KRAUSE’S ESSENTIAL HUMAN HISTOLOGY FOR MEDICAL STUDENTS Third Edition William J. Krause, Ph.D. Professor of Anatomy Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences University of Missouri School of Medicine Columbia, Missouri 1 Table of Contents 1. The Cell 5 7. Special Connective Tissue: Protoplasm 5 Hemopoietic Tissue 79 Cytoplasmic Organelles 6 Embryonic and Fetal Hemopoiesis 79 Cytoskeleton 18 Bone Marrow 80 Cytoplasmic Inclusions 20 Development of Erythrocytes 83 Nucleus 21 Development of Granular Summary 23 Leukocytes 84 Development of Platelets 86 2. Mitosis 29 Development of Monocytes 87 Summary 31 Marrow Lymphocytes 87 Interrelationships of 3. Epithelium 32 Hemopoietic Cells 88 Sheet/Barrier Epithelium 32 Summary 88 Classification of Epithelia 32 Cell Attachments 34 8. Muscle 89 Junctional Complexes 34 Classification 89 Specializations of Epithelial Skeletal Muscle 89 Membranes 37 Cardiac Muscle 97 Glandular Epithelium 39 Smooth Muscle 99 Histogenesis 41 Histogenesis 101 Summary 42 Summary 102 4. General Connective Tissue 43 9. Nervous Tissue 105 Organization 43 Neurons 105 Classification 43 Neuroglia 113 Subtypes of Loose Connective Spinal Cord 115 Tissue 49 Cerebellar and Cerebral Dense Connective Tissue 50 Hemispheres 115 Special Connective Tissue 50 Meninges 117 Histogenesis 51 Autonomic Nervous System 117 Summary 51 Histogenesis 118 Summary 118 5. Special Connective Tissue: Cartilage, Bone, and Joints 52 10. Cardiovascular and Lymph Vascular Cartilage 52 Systems 120 Bone 53 Heart 120 Joints 56 Blood Vessels 123 Histogenesis 59 Arteries 124 Repair of Cartilage and Bone 63 Capillaries 126 Summary 64 Veins 128 Special Circulations 130 6. Special Connective Tissue: Blood 67 Lymph Vascular System 130 Components of Blood 67 Organogenesis 132 Erythrocytes 68 Summary 132 Platelets 70 Leukocytes 71 Blood in Children 77 Summary 77 2 11. Lymphatic Tissues and Organs 134 17. Male Reproductive System 224 Tonsils 137 Testes 224 Lymph Nodes 138 Seminiferous Tubules 225 Spleen 140 Excretory Ducts 229 Thymus 142 Accessory Sex Glands 231 Organogenesis 145 External Genitalia 233 Summary 145 Organogenesis 235 Summary 236 12. Skin 149 Structure 149 18. Female Reproductive System 239 Epidermis 149 Ovaries 239 Dermis 153 Ovarian Follicles 239 Appendages of the Skin 153 Oviduct 243 Organogenesis 157 Uterus 244 Summary 158 Vagina 248 External Genitalia 249 13. Respiratory System 160 Pregnancy 249 Nose 160 Breasts (Mammary Glands) 253 Pharynx and Larynx 162 Organogenesis 255 Trachea and Extrapulmonary Summary 256 Bronchi 162 Intrapulmonary Air Passages 163 19. Endocrine Glands 258 Respiratory Tissue 164 Pineal Gland 258 Pleura 166 Parathyroid Glands 259 Control of Respiratory Rate 167 Thyroid Gland 260 Organogenesis 167 Adrenal Gland 262 Summary 168 Paraganglia 264 Hypophysis 265 14. Digestive System 170 Organogenesis 270 General Structure 170 Summary 271 Oral Cavity 170 Salivary Glands 172 20. The Eye 273 Major Salivary Glands 173 General Structure 273 Teeth 174 Corneoscleral Coat 273 Pharynx 176 Uveal Layer 275 Tubular Digestive Tract 176 Retina 277 Gastrointestinal Mucus 191 Lens 281 Liver 192 Vitreous Body 282 Pancreas 197 Accessory Structures 282 Organogenesis 199 Organogenesis 283 Summary 203 Summary 285 15. Urinary System 206 21. The Ear 287 Kidneys 206 External Ear 287 Extrarenal Passages 217 Middle Ear 287 Organogenesis 218 Inner Ear 288 Summary 219 Organogenesis 293 Summary 294 16. Meiosis 222 Summary 223 Index 296 3 Preface the associated text can be found quickly from the bold type in the appropriate segment. A segment entitled either Histogenesis or The format of Essential Human Histology departs Organogenesis provides an introduction into the considerably from that of the usual presentations development of each tissue and/or organ and on human tissue/organ biology. This presentation provides another means of reinforcement that was not designed as a formal textbook but as a tool contributes to an overall understanding of the tissue solely for students and is designed for rapid or organ being considered. student learning as well as rapid review in Summaries briefly outline the preparation for USMLE examinations. The structural/functional relationships and serve to narrative used was developed primarily around the draw the information together and to provide an second edition of “Essentials of Human Histology” additional review of the topic. and incorporates a series of lectures presented at During preparation of Essential Human Histology, the University of Missouri, School of Medicine. three major considerations were kept in mind: (1) Essential Human Histology focuses the beginning most curricula place considerable time constraints student’s attention on the most important aspects on the student; (2) function