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Home , Histology

GLOSSARY.

When the foundations of histology were laid, in the it appears after the prophase and eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, English was not metaphase, it is the nuclear division yet [he universally accepted language of science it is proper. today. In those days, as a rule taught, : Latin apex (top) and Greek krinoo (to published, and corresponded in Latin and classic secrete). mechanism involving Greek. Consequently. many terms which are used in loss of the top half. histology afe derived from these languages. apoptosis: Greek apo (from) and ptosis (a fall). In Exceptions exist, but are few in number. This cell death by apoptosis. cells never die in tradition has continued to the present day: several large numbers, all at the same time. They histologic terms exist which have been derived from die one by one, in small numbers. one the classic languages in comparatively recent times. here, another one there. Thi s is compared The following list explains how histologic terms with the falling of leaves in the autumn. were derived, or may have been derived, from the arachnoidea: Greek arachnion (spider's web) and classic languages. Hopefully. knowledge of a term's eidos (looking like something). The etymology will help to remember it. arachnoidea is so delicate as to resemble a spider's web. (-ni): Latin acinus (berry, many of which form artefact Latin ars (work of an. handiwork) and a bunch, like a bunch of grapes). The three• facere (to make). Something that has not dimensional structure of a compound gland been made by nalure, but by man. indeed closely resembles a bunch of grapes, arteria: Greek arteria (). the acini being the grapes and the stems the : Greek asler (star) and kutos (see ducts. ). acrosome: Greek acron (top) and sooma (). The atretic: Greek a (not. no, without) and tresis acrosome is a body that lies at the top of (opening, perforation). An alretic follicle the spermatozoon's head. does not show a central cavity. adamantoblast: Greek adam as (unbreakable, hard) atrium: Latin atrium (A front room, a room which and blaste (germ). The had to be crossed before entering the li vi ng adamantoblast is a cell of the tooth rooms proper. In this room. a fire was kept. germ, which produces the hard Consequently. its walls were blackened with enamel substance. soot. The Latin word for black is ater.). adenohypophysis: Greek aden (gland), hupo : Greek axon (axle). The shape of an axon is (beneath) en phuoo (to grow. or like a wheel axle. to make grow). The : Greek fileiD (to love). Cell structures that adenohypophysis is a gland that are basophilic have a liking for basic grows on the underside of the stains. . blastocyst: Greek blaste (germ) and kulos (cavity. afferent: Latin arrere (to conduct toward). Afferent urn). The earl y embryo. or germ. is (sensory) nerve fibers conduct signals hollow. toward the . The bronchus: Greek bronchos (throat. windpipe). afferent anerioles conduct . toward the cambium: Latin cambire (to exchange). A cambium renal glomeruli. is an immature which is ater l alveolus (-Ii): Latin alveus (cavity), diminutive repl aced with, or exchanged for, a mature alveolus. tissue. amnion: Greek amnos (Iamb), the membrane which : Latin capillus (hair shaft). envelops a amb l (goats and sheep sti ll caveola (-Iae): Latin cavus (hollow). appear to be the most common domestic cell: Latin cella (a small room, like a cloister cell). animals in Greece) at birth. centriole: Latin cenlrum (center. diminutive ampulla (-Iae): Latin ampulla (a small boule or jug). centriole). anaphase: Greek ana (several meanings: after, chondrocyte: Greek khondros (granule) and kutos further. proper, ... ) and phainoo (appear). (see cytoplasm). When chewed. The anaphase is a further stage of . feels granular. chorion: Greek chorion (membrane). interstitial tissue that shows cell choroidea: Greek chorion (membrane) and eidos (to proliferation, bringing forth cells. look like). A membrane that contains cytoplasm: Greek kutos (cavity, urn) and plassoo (to numerous blood vessels, and therefore form). resembles the chorion. cytotrophoblast Greek kutos (cavity, urn), trephoo chromatolysis: Greek chrooma (color) and luoo (to (to feed) and blaste (germ). detach, to dissolve). During decidua: Latin cadere (to drop, to decay). The chromatolysis, the nerve cell loses its decidua is shed an decays when no embryo properties, because the Nissl is implanted. substance appears to dissolve. deferens: Latin deferre (to conduct downwards). chromosome: Greek chrooma (color) and sooma : Greek dendron (tree or bush). (body). Chromosomes may be denna: Greek derma (skin). visualized as distinctly colored cell desmosome: Greek dein (to. bind) and sooma (body). bodies in the cell. The desmosome is a body that binds cilium: Latin cilium (eyelash). cells. cistern: Latin cisterna (an underground water tank). diaphysis: Greek dia (asunder, through) and phuoo cochlea: Greek kokhlias (snail). The cochlea is a (to grow, or to make grow). The spirally wound tube, resembling a snail's diaphysis, when it grows, causes the shell. epiphyses to come asunder. : Greek kolla (glue) and gennan (to bring distal: Latin dis (asunder) and slare (to stand), to forth, to produce). Collagen of and stand asunder. The 's distal hides can be broken down by boiling. The corpuscles stand asunder from the glomeru li. end product is a sticky mixture of amino : Latin ducere (to carry, to convey). and amino -derived , duodenum: Latin duodeni (twelve). The human , which can be used as glue. duodenum is about twelve finger lengths Therefore, collagen is a "glue maker". long. conjunctiva: Latin conjunctio (bond, connection). dura mater: Latin durus (hard) and maier (mother). corium: Latin corium (hide, leather). The corium of literally the "hard mother". This term is a mucosa corresponds to the skin's , a (incorrect?) translation in Latin of an from which leather can be made. older Arabic term. "Mother" may have cornea: Latin cornu (hom). to be understood as "protectress" or corpora amylacea: Latin corpus (body) and Greek "nurse". amulon (starch). The corpora ectoderm: Greek ektos (on the outside) and derma amylacea resemble the starch (skin). granules of plant cells. efferent: Latin effere (to conduct away from). corpus albicans: see corpora amylacea, and Latin Efferent (motor) nerve fibers conduct albus (white). signals away from the central nervous corpus ciliare: see corpora amylacea, and Latin system. The efferent conduct cilium (eyelash). blood away from the renal glomeru li . corpus luteum: see corpora amylacea, and Latin enchondral: Greek endon (wi thin, on the inside) and luteus (yellow). khondros (see chondrocyte). corpus rubrum: see corpora amylacea, and Latin endocard: see enchondral, and Greek kardia (heart). rubeus (red). : see enchondral, and Greek (see corteX: Latin cortex (). ). crista: Latin crista (crest, cock's comb). : see enchondral, and Greek Ihele (see crusta: Latin crusta (crust, nutshell). ). crypt: Greek cryptos (hidden). Lieberkuhn's crypts endometrium: see enchondral, and Greek metra are inpocketings which would be hidden when (womb). viewed from the gut's lumen. endoplasmic: see enchondral, and Greek plassoo (see cuticula: Latin cutis (skin, diminutive cuticula). cytoplasm). cytogen: Greek kutos (see cytoplasm) and gennan endocrine: see enchondral. and Greek krinoo (to (to bring forth). The cytogen stroma is an secrete).

