Tsu mecniereba

N4 TSUivlisi.2013.July Science stresis zegavlena ujredul metabolizmze Tavis tvinSi xelovnuri saperfuzio sistemebi - Tsu mecnierebisgan muslimi mesxebi - integracia Tu separacia? Sah-names versiebi saqarTvelodan Canasaxis sicocxlis ufleba

The Effects of Stress on the Cellular Metabolism of the Brain The Embryo’s Right to Life in Georgia and the World TSU Scientists Work on Artificial Perfusion Systems Muslim Meskhetians – Integration or Separation? Georgia Presents Versions of Shahnameh Tsu I korpusi. gamocdis molodinSi TSU Building I. Students awaiting exams sarCevi - Contents

Tsu stabilurad inarCunebs lideri 3 TSU firmly maintains its status as a leading samecniero-kvleviTi dawesebulebis research institution statuss Sah-names versiebi saqarTvelodan 8 Georgia Presents Versions of Shahnameh qarTuli palimfsesturi xelnawerebi 13 Georgian Palimpsest Manuscripts bilingvuri ganaTlebis xelSemSleli da 16 Factors Inhibiting or Promoting Bilingual xelSemwyobi faqtorebi saqarTveloSi Education in Georgia "rac ufro metia kvleva religiis da 20 “The more research is carried out in the sekularizmis sakiTxze, miT ufro field of religion and secularism, the more meti kiTxva Cndeba" questions are raised’’ saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvris 25 A Scientific Basis for Georgian State delimitacia-demarkaciisaTvis Border Demarcation mecnieruli bazis Sesaqmnelad biosamedicino daniSnulebis 29 Magnetic Nanoparticles for Biomedical magnituri nanonawilakebi Applications protonis gadatanis reaqciebis 34 Non-Traditional Proton Transfer Reaction aratradiciuli meqanizmebi Mechanisms stresis zegavlena ujredul 38 The Effects of Stress on the Cellular metabolizmze Tavis tvinSi Metabolism of the Brain myinvarebi - mniSvnelovani bunebrivi 42 Glaciers - Key Natural Resource and resursi Climate Change Indicator Tsu mecnierebi xelovnur saperfuzio 48 TSU Scientists Develop Artificial Perfusion sistemebze muSaoben Systems piris Rru - organizmis sarke 53 The Mouth – Mirror of the Human Organism muslimi mesxebi - integracia Tu 58 Muslim Meskhetians – Integration or separacia? Separation? "Cveni mSobliuri kultura ayalibebs 62 How Culture Shapes Perception Cvens aRqmas" Canasaxis sicocxlis ufleba 67 The Embryo’s Right to Life in Georgia and saqarTveloSi da msoflioSi the World 3 Tsu mecniereba tsu scIence samecniero-popularuli Jurnali Scientific-Popular Journal sasjelis aRsrulebis 72 The Prison Study Centre Tsu stabilurad kvleviTi centri saredaqcio sabWo Editorial Board inarCunebs lideri daviT batoniSvilis 75 The Davit Batonishvili aleqsandre kvitaSvili – Tsu reqtoris samarTlis instituti Institute of Law is movaleobis Semsrulebeli Established samecniero-kvleviTi Alexander Kvitashvili – Acting Rector levan aleqsiZe – Tsu reqtoris moadgile Levan Aleksidze – Deputy Rector administraciul 78 The Institute of dawesebulebis giorgi RvedaSvili – Tsu samecniero kvlevebis da mecnierebaTa Administrative Sciences ganviTarebis departamentis ufrosi instituti Tsu-Si - Giorgi Gvedashvili – Head of Department of Scientific at TSU – A new statuss Research and Development. axali SesaZleblobebi opportunity for TSU darejan TvalTvaZe – Tsu humanitarul Tsu studentebisa da Students and Scientists mecnierebaTa fakultetis dekani mecnierebisTvis Darejan Tvaltvadze – Dean of Faculty of Humanities irakli burduli – Tsu iuridiuli TSU firmly maintains fakultetis dekani sasursaTo 80 Georgian Food Security Irakli Burduli – Dean of Faculty of Law usafrTxoebis Strategy aleqsandre ciskariZe – Tsu medicinis strategiis its status as a leading fakultetis dekani Alexander Tsiskaradze – Dean of Faculty of Medicine sakiTxisaTvis ramaz boWoriSvili – Tsu zust da research institution sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa fakultetis dekani inovaciuri 85 Ramaz Bochorishvili – Dean of Faculty of Exact and The Necessity for Natural Sciences midgomebis Innovative Economic sergi kapanaZe – Tsu socialur da politikur saWiroeba msoflioSi Approaches to Increase mecnierebaTa fakultetis dekanis movaleobis Semsr. keTildReobis Sergi Kapanadze – Acting Dean of the Faculty of Social and Global Welfare Political Sciences gazrdisaTvis akaki xelaZe – Tsu ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis dekani qarTveli mecnieris 89 Customs Reforms Akaki Kheladze – Dean of Faculty of Economics and Business Zalze logikuria, rom saqarTveloSi yvelaze nana mamaguliSvili – Tsu sazogadoebasTan TvaliT danaxuli Examined by a didi tradiciebis mqone umaRlesi saswavlebeli urTierTobis departamentis ufrosi qarTuli sabaJos Georgian Scientist wlebis ganmavlobaSi stabilurad inarCunebs Nana Mamagulishvili – Head of Public Relations Department reformebi samecniero-kvleviTi dawesebulebis lideris statuss. Tavisi samecniero potencialidan da redaqtori ekonomikuri 93 Economic Development istoriidan gamomdinare, es statusi Tbilisis Editor ganviTareba - – A Key Factor of saxelmwifo universitets Tavisuflad SeuZlia Tamar xorbalaZe ataros mecnierebis yvela dargis mimarTulebiT. Tamar Khorbaladze ekonomikuri Economic Growth and zrdisa da xalxis Increased Public Well- Aamas Tsu samecniero kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis keTildReobis being departamentis mier Catarebuli analizic amaRlebis mTavari adasturebs. nomerze muSaobdnen: faqtori Contributors:

mari elen Catvini lela mWedliZe Mary Ellen Chatwin Lela Mchedlidze aleqsandre naTiSvilis 101 The Alexander Natishvili An analysis of Tbilisi State University research programs Tamar kacitaZe TinaTin tabiZe morfologiis Institute of Morphology was carried out under the leadership of Giorgi Ghvedashvili, Tamar Katsitadze Tinatin Tabidze instituti Head of the Department of Scientific Research and naTia aladaSvili Development. The results bring to light the high level Natia Aladashvili Tsu petre 106 TSU Petre Melikishvili of Tbilisi State University’s research activities. It is not meliqiSvilis Institute of Physical and surprising that Tbilisi State University, an institute of higher fizikuri da organuli Organic Chemistry education with illustrious traditions, has maintained the dizaini status of leader in research for many years. Design qimiis instituti zaza gulaSvili Zaza Gulashvili saerTaSoriso 111 International konferenciebi Tsu-Si Conferences at TSU - I-VI/2013 (I-VI 2013) Tsu sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis departamenti ivlisi, 2013

