Creation of Core-Course in Georgian Language from National Specificity
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Armenian Secret and Invented Languages and Argots
Armenian Secret and Invented Languages and Argots The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Russell, James R. Forthcoming. Armenian secret and invented languages and argots. Proceedings of the Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:9938150 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Open Access Policy Articles, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#OAP 1 ARMENIAN SECRET AND INVENTED LANGUAGES AND ARGOTS. By James R. Russell, Harvard University. Светлой памяти Карена Никитича Юзбашяна посвящается это исследование. CONTENTS: Preface 1. Secret languages and argots 2. Philosophical and hypothetical languages 3. The St. Petersburg Manuscript 4. The Argot of the Felt-Beaters 5. Appendices: 1. Description of St. Petersburg MS A 29 2. Glossary of the Ṙuštuni language 3. Glossary of the argot of the Felt-Beaters of Moks 4. Texts in the “Third Script” of MS A 29 List of Plates Bibliography PREFACE Much of the research for this article was undertaken in Armenia and Russia in June and July 2011 and was funded by a generous O’Neill grant through the Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies at Harvard. For their eager assistance and boundless hospitality I am grateful to numerous friends and colleagues who made my visit pleasant and successful. For their generous assistance in Erevan and St. -
I.S. Beritashvili and Psychoneural Integration of Behavior (PDF)
I.S. Beritashvili and Psychoneural Integration of Behavior Merab G. Tsagareli1,* 1 Ivane Beritashvili Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Tbilisi, Georgia [email protected] Abstract. Ivane S. Beritashvili’s doctrine of psychoneural or goal-directed behavior was established in the late 1920s. It bears a strong resemblance to the concepts of purposive behavior and “cognitive maps” developed in parallel by Edward C. Tolman (1932), and significantly anticipated respective modern concepts. Beritashvili’s research was motivated by a disagreement with Ivan P. Pavlov concerning the physiological bases of conditioned reflex formation. In the late 1920s, Beritashvili came to the conclusion that due to the great restrictions it placed on animals’ behavioral repertoire, the Pavlov-Bechterev type of conditioning was not a proper model for the study of behavior. Instead, Beritashvili came to prefer the method of “free movement” of the experimental animal. He then pursued an ingenious and extensive investigation of comparative memory in vertebrates. This revealed the unique nature of mammalian memory processes, which he forthrightly called “image-driven” and unequivocally distinguished from memory processes underlying conditional reflexes. These extraordinary works led to the discovery of the mediation of animal goal-directed behavior by image-driven memory. Keywords: animal behavioral science, conditioned reflexes, goal-directed behavior, image-driven memory, learning, spatial orientation 1 Introduction The phrase “psychoneural integration of behavior” was used by Ivane S. Beritashvili† in the title of his article in the Annual Review of Physiology in 1966 [1], which formed the prefatory chapter to a thick volume covering numerous areas of physiology. To some degree following Ivan M. -
Petit Manuel Unix®
Août 2010 Petit Manuel Unix® Jacques MADELAINE Département d’informatique Université de CAEN 14032 CAEN CEDEX La première édition de ce manuel décrivait SMX un Unix développé à l’INRIA pour la machine française SM90, la deuxième édition une adaptation pour SPIX, un Unix pour SM90 basé sur System V et développé par Bull. Il a été ensuite modifié et corrigé pour SunOS l’Unix de Sun Microsystems, puis pour Solaris. La cinquième version a été adaptée pour tenir compte des particularités du système GNU-Linux. Un chapitre supplémentaire dédié aux accès réseau a été ensuite ajouté. Rappelons que presque toutes les commandes décrites vont fonctionner comme indiqué sur tout système Unix commercial (Solaris, HP-UX, AIX, ...) ou libre (Linux, OpenBSD, FreeBSD, NetBSD, ...). Mes remerciements à Sara Aubry pour sa relecture attentive etàFrançois Girault pour avoir fourni la mise en tableau des commandes d’emacs. Mes remerciements à Davy Gigan pour m’avoir poussé à publier la version html en octobre 2003. 1 INTRODUCTION() INTRODUCTION() 2Petit manuel Unix 2002 INTRODUCTION NOM intro − introduction to the mini manual − introduction au petit manuel DESCRIPTION Ce manuel donne les principales commandes de Unix. Unix est une famille de systèmes d’exploitation ; les commandes décrites existent, sauf précision contraire, sous Linux et Solaris, les deux systèmes disponibles au département. Seules les principales options sont données, reportez-vous au manuel en ligne pour une liste exhaustive.Chaque commande est décrite par trois sections : NOM qui donne le nom de la commande, son nom en anglais (le nom Unix étant un mnémonique anglais ne correspondant pas toujours bien aveclefrançais) et en français. -