306 endocytosis: see enchondral, and Greek kutos (see high to ignite combustible materials, as in a cytoplasm). fire place. endodenn: see enchondral, and Greek derma (skin). follicle: Latin f ollis (leather bag, air-filled pig enterocyt: Greek enteron (gut) and kutos (see bladder, diminulive fo lliculus). cytoplasm). fovea: Latin f ovea (a pit or we ll ). : Greek ependyma (coat, tunic). fu ndus: Latin fundus (bottom). epicard: Grieks epi (on) and kardla (heart). fusifonn: Latin fu sus (spindle). : see epicard, and G reek didumis (twin). ganglion: Greek gagglion (swelling, tumor). An epididymis lies on or against both gingiva: Latin gingiva (gum). twins (i.e. the testes). gland: Latin glans (acorn). This term may signify the epineurium: see epicard. and Greek neuron (, gland's shape or the smooth outer surface of sinew). It may appear strange that the its fibrous capsule. fibrous tissue that sheaths a nerve shou ld glandula: Latin, diminutive of glans. derive its name from a word which : Greek glia (glue). The glia cells "glue" the means tendon or sinew. However, the nerve cells to one another. is rich in collagen, and its glomus: Latin glomus (a knot of wool). white color gives nerves, glomerulus: Latin, diminutive of glomus. macroscopically, a deceptive likeness to glycocalyx: Greek glukeros (sweet) and c alu x . In c lassical times, people (nutshell. rind). The glycocalyx is a apparently were not that aware of the layer of glycoproteins, containing a difference between the two. fraction with the chemical structure of epithelium: see epicard, and Greek thele (nipple). . or sugars, coating the The epithelium lining the nipples stands cell membrane. out because of its darker pigmentation. glycogen: Greek glukeros (sweet) and gennan (to Ori gi nall y, the term "epithelium" bring forth). Glycogen is a polymer of exclusively Signified the tissue lining the glucose, or sugar molecu les, which can be nipples. Later, the significance of this li berated when the demands of the tenn was extended to include all lining body require it. In this sense, glycogen tissues of ecto- and endodennal origin. bri ngs forth sugar. epiphysis: see epicard, and Greek phuoo (to grow. or hemidesmosome: Greek hemi (half), and see to make grow). The epiphysis is a gland desmosome. growing from the brain's upper side. The heterochromatic: Greek heleroo (other, otherwise, epiphysis is that part of a long which other kind, different) and "grows" on top of the diaphysis. chrooma (color). The "other epidennis: see epicard, and Greek derma (skin). kind" of chromatin is the one that. erythrocyte: Greek eruthros (red) and kutos (see in contrast to "true" chromatin or cytoplasm). euchromatin, is not active in erythroblast: Greek erulhros (red) en blaste (germ). synthesis. euchromatic: Greek eu (good, well, real, ... ) and : Greek histos (tissue) and kutos (see chrooma (color). This tenn designates cytoplasm). the " real" chromatin (which does nOI histology: Greek histos (tissue) and logis (doctrine). stain!), actively involved in protein from logos (word) and legoo (to speak) synthesis. : Greek holos (wholly, complete) and exocrine: Greek noo (at the outside) and krinoo (to krinoo (to secrete). In this secretion secrete). Exocrine glands liberate their process, a cell's entire content is secretory products in the outside wo rld. liberated. exocytosis: Greek n oo (at the outside) and kulos honnone: Greek hormaoo (to drive, to incite). (see cytoplasm). Through exocytosis, Honnones stimulate certain target cells substances end up at the cell's exterior. and incite them to a specific action. fenest rated: Latin fen eslra (window). hyaline: Greek hualos (glass), hu slinos (glassy). focus: Latin focus (hearth, fire place). Lenses allow hypertrophic: Greek huper (over, higher. more) and concentration of the sun's rays in a single Irephoo (to feed). point, resulting in temperatures sufficiently

307 hypodermis: Greek hypo (under, beneath) and derma which contacts several organs. e. g. the (skin). testis and the epididymis. incus: Latin incus (anvil) medulla: Latin medulla (marrow, as in bone and in infundibulum (-Ia): Latin infundibulum (funnel), plant stems). from infundere (to pour in). megakaryocyte: Greek megas (large), karuon (nUl, The infundibula of the oviduct see nucleus) and kutos (see and the stomach glands are cytoplasm). The megakaryocyte is funnel-shaped. a arge l cel l with a prominent interlobular: Latin inler (between) nucleus. interstitium: Latin inlerstilium (a space between). : Greek melas (black) and kutos (see intralobular: Latin inlera (inside) cytoplasm). iris: Greek Iris, the goddess of the rainbow, because : Greek meningx (membrane). of the distinct color of the iris .. : Greek meros (part) and krinoo (to : Latin jejunus (an empty stomach). On secrete). or dissection, this gut segment is : Greek mesos (middle) and enchuma usually empty (what has been poured in). juxtaglomerular: Latin juxla (next to one another), Mesenchyme fi ll s the spaces between and see glomerulus. differentiated tissues, as thought it has keratinocyte: Greek k eras (hom) and kulos (see been poured in. cytoplasm). : see mesenchyme, and Greek Ihele (see kinetosome: Greek kineoo (to move) and sooma epithelium). (body). The kinetosome is a body that mesoderm: see mesenchyme. and Greek derma forms the basis of the motile cilium. (skin). lamina propria: Latin lamina (plate) and pro pria metaphase: Greek meta (next, after, behind) and (self, own). The lamina propria is phainoo (to appear). the mucosa's own fibrous tissue metaphysis: Greek meta (see metaphase) and phuoo support. The other layers, e. g. (to grow, or to make grow). . are not taken to belong : Greek micros (small ) and skopeoo (to to the mucosa. look). : Latin ligare (to bind). : see microscope, and Greek lemnoo (to li mbus: Latin limbus (rim). CUI). lumen: Latin lumen (the shining of light). The microtubule: see microscope, and Latin lubus (tube), lumen of various organs is a place where, in diminutive lubu lus. theory,light may penetrate. microvilli : see microscope and villus. lysosome: Greek Juoo (to loosen) and sooma (body). mi tochondrion: Greek mitos (thread) and khon dros Lysosomes are bodies that engage in (granule). The resolving power of digestive processes. the light microscope is insufficient : Greek macros (large) and phagein (to to make out individual eat). The macrophage is a "big eater". mitochondria. They rather appear as macula: Latin macula (spot, stain). beads thai touch. forming a string ma lleus: Latin malleus (hammer). of beads or a kind of "lumpy : German maslcn (to feed, to fatten). Mast threads". cells are filled with granu les and ook l well mitosis: Greek mUos (thread). During milosis, fed. thread-like chromosomes are formed. matrix: Latin m atrix (womb, or a female animal kept mucosa: Latin mucus (slime). fo r breeding purposes). A medium wherein muscle: Latin mus (mouse), diminutive muscu lus. something can grow. The matrix of Working muscles move under the skin. interstitial, connective, and supportive tissues which evokes the image of mice scurrying looks as though it generates cells, or cells about under a cloth. grow in it (actually, of course, the reverse is : Greek myelos (marrow). true: the matrix is a product of the cells). myocard: Greek mus (muscle) and kardia (han). mediastinum: Latin mediastinus (a servant of two myometrium: Greek mus (muscle) and melra masters). The mediasti num is an area (womb).