TSU Public Relations Department July, 2013

2013 July Tsu science 4 5

Ddepartamentis monacemebiT, 2012 wels Tbilisis Tbilisi State University implemented 163 projects in 2012. Among saxelmwifo universitetSi 163 proeqti xorcield- these 108 were carried out on a national scale and 55 were interna- fundamenturi kvlevebisTvis saxelmwifo samecniero eboda, aqedan erovnuli – 108 da saerTaSoriso - 55. tional. Last year the university budget allocated 16,404,610 GEL grantebis 2012 wlis konkursi 2012 wels universitetis biujetidan samecniero to scientific research activities, or 30% of the total budget (29% in State Science Grants for Fundamental Research 2012 kvlevebze gaTvaliswinebuli iyo 16 404 610 lari. 2011). Approximately 11% of this funding, or 6,084,970 GEL, was (mTeli biujetis 30%, 2011 wels kvlevebze Tsu-s biu- raised from national and international foundations. (For compari- jetis 29% daixarja). maT Soris, erovnuli da saer- son, in 2009, the volume of funds raised was just 9% of the total TaSoriso fondebidan mozidulma Tanxam 6 084 970 budget.) lari Seadgina, anu biujetis 11%, rac 2011 wlisTvis akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universiteti In 2012 co-financing funds for National Foundation research ac- Akaki Tsereteli State University 9%-s Seadgenda. tivities was 69,821 GEL and currently total funds for successful ssip saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi 2012 wels erovnuli fondis gamoyenebiTi kv- National Museum of Georgia projects in applied or fundamental research--often with the partici- levebis Tanadafinansebis xarjebi 69 821 lari gaxl- ssip grigol wulukiZis samTo instituti pation of compatriots working in other countries--are 10,343,847 Grigol Tsulukidze Mining Institute daT. amJamad, erovnuli fondis 2012 wels gamocxade- ssip xelnawerTa erovnuli centri buli konkursebis (gamoyenebiTi, fundamenturi da GEL. TSU co-financing was 286,219 GEL. National Center of Manuscripts In 2012, 45 doctoral theses were defended at TSU, and according SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti ucxoeTSi moRvawe TanamemamulebTan erToblivad Shota Rustaveli State University monawileobiT) gamarjvebuli proeqtebis jamuri Ri- to Thomson Reuter data, one of the most reliable sources of infor- arasmTavrobo organizacia "dro da memkvidreoba" - registrierebuli kavSiri rebuleba 10 343 847 laria. Aaqedan Tsu-dan Tanadafi- mation on science development, Tbilisi State University issued 376 NGO “Time and Heritage” – registered union nanseba 286 219 lars Seadgens. publications. axalcixis saxelmwifo saswavlo universiteti Akhaltsikhe State Educational University 2012 wels Tsu-Si daculia 45 sadoqtoro naSro- In previous years, projects presented by TSU to the Georgian Na- g. CubiniSvilis saxelobis qarTuli xelovnebis ZeglTa mi. tomson reitersis bazis monacemebiT, romelic tional Science Foundation and the Shota Rustaveli Science Foun- dacvis erovnuli kvlevis centri Chubinishvili National Research Center for Georgian Art msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze sando da gavleniani dation were financed as follows: 2006 – 180 presented projects, History and Heritage Preservation sainformacio bazaa mecnierebis ganviTarebis mxriv ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo iakob gogebaSvilis saxelobis Telavis saxelmwifo 22 – financed; 2007 – 142 presented projects, 23 – financed; 2008 universiteti universiteti arsebuli monacemebiT, Tbilisis saxelmwifo univer- – 163 presented projects, 35 – financed; 2009 – 129 presented proj- Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Iakob Gogebashvili Telavi State University sitetidan gamoqveynda 376 publikacia, rac sakmaod ilias saxelmwifo universiteti ilia vekuas soxumis fizika-teqnikis instituti ects, 29 – financed. After the merger of these two foundations in Ilia State University Ilia Vekua Institute of Physics and Technology kargi maCvenebelia. 2011, 21 projects were financed out of 334 presented projects and saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti komparatavistuli literaturis qarTuli asociacia Tsu-dan sesf-sa (saqarTvelos erovnuli samec- Georgian Technical University Georgian Comparative Literature Association in 2012, 71 projects were financed out of 291. Of these 71, TSU saqarTvelos agraruli universiteti mdgradi ganviTarebis, resursuli bazis da strategiuli niero fondi) da rusTavelis fondSi wardgenili/ had the status of co-participant in three projects. Georgian Agrarian University kvlevebis kavkasiis fondi miRebuli proeqtebis dinamika wlebis mixedviT ase- ssip ivane beritaSvilis eqsperimentuli biomedicinis Caucasian Foundation for Sustainable Development, In 2012, 814 projects were presented to the National Scientific centri Resource Base and Strategic Studies Tia: 2006 wels – wardgenili 180 proeqti, dafinanse- mecniereba da energetika Grant competition of fundamental/applied research projects. TSU Ivane Beritashvili Center for Experimental buli - 22. 2007 wels wardgenili 142 - dafinansebuli Biomedicine Science and Energy presented 279 projects, or 34% of all, of which 23 were removed. -23. 2008 wels wardgenili - 163, miRebuli - 35. 2009 weli, wardgenili - 129, Ddafinansebuli - 29. Aam fond- Reasons for disqualification can include technical inaccuracies of ebis gaerTianebis Semdeg, 2011 wels 334 wardgenili- the projects or other criteria. Thus, to ensure the compatibility of dan dafinansda - 21 proeqti. 2012 wels 291 wardge- the project standards with the competition standards, the Depart- gamoyenebiTi kvlevebisTvis saxelmwifo samecniero ment of Scientific Research and Development of TSU and the Fi- nili proeqtidan 71 dafinansda, aqedan sam proeqtSi grantebis 2012 wlis konkursi Tsu iyo Tanamonawile organizaciis statusiT. nance Department are now monitoring technical details of projects fundamenturi/gamoyenebiTi kvlevebisaTvis sax- submitted. As a result of this technical monitoring, the author of State Science Grants for Applied Research 2012 elmwifo samecniero grantebis 2012 wlis konkurseb- the projects are given a chance to amend and bring them in line Si wardgenili iyo 814 proeqti. moixsna 129 proeqti. according to recommended changes, then register a technically ac- Tsu-dan wardgenili iyo 279 proeqti (saerTo raode- curate project before the deadline. nobis 34%) moixsna - 23. proeqtis konkursidan moxs- In 2012, a total of 94 projects were financed by the National Scien- ilias saxelmwifo universiteti nis mizezi SesaZlebelia iyos teqnikuri xarvezebi, Ilia State University tific Grant competition of fundamental/applied research of which saqarTvelos agraruli universiteti romelTa aRmofxvrisa da proeqtebis sakonkurso 43 were presented by TSU with three additional projects in which Georgian Agrarian University pirobebTan SesabamisobaSi moyvanis mizniT, Tsu sa- TSU was a co-participant. TSU projects totaled more than all those levan samxaraulis saxelobis sasamarTlo mecniero kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis departamen- eqspertizis erovnuli biuro presented by other institutions of higher learning in Georgia com- ti safinanso departamentTan erTad axorcielebs Levan Samkharauli National Forensics Bureau bined. mozrdilTa da bavSvTa urologiis klinikuri da warsadgeni proeqtebis teqnikuri detalebis moni- The research environment at TSU faculties and institutes was samecniero ganviTarebis fondi torings. aRniSnulis Sedegad, proeqtis avtors Ses- Foundation for the Development of Adult and considered when carrying out the analysis of research projects. In aZlebloba eZleva proeqtSi Seitanos rekomendire- Pediatric Urology 2012, among the successful fundamental projects, TSU faculties saqarTvelos erovnuli botanikuri baRi buli cvlelebebi da fondis mier dadgenil vadebSi National Botanical Garden of Georgia presented 14 projects of which TSU was main implementer for daaregistriros teqnikurad gamarTuli proeqti. saqarTvelos pediatr-hematologTa da onko- fundamenturi kvlevebisaTvis saxelmwifo samec- 13. TSU institutes presented 28 projects, of which the Razmadze hematologTa asociacia Association of Georgian Pediatric niero grantebis 2012 wlis konkursSi wardgenili Mathematical Institute was the leading institution. The leading ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis Hematologists and Onco-Hematologists proeqtebidan dafinansda 94, saidanac Tsu-ze 43 pro- TSU faculty was the Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences. saxelmwifo universiteti ssip xelnawerTa erovnuli centri eqti modis (romelTagan samSi - Tsu Tanamonawilea), An overview of the dynamics of fundamental research projects Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University National Center of Manuscripts procentulad es gaxlavT dafinansebuli proeqtebis won by TSU scientific-research institutes is interesting. In 2007, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universiteti Georgian Technical University Akaki Tsereteli State University 41% , rac TavisTavad sakmaod maRali maCvenebelia, TSU institutes won 25 projects, in 2008 they won 35, in 2009 they Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom sxva umaRles saswavle- won 29, in 2011 they won only 14, and finally in 2012 they won 48 blebze fundamentur kvlevebisaTvis dafinansebuli