Guide to the Use of Character Set Standards in Europe
CEN TECHNICAL REPORT Draft 3 for CEN Trnnnn:1999 1999-07-23 Descriptors: Data processing, information interchange, text processing, text communication, graphic characters, character sets, representation of characters, coded character sets, architecture Information Technology - Guide to the use of character set standards in Europe This CEN Technical Report has been drawn up by CEN/TC 304 This CEN Technical Report was established by TC 304 in one official version (English). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own lan- guage and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official version. CEN members are the national bodies of Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. CEN European Committee for Standardization Comité Européen de Normalisation Europäisches Komitee für Normung Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels © CEN 1999 Copyright reserved to all CEN members Ref.No. TR xxxx:1999 E CEN TR nnnn : Draft 2 Guide to the use of character set standards in Europe ii Guide to the use of character set standards in Europe CEN TR nnnn : Draft 2 FOREWORD This report was produced by a CEN/TC 304 Project Team, set up in June, 1998, as one of several to carry out the funded work program of TC 304 (documented in CEN/TC 304 N 666 R2). A first draft was discussed at the TC meeting in Brussels in November, 1998. A revised draft was circulated for comments within the TC and thereafter discussed at the TC plenary meeting in April, 1999. -
Specific Support to Georgia: Horizon 2020 Policy Support Facility Mission (1) Mission Dates: December 4-7, 2017 Agenda Monday, December 4, 2017
Specific Support to Georgia: Horizon 2020 Policy Support Facility mission (1) Mission dates: December 4-7, 2017 Agenda Monday, December 4, 2017 Time Meeting Venue 13:00 – 14:00 Dr. Mikheil Chkhenkeli, Minister of Education and Ministry of Education and Science of Science of Georgia Georgia Address: #52 Dimitri Uznadze Str., Dr. Alexander Tevzadze, Deputy Minister of Tbilisi, Georgia Education and Science of Georgia 15:00 – 17:00 Meeting with Rectors of Major State Research Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Universities of Georgia: Address: #1 Chavchavadze ave. Room - Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University #107 Dr. George Sharvashidze, Rector, - Ilia State University Dr. Giga Zedania, Rector, - Georgian Technical University Dr. Archil Prangishvili - Tbilisi State Medical University Dr. Zurab Vadachkoria, Rector, - Sokhumi State University Dr. Zurab Khonelidze, Rector - Akaki Tsereteli State University Dr. George Ghavtadze - Shota Meskhia State Teaching University of Zugdidi Dr. Tea Khupenia - Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University Dr. Natia Tsiklashvili - Samtskhe-Javakheti State University Merab Beridze/Maka Kachkachishvili-Beridze 17:30 – 18:30 Meeting with representatives of MoES, SRNSFG Shota Rustaveli National Science and the delegationn of the European Union to Foundation of Georgia, Georgia: Address: # 1 Aleksidze Street, III floor, Conference Hall Mr. Kakha Khandolishvili, Ms.Natia Gabitashvili, Ms. Manana Mikaberidze, Dr. Nino Gachechiladze, Dr. Ekaterine Kldiashvili, Ms. Mariam Keburia Ms. Nika Kochishvili Wrap-up -
Choosing Inscriptions Making Font for 'Armazuli' Aramaic Objectives Mark up of the Texts and Linked Data New Photo Document
@EAGLE 2016, Rome Epigraphic Corpus of Georgia Inscriptions found in Georgia are diverse in their typology, content and language. From among this range perhaps the most compelling examples are those inscriptions The Institute of Linguistic Research, in Aramaic and Old Greek (numbering more than 1000), and dating from V AC to XIX (T. Kaukhchishvili 2009.) None of these have been published online according to the EpiDoc guidelines. Thanks to a year’s funding from The Institute of Linguistic Research of the Ilia State University (ISU), the “Epigraphic Corpus of Georgia Project”, Ilia State University led by Prof. Nino Doborjginidze, began on March 1st 2015. It aims to make the first, key 30 inscriptions available to both a scholarly audience and to the general public. It presents an opportunity to question the strict practice of the “print-only” publishing of epigraphic materials among Georgian epigraphists. Objectives New photo documentation and web page - epigraphy.iliauni.edu.ge A desired outcome of the digital publishing of the inscriptions of Georgia is, on the one hand, to preserve those inscriptions and likewise to preserve editions of these inscriptions that were made by Georgian experts from 1930s onwards, although only a few of these were published in international scientific journals because of the So- viet restrictions. Thus the aims of the project can be summarized thus: • to protect these inscriptions as an element of our cultural heritage • to document the printed critical editions of the inscriptions, which likewise consti- tute a part of that cultural heritage • to demonstrate and illustrate common, historical-cultural contexts(e.g. -