308 nucleus: Latin nux (nut). th is gland was once considered the source nucleolus: diminutive of nucleus. of nasal mucus. odontoblast: Greek odons (tooth) and blaste (germ). placenta: Greek plakous (a fl at cake) : Greek oligos (small, little), dendros pleura: Greek pleura (side, ri b). (tree, bush) and kutos (see plexus choroideus: Latin pleetere (to plaid, to braid) cytoplasm): a cell with a small and ehoroideus (resembling the number of branched processes. chorion, a membrane with blood : Greek organon (tool, instrument). vessels). osteoblast: Greek osteon (bone) and blaste (germ). podocyte: Greek pous (fOO l) and kulos (see osteocyte: see osteoblast, and kutos (see cytoplasm). cytoplasm). osteoclast: see osteoblast, and klastos (broken). prophase: Greek pro (before, first) and phainoo (to ovary: Latin ovum (egg). appear). oviduct: see ovary. and ducere (to carry, to convey). : Greek (guard), from proistanai papilla: Latin papilla (nipple) . (to station in froOl) . The prostate stands pancreas: Greek pan (wholly) and kreas (flesh). in front of the urine bladder. This may refer to the curious fac t that the proximal: Latin proximus (near. close). The pancreas almost completely lacks a proximal contorted tubu les lie near a capsule. glomerulus. parafollicular: Greek para (next. at. adjoining) and pseudostratified: Greek pseudos (deceit, lie. and see follicle. consequently fa lse, untrue). and parathyroid: see parafollicular and see . Latin stratum (a layer, what is parietal: Latin paries (wall). The parietal cells of the spread out). stomach's fundic glands appear in the walls pseudouni polar: see pseudostratified. Latijn unus of the glands (not at the bottom, as the (one) and Greek polas (axis). zymogen cells do). pseudopodia: see pseudostratified, and Greek pous perineurium: Greek peri (around) and neuron (foot). (tendon, sinew, see epineurium). pycnotic: Greek pucnos (dense, thick) : see perineurium. and Greek mus pylorus: Greek puloro5 (gatekeeper) from pule (muscle). (gate). The pylorus is the gate or entrance pericard: see perineurium, and Greek kardia (hart). to the small intestine. perimetrium: see perineurium, and Greek metra : Latin rectus (straight). (womb). rete: Latin rete (net). periosteum: see perineurium, and Greek osteon reticu lum: diminuti ve of rete. (bone). : from rete. periodontal: see perineurium, and Greek odons ribosome: from ribonucleic acid and Greek 500ma (tooth). (body). phagosome: Greek phagein (to eat) and sooma sacculus: Latin saccus (sack), diminutive sacculus. (body). The phagosome is an scala tympani: Latin scala (ladder, gangway) and see intracellular body that appears when tympanic. the cell "eats". scala vestibu li: see scala tympani and vestibu lu m. pia maIer: Latin pia (soft) and mater (mother). see scala media: see scala tympani. and Latin medium dura mater. (middle). pineal: Latin pinea ( pine cone), the is sclera: Greek scleros (dry, hard). shaped like a pine cone. sebaceous: Latin sebum (fat, tallow). pinocytosis: Greek pinein (to drink) and kutos (see secretion: Latin secretio (something that is given cytoplasm). The cell appears to take in of0. fluid droplets. septum: Latin sepes (hedge). A hedge separates pituicyte: Latin pitua (nose slime) and Greek kutos adjoining area's of land, as a septum (see cytoplasm). The glandula pituitaria, separates two lobes of an organ. which is a close association of serosa: Latin serum (whey, wate ry fluid). adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis, lies serous : see serosa. close to the nasal cavities. For this reason, sinus: Latin sinus (bay). Sinuses are wide, bJood• fi lled spaces.

309 skeleton: Greek skellein (to dry), the "dry" part of : Greek arteria trakheia (a "rough" blood the body, in contrast to the "fleshy" parts. vessel, rough from the presence of cartilage spermatocyte: Greek sperm. (seed) and kutos (see rings). cytoplasm). tubuli seminiferi: see microtubuli, Latin semen spermatogonium: see spermatocyte, and Greek (seed) and Greek pheroo (to gennan (to bring forth). carry, to convey). spermatozoon: see spermatocyte, and Greek zooan tunica adventitia: Latin tunica (upper garment, (animal). mantle), ad (on, at, to) and stapes: Latin stapes (stirrup). venire (to come). The stereocilia: Greek stereos (stiff, hard) and see cilium. adventitia is a coating which is A stiff, immotile cilium. added to the other two. : Latin stratum (what is spread out, tunica albuginea: see tunica adventitia, Latin albus a layer) and cornu (hom). (white) and gennan (to bring stratum germinativum: see stratum corneum, and forth). Latin germinare (to : see tunica adventitia, and Latin germinate). intimus (the innermost). stratum spinosum: see stratum corneum, and Latin : see tunica adventitia, and Latin spina (thorn, spine). medium (middle). stroma: Greek stroma (bed, pillow). Something in or tympanic: Greek tumpanon (drum). on which something else is resting. The uterus: Greek hustera (womb). stroma is an interstitial tissue on which other utriculus: Latin uler (leather flask), diminutive tissues rest, such as the fibrous stroma of utriculus. lymphoid organs. vagina: Latin vagina (sheath). subperiostal: Latin sub (down, beneath, under) and vasculosa: Latin vas (vessel). see periost. vena: Latin vena (vein). : Greek sunapsis (link), from sun (together) ventricle: Latin venter (belly), diminutive and haptein (to bind, to connec!). ventriculus. A ventricle is an expanded syncytium: Greek sun (together) and kutos (see part, like a protruding belly. cytoplasm). vesicle: Latin vesica (bladder, blister), diminutive syncytiotrophoblast: see syncitium, and Greek vesicula. trephoo (to feed) and blaste vestibulum: Latin vestibulum (fore-court. dedicated (germ). to the goddess Vesta). synovium: Latin ovum (egg), synovial fluid villus: Latin villus (tousled hair). resembles egg white. visceral: Latin visceris (entrails). tectorial: Latin tectum (rooO. The tectorial zona fasciculata: Greek zoane (belr) and Latin fascis membrane is a "roof' over Corti's organ. (bundle), a belt-like zone with a telophase: Greek tcle (far, end) and phainoo (to fascicular structure. appear). zona glomerulosa: see zona fasciculata, and Latin tendinocyte: Greek tenon (tendon), from teinein (to glomus (a knot of wool). stretch), and kutos (see cytoplasm). zona pellucida: see zona fasciculata, and Latin testis (-es): Latin testis (witness). In Roman law, a pellucid us (translucent). man could legally testify only when he was in zona reticularis: see zona fasciculata, and Latin rete possession of these organs. (net). theca: Greek thckc (case, chest). zymogen: Greek zume (ferment, leaven) and gennan thrombocyte: Greek thrombos (clot, lump) and (to bring forth). Zymogen cells produce kutos (see cytoplasm). ferments, an alternative name for thymus: Greek thumos (hart, soul). The thymus lies . near the hart. zygote: Greek zugoo (to connect two draft animals thyroid: Greek thura (door). May be a reference to with a yoke). the thyroid's flattened aspect. trabecular: Latin trabecula (a small beam).

