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Pharmacological Potential and Conservation Prospect of the Genus Eucomis (Hyacinthaceae) Endemic to Southern Africa

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Pharmacological Potential and Conservation Prospect of the Genus Eucomis (Hyacinthaceae) Endemic to Southern Africa See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258700466 Pharmacological potential and conservation prospect of genus Eucomis (Hyacinthaceae) endemic to southern Africa. Article in Journal of ethnopharmacology · November 2013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.002 · Source: PubMed CITATIONS READS 11 78 3 authors: Nqobile Andile Masondo Jeffrey Finnie University of KwaZulu-Natal University of KwaZulu-Natal 19 PUBLICATIONS 53 CITATIONS 152 PUBLICATIONS 1,772 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Johannes van Staden University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, Pi… 357 PUBLICATIONS 6,695 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis on Active Secondary Metabolites of Some south African Medicinal Plants and its Regeneration by Micropropagation. View project Value added products from marine algae View project All content following this page was uploaded by Nqobile Andile Masondo on 30 March 2016. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. All in-text references underlined in blue are added to the original document and are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 151 (2014) 44–53 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Ethnopharmacology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jep Review Pharmacological potential and conservation prospect of the genus Eucomis (Hyacinthaceae) endemic to southern Africa Nqobile A. Masondo, Jeffrey F. Finnie, Johannes Van Staden n Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa article info abstract Article history: Ethnopharmacological relevance: The genus Eucomis (Hyacinthaceae) consists of 10 species that are Received 22 August 2013 extensively used in African traditional medicine. This review is an appraisal of current information on the Received in revised form distribution and morphology, traditional uses, pharmacology, toxicology and approaches devised to 15 October 2013 enhance the conservation of the genus. Accepted 4 November 2013 Methods: A systematic and comprehensive literature search using electronic searches such as Scopus, Available online 15 November 2013 Google Scholar, Web of Science and ethnobotanical books was conducted. Keywords: Results: Evidence from traditional medicine usage shows wide utilization of this genus for ailments such Anti-inflammatory as respiratory, venereal diseases, rheumatism as well as kidney and bladder infections. Pharmacological Antimicrobial screening reported antimicrobial, antiplasmodial, antitumor, cytotoxic, phytotoxic and anti-inflammatory Medicinal plant properties. Pineapple lily Conclusions: The potential of the genus Eucomis especially in terms of pharmacology cannot be over- Propagation fl Toxicology emphasized. Apart from the anti-in ammatory properties, the antifungal activity of Eucomis remains a valuable reservoir with potential application in the agriculture sector as a source of an affordable biocontrol agent. Based on the speculated toxic constituents in the genus Eucomis, it will be valuable to conduct detailed toxicological studies. Extensive utilization of members of the genus Eucomis is causing severe strain on wild populations.Althoughconventionalpropagationhasbeenrelativelyeffectiveinthealleviationofthedeclining status, micropropagation of members may be vital to guarantee the conservation of wild populations. & 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Introduction . 45 2. Distribution and general morphology of Eucomis species . 45 2.1. Distribution . 45 2.2. General morphology . 45 3. Documented uses in traditional medicine . 47 4. Phytochemistry and pharmacology of Eucomis species.......................................................................49 4.1. Phytochemistry . 49 4.2. Pharmacology . 49 4.2.1. Anti-inflammatory screening. 49 4.2.2. Antimicrobial screening. 50 4.2.3. Other pharmacological properties. 50 5. Safety and toxicity of Eucomis...........................................................................................50 6. Conservation status . 51 6.1. Conventional propagation . 52 Abbreviations: 2,4-D, 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid; 2-iP, N6-Isopentenyladenine; ABA, abscisic acid; BA, benzyladenine; COX, cyclooxygenase; DCM, dichloromethane; GA3, gibberellic acid; GA4þ 7,GA4 and GA7 gibberellin mixture; IAA, indole acetic acid; IBA, indole butyric acid; IUCN, Conservation of Nature and Natural Resource; MeJa, methyl jasmonate; MeOH, methanol; MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration; MS, Murashige and Skoog (1962); mT, meta-Topolin; NAA, α-naphthalene acetic acid; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; PAA, phenylacetic acid; PBZ, paclobutrazol; TPA, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate n Corresponding author. Tel.: þ27 33 2605130. E-mail address: [email protected] (J. Van Staden). 