Effect of Nitric Oxide on Vase-Life of Giant Chincherinchee (Ornithogalum Saundersiae Baker)

Available online at www.worldscientificnews.com

WSN 110 (2018) 13-22 EISSN 2392-2192

Effect of nitric oxide on vase-life of giant chincherinchee (Ornithogalum saundersiae Baker)

Andżelika Byczyńska Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland *E-mail address: [email protected]

ABSTRACT This research investigated the effect of different concentrations of sodium nitroprusside (SNP, a donor of nitric oxide) on the longevity of cut giant chincherinchee (Ornithogalum saundersiae) inflorescences. Postharvest quality of inflorescences was positively affected by SNP treatment. Application of SNP enhanced the vase-life, final fresh weight and diameter of inflorescences. The best quality inflorescences were obtained when the stems held in 100 µmol SNP. These are the first published results that indicate that nitric oxide positively improved the longevity and quality of cut O. saundersiae inflorescences.

Keywords: bulbous plants, cut flower, post-harvest longevity, sodium nitroprusside, Ornithogalum saundersiae

1. INTRODUCTION

The demand for decorative plants is constantly growing as a result of the increase in the standard of living of the population of many countries. Each year, the offer of bulbous plants continues to be enriched, because the novelties always enjoy interest and higher prices are obtained. The genus Ornithogalum L. is a valuable group of bulbous plants, which should be

( Received 25 August 2018; Accepted 11 September 2018; Date of Publication 12 September 2018 ) World Scientific News 110 (2018) 13-22

permanently included in the market offer. Scientific classification of genus Ornithogalum is presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Taxonomy of genus Ornithogalum L.

Kingdom Plantae Clade Angiosperms Clade Monocots Order Asparagales Family Asparagaceae Subfamily Scilloideae Tribe Ornithogaleae Genus Ornithogalum

Of particular interest is giant chincherinchee (Ornithogalum saundersiae Baker) naturally occurring in southern Africa (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Distribution of Ornithogalum saundersiae [1]

-14- World Scientific News 110 (2018) 13-22

O. saundersiae has white flowers with a characteristic black-olive ovary, grouped by several dozens in magnificent inflorescences set on long, leafless stems. Inflorescences are commodity on the cut flower market [2,3]. However, very little is known of the postharvest of cut O. saundersiae flowers.

Figure 2. The appearance of Ornithogalum saundersiae plants

Nitric oxide belongs to molecules that regulate various physiological and morphogenetic processes [4-7]. Nitric oxide affects the growth and development of plants, regulates metabolism, and additionally induces resistance to disease and stress [8-10]. Additionally, nitric oxide as novel agent can extend vase-life of cut flowers [11-13]. In practice, sodium nitroprusside (SNP) is the most widely used nitric oxide donor compound [14]. SNP was found to be effective in delaying the senescence of cut flowers in Eucomis [15], gerbera [16], Protea [17] and gladiolus [18]. However, there is no available information on the use SNP extending the vase-life of cut flowers such as Ornithogalum.

-15- World Scientific News 110 (2018) 13-22

The present experiments were designed to determine the effect of sodium nitroprusside (donor of nitric oxide) on the longevity and quality of cut O. saundersiae inflorescences.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

O. saundersiae inflorescences (Figure 2) were grown in unheated high plastic tunnel of West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Poland (53° 25' N, 14° 32' E, 25 m asl.). The bulbs were planted in 100 cm wide beds, at a space equal to double diameter of the bulbs. The pH and the content of macro elements in soil are presented in Table 2.

Table 2. Results of chemical analysis of soil used in investigation

Mineral element (mg L)

pHH2O

N-NO3 P K Ca Mg

6.2 189 102 348 1780 179

In mid June the stems were cut randomly at 9:00-11:00 h to a length of 60 cm and taken immediately to the laboratory. After recording the initial fresh weight using an electronic scale electronic (RADWAG PS 200/2000/C/2), inflorescences were placed in glass vases filled with tap water (Table 3) or solution with 50 and 100 µmol sodium nitroprusside (SNP, C5FeN6Na2O; molar mass 261.918) (Figure 3).

Figure 3. Structure of sodium nitroprusside

-16- World Scientific News 110 (2018) 13-22

Each treatment involved 5 replications per 4 inflorescences (Figure 4). Solutions were not renewed during the trial. The inflorescences were kept in a room with controlled environment (20 ± 2 °C, 60-65 % humidity RH, 12 µmol m-2 s-1 light intensity) under a daily light for 12 h d-1.