310 APPENDIX: the greatest histologists of all time.

The development of the science we call histology. as During his work on , he incidentally is the development of any science, has been the work noticed a vesicular structure next to the nucleus of of people. The majority of them are destined to live nerve cells, which he described as a "reticular on as mere author names heading papers in scientific apparatus". Decades later, electron journals. A small number of these investigators have demonstrated that this reticular apparatus is a linked their names to the structure they discovered or membranous . which we now know as the described for the first time. Only a few are veritable Golgi-compJex. And so, Golgi became the on ly scientific giants, whose work was of such sciemist after whom an organelle of first-rank fundamental . that it was important not only to importance is named. histology. but to biological and medical science in general. Some of them earned the highest possible Malpighi, Marcello. Bologna 1628 - Rome 1694. distinction for a : the . Although Professor at Bologna. Pisa and Messina. coun they might not see themselves as histologists. here is physician to pope Innocent XII, honorary fellow of my tribute to those I consider the greatest hi stologists the Royal Society. MaJpighi was one of the founders of all times: of modem biomedical science. He discovered the . lin ked his name to Malpighian epithelium Cajal, Santiago Ramon Y. Petilla de Aragon 1852 · and did fundamental research in emomology, Madrid 1934. Professor of at Valencia. , , and . Barcelona, and Madrid. Here, his name is mentioned in connection with Cajal's cells of the visceral Purkinje, Jan Evangelista. Libochovice 1787 - of the intestine. Cajal did not at all Prague 1869. Professor of physiology at Prague and limit himself to this aspect of histology. however. Breslau (Poland). Purkinje developed the microtome. His enormous merit for histology. and for biomedical as well as a number of additional devices and science in general, lies in hi s fundamental research preparation techniques. essential to microscopic on the microscopic structure of the nervous system. investigation. Purkinje ce ll s of the han and the He was one of the first and foremost proponents of cerebellu m. the neuron theory. which states that nervous tissue is not a syncytium. but that it is composed of separate Schwann, Theodor. Neuss 1810 - Cologne 1882. nerve cells. This may be obvious to us now, but it Professor of anatomy at Leuven and Liege (Belgium) . was not at all obvious in Cajal's days. His work was Schwann's great merit is his formu lation, together considered to be of such fundamental importance, with the botan ist Schleiden, of the . This and of such enormous consequence, that it earned theory states that the cell is the fundamental bui lding him the 1906 Nobel prize in and block of living beings. To us, this may be glaringly Physiology, which he shared with another giam of obvious. but it took years of precise observation. histology. Cami llo Golgi. careful reasoning, and considerable argumentation to prove beyond doubt that this theory accurately Golgi, Camillo. Corteno 1844 . Pavia 1926. described reality. H e aso l worked on the microscopic Professor at the university of Pavia. H e developed a structure of the nervous system. Schwann' s cell of staining method for nervous tissue, involving the nervous tissue. impregnation with silver salts, which carries his name. This technique only stains a fraction of the nerve cells present, but stains them in their entirety. A few additional names deserve mention. With this method. the histological investigation of nervous tissue was greatly facilitated. It enabled him Leeuwenhoek, Antonie van. Delft 1632 - 1723. !O demonstrate that nervous tissue was composed of Van Leeuwenhoek was a Dutch cloth merchant, separate cells. a decisive argument in favor of the without any fo rmal training as a scientist. His h obby neuron theory. In addition, his discoveries hinted at was the grinding of lenses. This led him to designing the way in which nerve cell s were interconnected. and building the first . His numerous This work earned him the 1906 Nobel prize in observations and discoveries include the Medicine and Physiology. together with Cajal. spermatozoa, the erythrocytes, and the micro- (bacteria and protozoa). He corresponded the early fifties of the 20lh century. before the with the Royal Society of London and the Academie would come in widespread use. des Sciences of Paris. Contrary to the rocket engi ne and the nuclear bomb. the development of the electron microscope does not Ruska, Ernst Heidelberg 1906 - Berlin 1988. seem to have greatly benefited from the second world Ruska was an electrical engineer who, in 1933. war. As a rather late recognition of his scientific developed the first working model of the electron merits, Ruska shared the 1986 Nobel prize in Physics microscope. The first commercial model he would with Rohrer and Binni g. the inventors of the scanning built at the Siemens finn in 1939. But then the tunneling microscope. a device which makes use of normal course of things was brutally interrupted for 5 some exotic quantum mechanical phenomena to years, and it would be more than a decade later, in detect single .