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2013 2013 July Tsu science 6 7

rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fondis 2012 wlis konkursSi tutebs, xolo fakultetebidan - humanitarul da zust erToblivi konkursis “mecnierebisa da teqnologiebis gamarjvebuli proeqtebis ganawileba universitetebis mixedviT da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa fakultetebs. samewarmeo programis (STEP) - ideidan bazrisken“ farg- Georgian National Science Foundation Grants 2012 by aranakleb mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos Tsu-s maRali lebSi wardgenili 35 proeqtidan dafinansda 4, maT Soris samecniero potenciali, romelic gamoixateba erovnu- Universities erTi Tsu-dan. li fondis mier dafinansebuli proeqtebis ara marto 2012 wels gamocxadebuli ”axalgazrda mecnierTa ricxobriv, aramed xarisxobriv maCvenebelSic. kerZod, ucxoeTSi samecniero-kvleviTi staJirebisaTvis sax- asociacia "kroskulturuli universumi" erovnul fondSi fundamenturi da gamoyenebiTi kv- elmwifo samecniero grantebis” konkursis SedegebiT, Association Cross-Cultural Universum levebisaTvis wardgenil/dafinansebuli proeqtebis 37 ganacxadidan dafinansda 33 da aqedan 17 (dafinanse- "giorgi axvledianis saxelobis mniSvnelovani nawili Sefasebulia 95 quliT da metiT~ bulebis 52%) Tsu-dan. enaTmecnierebis istoriis sazogadoeba" – acxadebs Tsu samecniero kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis axalgazrda mecnierebisTvis prezidentis samec- Giorgi Akhvlediani Society for the History of departamentis xelmZRvaneli giorgi RvedaSvili. Linguistics niero grantebis 2012 wels gamocxadebuli konkursis ucxoeTSi moRvawe TanamemamuleTa monawileobiT "saqarTvelos qalTa da bavSvTa dacvis SedegebiT dafinansebuli 77 proeqtidan 29 (38%) _ kavSiri" erToblivi kvlevebisaTvis saxelmwifo grantebis 2012 Tsu-danaa. The Union of Protection of Women and Children wlis konkursSi sul wardgenili 35 proeqtidan 17 (49%) of Georgia ukrainis mecnierebisa da teqnologiebis centrisa Tsu-s wilia da dafinansebuli 23 proeqtidan 11 (48%) ssip ivane beritaSvilis eqsperimentuli da SoTa rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fondis Tsu-s angariSzea, Semdeg modis ilias saxelmwifo uni- biomedicinis centri mier 2012 wels gamocxadebuli „miznobrivi kvlevisa Ivane Beritashvili Center for Experimental versiteti - 5 (23%) proeqtiT da sxva universitetebi. da ganviTarebis programis“ farglebSi dafinansebuli Biomedicine am konkursSi Tsu samecniero-kvleviTi institutebis proeqtebidan 5 Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitets saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti mier mopovebuli grantebis raodenoba mkveTrad (48%) Georgian Technical University gaizarda wina wlebTan SedarebiT (25% - 2007, 35% - 2008 ekuTvnis, 2-2 – saxelmwifo agrarul universitetsa ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis grigol wulukiZis samTo instituti da sicocxlis Semswavleli mecnierebebis samecniero- saxelmwifo universiteti Grigol Tsulukidze Mining Institute w., 29% - 2009 w., 14% - 2011 w., 48% - 2012 w.). kvleviT centrs, 1-1 – proeqti ki Tbilisis saxelmwifo Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Tbilisis saxelmwifo samedicino SoTa rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fondisa da ilias saxelmwifo universiteti universiteti germaniis iulixis kvleviTi centris - Forschungszentrum samedicino universitetsa da ilias saxelmwifo uni- Ilia State University Tbilisi State Medical University Jülich (JÜLICH) 2012 wels gamocxadebuli erToblivi versitets. konkursis SedegebiT dafinansebuli 5 proeqtidan 3 – sxvadasxva saxis proeqtebs Soris, romelic Tbili- Tsu-sia. sis saxelmwifo universitetis mier xorcieldeba, aris aSS-is samoqalaqo kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis fondis aseve moswavleTa monawileobiT KkvlevaTa saxelmwifo proeqtebis procentuli maCveneblebi ase gamoiyureba: `ilias sax- (CRDF-Global), ssip - SoTa rusTavelis erovnuli samecnie- sagranto konkursebi. 2012 wels gamocxadebuli am elmwifo universiteti~ - 15% ( raodenobrivad 14 proeqti), teqni- ro fondisa da saqarTvelos samecniero-teqnologiuri konkursis Sedegebis mixedviT, Tsu-dan wardgenili 4 kuri universiteti - 9% (8 proeqti) saqarTvelos agraruli univer- ganviTarebis fondis (ssgf) 2012 wels gamocxadebuli proeqtidan 2 dafinansda. siteti - 7% (7 proeqti) da a.S. “Cvenma departamentma monacemTa analizi imis mixedviTac gaa- keTa, Tu ra mdgomareobaa am mxriv Tsu fakultetebsa da insti- tutebSi. 2012 wlis fundamenturi kvlevebis mimarTulebiT dafi- nansebuli proeqtebidan 14 (13 -Si Tsu wamyvani organizaciaa, xolo projects. A key reason that the number of financed projects grew so successful projects (23%). 1 proeqtSi Tanamonawile) proeqti Tsu fakultetebze modis, xolo significantly was the merger of more institutes with TSU. In the 2012 joint competition of Shota Rustaveli National Science 28 - Tsu institutebze. Tsu fakultetebis mixedviT fundamentu- In 2012, 84 projects out of 230 were presented to the national grant Foundation and Jülich Research Center of Germany three out of five ri kvlevebisaTvis dafinansebuli proeqtebiT liderobs zusti da sabunebismetyvelo fakulteti da Tsu institutebidan - Tsu competition of applied research projects by TSU. Eighteen submis- financed projects were presented by TSU. TSU presented a project razmaZis maTematikis instituti. sions out of the 38 financed projects were successful, or 47% of proj- in 2012 within the joint grant competition of U.S. Civilian Research sainteresoa Tsu samecniero-kvleviTi institutebis mier funda- ects financed. TSU institutes have been 67% successful in their bids & Development Foundation (CRDF Global), the Shota Rustaveli Na- menturi kvlevebisaTvis mopovebuli grantebis ganxilva dinamikaSi and TSU faculties have had a 33% success rate. The leading TSU tional Science Foundation and the Georgian Research and Develop- wlebis mixedviT. 2007 - 25, 2008 - 35, 2009 – 29, 2011 - 14, 2012 – 48. aqve institutes are the Petre Melikishvili Institute of Physical and Organic ment Foundation (GRDF) ‘Science and Technology Entry Program gvinda avRniSnoT, rom institutebis mier mopovebuli grantebis ra- Chemistry and the Caucasian Alexander Tvalchrelidze Institute of (STEP) –from Idea to the Market’. In 2012, 33 projects out of 37 odenoba gaizarda maTi Tsu-Si integraciis Semdeg. Mineral Resources. The leading TSU faculties are the Humanities and were funded by the program National Scientific ‘grants for scientific- 2012 wels erovnuli fondis mier gamoyenebiTi kvlevebisaTvis the Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences. research training of young scholars abroad’ and 17 of these (52%) gamocxadebul konkursSi wardgenil 230 proeqtidan 84 iyo Tsu- It is important to consider the high scientific potential of TSU, re- were presented by TSU. dan. xolo dafinansebuli 38 proeqtidan Tsu-s wilze modis 18 flected not only by the quantitative indicators but also on qualitatively. The 2012 Presidential Scientific Grants for Young Scholars awarded proeqti, rac procentulad am mimarTulebiT sruli dafinanse- The majority of fundamental and applied research projects presented 29 TSU projects from a total of 77 funded. The ‘Targeted Research buli proeqtebis 47% -ia. danarCen universitetebze gamarjvebuli or financed at the National Foundation have been evaluated by95 and Development Program’ announced by the Science and Technolo- proeqtebi ase nawildeba: 7 proeqti (18%) - saqarTvelos teqnikuri points or more out of 100. gy Center in Ukraine and the Shota Rustaveli National Science Foun- universiteti, 4 (10%) - proeqti - ilias saxelmwifo universiteti, In 2012, the National Foundation received 35 joint research projects dation, awarded funding to five TSU projects. Among other types 2(5%) - agraruli universiteti. where compatriots were working from abroad. TSU presented 17 of of projects being implemented by Tbilisi State University, there are rac Seexeba dafinansebuli gamoyenebiTi proeqtebis Tsu fakul- these (49%) and of 23 financed projects, 11 (48%) projects were au- national grant competitions for school students, and in 2012 two out tetebis da institutebis mixedviT ganawilebas, am mimarTulebiT thored by TSU. Ilia State University took second place with five of four projects presented by TSU were funded. upiratesoba aqvs Tsu institutebs (67%), Tsu fakultetebTan Se- darebiT (33%). dafinansebul proeqtebSi institutebs Soris mniS- vnelovani wvlili aqvT petre meliqiSvilis fizikuri da organuli qimiis da kavkasiis TvalWreliZis mineraluri nedleulis insti-

