society. Journal of I Biocat, fostering the BioRegion of Catalonia 112 SOCIETAT Universities, Research and Innovation. Montserrat Daban, Montserrat Vendrell, Marta Príncep and Manel Balcells Number 14. 1st. semester 2008. Associations and science 126 Bibiana Bonmatí i Recolons and Jordi Mazón i Bueso http:// www.gencat.cat/universitatsirecerca/coneixementisocietat RESÚMENES EN CASTELLANO / RESUMS EN CATALÀ 137 One hundred years of science policy and the Institute of Catalan Studies The usefulness and impact of R&D and Innovation certification. Who benefits the most: industry, government, society or the university? An appraisal of the economic impact of the University of Girona on the local environment Biocat, fostering the BioRegion of Catalonia Associations and science 00014 9 771696 738003 . CONEIXEMENT I SOCIETAT Knowledge and Society. Journal of Univesities, Research and Innovation. Number 14. 1st. semester 2008 Also available on-line in Catalan and in English on the DIUE web site: www.gencat.cat/universitatsirecerca/coneixementisocietat www.gencat.cat/universitatsirecerca/knowledgeandsociety ISSN (english e-version): 1696-8212 ISSN (catalan printed version): 1696-7380 ISSN (catalan e-version): 1696-8212 Legal deposit (english e-version): B-38745-2004 Legal deposit (catalan printed version): B-27002-2003 Legal deposit (catalan e-version): B-26720-2005 Chief editor Josep M. Camarasa i Castillo Coordinator Blanca Ciurana i Llevadot Editorial board Joan Bravo i Pijoan, Roger Cabezas Rodríguez, Joan Cadefau i Surroca, Joan Francesc Cordoba Perez, Iolanda Font de Rubinat i García, Joaquim Ibàñez Fanés, Xavier Lasauca i Cisa, Esther Morales Miquel, Esther Pallarols i Llinàs, Emilià Pola i Robles, Alba Puigdomènech Cantó, Josep Ribas i Seix, Jordi Sort i Miret, Ignasi Vendrell i Aragonès, Fina Villar i López Coordinating editor and production Mireia Pérez i Bauzà Glòria Vergés i Ramon Desing Quin Team! Layout Inom,sa English translation Alan Lounds Jones, Ailish M. J. Maher, Charles Southgate and Toby Willet © Generalitat de Catalunya Departament d’Innovació, Universitats i Empresa Comissionat per a Universitats i Recerca The contents of the articles and notes are the sole responsability of the authors. CONEIXEMENT I SOCIETAT does not necessarily identify with the author Reproduction of articles and notes is allowed, provided that the original author and source are specified. Subscription to the printed Catalan version of CONEIXEMENT I SOCIETAT is free. It can be obtained from: Departament d'Innovació, Universitats i Empresa Comissionat per a Universitats i Recerca Via Laietana, 33, 6è 08003 Barcelona tel. 935 526 700 Fax. 935 526 701 e-mail: [email protected] 14 CONEIXEMENT I SOCIETAT Knowledge and Society. Journal of Universities, Research and Innovation. Number 14. 1st. semester 2008. ARTICLES 04 One hundred years of science policy and the Institute of Catalan Studies Josep M. Camarasa and Antoni Roca i Rosell 06 The usefulness and impact of R&D and Innovation certification. Who benefits the most: industry, government, society or the university? Anna M. Sánchez i Granados 52 An appraisal of the economic impact of the University of Girona on the local environment Miquel Carreras Simó and Ricard Rigall i Torrent 90 NOTES 111 Biocat, a driving force for the BioRegion of Catalonia Montserrat Daban, Montserrat Vendrell, Marta Príncep and Manel Balcells 112 Associations and science Bibiana Bonmatí i Recolons and Jordi Mazón i Bueso 126 RESÚMENES EN CASTELLANO / RESUMS EN CATALÀ 137 a rticles 06 52 90 One hundred years of science The usefulness and impact of An appraisal of the economic policy and the Institute of R&D and Innovation certification. impact of the University of Catalan Studies Who benefits the most: industry, Girona on the local Josep M. Camarasa and government, society or the environment Antoni Roca i Rosell university? Miquel Carreras Simó and Anna M. Sánchez i Granados Ricard Rigall i Torrent CONEIXEMENT I SOCIETAT 14 ARTICLES ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF SCIENCE POLICY AND THE INSTITUTE OF CATALAN STUDIES Josep M. Camarasa* and Antoni Roca i Rosell** The Institute of Catalan Studies (Institut d’Estudis Catalans, henceforth the IEC) was founded in 1907 by Enric Prat de la Riba with the aim of promoting scientific policy. The underlying rationale was that an institute promoting high culture would reinforce Catalonia’s aspirations for political autonomy. Nonetheless, in addition to this original aim, the IEC has acquired a considerable degree of functional autonomy, indicating preferred directions for research and the dissemination of knowledge, and contributing greatly to the development of a Catalan scientific community. The autonomy of the IEC was