312 INDEX.

A-bands of muscle fibers: 46,47 : 167 Acanthosome: 33 Arteries. elastic: 167 A-cells, pancreatic islets. 303 Arteries. muscular: 167 Acetylcholine: 120, 152 Arterioles: 169 Acini, mucous: 283 Arterioles. central: 133 Acini, pancreatic: 25, 302 : 51 Acini, serous: 25. 283, 302 Astrocytes, cytoplasmic: 121 Acinus: 106 Astrocytes, fibrillar: 115 Acrosome: 214 Atelectasis: 267 : 42, 44, 47-49 ATP: 13, 18,20,38, 73,84 Action potential: 14, 50,52 Auerbach's plexus: 297 Adenohypophysis: 175 Autophagocytosis: 33. 176 Adheringjunction: 93 Autophagosome: 33,227 Adrenal cortical cells: 37 Axon : 52 Adrenal glands: 181 : 52 Adrenalin: 182 Axon reflex: 171 Advenfilia: 165 Airways: 264. 268 Baroreceptors, arterial: 171 Aldosterone: 182 Baroreceptors, renal: 192 Alveolar epithelial cells, type I: 266 Basal cells: 96 Alveolar epithelial cells, type II: 35, 266 Basal layer of endometrium: 231 Alveolar : 266 Basal plate: 173 Alveoli, mammary glands: 200 Basement membrane: 86, 87, 93. 98, 103, 238 Alveoli, pUlmonary: 266 Basement membrane, renal: 188 Amacrine cells: 247 Basilar membrane: 255 Ameloblasts: 276 Basket cells: 155 Amnion: 172 Basophilic: 17,75.290.302 Amoeboid movement: 34 Basophilic granulocytes (basophils): 66 Ampulla (oviduct): 229 Basophilic erythroblast: 61 Ampullar cristae: 260 B--celJs, pancreatic islets: 303 Anaphase (): 212 Bile: 298 Anaphase (mitosis): 57 Bile ducts: 302 Anchoring fibrils (filaments): 77,94 Bile salts: 298 Angiotensin: 182 Biliary canals: 298 Anisotropy: 48 Bilirubin: 62, 300 Anterior pituitary gland: 175 Billroth's cords: 133 Anterograde transport: 53 Bipolar cells: 247 (-ies): 8, 28, 68 Bipolar nerve cells: 52 Antidiuretic honnone: 161 , 191 Birbeck granules: 198 Antigen: 28. 68 Bizzozero bridges: 98 Antigen presenting cells: 131 Blind spot: 247 Antrum (follicular): 225 Blood: 60, 61 Aortic bodies: 169 Blood brain barrier: 163 Apatite: 84 Blood-testis barrier: 216 Apocrine: 30, 35,232,283 B-Iymphocyte, (B-cell,): 67-68 Apocrine (sweat) glands: 199 Bone: 82 Apoptosis: 58, 128, 130 Bone, cancellous: 84 Appendix: 294 Bone. compact: 84 Appositional growth: 81 Bone, fibrous: 84 Arachnoid: 163 Bone, lamellar: 84 : 196 Bone marrow: 125 Arrector muscle. hair: 205 Bone, spongy: 84 Artefacts: 8 Bones, enchondral: 135 Bones, long: 136 Cells, supporting: 51, 256 Bones, mesenchymal: 135 Cellular immunity: 68 Bowman's capsule: 188 Cementum: 276 Bowman's glands: 273 Central arterioles: 133 Bowman's membrane: 238 Centriole: 38,214 Bridging filaments: 94 Centroacinar cells: 302 Bronchi: 269 Centrosome: 38, 214 Bronchioles: 269 Ceruminous glands: 253 Bronchioles, terminal: 268 Cervix: 232 Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue: 271 CORP: 121 BrUcke's muscles: 294 Chemoreceptors, arterial: 169 Brilnner's glands: 292 Chloride: 290 Brush border: 43 Cholecystokinin: 292 Brush border cells: 43, 162, 188, 198,290, 302 Cholesterol: 12,36,300 Chondroblasts: 28, 71, 80 Calcification: 84 Chondroitin su lfate: 75 Calcitonin: 179 Chorion: 173 Calcium: 35,179,181 Choriocapillaris: 237 Calcium phosphate: 84 Choroidea: 237 Call-Exner bodies: 227 Choroid plexus: 162 Canaliculi, of bone: 83 Choroid plexus cells: 44, 162 Cancellous bone: 84 Chromaffin cells: 31, 182 Capillaries: 100,163, 165,264 Chromatids: 57, 211 Capillaries, fenestrated: 103 Chromatin: 17 Capillaries, : 103,292 Chromatolysis: 53 Capillaries, sheathed: 133 Chromogranin: 30 Capillaries, sinusoidal: 103, 175 Chromosomes: 57, 210 Cardia: 288 Chylomicrons: 292 Cardiac valves: 167 Cilia: 38, 40, 272 Carotid bodies: 169 Ciliary body: 242 Cartilage, articular: 138 Ciliated cells: 40, 162,230,269 Cartilage, elastic: 82,253,271 Circumferential lamellae: 84, 137 Cartilage. fibrous: 82, 141 Clara cells: 35, 268 Cartilage, hyaline: 80, 270 Clathrin: 33 Catalase: 20 : 234 Caveolae (intracellulares): 44, 103, 106 Clear cells (of parathyroid): 181 Cavernous bodies: 221 Clear cells (sweat glands): 198 Cell cycle: 56 Coated pit: 33 Cell death: 57 Coated vesicle: 33 Cell membrane: II Cochlea: 254 : 15 Collagen fibrils: 76, 80 Cell nucleus, envelope: 17 Collagen types: 77 Cells: 1,2 Collecting ducts: 191 Cells, amine hormone-secreting: 30, 171, 182 Colloid: 177 Cells, antibody-secreting: 28 Colon: 292 Cells, composite: 52 Compact bone: 84 Cells, secreting: 24, 283, 290, 302 Compact zone of endometrium: 232 Cells: fiber-bearing: 22, 37,52 Conducting system, cardiac: 167 Cells,lining: 50 Conduction, saltatory: 114 Cells: -secreting: 35, 268 Cone cells: 248 Cells, matrix-secreting: 26, 70 Conjunctiva: 238 Cells, membrane-bearing: 22,23,53 Connective tissue: 70 Cells, mucus-secreting: 3D, 283, 288 Convergence: 117 Cells, peptide hormone-secreting: 25, 176, 179,303 Convoluted tubules, distal: 190 Cells, steroid-secreting: 36, 182, 217, 229 Convoluted tubules, proximal: 188

314 Cornea: 238 Duct: 106 Corona (lymph fo llicle) : 130 Ducts. pancreatic: 302 Corona radiata: 228 Ductus deferens: 219 Corpora amylacea: 221 Duodenum: 292 Corpus a1bicans: 229 Dura mater: 163 Corpus fibrosum: 228 Dynein: 38 Corpus luteum: 229 Cortex, adrenal: 18 1 Ear. external: 253 Cortex, cerebellar: 155 Ear, inner: 254 Cortex, cerebral: 156 Ear, middle: 253 Cortex, hair: 202 Ectoderm: 123 Cortex, lymph node: 130 Efferent ductu les (testis): 217 Cortex. th ymic: 127 : 82. 253. 271 Cortical granules: 226 Elastic fibrils: 78 Corticotroph cells: 176 Elastic tissue: 80, 167 Cortisol: 182 Elastica extema: 165 Corti's organ: 260 Elastica intema: 165 Crests. mitochondrial: 18 : 78 Crinophagocytosis: 176 Electron microscope: 2 Cristae. ampullar: 260 Electron microscope, scannin g: 5 Cumulus o(jphorus: 227 Electron microscope. transmission: 4 Cuticula. hair: 203 Emphysema: 267 Cytocriny: 197 Enamel: 276 Cytokeratin: 50. 91 End knob: 118 Cytoplasm: 9 Endocard: 166 Cytoskeleton: 37. 52. 62, 64. 83.91 Endocrine: 25 Cytosol: 9 Endocrine cells: 269, 290. 292 Cytotoxic T-cells: 68 Endocrine cells, closed: 26 Cytotrophoblast: 173 Endocrine cells, open: 26 Endocrine gland: 106 Dark ce ll s (of sweat glands): 198 Endocrine system: 175 Decidua cells: 232 Endocytosis: 23, 31 Defender cells: 66, 73 Endoderm: 123 Demarcation membranes: 62 Endometrium, preovu latory: 231 Dendrite: 52, 155, 156 Endometrium. poslovulatory: 232 Dendritic cells (follicu lar): 132 : 143 : 11 9. 155 Endoneurium: 149 Dense fibrous component of nucleolus: 17 Endosome: 23, 31 Dense fibrous tissue: 79. 143 Endosteum: 140 Dense lamina: 77 Endosymbiont: 19 Dentin: 278 Endothelial cells: 102 Dennatan sulfate: 75 Endothelium: 100 Dermis: 205 Endothelium. alveolar: 266 Descemet's membrane: 242 Endothelium, cornea: 242 : 50 Endothelium, glomerular: 188 Desmosome: 88. 93. 97, 98.127 Endothelium, hepatic sinusoidal: 300 Diabetes: 303 Enterocytes: 44, 290 Diapedesis: 66, 67 Envelope (of kerat inocytes): 99 Diaphysis: 136 Envelope, cell nucleus: 17 Digestive system: 275 : 7 Diplotene: 212 granulocytes (eosinophi ls): 34,66,292 Disse's space: 298 Ependyma ce lls: 40. 162 Divergence: 117 Epicard: 167 DNA: 15 : 195 Dopamine: 120. 152. 154 Epididymis: 217