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2013 2013 July Tsu science 8 9 Sah-names versiebi saqarTvelodan Georgia Presents Versions of

2012 weli mTels msoflioSi gamocxadebuli iyo kacobriobis erT-erTi udidesi mwerlis Shahnameh firdousisa da misi ukvdavi literaturuli Zeglis, `Sah-names” saiubileo TariRad. „mefeTa wigni“ anu „wigni mefeTa Sesaxeb“ Zvel iranel mefeTa istoriul qronikebs, epikur Txzulebebs, miTologiur gadmocemebsa da legendebs efuZneba. misi calkeuli nawilebi ki sasanianTa epoqaSi The year of 2012 was announced as an anniversary date of one of the greatest Seiqmna. garda istoriuli cnobebisa, am nawarmoebSi Tavmoyrili iyo iraneli xalxebis mier poets, Hakim Abul-Qasim Ferdowsi Tusi (940-1020) and his immortal literary SeTxzuli miTebisa da legendebis fragmentebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom igi sparsuli nawarmoebia, masterpiece, Shahnameh. This “Book of Kings’’ is based on historical VIII-IX saukuneebSi arabul enaze gaCnda falauri Zeglis aTamde Targmani („xodainame“ — „mefeTa chronicles of Persian kings, epic works, mythological stories and legends. In cxovreba“). Tumca, arc originals, arc arabul Targmanebs dRemde ar mouRwevia, wyaroebma (al- addition to historical information, the book contains fragments of folklore, some masudi, al-istaxri) Semogvinaxes mxolod mTargmnelTa saxelebi (ibn-al-mukafa, barmaqi da sxva) da extracts of which were written as early as the Sasanian Period (224-651). calkeuli detalebi. Despite the fact that Shahnameh is a Persian literary masterpiece, around 10 translations (Khoday Nameh- Life of the Kings) appeared in the 7th to 9th iri­ne ko­So­ri­Ze Irine Koshoridze centuries. However, neither the original nor translations has survived. The Pahlavi literary sources (Al-Masudi (896-956) and Al-Istakhri (circa 850-954) Tsu xe­lov­ne­bis in­sti­tu­tis aso­ci­re­bu­ have kept only the names of the translators (Ibn al-Muqaffa, Barmak) and some li pro­fe­so­ri da sa­qar­Tve­los erov­nu­ other details. li mu­ze­u­mis aR­mo­sav­lu­ri ko­leq­ci­e­bis uf­ro­si ku­ra­to­ri, xelovnebaTmcodneo- bis doqtori. aqvs mra­va­li sa­mec­ni­e­ro One of the most significant Shahnameh names of the heroes of Shahnameh such as sti­pen­di­a; iyo ful­bra­i­tis sti­pen­di­ research centers is at the University of Rustam – Rostom, Tihmuraz – Teimuraz, an­ti; ga­moq­vey­ne­bu­li aqvs sta­ti­e­bi da Cambridge, and last year this university Haushang – Ushangi, Giv - Givi, Mehrab mo­nog­ra­fia mu­ze­u­mis me­nej­men­ti­sa da mar­Tvis dar­gSi. ro­gorc mu­ze­u­mis ku­ organized a symposium to celebrate Shah- – Merabi, Bezhani, etc. According to sur- ra­to­ri mo­na­wi­le­obs mra­val kvle­viT nameh’s anniversary, a date when repre- viving fragments we can presume that the pro­eq­tSi. ­wle­bis man­Zil­ze (2006-2009) sentatives of almost all countries histori- poem was particularly popular in 17th and iyo niu ior­kis uni­ver­si­te­tis miw­ve­u­li cally connected to the literary masterpiece 18th century Georgia, when the political- pro­fe­so­ri, sa­dac Se­i­mu­Sa­va da Sem­deg delivered speeches. Georgian scientists historical situation was tumultuous. un­iv­er­si­tet­Si da­ner­ga isla­mu­ri, aR­ mo­sav­lu­ri, de­ko­ra­ti­ul­-ga­mo­ye­ne­bi­Ti also had a pleasure of presenting their A postscript written by an anonymous xe­lov­ne­bis kur­se­bi ba­ka­lav­ri­a­tis stu­ ideas. Within the scope of the project, “Il- Georgian writer on one of the translated den­te­bis­Tvis. lustrated manuscripts of Shahnameh’’, su- versions of Shahnameh reads: Reader, do iri­ne ko­So­ri­Ze aris ara­sam­Tav­ro­bo or­ pervised by Cambridge University Profes- not laugh when reading this book; read ga­ni­za­ci­e­bis `saqarTvelos mu­ze­u­me­bi” da sor Charles Melville and Irina Koshoridze, it very carefully. Here you can find ethi- sa­er­Ta­So­ri­so sa­mu­ze­u­mo aso­ci­a­ci­is ad­ gi­lob­ri­vi ko­mi­te­tis vi­ce-­pre­zi­den­ti. Associate Professor of Tbilisi State Uni- cal norms and traditions, heroic and his- versity and Chief Curator of the Georgian torical stories of Georgian people, passed National Museum presented “Shahnameh from generation to generation, from the Associate Professor, TSU Institute of Fine Arts, in Georgian culture based on Georgian il- elderly to the young. New generations are Chief Curator of Oriental Collections at the Geor- lustrated manuscripts”. The University of brought up on these stories—stories that gian National Museum, PhD in Arts. She is the re- cipient of various scientific scholarships, including Cambridge graciously hosted Professor awaken and develop the strength of their Fulbright. Koshoridze has published articles and Irina Koshoridze. souls, minds and body. You will find great monographs in the field of museum management Professor Koshoridze said, “Our aim was wisdom in this book. Many foreign trav- and as museum curator, she participates in research to show the role of Shahnameh and its sig- elers and missionaries working or living projects. From 2006 to 2009 she was Visiting Pro- ”Sah-names” erT-erTi yvelaze didi kvleviTi cen- poemis Seqmnis periodidan, anu X-XI saukuneebidan kar- nificance for Georgian culture, as Georgia in Georgia at the time remarked on Geor- fessor at New York University, where she devel- oped and then introduced at the university the cur- tri did britaneTSi, kembrijis universitetSia. am gad iyo cnobili qarTvelebisTvis. misi Targmanebis was the only Christian country that was gians’ “love for Shahnameh”. riculum in Islamic, oriental, decorative and applied nawarmoebis saiubileo TariRTan dakavSirebiT, Sar- sxvadasxva versiebi saqarTveloSi Sua saukunebSi far- introduced to the poem at the time it was Translations of some of the Shahnameh arts for BA degree students. Irine Koshoridze is the San simpoziumi gaimarTa da msoflios TiTqmis yve- Tod cirkulirebda da Cvenamde sxvadasxva versiebad written. Different versions of its transla- books appeared in Georgia in the 15th Vice-President of Georgian Museum Association la qveyanam, romelsac istoriuli kavSiri gaaCnia am da nawilebadaa moRweuli. es iranuli eposi imdenad tion circulated in Georgia in the Middle century and became very popular in the and ICOM National Committee in Georgia. ZeglTan, sakuTri moxsenebebi waradgina. maT Soris iyo gaTavisebuli qarTvelTa mier, rom mas sakuTar Ages and some extracts and versions have 16th and 17th centuries. However, we no iyvnen qarTveli mecnierebic. kembrijis universite- kulturul memkvidreobadac ganixilavdnen,”- ambobs remained. This Persian poem was so en- longer have a complete translation of these tis istorikosis Carlz melvilis proeqtis `Sah-names~ irine koSoriZe. graved into Georgian culture that it was works. Only a few chapters about heroic dasuraTebuli xelnawerebis” farglebSi, simpozi- mecnierTa mtkicebiT, qarTul sinamdvileSi gvxvde- considered as our own cultural heritage.” stories have been translated, as it appears Scientists claim there are prose and po- that Georgians translated mainly those epi- umze moxseneba waikiTxa Tbilisis saxelmwifo univer- ba rogorc ”Sah-names” prozauli da poeturi versiebi, etic versions of Shahnameh in Georgian sodes that were topical and close to Geor- sitetis asocirebulma profesorma da saqarTvelos aseve cnobilia xalxuri, sruliad gaqarTulebuli along with the folklore, and completely gian lives. erovnuli muzeumis ufrosma kuratorma, xelovnebaT- “rostomiani”, romlis literaturuli pirvelwyaro Georgianized version called Rostomiani At the Cambridge symposium, Shahn- mcodne irine koSoriZem. moxsenebis saxelwodeba iyo swored ”Sah-name” unda iyos. mas mniSvnelovani adgili which was certainly derived from Shah- ameh’s illustrated versions conserved in - ”Sah-name~ qarTul kulturaSi -qarTuli dasuraTe- ukavia rusTavelis ”vefxistyaosanSic”. nameh. The story has an important place Georgia attracted the attention of world buli xelnawerebis mixedviT”. (kvleva da viziti did irine koSoriZis ganmartebiT, xandaxan ”Sah-names” in Rustaveli’s The Knight in the Panther’s scientists. We have five illustrated manu- britaneTSi dafinansebuli iyo kembrijis universite- versiebi qarTul sinamdvileSi Zalze saxecvlilia Skin. scripts of Shahnameh, one of which is tis mier). da imdenadaa gaTavisebuli da Sesisxlxorcebuli qa- Sometimes the versions of Shahnameh are ‘Utrutiani’ (volume- 26.5 x 18 cm) that ”Cveni mizani iyo gveCvenebina `Sah-names~ roli da rTveli xalxis mier, rom nawarmoebis gmirebi erovnul so customized and so deeply adapted to consists of 234 pages. The book tells us mniSvneloba qarTul kulturaSi, radgan saqarTvelo qarTvel gmirebadac ki moiazrebian. amaze isic metyve- Georgian reality that the heroes of the poem about the period from the reign of the erTaderTi qristianuli qveyanaa, romelic jer kidev lebs, rom qarTul yofaSi Zalze popularulia “Sah- are perceived to be Georgian national he- first King Gaymar to King Nariman. The roes. This is reflected by the popularity of last part of the manuscript is missing. It is