Table 3. Chemical composition of tap water used in investigation

Element Value

-3 N-NO3 (mg dm ) 1.46

P (mg dm-3) 1.5

K (mg dm-3) 6.4

Ca (mg dm-3) 94

Mg (mg dm-3) 16

Na (mg dm-3) 22

Cl (mg dm-3) 21

Cu (mg dm-3) 0.4

Zn (mg dm-3) 0.4

Fe (mg dm-3) 1.2

Electrolytic conductivity mS cm-1 1.55

-3 HCO3ˉ (mg dm ) 192

Each treatment involved 5 replications per 4 inflorescences. Solutions were not renewed during the trial. The inflorescences were kept in a room with controlled environment (20 ±2 °C, 60-65 % humidity RH, 12 µmol m-2 s-1 light intensity) under a daily light for 12 h d-1. The inflorescences were observed every day during vase period. Vase life was expressed in days. On the day when the decorative value of the inflorescences was lost, their fresh weight and diameter were assessed. Results were statistically verified using the analysis of variance model using Statistica 13.0 software, and the obtained means were grouped using Tukey's test at the significance level p ≤ 0.05.

-17- World Scientific News 110 (2018) 13-22

Figure 4. Development stage of individual inflorescence of giant chincherinchee (Ornithogalum saundersiae Baker). The inflorescence were harvested at when the first flower opened

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Many studies have been conducted on the effect of biocides on the vase-life and postharvest quality of cut flowers [19-20]. In this work, treatment of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) significantly extended the vase-life of cut O. saundersiae inflorescences compared with the control (Figure 5). The vase-life exhibited a dose-dependent effect to SNP (Figure 5). The longest vase- life were obtained with inflorescences in 100 µmol SNP (33.5 d). Inflorescences held in water (control) had the shortes vase-life (23.3 d). These results are in agreement with our preliminary studies indicated that 100 μM SNP enhanced vase-life of cut Eucomis comosa 'Sparkling Burgundy' inflorescence [15]. Figure 6 shows that SNP used in the preservative solutions had a significant effect on the final fresh weigh of cut O. saundersiae inflorescences. In comparison with their respective control treated with water, cut inflorescences treated with SNP showed an increase in final fresh weight by 30% at 50 µmol SNP and by 34% at 100 µmol SNP. In addition, at the end of the vase life, stems placed in 100 µmol SNP had the greatest flower diameters (Figure 7). The improvement in vase life and fresh weigh in solution containing SNP might be due to the fact that NO probably protecting cut flowers against water deficit stress and ethylene action [14, 21-22].

-18- World Scientific News 110 (2018) 13-22

40

35 a b 30

25 c

20

(days) 15

10

5

Vase life of individual inflorescences inflorescences life of individual Vase 0 Control (water) 50 µmol SNP 100 µmol SNP Treatments

Figure 5. Effect of different concentration of sodium nitroprusside (SNP, donor of nitric oxide) on vase life of individual inflorescences (days) of cut giant chincherinchee (Ornithogalum saundersiae Baker). Date are presented as mean values (n = 4). Columns denoted by a different letter are statistically different at p ≤ 0.05.

25 a a

20 b

15

(g)

10

inflorescences

5

Final fresh weight of individual Final fresh weightindividual of

0 Control (water) 50 µmol SNP 100 µmol SNP Treatments

Figure 6. Effect of different concentration of sodium nitroprusside (SNP, donor of nitric oxide) on final fresh weight of individual inflorescences (g) of cut giant chincherinchee (Ornithogalum saundersiae Baker). Date are presented as mean values (n = 4). Columns denoted by a different letter are statistically different at p ≤ 0.05.

-19- World Scientific News 110 (2018) 13-22

9 a b 8 c 7

6

5

(cm) 4

3

2

1

Diameter of individualDiameterof inflorescences 0 Control (water) 50 µmol SNP 100 µmol SNP Treatments

Figure 7. Effect of different concentration of sodium nitroprusside (SNP, donor of nitric oxide) on diameter of individual inflorescences (cm) of cut giant chincherinchee (Ornithogalum saundersiae Baker). Date are presented as mean values (n = 4). Columns denoted by a different letter are statistically different at p ≤ 0.05.

Figure 8. Visible effect of sodium nitroprusside (SNP, donor of nitric oxide) on the display quality of cut individual inflorescence of giant chincherinchee (Ornithogalum saundersiae Baker) by the 14 day vase-life period. Left to right: control (water), 50 µmol SNP, and 100 µmol SNP

-20- World Scientific News 110 (2018) 13-22

4. CONCLUSION

In conclusion, SNP treatments extension vase-life of cut O. saundersiae inflorescences. Use of 100 µmol SNP in vase solution was the best treatment in preserving the best quality of cut O. saundersiae inflorescences. The current state of knowledge does not explain how SNP affect O. saundersiae vase-life, therefore, it requires further research.