315 Epididymal duct: 219 Follicles, thyroid: 177 Epiglottis: 272 Follicular (endocrine) tissue: 106 Epiphysis: 137 Folliculo-stellate ce lls: 176 : 143 : 5 Epineurium: 149 Fovea: 247 Epitenon: 143 Functional layer of endometrium: 231 Epithelial cells: 50 Fundus: 288 Epithelium: 91 Fusiform densities: 44, 86 Epithelium, compound: 97 Epithelium. keratinized: 98 GABA: 121 Epithelium. Malpighian : 97, 287 Gall bladder: 302 Epithelium. pseudostratified: 96. 219. 269 Ganglia, cranial: 151 Epithelium, respiratory: 268 Ganglia, intramural: 270 Epithelium, simple: 94,177,188,189,190.266 Ganglia, motor: 151 Epithelium. simple prismatic: 288, 290 Ganglia: orthosympathetic: 151 Epithelium. stratified: 97 Ganglia, parasympathetic: 152 Epithelium, transitory: 96 Ganglia, paravertebral: 151 Erythrocytes: 62 Ganglia, prevertebral: 152 Estrogen: 227 Ganglia, sensory: 149 Euchromatin: 17 Ganglia, spinal: 150 EukaryOlic: 19 Ganglion cells. retina: 246 Eustachian tube: 254 : 83, 87.90.296 Excretory duelS. salivary glands: 284 Gastrin: 290 Excretory system: 184 GERL-complex: 23. 35 Exocrine: 24 Germ cell layer: 98 Exocytosis: 23, 24, 25 Germinal center (lymph follicle): 130 External root sheath, hair: 203 Gianuzzi's sickle: 283 Extra-embryonic organs: 172 Gingiva: 280 Eyes: 236 Glandular tissue: 105 Glands, acinar: 106 Fascia adhaerens: 88 Glands, apocrine (sweat): 199 Female reproducti ve system: 223 Glands, compound: 106 Fibers, climbing: 156 Glands, endocrine: 106 Fibers, horizontal: 156 Glands, endometrial: 231 Fibers, mossy: 156 Glands, exocrine: 106 Fibrillar centers of nucleolus: 17 Glands, mammary: 200 : 78 Glands, merocrine (sweat): 198 Fibrin: 64 Glands. salivary: 283 Fibrinoid, fibrin-type: 174 Glands, sebum: 201 Fibrinoid, matrix-type: 174 Glands, sessile: 106 : 28, 71 Glands, simple: 106 : 93 Glands, skin : 198 Fibrous bone: 84 Glands, submucosal: 270. 292 Fibrous cartilage: 82, 141 Glands, tubular: 106 Filipodia: 34 Glans: 221 Fixative: 5 Glial limiting membrane: 11 5,121. 151, 163 Flagellum: 38, 214 Gliofilaments: 50 Follicles, atretic: 228 Glomeruli. cerebellar: 156 Follicles, cavitary: 227 Glomeruli, renal : 187 Follicles, Graafian: 228 Glomus cells: 171 Follicles, growing: 226 Glucagon: 303 Follicles, hair: 202 Glucoconicoids: 182 Follicles,lymph node: 130 Glucose: 18 Follicles, ovarian: 226 Glutamate: 121 Follicles, primordial: 226 : 5

316 Glyoocalyx: 44 Howship's lacuna: 83 Glycogen: 35.49. 167.232 HumoraJ inununity: 69 Glycolipids: 12 Hyaline carti lage: 80, 270 Glycolysis: 18 Hyalomere: 64 Glycosaminoglycans: 75 Hyaluronic acid: 75 Goblet cells: 30. 269. 292 Hybridochemistry: 8 Goiter: 177 Hypodermis: 205 Golgi-complex: 28. 30 Hypothalamic nuclei : 175 Gonadotroph cells: 176 Hypothalamo-hypophyseal tractus: 175 Goormaghtig's cells: 192 Hypothalamus: 155 Granular component of nucleolus: 17 Granular layer. keratinized epithelium: 98 Granular layer, cerebellar cortex: 155 I-band: 46. 47 Granulocytes: 65 Ileum: 294 Granulocytes, eosinophilic: 34, 66, 292 Immunity. ce ll ular: 68 Granulocytes, neutrophilic: 34, 65 Immunity: humoral : 69 Granulocytes. basophilic: 66 Immunochemistry: 8 Granulomere: 64 Immunoglobulins: 68, 292 Granulosa cells: 226 Incus: 254 Granulosa lutein cells: 37,229 Induction : 114 Gray matter: 153 Infundibulum: 229 : 70, 75 Inner plexiform layer: 246 Growth, appositional: 81 Inner granular layer: 246 Growth. axial : 138 Insulin: 303 Growth, diametric: 138 Intercalated disks: 88 Growth, epiphyseal: 139 Intercalated ducts: 283 Growth, interstitial: 80 Interdigitating ce lls: 132 Growth. longitudinal: 138 Intermediary filaments: 44. 50, 52 Growth plate: 138 Intermediary junction: 93 Growth. subperiosteal: 135 Internal rool sheath, hair: 203 Interstitial cells of Cajal: 296 Hair cells: 257, 260. 261 Interstitial cells. ovary: 37. 228 Hairs: 202 Interstitial tissue: 70, 79 Hassal 's bodies: 127 Intervenebral disk: 141 Havers's columns: 84. 138 Intestine: 286 H-band:47 Intima: 165 Heart: 165 Intrafusal fibers: 145 Helper T-cells: 68 Intraperiodic line : 112 Hematoxylin: 7 Iodium: 177 Hemidesmosome: 98, 238.281 Iris: 242 Hemocytoblast: 60 Isthmus: 229 Hemoglobin: 62 Henle's loops: 189 Jejunum : 290 Hensen's disk: 47 Joints: 142 Heparan sulfate: 75 Junctional complex: 93 Hepatocytes: 298 Junctions: 87.90 Herring bodies: 161 Juxtaglomerular apparatu s: 191 Heterochromatin: 17 Juxtaglomerular ce lls: 191 High endothelial : 130 Histamine: 290 Karyoplasm: 17 : 34,74,292 Keratan su lfate: 75 Histochemistry: 8 Keratin: 51, 98 Histocompatibility antigens: 14 Keratinized layer: 99 Holocrine: 35, 202 Keratinocytes: 51, 98 Horizontal cells: 247 Keratinosomes: 98