0378-8741/$ - see front matter & 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.002 N.A. Masondo et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 151 (2014) 44–53 45 6.2. Micropropagation of Eucomis ..................................................................................... 52 7. Conclusions . 52 Acknowledgments. 52 References..............................................................................................................52 1. Introduction development depend on certain factors such as climatic regions and environmental conditions. For instance, Eucomis bicolor is The genus Eucomis is a member of the Hyacinthaceae (formerly commonly found at the base of the Drakensberg cliffs along moist known as Liliaceae) comprising of 41 genera distributed in Europe, slopes ranging from 1800 to 2600 m while Eucomis humilis is South America and Africa. In southern Africa, there are 27 genera found on slopes that range from 2400 to 2900 m. Eucomis and approximately 200 species found in the Cape Floristic Region, autumnalis is distributed in damp craters in grasslands that range South Africa (Pooley, 2005). Among the genera in southern Africa from 2100 to 2400 m (Trauseld, 1969). The specificity of Eucomis Eucomis is endemic to the region. The genus is relatively small, species to certain environmental and climatic conditions are consisting of 10 species (Pooley, 2005). Although Eucomis species amongst the contributing factors that have resulted in the exces- are generally summer blooming, Eucomis regia is winter blooming. sive decline and vulnerable status of the species in South Africa The species comprise of deciduous geophytes with long and (Raimondo et al., 2009). narrow leaves topped with densely packed flowers (Compton, 1990). The characteristic leaf-like bracts at the peak of the flower 2.2. General morphology spikes earned this genus its Greek name ‘eukomes’ which refers to ‘beautiful headed’ (Bryan, 1989). Eucomis is commonly called Eucomis species are geophytes with ovoid or globose shaped ‘pineapple lily’ because of the flower spikes that resemble pine- bulbs comprising of hard cortices (Bryan, 1989; De Hertogh and Le apples (Pienaar, 1984). Nard, 1993). The bulb size ranges from 50 to 150 mm in diameter In traditional medicine, Eucomis species are widely utilized and have a perceptible horizontal striped base with brown to black against various ailments including respiratory, venereal diseases scales (Fig. 1B). The inner part of the bulb is yellow-white and and rheumatism (Hutchings et al., 1996). Consequently, Eucomis turns black when exposed to air (Mander et al., 1995). The bulbs species have been evaluated in both in vitro and in vivo bioassays have branched perennial fleshy contractile roots with root hairs for anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antihistaminic and angio- (Fig. 1A). They are characterized by a rosette of smooth often shiny protective potentials (Heller and Tamm, 1981; Amschler et al., leaves that are lanceolate, elliptic or ovate and bend backwards 1996). The extensive biological activities of Eucomis species have (Fig. 1C). been mainly attributed to phytochemicals such as the homoiso- The stem ranges from 30 to 100 cm in height depending on the flavanones commonly present in the plant. An in-depth review on species. A straight cylindrical inflorescence with a pale lime-green the phytochemistry of the genus Eucomis is documented flower raceme is located at the top of the flowering stem (Koorbanally et al., 2006a). The extensive exploitation of Eucomis (De Hertogh and Le Nard, 1993). The flower colour varies from species in traditional medicine together with its slow propagation yellowish-green or white with margins varying from pale to dark rate has inevitably resulted in the decline of the majority of purple. Flower color turns green on maturity (Fig. 1D). After species, of which some are endangered/threatened (Raimondo pollination and fertilization, green or brown fruits appear contain- et al., 2009). The current review focuses on the pharmacological ing dull blackish-brown seeds (Bryan, 1989; Du Plessis and characteristics of the genus Eucomis. A critical evaluation of avai- Duncan, 1989). lable propagation protocols as a possible means of enhancing their The most common feature used for plant identification is conservation status is discussed. Even though members of the flower morphology. However, the aforementioned method is genus Eucomis are widely utilized globally, the current review
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