unrestricted during the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera (1923-1930), although it received no public funding of any kind. During the Second Republic –covering the years 1931 to 1939 and including the Civil War– the IEC had premises in the Casa de Convalescència (attached to the old Hospital de la Santa Creu). During the Franco dictatorship, the IEC was taken to be defunct, although it was never, in fact, explicitly closed down, and continued to operate in semi-clandestine form. In 1963, Òmnium Cultural (a body promoting Catalan identity, culture and language), granted the IEC premises in the Palau Dalmases. The IEC thus acquired a certain public presence that enabled it to support the activities implemented by its subsidiary societies. In 1976, the IEC was publicly recognised by the governments of Catalonia and of Spain. In recent decades, in an academic context that is very different from that existing in the opening decades of the 20th century and against a very different political background, the IEC has battled to carve out a niche for itself in the Catalan research sector. However, although its success has occasionally been mixed, it recently celebrated its centenary, and the consensus is that its perspectives for the future can only be said to be favourable. Keywords: Institut d’Estudis Catalans, science policy, research, centenary Contents 1. Introduction 2. Catalanism and research 3. The IEC as an instrument of Prat de la Riba’s science policy * Josep M. Camarasa is a science historian and adviser to the Science Secretariat of the Institut d’Estudis Catalans. ** Antoni Roca i Rosell is a science history professor at the Technical University of Catalonia and president of the Catalan Science and Technology History Society (Societat Catalana d’Història de la Ciència i de la Tècnica), a subsidiary society of the Institut d’Estudis Catalans. 6 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF SCIENCE POLICY AND THE INSTITUTE OF CATALAN STUDIES 4. Enlargement in 1911 5. Achievements in the period to the death of Prat de la Riba (1911-1917) 6. The Mancomunitat under Puig i Cadafalch (1917-1923) 7. The Primo de Rivera dictatorship (1923-1930) and the Republic (1931-1939) 8. The long dark night of Franco’s dictatorship (1939-1975) 9. The rocky transition to democracy (1976-1984) 10. Full recovery and centenary celebrations (1984-2007) 11. By way of a conclusion 1. Introduction1 enabled it to issue a number of publications. During the Civil War (1936-1939), the IEC The Institute of Catalan Studies (Institut d’Estudis established its library in the Gothic naves of the old Catalans, or the IEC) was conceived by Enric Prat Hospital de la Santa Creu and its central services de la Riba, in 1907, as an instrument to develop and subsidiary societies in the nearby Casa de and promote a Catalan research policy and to Convalescència (attached to the hospital). Once disseminate knowledge. The IEC has had a the war was over, however, the new Francoist turbulent existence, so much so that in the 100 authorities expelled the IEC from these premises, years since it was founded it has only functioned thus temporarily interrupting its activities. In 1942, normally for around half that time –53 years in surviving members who had not died, gone into fact, covering the periods 1907-1923, 1930- exile or joined the victors began to meet in private. 1936 and 1977 to date. The role played by the The IEC thus survived until the end of the Franco IEC in research policy and in knowledge dictatorship (1975) in a situation of ‘public dissemination has thus had to adapt to clandestinity’: although it carried out its activities in constantly changing circumstances and to real private, it did not hide from the authorities nor did possibilities for influencing political decisions at it request permission to hold meetings as required any given moment. by the laws of the time. The fact that the IEC was a member of the Union Académique Internationale The fact that the IEC did not function normally for assured it of a certain degree of tolerance by the 47 of its 100 years does not mean that it remained authorities. In the closing years of the dictatorship, inactive, however. During the dictatorship of Primo moreover, this tolerance was extended to the de Rivera (1923-1930) it functioned at well below subsidiary societies of the IEC, which had full capacity, as it had no premises and received gradually become more active in the late 1960s no public funding; private sponsorship, however, and early 1970s. 1 All excerpts from untranslated publications cited in this article have been translated by the translator of the article. 7 CONEIXEMENT I SOCIETAT 14 ARTICLES Such volatile and often adverse circumstances 2.