317 Keracohyalin granules: 98 : 34,268 Kidneys: 185 Macrophages, alveolar: 34 Kinetosome: 41 Macula adhaerens: 93 Krebs's (citrate) cycle: 18 Macula densa: 192 Kupffer's cells: 301 Male reproductive system: 210 Kultschitzky's cells: 292 Malleus: 254 Mammary glands: 200 Lacrimal gland: 238 Mammotroph cells: 176 Lacteals: 292 Marginal band: 64 Lactiferous duct: 200 Mast cells: 74, 292 Lactiferous sinus: 200 Matrix:: 70 Laccotroph cells: 176 Matrix: vesicles: 84 Lamellar bodies: 266 M-cells: 294 Lamellar bone: 84 Mechanoreceptors, inner ear: 252 Lamina densa: 93 Mechanoreceptors, muscle: 145 Lamina fibroreticularis: 94 Mechanoreceptors, skin: 197,205 Lamina lucida: 94 Media: 165 Lamina propria: 268, 286 Medulla, adrenal: 182 Laminin: 93 Medulla, hair: 202 Langerhans's cells: 198 Medulla, lymph node: 130 Langerhans's islets: 25,303 Medulla, thymic: 127 Langerhans's islets cells: 25, 303 Megakaryoblast 62 Large intestine: 292 Megakaryocyte: 62 Laryn" 271 Meiosis (in oogenesis): 223 Lens: 250 Meiosis (in ): 210 Lens capsule: 251 Meissner's corpuscles: 206 Lens fibers: 250 Meissner's plex:us: 297 Leptotene: 211 Melanin: 154, 195,205,247 Leydig's cells: 37, 217 : 195 Lieberktlhn's crypts: 292 Melanosomes: 197 Light microscope: 2 Melatonin: 160 Lining cells: 50 Membranous labyrinth: 254 Lining tissues: 91 Memory B-cells: 68 Lipid coat (of keratinocytes): 99 Memory T-cells: 68 Lipid droplets: 35, 73, 300 Meninges: 163 Lipocytes: 71 Menstruation: 232 Lipocytes, brown: 73 Mesangial cells: 192 Lipocytes, multilocular: 73 Mesaxon: 110 Lipocytes: unilocular: 72 Mesoderm: 123 Lipocytes, white: 72 Metamyelocyte: 65 Lipofuchsin: 33, 53, 182 Metaphase (meiosis): 212 : 298 Metaphase (mitosis): 57 Loose fibrous tissue: 79 Metaphysis: 140 : 264 Merkel's cells: 197 Lymph capillaries: 103,292 Merocrine: 24 Lymph follicles: 130, 133,286,294 Merocrine (sweat) glands: 198 Lymph nodes: 130 Mesenchymal tissue: 79 Lymph vessels: 169 Mesentcrium: 124 Lymphocytes: 67, 292 Mesoderm: 123 Lymphoid organs: 125 Mesothelial cells: 104 Lymphoid tissue: 60, 294 Mesothelium: 100 Lysosomes: 23, 33, 65, 66, 83 : 42 Lysosome, primary: 33 : 163 Lysosome, secondary: 33 Micrometer: 2 Lysozyme: 292 Microscope, confocal: 4

3 18 Microscope. electron: 2 Nerve ce lls: 52 Microscope. : 3 Nerve cells. bipolar: 52. 256 Microscope: scanning electron: 5 Nerve cells, granular: 155 Microscope, transmission electron: 4 Nerve cells, mUltipolar: 52, 151. 155, 156 Microscopes: 2 Nerve ce ll s, pseudounipolar: 52, 149 Microtome: 6 Nerve cells, pyramidal: 156 Microtubules: 38. 41, 52, 214. 261 Nerve cells, somatic motor: 153 Microvilli: 43,162, 188,226 Nerve ce ll s, stellate: 159 Mineralocorticoids: 182 Nerve fiber: 110 Mitochondria: 18, 36. 50 Nerve fibers, myelinated: 110 Mitosis: 57 Nerve fi bers, unmyelinated: 110 Mitotic spindle: 57 Nerves: 148 M~ lin e: 47 Nerve tissue: 109 Molecular layer: 155 Nerve tissue. conductive: 110, 148 Monocytes: 66 Nerve tissue, integrative: 11 5, 151 Motor end plate: 144 Nervous system: 147 Mucosa, airways: 268 : 112 Mucosa~associated lymphoid tissue: 294 Neuroepithelial bodies: 269 Mucosa, intestinal: 287 : 50 Mucosal glands. stomach: 288 Neurohypophysis: 160 Mucosa, oviduc t: 229 Neurosecretory: 160, 161, 183 Mucous neck cells: 288 : 119 Mucous cells, stomach: 288 Neutrophilic granulocytes (neulrophils): 34, 65 Mucous tissue: 79, 174 Nexus: 87 MUller's ce ll s: 244 Niss1 substance: 53, 150 Multivesicular body: 33,227.300 Nitrous oxide: 121 Muscle fibers: 44 Noradrenaline: 120, 152, 182 Muscle fibers. cardiac: 50 Nuclear bag fibers: 145 Muscle fibers, skeletal: 44 Nuclear chain fibers: 145 Muscle fibers, smooth: 44 Nucleolar canal system : 232 Muscle fibers. striated: 45 Nucleolus: 17 Muscles: 143 Nucleolus, dense fibrous component: 17 Muscle spindles: 145 Nucleolus, fibri llar centers: 17 Muscle tissue, cardiac: 88 Nucleolus, granular component: 17 Muscle tissue, skeletal : 87 Nucleus: 15 Muscle tissue. viscera l: 86 Nucleus, envelope, 17 Muscularis mucosae: 294 Muscular system: 143 Occluding junction: 93 Musculosa: 270, 294 Odontoblasts: 278 Myelin sheath: 11 2 Oesophagus: 287 Myeloblast: 64 Olfactory mucosa: 272 Myelocyte: 65 : 11 5 Myeloid tissue: 60 Omenta: 287 Myocard: 167 Optic nerve: 237 Myoepithelial ce ll s: 106, 199,201 Optic vesicle: 237 : 46,48 Oral cavity: 275 : 47, 48 Ora serrata: 247 Myometrium: 230 Ordered fibrous tissue: 80, 278 : 43. 44, 47-49 : I, 2, 9 Myotendinous junction: 143 Organelles, primary: 9, II Organelles, secondary: 9, 22 Nails: 205 Organotroph cells (anterior pituitary): 25. 176 Nanometer: 2 Organs: 123 Nasal cavity: 272 Organs of hearing and balance: 252 Nephron: 187 Onhochromatic erythroblast: 61