Proposal for the Georgian Script Root Zone LGR
Proposal for the Georgian Script Root Zone LGR LGR Version 2 Date: 2016-11-24 Document version: 1.1 Authors: GEORGIAN SCRIPT GENERATION PANEL 1 General Information/ Overview/ Abstract The purpose of this document is to give an overview of the proposed Georgian LGR in the XML format and the rationale behind the design decisions taken. It includes a discussion of relevant features of the script, the communities or languages using it, the process and methodology used and information on the contributors. The formal specification of the LGR can be found in the accompanying XML document: • Proposed-LGR-Georgian-20160915.xml Labels for testing can be found in the accompanying text document: • Labels-GeorgianScript-20160915.txt 2 Script for which the LGR is proposed ISO 15924 Code: Geor ISO 15924 Key N°: 240 ISO 15924 English Name: Georgian Mkhedruli Latin transliteration of native script name: Mkhedruli Native name of the script: მხედრული Maximal Starting Repertoire (MSR) version: MSR-2 Proposal for a Georgian Script Root Zone LGR Georgian Script GP 3 Background on Script and Principal Languages Using It The Georgian scripts are the three writing systems used to write the Georgian language: Asomtavruli, Nuskhuri and Mkhedruli. Mkhedruli (Georgian: მხედრული) is the current Georgian script and is therefore the standard script for modern Georgian and its related Kartvelian languages, whereas Asomtavruli and Nuskhuri are used only in ceremonial religious texts and iconography. In the following, the term Georgian script is used synonymously with Mkhedruli. Like the two other scripts, Mkhedruli is purely unicameral. Mkhedruli first appears in the 10th century - the oldest Mkhedruli inscription found is dated back to 982 AD. -
Sylfaen : Foundations of Multiscript Typography
Sylfaen : Foundations of Multiscript Typography John Hudson, 2000 © INTRODUCTION In the autumn of 1997, I was hired by the Microsoft Typography Group to consult For a general introduction to OpenType, see David Lemon’s on the production of support materials for OpenType font developers working with article in the first issue of Type. For more detailed information, multiple scripts and languages. The project was given the working title Web Resource including the current version of the OpenType specification, for International Typography (WRIT). A year later, I had the pleasure of showing this see the Microsoft Typography work in progress at the 1998 ATypI Conference in Lyon, where it was well received website at: www.microsoft.com/typography by my colleagues in the type industry. Shortly after my return to Canada, Microsoft decided to put further development of this work on hold, so this paper, inevitably, lacks some of the enthusiasm I had for the project in 1998. It is difficult to remain excited about something which has been effectively cancelled, but at the same time I am happy to respond to the editors’ invitation to write something about the project for the Type journal, because I think the small team at Microsoft who worked on this project achieved something important. Perhaps I still hope that some day the project may be revived, even if in a different or more limited form. Certainly, I still believe that the ever increasing emphasis on internationalisation in software development, business and, of course, the Internet, requires a better level of support from font developers, and this in turn requires something like WRIT. -
Binary Codes
2 Binary Codes The present chapter is an extension of the previous chapter on number systems. In the previous chapter, beginning with some of the basic concepts common to all number systems and an outline on the familiar decimal number system, we went on to discuss the binary, the hexadecimal and the octal number systems. While the binary system of representation is the most extensively used one in digital systems, including computers, octal and hexadecimal number systems are commonly used for representing groups of binary digits. The binary coding system, called the straight binary code and discussed in the previous chapter, becomes very cumbersome to handle when used to represent larger decimal numbers. To overcome this shortcoming, and also to perform many other special functions, several binary codes have evolved over the years. Some of the better-known binary codes, including those used efficiently to represent numeric and alphanumeric data, and the codes used to perform special functions, such as detection and correction of errors, will be detailed in this chapter. 2.1 Binary Coded Decimal The binary coded decimal (BCD) is a type of binary code used to represent a given decimal number in an equivalent binary form. BCD-to-decimal and decimal-to-BCD conversions are very easy and straightforward. It is also far less cumbersome an exercise to represent a given decimal number in an equivalent BCD code than to represent it in the equivalent straight binary form discussed in the previous chapter. The BCD equivalent of a decimal number is written by replacing each decimal digit in the integer and fractional parts with its four-bit binary equivalent. -