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2013 2013 July Tsu science 10 11

names” gmirebis saxelebi: rusTam - rostomi, Tihmuraz- es “Sah-names” dasawyisia) zaalis dabadebamde. xelnawers dated from the 17th century. Poetic versions are inscribed on Asian Teimurazi, haushang-uSangi, giv-givi, mehrab-merabi, aklia bolo nawili da mTavrdeba manuCarisa da saamis Sex- paper and it has a leather cover. There are nine miniatures in the tome, beJani da sxva... vedriT da mefis omSi wasvliT. xelnaweris bolos aris each showing heroes fighting evil creatures. Three miniatures show dRemde moRweuli fragmentebis mixedviT Tu vim- minaweri, sadac moxseniebulia, rom igi dasrulebulia a portrait of Utruti, and one shows Gorshasp. Two of them show sjelebT, saqarTveloSi poema gansakuTrebiT popu- 1647 wels kaligrafis, poetisa da miniatiuristis mamuka Zahaki and one depicts Rostom’s grandfather, Nariman. A last one is laruli gaxda XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi - qarTvelTaTvis TavaqaraSvilis mier. es ukanaskneli cnobili pirovnebaa the portrait of Nariman’s wife. The painting of the miniatures is rather Zalze mZime istoriul-politikur situaciaSi. ai ras me-17 saukunis saqarTeloSi. 1647 wels man “Sah-names” ori poorly executed, and the colors are also limited to a combination of wers amis Sesaxeb anonimi qarTveli mwerali, “Sah-names” xelnaweri gadawera - “zaaqiani”-ilustraciebis gareSe, plain orange, red and yellow. The pictures are on separate sheets of erT-erTi qarTuli naTargmni versiis mindvris minaw- da meore - “uTruTian-saamiani” mdidrulad ilustri- paper, sometimes accompanied by descriptive texts. Yet despite their erze: ”hoi mkiTxvelo, ar gaicino am wignis kiTxvisas, rebuli miniatiurebiT. ilustraciebs xan xelnaweris primitive features these miniatures are very interesting and attractive, aramed yuradRebiT waikiTxeT igi. Tqven aq ipoviT furclis didi nawili, xan orive - retro da veqto, xanac vibrantly expressing emotion and feelings. qarTvelTa Zvels eTikur normebsa da tradiciebs, mTlianad erTi furceli ukaviaT. maTi udidesi nawili The prose version of ‘Utrutian-Saamiani’ is also illustrated with min- gmirul warsuls da istoriebs, romlebic Taobidan mravalfiguriani kompoziciebia da iranelTa legenda- iatures painted on sheets of paper bound with a leather cover and con- Taobebs gadaecemoda, Cveni winaprebisgan axalgazrda ruli mefeebisa da maTi falavnebis mtrebTan Serkine- sisting of 296 pages (volume – 30.5 x 21 cm). The manuscript is illus- Taobas, romlebic am istoriebze izrdebian, isto- bebs asaxavs. trated by 65 miniatures and tells of the period from Kaiumart (the very riebze, romlebic maTSi afxizlebs da ayalibebs su- orive xelnaweri daculia xelnawerTa erovnul beginning of Shahnameh) to the birth of Zaal. The manuscript has the lis, gonebisa da sxeulis simtkices. mraval sibrZnes centrSi. last part missing and ends with the meeting of Manuchar and Saami ipoviT am wignSi”. ”Sah-names” ramdenime qarTuli xelnaweri inaxeba and with the King setting out for war. There is a postscript at the end saqarTveloSi ”Sah-names” siyvarulis Sesaxeb werd- peterburgis saltikov-Sedrinis biblioTekaSi. xel- stating that it was completed in 1647 by calligraphist, poet and minia- nen ucxoelebi, mogzaurebi da misionerebic, romle- nawerSi, romelsac mecnierebi N15-s uwodeben, moTxro- turist Mamuka Tavakarashvili. This person was very popular in 17th bic saqarTveloSi moRvaweobdnen. bilia istoria zaalis dabadebidan goSTasfis mefo- century Georgia. In 1647, he copied two manuscripts of Shahnameh rogorc irine koSoriZe aRniSnavs, “Sah-names” bamde. xelnaweri XVII saukunis II naxevriT TariRdeba. – “Zaakian” without illustrations and ‘Utrutian-Saamian’ with several calkeuli wignebis (dasTanebi) SemorCenili Targ- xelnaweri ”1580 rostomiani” ki samefo gvaris kuT- illustrations. In some cases illustrations took the most space on the manebi Cvens qveyanaSi XV s-Si Cndeba, xolo XVI-XVII vnileba iyo da igi mravali miniatiuriTaa Semkuli (sul sheet of paper, recto and verso, and sometimes the illustrations even saukuneebSi es poema gansakuTrebiT popularuli 61 miniatiuraa) xelnawers aqvs minawerebi, romelTa filled the whole page. Most of the illustrations are multi-figurative gaxda. Cvenamde moRweulia am periodis aTobiT Targ- mixedviT, igi baqar vaxtangis Zis dakveTiT gadauweria compositions showing fights between legendary Persian kings and mani. miuxedavad amisa, ”Sah-names” erTi mTliani versia vinme giorgi ZulukaSvils 1725-1750 ww-Si. miniatiure- warriors with their enemies. Both of the manuscripts are conserved at dRemde qarTulad ar aris Semonaxuli. Targmnilia bi ki aseve qarTveli ostatebis mieraa Sesrulebuli. the National Centre of Manuscripts. poemis calkeuli Tavebi, romlebic sxvadasxva gmiris ori xelwera - pirveli ufro tradiciuli, miniati- Several Georgian manuscripts of Shahnameh are conserved at the istoriebs mogviTxrobs. rogorc Cans, qarTvelebi uruli, faqizi, drekadi xaziT, mcire masStabis fig- M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin swored im epizodebs Targmnidnen, romlebic maTTvis urebiT mravalplaniani sibrtyobrivi kompoziciebiT State Public Library of St Petersburg. The manuscripts that scientists aqtualuri da axlobeli iyo. da meore - ufro realisturi, moculobiTi, e.w. evro- call “Number 15”, dating from the second half of the 17th century tell kembrijSi gamarTul simpoziumze, msoflio mec- puli stilisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli moculobis, for- about the period of Zaal’s birth to the reign of Goshtasp. The manu- nierebis yuradRebis centSi moeqca saqarTveloSi mis, moZraobs, dinamikisa