319 : 5 Pigment epithelium: 238. 247 Osteoblasts: 28, 71, 82 Pillar cells: 261 OsteoclaslS: 35, 83 Pineal gland: 160 Osteocytes: 83 Pinocytosis: 31 Osteons: 13 Pinocytotic vesicles: 23, 31, 103 Otoliths: 257 Pituicytes: 16 Outer granular layer: 246 Pituitary gland, anterior: 175 Outer plexiform layer: 246 Placenta: 173 Oval window: 254 Plasma cell" 28.68. 292 Ovaries: 223 Platelets: 63 Oviduct 229 Pleura: 268 Ovulation: 228 Podocytes: 188 Ovum: 226 Polychromatophilic erythroblast: 61 Oxyphilic cells (parathyroid): 181 Pores. cell membrane: 13 Oxytocin: 161 Pores, nuclear: 17 Portal fields. hepatic: 298 Pacemaker, cardiac: 167 Portal vein. hepatic: 298 Pachytene: 212 Portal . hypophyseal: 175 Pancreas: 302 Potassium: 13 Paneth's cells: 292 Predecidua ce lls: 232 Paracrine: 25 Prickle cell layer: 98 Paracortex: 130 Principal cells (parathyroid): 25, 179 Paraffin: 6 Probe: 8 ParafoJIicular cells: 25, 179 : 61 Parasympathetic: 152 Progesterone: 223 Parathormone: 181 Prokaryotic: 19 Parathyroid glands: 179 Promyelocyte: 64 Parietal cells: 290 Prophase (meiosis): 211 Parkinson's disease: 154 Prophase (mi tosis): 57 Parotid gland: 283 Prostate: 220 Pars distalis: 175 , inlegral: 13 Penis: 221 Proteins, peripheral: 13 Pepsin: 290 Proteoglycans: 75 Peri arteriolar lymphatic sheet: 133 Pseudopodia: 34 Perichondrium: 81. 137 Pumps: 13 : 103 Purkinje cells, cerebellar: 155 Perikaryon: 52, 149, 155 . cardiac: 167 Perimysium: 143 Pylorus: 288 Perineurium: 149 Periodic line: 112 Racket ce lls: 96 Periodontal ligament: 278 Ranvier nodes: 112 Periost(eum): 135 Receptor: 14 Peritendineum externum: 143 Receptor cells, olfactory: 272 Peritendineum internum: 143 Receptor·mediated endocytosis: 14 Peritenon: 143 Rectum: 294 Permeases: 13 Red muscle fibers: 88 Peroxisomes: 20 Red pulp, spleen: 133 Peyer's patches: 294 Reflex: 117 PflUger's ducts: 284 Reinke's crystal: 217 Phagocytosis: 33 Reisessen's muscle: 271 Phagosomes: 23, 33 Remodeling (·ation): 139,278 Phalangeal cells: 261 : 182, 192 Phospholipids: II Residual body: 33 Photoreceptors: 247 Resolution: 2.3 Pia mater: 163 Resorption vacuoles: 177 320 Respiratory chain: 19 Somatotroph cells: 176 Respiratory system: 263 Spermatids: 214 Resting potential: 13 Spermatocytes, primary: 212 Rete testis: 217 Spermatocytes, secondary: 214 Reticular tissue: 79 Spermatogenic cells: 212 Reticulin fibers: 77 Spermatogonia: 212 Reticuloblast: 71 Spermatozoa: 214 Retina: 244 Sphincter: 296 Retrograde transport: 53 Spinal cord: 151,153 Ribosomes: 18,23 Spine, dendritic: 11 9 RNA: IS Spleen: 132 Rod ce lls: 247 Spongious zone of endometrium: 232 Rough endoplasmic reticulum: 23, 24, 26, 28, 53 Spongy bone: 84 Round window: 254 Stains: 7 Ruffini's corpuscles: 206 Stapes: 254 Stellate ce lls, hepatic : 300 Saccule: 254 Steroid droplets: 36 Salivary glands: 283 Stereocilia: 219, 257, 261 Saltatory conduction: 114 Stomach: 288 Satellite ce lls of muscle tissue: 88 Stratum corneum: 99 Satellite ce lls of sensory ganglia: 149 Stratum germinativum: 98 Scala media: 255 Stratum granu losu m: 98 Scala tympani: 255 Stratum spinosum : 98 Scala vestibuli: 255 Stretch receptor: 270 Schlemm's canal: 244 Striated ducts: 284 Schmidt-Lantermann clefts: 11 2 Stroma, of iris: 242 SchWalm cell: 110 Stroma, of cornea: 238 Sebum gland cells: 35 Sublingual gland: 283 Sebum glands: 201 Submandibular gland : 283 Secretin: 292 Submucosal glands: 270. 292 Secretory vesicles: 24. 25, 30, 66, 74,176,179, 182 Substance P: 121 Sections: 6 Substantia nigra: 154 Segi's caps: 292 Summation: 117 Semicircular canals: 254 Supporting cells: 51. 171.258.272.286 : 219 Supportive ti ssue: 70 Seminiferous tubules: 210 Suppressor T-cells: 68 Serotonin : 64, 120.290,292 Surfactant: 267 Serous: 25, 283 Sweat glands: t 98 Sertoli's cells: 216 Sympathetic: 151 Sharpey's fibers: 144 Synapse: 11 7 SIF-cells: 152 , afferent: 171 Sinus: 103 Synapses. axoaxonal : 119 Sinus, cortical: 130 Synapses, axodendritic: 11 9 Sinus, medullary: 130 Synapses, axosomalic: 11 8 Sinus, subcapsular: 130 Synapses, efferent: 171 Sinuses, splenic: 133 Synaptic cleft: 11 8, ) 44 Sinusoids, hepatic: 298 Synaptic rod: 249, 257, 258. 26 1 Skeleton : 135 Synaptic vesicles: 11 8, 144, 156 Skin: 195 Syncytiotrophoblast: 173 Skin glands: 198 Syncytium: 46, 173 Slavjans ki 's membrane: 227 Synovium: 142 Small intestine: 290 Smooth endoplasmic reticu lum: 35. 50, 182,229 Taenia co li : 294 Sodium: 13. 182. 189. 198 Taste buds: 284 Somatostatin: 290, 303 Taste cells: 284

32 1 T -cells, cytotoxic: 68 Vasa recta: 190 T -cells, helper: 68 Vascular stria: 256 T -cells, memory: 68 Vascular system: 165 T -cells. suppressor: 68 Vater-Pacinian corpuscles: 207 Tectorial membrane: 256 Veins: 169 Teeth: 275 Veins. hepatic portal: 298 Telophase: 57 Veins. pUlmonary: 264 Tendinous intersections: 143 Venules: 169 Tendons: 80, 143 Venules, high endOlhelial: 130 Tenninal web: 43, 93 Vertebrae: 140 Testes: 210 Vestibular labyrinth: 254 Testosterone: 217 Vestibular maculae: 257 Thalamus: 154 Villi, intestinal: 290 Theca, ex.tema1: 227 Villi. placental: 173 Theca intema cells: 37,227 Vimentin: 50 Theca, internal: 227 VIP, 121 Theca lutein cells: 37,229 Vitamin A: 300 Thrombocytes: 63 Vitreous body: 237 Thymic nurse cells: 127 Vocal cords: 271 Thymus: 126 : 273 Thyreocytes: 177 : 234 Thyroglobulin: 177 Thyroid gland: 177 Weibel-Palade bodies: 103 Thyrotroph cells: 176 Whanon'sjelly: 79, 174 Tight junction: 93.103,216,298 White : 72 Tissue: 1, 59 : 151 T-Iymphocytes (T -cells), 67-68 White muscle fibers: 88 Tomes's fiber: 278 White pulp, spleen: 13 3 Tomes's process: 276 Woven fibrous tissue: 79 Tongue: 284 Tonofilaments: 50, 91, 261 Zinn's ligament: 242 Tonsils: 286 Z-membrane: 47 Trabecular (endocrine) tissue: 108 Zona fasciculata: 181 Trachea: 271 Zona glomerulosa: 181 Transplantation anligens: 14 Zona pellucida: 226 Triads: 50 Zona reticularis: 182 Trophoblast 123 Zonula adhaerens: 93 Tropocollagen: 76 Zonula occludens: 93 Trypsin: 303 Zygotene: 211 T-tubules: 49 Zymogen cells: 24, 290 Tubulus (of gland): 106 Tunica adventitia: 165 Tunica intima: 165 Tunica media: 165 Tympanic membrane: 254 Tyrosine: 177,197

Umbilical cord: 174 Urether: 192 Urethra: 193 : 192 Uterus: 230 Utricle: 254

Vagina: 234

322