References

[1] J. J. Van der Lugt, T. S. Kellerman, N. Fourie, J. A. W. Coetzer, Diarrhoea, blindness and cerebral spongy changes in cattle caused by Ornithogalum saundersiae and O. prasinum. The Clinicopathology and Pathology of Selective Toxicoses and Storage Diseases of the Nervous System of Ruminants in Southern Africa. Botanical Research Institute (2002) 98-114. [2] P. Salachna, A. Zawadzińska, C. Podsiadło, Response of Ornithogalum saundersiae Bak. to salinity stress. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus 15(1) (2016) 123-134. [3] P. Salachna, M. Grzeszczuk, M. Soból, Effects of chitooligosaccharide coating combined with selected ionic polymers on the stimulation of Ornithogalum saundersiae growth. Molecules 22(11) (2017) 1903. [4] F. J. Corpas, M. Leterrier, R. Valderrama, M. Airaki, M. Chaki, J. M. Palma, J. B. Barroso, Nitric oxide imbalance provokes a nitrosative response in plants under abiotic stress. Plant Sci. 181(5) (2011) 604-611. [5] S. N. Mortazavi, S. F. Talebi, R. A. Naderi, Y. Sharafi, Regulation of ethylene biosynthesis by nitric oxide and thidiazuron during postharvest of rose. J. Med. Plant Res. 5(20) (2011) 5177-5183. [6] C. L. Zeng, L. Liu, G. Q. Xu, The physiological responses of carnation cut flowers to exogenous nitric oxide. Sci. Hortic. 127(3) (2011) 424-430. [7] N. Chakraborty, K. Acharya, “NO way”! Says the plant to abiotic stress. Plant Gene 11 (2017) 99-105. [8] P. Salachna, A. Zawadzińska, Ł. Wierzbiński, W. Senderek, Enhancing growth in Eucomis autumnalis (Mill.) Chitt. seedlings with exogenous application of nitric oxide. J. Hortic. Res. 24(2) (2016) 13-17. [9] P. Salachna and A. Zawadzińska, Effect of nitric oxide on growth, flowering and bulb yield of Eucomis autumnalis. Acta Hortic. 1201 (2018) 641-647. [10] N. N. Fancy, A. K. Bahlmann, G. J. Loake, Nitric oxide function in plant abiotic stress. Plant Cell Environ. 40(4) (2017) 462-472. [11] D. Badiyan, R. B. H. Wills, M. C. Bowyer, Use of a nitric oxide donor compound to extend the vase life of cut flowers. Hort Science 39(6) (2004) 1371-1372. [12] W. B. Liao, M. L. Zhang, J. H. Yu, Role of nitric oxide in delaying senescence of cut rose flowers and its interaction with ethylene. Sci. Hort. 155 (2013) 30-38.

-21- World Scientific News 110 (2018) 13-22

[13] L. M. Vieira, A. M. Pereira, F. L. Finger, Longevity of Epidendrum ibaguense Kunth inflorescences treated with nitric oxide. Ornam. Hortic. 22(3) (2016) 296-300. [14] S. K. Dwivedi, A. Arora, V. P.Singh, R. Sairam, R. C. Bhattacharya, Effect of sodium nitroprusside on differential activity of antioxidants and expression of SAGs in relation to vase life of gladiolus cut flowers. Sci. Hortic. 210 (2016) 158-165. [15] P. Salachna and A. Byczyńska, Effect of nitric oxide and production location on vase life of cut Eucomis ‘Sparkling Burgundy' flowers. World Scientific News 83 (2017) 229- 234. [16] S. Shabanian, M. N. Esfahani, R. Karamian, L. S. P. Tran, Physiological and biochemical modifications by postharvest treatment with sodium nitroprusside extend vase life of cut flowers of two gerbera cultivars. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 137 (2018) 1-8. [17] Truter, W., Vardien, W. and Hoffman, E.W. (2018). Investigating the potential of sodium nitroprusside, a nitric oxide donor, to extend the vase life of Protea cut flower products. VII International Conference on Managing Quality in Chains (MQUIC2017) and II International Symposium on Ornamentals in association with XIII International Protea Research Symposium. Acta Horticulturae 1201, 439-446, https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2018.1201.59 [18] S. Sharma, Effect of different chemicals on vase life of gladiolus varieties (Gladiolus hybridus Hort.). J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. 6(6) (2017) 498-501. [19] A. Byczyńska, Improvement of postharvest quality of cut tulip ‘White Parrot ‘by nano silver. World Scientific News 83 (2017) 224-228. [20] A. Byczyńska and P. Salachna, Effects of colloidal silver on vase life of cut chrysanthemum. World Scientific News 69 (2017) 239-243. [21] A. H. Naing, K. Lee, M.Arun, K. B. Lim, C. K. Kim, Characterization of the role of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) involved in long vase life of different carnation cultivars. BMC Plant Biol. 17(1) (2017) 149. [22] A. H. Naing, K. Lee, K. O.Kim, T. N.Ai, C. K. Kim, Involvement of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in the mechanism that delays stem bending of different gerbera cultivars. Front. Plant Sci. 8 (2017) 2045.

-22-