da realisturi peizaJebiT. script “1580 Rostomian” is richly decorated by 61 miniatures and daculi ”Sah-names” is versiebi, romlebic ilustri- rogorc irina koSoriZe varaudobs, am xelnaweris min- belonged to the royal family. There is a postscript suggesting they rebulia. irine koSoriZis moxsenebis Tanaxmad, Cvens iatiurebiT gaformeba damTavrebuli ar aris da igi were copied by Giorgi Dzulukashvili at the request of Baqar, son of qveyanaSi mxolod xuTi xelnaweria ilustrirebuli. peterburgiseuli xelnaweridanaa gadawerili. Tumca, Vakhtang, in 1725-1750. Miniatures were also created by Georgian erT-erTia “uTruTiani (zoma 26,5X18sm), Sedgeba 234 aRsaniSnavia, rom maTi miniaturebis stili sruliad artists. Two manuscripts are adorned with miniatures, however the gverdisgan. wigni mogviTxrobs istorias pirveli me- gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. style of these illustrations are completely different from each other. fis mefobidan gaiumaridan narimanamde. xelnawers ak- TiTqmis analogiuri mxatvruli stiliT aris Ses- One was executed by traditional, delicate lines with small scale figures lia bolo nawili. igi daTariRebulia XVII saukuniT. po- rulebuli saqarTveloSi Semonaxul ”Sah-names” minia- and multi-dimensional compositions, while in the second, landscapes eturi versia Sesrulebulia aRmosavlur qaRaldze da tiurebi. are more realistic with the volume, form and dynamics characteristic Casmulia tyavis ydaSi. xelnawerSi cxra miniatiuraa, kembrijis universitetSi saqarTveloSi Semonaxul of European style. Presumably the illustrations were not completed in yvela maTganze gmirebi arian gamosaxulni sxvadasxva `Sah-names~ da misi miniatiurebis warmoCenas gansa- this manuscript, and were copied from the St. Petersburg manuscript. borot arsebebTan brZolis dros - sami uTruTis por- kuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda Tavad saqarTvelosT- The Shahnameh miniatures kept in Georgia are performed in the same tretia, erTi gorSaspis, ori zahakis, erTi rostomis vis, radgan am gziT msoflio gaecno Cvens istorias da oriental style. babuis - narimanis da kidev erTi - narimanis meuRlis kulturas. mniSvnelovania isic, rom qarTveli mec- Presenting these versions of Shahnameh and their miniatures from portretebia. miniatiuraTa Sesrulebis stili Zalze nierebis TanxmobiT, Cvens qveyanaSi daculi ”Sah-name” Georgia at the University of Cambridge symposium was of immense primitiulia. mwiria miniatiuraTa kolorituli gama, aitvirTeba kembrijis ”Sah-names” veb-gverdze, ro- importance as it gave us the opportunity to introduce Georgian history romelic baci narinjisfris, wiTelisa da yviTelis melic msoflioSi udidesi warmatebiT sargeblobs da and culture to the world. It is also significant that with the consent of urTierTSexamebazea agebuli. miniatiurebi xelnawer- xelmisawvdomia nebismieri qveynis mecnierisTvis. gar- Georgian scientists, a version of the masterpiece conserved in Georgia is calke furclebzea moTavsebuli. xandaxan maT ax- da amisa, kembrijSi periodulad gamodis ”Sah-names” will be uploaded on the Shahnameh website of the University of Cam- lavT ganmartebiTi warwerebi. miuxedavad Sesrulebis krebulebi, sadac am ZeglTan dakavSirebuli yvela bridge. This website is very popular worldwide and scientists from erTgvari primitiulobisa, miniatiurebi sakmaod sain- mniSvnelovani samecniero statia ibeWdeba. uaxloes many countries have access to it. Collections of Shahnameh are regu- tereso da mimzidvelia, radganac maT SenarCunebuli momavalSi am krebulSi daibeWdeba Cemi moxsenebac ,” - larly published by Cambridge, accompanied by significant articles aqvT emociuroba, grZnobaTa da moqmedebaTa gamoxat- ambobs irine koSoriZe. connected to this masterpiece. Irina Koshoridze’s article will figure vis sixalase. kembrijis universitetis Semdeg saqarTveloSi among these communications. miniatiurebiT aris moxatuli “uTruTian-saamianis” - ”Sah-names” istoriiT dainteresda fondi Iran Heritage Following the symposium at the University of Cambridge, the Iran prozauli versia. igi Sesrulebulia qaRaldze, Casmulia Foundation, romelic londonSia. am fondis dafinanse- Heritage Foundation in London has taken an interest in the history tyavis ydaSi. 296 furclisgan Sedgeba( zoma - 30,5X21 sm), buli grantiT amJamad qarTveli mecnierebi ikvleven of Shahnameh in Georgia. Through financing from this foundation, xelnaweri uxvadaa dasuraTebuli - sul 65 miniatiuriT. ”Sah-names” ara qarTul, aramed sparsul versiebs, ro- Georgian scientists are carrying out research on the Persian versions igi mogviTxrobs istorias qaiumarTidan (faqtobrivad melic saqarTvelos muzeumebSi da sacavebSia daculi. of Shahnameh that are conserved in Georgian museums and reserves.

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2013 2013 July Tsu science 12 13 qarTuli palimfsesturi xelnawerebi Georgian Palimpsest Manuscripts

palimfsesti etratis iseTi furcelia, romelic gadafxekis an gadarecxvis Semdeg xelaxla gamoiyeneboda sawer masalad. palimfsestebze, zeda teqstis garda, qveda fenis wakiTxvac xerxdeba da bibliuri teqtebis Sesaxeb ufro Zveli cnobebis mopoveba xdeba SesaZlebeli. qarTuli palimfsestebi saqarTvelosa da mis farglebs gareT mravali qveynis muzeumebsa da ramdenime evropuli universitetis biblioTekaSia daculi.

A palimpsest is a manuscript page from which the text has been scraped or washed off and which can be used again. The first layer of the parchment as well as the second one are lisible, making it possible to access older sources of biblical texts. Georgian palimpsests are preserved in museums in Georgia and abroad, including European university libraries.