Eorgian Edical Ews
EORGIAN EDICAL EWS ISSN 1512-0112 No 11 (296) Ноябрь 2019 ТБИЛИСИ - NEW YORK ЕЖЕМЕСЯЧНЫЙ НАУЧНЫЙ ЖУРНАЛ Медицинские новости Грузии cfmfhsdtkjc cfvtlbwbyj cbf[ktyb GEORGIAN MEDICAL NEWS No 11 (296) 2019 Published in cooperation with and under the patronage of the Tbilisi State Medical University Издается в сотрудничестве и под патронажем Тбилисского государственного медицинского университета gamoicema Tbilisis saxelmwifo samedicino universitetTan TanamSromlobiTa da misi patrona;iT ЕЖЕМЕСЯЧНЫЙ НАУЧНЫЙ ЖУРНАЛ ТБИЛИСИ - НЬЮ-ЙОРК GMN: Georgian Medical News is peer-reviewed, published monthly journal committed to promoting the science and art of medicine and the betterment of public health, published by the GMN Editorial Board and The International Academy of Sciences, Education, Industry and Arts (U.S.A.) since 1994. GMN carries original scientific articles on medicine, biology and pharmacy, which are of experimental, theoretical and practical character; publishes original research, reviews, commentaries, editorials, essays, medical news, and correspondence in English and Russian. GMN is indexed in MEDLINE, SCOPUS, PubMed and VINITI Russian Academy of Sciences. The full text content is available through EBSCO databases. GMN: Медицинские новости Грузии - ежемесячный рецензируе мый научный журнал, издаётся Редакционной коллегией и Международной академией наук, образования, искусств и естествознания (IASEIA) США с 1994 года на русском и английском языках в целях поддержки медицинской науки и улучшения здравоохранения. В журнале публикуются оригинальные -
Implementing Agency: Social Service Agency, LEPL
Chapter V Affordable, Quality Healthcare and Social Security 1.1. Social Security of Population (Program Code: 35 02) Implementing Agency: Social Service Agency, LEPL 1.1.1. Pension Payments to Population (Program Code: 35 02 01) • Beneficiaries of state pensions and state compensations envisaged in Laws of Georgia on State pension, State Commensations and State Academic Bursaries have been paid pensions through financing the commitments made by the State on pension payments; • State pensions have been paid in January to over 708.1 thousand individuals, in February – to over 708.6 thousand individuals, in March – to over 709.4 thousand individuals, in April – to over 710.6 thousand individuals, in May – to over 711.5 thousand individuals, in June – to over 713.0 thousand individuals, in July – to over 714,2 thousand individuals, in August – to over 716.3 thousand individuals, in September – to over 717.8 thousand individuals, while state compensations have been paid in January-February to over 20.7-20.7 thousand beneficiaries, in March – to over 20.8 thousand beneficiaries, in April-May – to over 20.9-20.9 thousand beneficiaries, in June – to over 20.8 thousand beneficiaries and July-September - to over 20.9-20.9 thousand beneficiaries. Total expenditure towards this end in the reporting period has been 1 153.1 MLN GEL. 1.1.2. Social Security of Targeted Groups of Population (Program Code: 35 02 02) • Number of beneficiaries getting subsistance minimum in January has amounted over 407.3 thousand individuals, February – over 422.0 thousand -
UTF-8 and Unicode FAQ for Unix/Linux by Markus Kuhn
UTF-8 and Unicode FAQ for Unix/Linux by Markus Kuhn This text is a very comprehensive one-stop information resource on how you can use Unicode/UTF-8 on POSIX systems (Linux, Unix). You will find here both introductory information for every user, as well as detailed references for the experienced developer. Unicode has started to replace ASCII, ISO 8859 and EUC at all levels. It enables users to handle not only practically any script and language used on this planet, it also supports a comprehensive set of mathematical and technical symbols to simplify scientific information exchange. With the UTF-8 encoding, Unicode can be used in a convenient and backwards compatible way in environments that were designed entirely around ASCII, like Unix. UTF-8 is the way in which Unicode is used under Unix, Linux, and similar systems. It is now time to make sure that you are well familiar with it and that your software supportsUTF-8 smoothly. Contents • What are UCS and ISO 10646? • What are combining characters? • What are UCS implementation levels? • Has UCS been adopted as a national standard? • What is Unicode? • So what is the difference between Unicode and ISO 10646? • What is UTF-8? • Who invented UTF-8? • Where do I find nice UTF-8 example files? • What different encodings are there? • What programming languages support Unicode? • How should Unicode be used under Linux? • How do I have to modify my software? • C support for Unicode and UTF-8 • How should the UTF-8 mode be activated? • How do I get a UTF-8 version of xterm? • How much of Unicode