and structure are of this discipline which are presented as a series of inextricably related; and (3) the learning process learning units. In general, the text follows the essentially is a matter of repetition and traditional and logical sequence of cells to tissues to reinforcement. The narrative strives to present the organs, but within this sequence, the discussion on vast amount of information available on this topic, mitosis is presented immediately after the cell and in a concise and logical manner, without sacrificing discussion on meiosis just prior to a consideration the detail that is necessary for a basic understanding of the reproductive systems. of human tissue and organ biology. Use of the Text William J. Krause, PhD, To understand human structural biology, it is Professor of Human Anatomy essential to learn a specialized vocabulary and to Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences assimilate a large body of facts. Learning, as distinct School of Medicine from memorization, depends to a great degree on University of Missouri repetition and reinforcement and is made easier if Columbia, Missouri the material to be learned can be presented in discrete, manageable segments. The format of August, 2005 Essential Human Histology is designed specifically to meet these requirements and, if used properly, will E-MAIL: [email protected] enable the student to master this knowledge quickly and efficiently. WEB: www.missouri.edu/~pathwjk The subject matter is broken down into small learning units, each of which is introduced by a vocabulary appropriate to that unit. The vocabulary introduces the main features of the subject to be discussed and provides the basic vocabulary for that unit. As each segment is read, note the vocabulary words (identified by bold print) in the text and how they contribute to the discussion. After completing the narrative segment, return to the vocabulary words, using them as prompts to recall the details of the material just read. The vocabulary serves as a summary of the topic and provides a means for rapid review. If a vocabulary word fails to prompt a response, it and 4 constituents of protoplasm are calcium, potassium, 1 The Cell sodium, and magnesium present as carbonates, chlorides, phosphates, and sulfates; small quantities Multicellular organisms are made up of two distinct of iron, copper, and iodine; and trace elements such structural components: cells and those products of as cobalt, manganese, zinc, and other metals. The cells that form the intercellular (extracellular) inorganic materials have many functions, including substances. Cells are the fundamental units of living maintenance of intracellular and extracellular material and show a variety of functional osmotic pressures, transmission of nerve impulses, specializations that are essential for the survival of contraction of muscle, adhesiveness of cells, the individual. Each cell is a distinct entity; each activation of enzymes, transport of oxygen, and contains all the machinery necessary for maintenance of the rigidity of tissues such as bone. independent existence and is separated from its Water makes up about 75% of protoplasm. Part surroundings by an individual cell membrane. It is of the water is free and available as a solvent for estimated that the human body consists of between various metabolic processes, and part is bound to 80 and 100 trillion cells. protein. Protoplasm Properties of Protoplasm VOCABULARY: protein, carbohydrate, lipid, VOCABULARY: irritability, conductivity, nucleic acid, inorganic material, water contractility, absorption, metabolism, secretion, excretion, growth, reproduction Protoplasm, the living substance of a cell, consists of protein, carbohydrate, lipid, nucleic acids, and Protoplasm is characterized by several physiologic inorganic materials dispersed in water to form a properties that distinguish it from inanimate complex, semifluid gel. The consistency of material. All living cells show these properties, but protoplasm differs in different cells and may change in some cells a particular property may be from a viscous to a more fluid state. emphasized. Protein, alone or combined with lipid or Irritability is a fundamental property of all living carbohydrate, forms the major structural cells and refers to the ability to respond to a component of the cell and the intercellular stimulus. substances. Enzymes and many hormones are Conductivity refers to the ability of a cell to proteins. The major carbohydrates are glucose, transmit a stimulus from the point of origin to which is the chief source of energy in human cells, another point on the cell surface or to other cells. and glycogen, the storage form of glucose. Conductivity also is a property of all cells but, like Complexes