germanul-frangul-qarTuli samwliani samecniero A three-year German-French-Georgian scientific project “Geor- proeqti `qarTuli palimfsesturi xelnawerebi~ 2009 gian Palimpsest Manuscripts” was financed by the Volkswagen wels daafinansa `folksvagenis~ fondma (Volkswagen- Foundation (VolkswagenStiftung) in 2009. The scientific project stiftung). samecniero proeqts xelmZRvaneloben mainis is being implemented under the guidance of Professors Jost Gip- pert and Manana Tandashvili from the Goethe University Frank- frankfurtis goeTes saxelobis universitetis pro- furt (Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main). fesorebi: iost giperti da manana TandaSvili. qarTu- From the Georgian side the project is co-managed by Professor li mxridan proeqtis TanaxelmZRvanelebi arian ivane Darejan Tvaltvadze of the TSU Faculty of Humanities and Pro- javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo univer- fessor Davit Lortkipanidze, the director of the Simon Janashia sitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis pro- Georgian National Museum; from the French side – Professor fesori darejan TvalTvaZe da s. janaSias saxelobis Bernard Outtier. It should be noted that Professor Jost Gippert erovnuli muzeumis direqtori prof. daviT lorTqi- and Professor Bernard Outtier are Honorary Doctors of the Tbili- faniZe, xolo franguli mxridan _ prof. bernar utie. si State University. The project also involves researchers from laboratory “Orion” of the TSU Faculty of Humanities: Doctors aRsaniSnavia, rom proeqtis ucxoeli xelmZRvanelebi, of Philology, Manana Machkhaneli and Elguja Giunashvili; Doc- prof. iost giperti da prof. bernar utie, ivane ja- torates Sopio Sarjveladze and Eka Kvirkvelia; Masters Tsitsino vaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo univer- Guledani, as well as the employees of the Georgian National Mu- sitetis sapatio doqtorebi arian. proeqtSi CarTulni seum: Giorgi Partskhaladze and Darejan Gogashvili. arian iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo The aim of the project is to convert palimpsests to digital format universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulte- and treat them using modern technological devices, in particular tis samecniero-kvleviTi laboratoria `orionis~ a multispectral device MUSIS (Multinational Space-based Imag- TanamSromlebi: filologiis doqtorebi – manana maCx- ing System for Surveillance, Reconnaissance and Observation) so that the under layers of palimpsests become clearer and to aneli da elguja giunaSvili, doqtorantebi _ sofio make it easier to decipher the writing with ultraviolet light. sarjvelaZe da eka kvirkvelia, magistranti _ cicino The idea for the “Georgian Palimpsest Manuscripts” project first guledani, agreTve, s. janaSias saxelobis erovnuli emerged after successful implementation of a fruitful joint inter- muzeumis TanamSromlebi: giorgi farcxalaZe da dare- national Georgian-German-French scientific project “Palimpsests jan gogaSvili. of Caucasian Origin”. Along with the group of researchers from proeqtis mizania saqarTvelosa da mis farglebs ga- the National Center of Manuscripts led by Professor Zaza Alek- reT daculi qarTuli palimfsestebis digitalizacia sidze, a group of researchers from the TSU Faculty of Humanities (cifrul formatSi gadayvana), damuSaveba Tanamedrove also participated in the project. In 2007 Brepols Publishers pub-

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2013 2013 July Tsu science 14 15

teqnologiuri saSualebebiT, kerZod, MUSIS-is multispeqtral- lished the materials resulting from the project, in a famous series uri aparatiT, romelic palimfsestis qveda fenas ultraiisferi called Monumenta Paleographica Medii Aevi – the texts of Geor- sxivebis meSveobiT amkveTrebs, rac aiolebs palimfsestis qveda gian palimpsests kept at the Vienna National Library (The old fenis amokiTxvasa da identifikacias. Georgian Palimpsest, Codex Vindobonesis Georgicus 2, edited by proeqt `qarTuli palimfsesturi xelnawerebis~ idea gaCnda mas Jost Gippert) and the Albanian and Armenian texts of palimpsests Semdeg, rac 2004-2007 wlebSi qarTvel da evropel mecnierTa nayo- discovered at Mount Sinai (The Caucasian Albanian Palimpsests fieri TanamSromlobis Sedegad, warmatebiT ganxorcielda saer- of Mount Sinai, edited by Jost Gippert, Wolfgang Schulze, Zaza TaSoriso qarTul-germanul-franguli samecniero proeqti `ka- Aleksidze, Jean-Pierre Mane). vkasiuri warmoSobis palimfsestebi~. masSi xelnawerTa erovnuli The project “Georgian Palimpsest Manuscripts” is a continuation of that project within which Georgian and European researchers centris mkvlevarTa jgufTan erTad, romelsac profesori zaza have carried out multispectral processing of several Georgian pa- aleqsiZe xelmZRvanelobda, monawileobda Tsu humanitarul mec- limpsest manuscripts kept in Georgia and beyond its limits. The nierebaTa fakultetis mkvlevarTa jgufic. 2007 wels gamomcem- materials obtained during the scientific trip to Svaneti in August- lobam “BREPOLS” cnobil seriaSi “MONUMENTA PALEOGRAPHICA darejan TvalTvaZe Darejan Tvaltvadze September 2010 are of significant importance. The images from MEDII AEVI” dabeWda am proetis ganxorcielebis Sedegad miRebu- manuscripts kept in the Svanetian villages of Lakhamula, Kurashi, li Sedegebis amsaxveli masala _ venis nacionalur biblioTekaSi filologiis doqtori, Tsu qarTuli Lakhushti and Etseri were photographed with the help of techni- enis institutis profesori. samecniero dacul qarTul palimfsestur xelnawerSi (Vienna N2) daculi te- interesebis sfero: Zveli qarTuli ena, cal means provided by the Volkswagen Foundation. Several pa- qarTuli saliteraturo enis istoria, qstebi (The old Georgian Palimpsest, Codex Vindobonesis Georgicus 2, Edited by limpsest manuscripts kept at the Svaneti History and Ethnography Sua saukuneebis Zveli qarTuli Targ- Jost Gippert) da sinas mTaze aRmoCenili palimfsestebis albanuri da manebi, qarTuli paleografia, kodiko- Museum were processed, as a result of which a collection of old logia, axali aRTqmis qarTuli Targ- somxuri teqstebi (The Caucasian Albanian Palipsesats of Mount Sinai, Editied Georgian canons was discovered on its lower layer, particularly manis teqstisa da enis sakiTxebi. igi by Jost Gippert, Wolfgang Schulze, Zaza Aleksidze, Jean-Pierre Mane). aris 1 monografiis, 5 saxelmZRvanelos the fragments of ancient versions of irmos. da 70-mde samecniero naSromis avtori; proeqti `qarTuli palimfsesturi xelnawerebi~ aRniSnuli The results of the research were explained in an article by Darejan Tsu-Si muSaobs 1982 wlidan. sxvadasxva proeqtis gagrZelebaa, romlis farglebSi qarTvel da evropel dros filologiisa da humanitrul mec- Tvaltvadze and Sophio Sarjveladze “The Tviberi Manuscript of nierebaTa fakultetebze mihyavda da mkvlevarTa mier multispeqtrulad damuSavda saqarTvelos da the Svaneti History and Ethnography Museum”, which was pub- amJamadac kiTxulobs Semdeg saleqcio mis farglebs gareT daculi ramdenime qarTuli palimfsesturi lished in 2011 in a joint collection, Folia Caucasica, by the Goethe kursebs: qarTuli paleografia, qar- Tuli xelnawerTmcodneoba, Zveli qar- xelnaweri. maTgan gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia 2010 wlis agvisto– University Frankfurt and Tbilisi State University, and dedicated to Tuli ena, qarTuli saliteraturo enis seqtemberSi svaneTSi mowyobili samecniero mivlinebis dros mop- the anniversary of Jost Gippert. A journal Le Museon will publish istoria, qarTuli werisa d metyvelebis kultura, qarTuli enaTmecnieruli az- ovebuli masala. svaneTis soflebSi - laxamulaSi, quraSSi, lax- the text of the Kurashi Gospels for the first time. There will also ris istoria, kritikuli teqstis dad- uStsa da ewerSi, `folksvagenis fondis~ mier SeZenili teqnikuri be an article about the essence of the lower layer of this palimpsest genisa da teqstis publikaciis Teori- ulki da praqtikuli aspeqtebi, qarTuli saSualebebis gamoyenebiT gadaiRes iq daculi manuskriptebi. da- manuscript. enis istoriuli gramatika. muSavda svaneTis istoriul-eTnografiul muzeumSi daculi ram- The project “Georgian Palimpsest Manuscripts” will come to an denime palimfsesturi xelnaweric, romelTa qveda fena Zveli qar- end in 2013 and final results will be published in the next volume PhD, Professor at the TSU Institute of Georgian Tuli sagaloblebis krebulis, kerZod, nevmirebuli Zilispirebis of Monumenta Paleographica Medii Aevi and presented to a wide Language, she has been working at TSU since circle of scientists. Plans are underway to publish the palimp- 1982. Specialist of Old Georgian languages; his- UUuZvelesi versiebis fragmentebi aRmoCnda. sest manuscript (M5) kept at the Svaneti History and Ethnogra- tory of Georgian literary languages; Georgian am droisaTvis ganxorcielebuli kvlevis Sedegebi asaxulia translations of the Middle Ages; Georgian paleog- phy Museum, a part of the N2 manuscript written in the Nuskhuri raphy, codicology; issues of the New Testament’s darejan TvalTvaZisa da sofio sarjvelaZis statiaSi: `svaneTis alphabet, a N5 manuscript kept at the Paris National Library as Georgian translation text and language. She is the istoriisa da eTnografiis muzeumSi daculi tviberis xelnaweri~, author of one monograph, five textbooks and about well as other palimpsest fragments studied within the framework romelic 2011 wels daibeWda profesor iost gipertis iubilesadmi 70 scientific articles. She lectures at the Faculties of the project. of Philology and Humanities on Georgian Paleog- miZRvnil mainis frankfurtis goeTes saxelobis universitetisa raphy; Georgian Manuscript Studies; Old Georgian Language; History of Georgian Literary Language; da iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universite- Georgian Speech and Writing Culture; History of tis erTobliv krebulSi `FOLIA CAUCASICA”. JurnalSi „Le Museon“ Georgian Linguistic Opinion; Theoretical and Prac- tical Aspects of the Definition of Critical Text and ibeWdeba quraSis oTxTavis teqsti (es iqneba am teqstis pirveli Text Publication; Historical Grammar of the Geor- publikacia) da statia am palimfsesturi xelnaweris qveda fenis gian Language. raobis Sesaxeb. proeqti `qarTuli palimfsesturi xelnawerebi~ 2013 wels dasruldeba. misi saboloo Sedegebi daibeWdeba “MONUMENTA PALEOGRAPHICA MEDII AEVI”-is morig tomSi da cnobili gaxdeba mecnierTa farTo wrisaTvis. igegmeba svaneTis istoriisa da eTno- grafiis muzeumSi daculi palimfsesturi xelnaweris (M 5) da venis nacionaluri biblioTekis N 2 xelnaweris nusxuri anbaniT dawerili nawilis da parizis nacionalur biblioTekaSi daculi N5 xelnawer- is, aseve, proeqtis farglebSi damuSavebuli sxva palimfsesturi fragmentebis gamoqveynebac.

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2013 2013 July Tsu science 16 17 bilingvuri ganaTlebis Factors Inhibiting or Promoting xelSemSleli da Bilingual Education in Georgia xelSemwyobi faqtorebi saqarTveloSi

Tsu humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis doqtorantis In 2010 Shalva Tabatadze, Doctoral candidate at the TSU Faculty of Humanities, studied the Salva tabataZe Shalva Tabatadze Salva tabataZis kvleva “bilingvuri ganaTlebis programis “Factors Determining the Efficiency of Bilingual Education Program in Georgian Reality”. efeqtianobis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi saqarTvelos That was just the year that the Ministry of Education and Science of Georgia launched Tsu humanitaruli fakultetis gana- multilingual education reforms, under which non-Georgian language schools would have Tlebis mecnierebebis programis doq- realobaSi” 2010 wels Catarda. toranti. ganaTlebis magistris akademi- swored am periodSi saqarTvelos ganaTlebis da mecnierebis begun reforms on their own curricula and would start multilingual education programs. Shalva uri xarisxi miiRo kentis universitetSi saministrom daiwyo multilingvuri ganaTlebis reforma, Tabatadze decided to address the question of whether non-Georgian language schools were (aSS). mopovebuli aqvs araerTi jildo indeed ready to implement strong multilingual education programs. akademiuri, kvleviTi Tu praqtikuli romlis Sesabamisad, araqarTulenovan skolebs sakuTari saqmianobisTvis. aris edmund maskis pro- programebis reformireba da multilingvuri ganaTlebis The bilingual education program involved teaching academic content in two languages--in the gramis stipendianti. miRebuli aqvs programebis ganxorcieleba unda daewyoT. Salva tabataZis, official language (Georgian) and the minority language that had been used previously by the jildo organizacia PHI BETA DELTA schools. Some subjects would be taught in the official language and others in Armenian, Russian INTERNATIONAL SCHOLARS-gan; ken- rogorc kvlevis avtoris mizani imis Seswavla iyo, Tu tis universitetis mravalferovnebis ramdenad hqondaT araqarTulenovan skolebs mzaoba or Azerbaijani, varying subjects or days, or in some cases the same subject could be taught in xelSewyobisTvis saukeTeso kursdam- efeqtiani da Zlieri multilingvuri ganaTlebis programis two languages. The idea of implementing the bilingual education reform sought to ensure better Tavrebulis jildo; saerTaSoriso da teaching of the official language in non-Georgian language schools. In bilingual education, the Sedarebis ganaTlebis saerTaSoriso gansaxorcieleblad. sazogadoebis jildo ganaTlebis re- rogorc kvlevis avtori ganmartavs, bilingvuri ganaTlebis language is taught simultaneously with academic content. If the bilingual education program is formebis procesSi Setanili gansa- programa gulisxmobs swavlebas or enaze – saxelmwifo well-planned and implemented, students have better academic performance and their cognitive kuTrebuli wvlilisTvis; aris 4 wignis, development is much higher compared to students with a monolingual education. However, if 5 monografiis da 20-ze meti samecniero da umciresobaTa. sagnebis nawili SeiZleba iswavlebodes statiis avtori. 10 wignis redaqtori, saxelmwifo enaze, nawili somxur an azerbaijanulze. the program is not implemented properly, it poses risks, because students may fully learn neither saerTaSoriso Jurnal „multilingvuri gadanawileba enebs Soris SeiZleba iyos sagnebis, an the languages nor the academic content. ganaTlebis saerTaSoriso Jurnalis“ TanadamfuZnebeli. monawileoba miRe- kviris dReebis mixedviT, an erTi da igive sagani or enaze buli aqvs 40- ze met kvleviT da sagan- iswavlebodes. bilingvuri ganaTlebis reformis idea manaTleblo saerTaSoriso proeqtSi. saxelmwifo enis araqarTulenovan skolebSi ufro efeqtiani

PhD Candidate in Educational Sciences, TSU Fac- swavlebisTvis gaCnda. bilingvuri ganaTlebis dros enis ulty of Humanities. He holds a Master’s degree in Seswavla sagnis swavlebis paralelurad mimdinareobs. The efficiency of multilingual education programs depends on several factors. First and foremost are staff Education from Kent State University (USA). He Tu bilingvuri ganaTlebis programa kargad dagegmili da resources, involving the school administration and teachers that must have a relevant level of training and has received several awards for his academic, prac- ganxorcielebulia, moswavle akademiuri TvalsazrisiTac qualification to teach in the multilingual context. The second factor is that the local community has to value tical and research activities in the field of education a multilingual education and the third is that parents have to b e engaged in the process. ufro moswrebulia da kognituri (gonebrivi) ganviTarebac and was a Edmund Muskie Graduate Fellow. He There are strong and weak multilingual education programs. A strong program envisages teaching two lan- received the Phi Beta Kappa International Scholars gacilebiT maRali aqvs, vidre monolingval (erT enaze Award in 2006. For his work in the field of bilin- guages, and as a result students speak two languages equally well. If the program is weak, one language is gual and minority education, he was inducted into mosaubre) bavSvs. Tu programa jerovnad ar ganxorcielda, taught at the expense of the other and bilingualism fails to develop--this ultimately leads to low academic Kent State University’s Hall of Fame and received igi SeiZleba safrTxis Semcvelic iyos, radgan maSin moswavle performance among the students. Kent State’s Diversity Alumni Award in 2011. He srulyofilad ver iTvisebs verc erT enas da verc akademiur The researcher assessed 26 pilot schools in the Kvemo Kartli region inhabited by Azeri-speaking communi- received an International Award from the Compara- ties and in Samtskhe-Javakheti, where Armenian is spoken. tive and International Education Society (CIES) for sagnebs. Distinguished Service in Educational Reform in The analysis of the curricula showed that out of 26 schools, 19 had weak bilingual education programs and 2013 and has participated in more than 40 interna- were mostly teaching either in the official language or the local language. However, in all nineteen schools tional research and education projects. He is an au- the cause was a lack of the necessary staff resources. To introduce a strong program, these schools should thor of four books, five monographs and more than have received financial and human resources from the Ministry. Instead they chose a program they could 20 scientific articles. He is an editor of more than implement on their own. The remaining seven schools selected another option called the “strong program”. 10 books and co-founder of the scientific journal multilingvuri ganaTlebis programis efeqtianobas ramdenime International Journal of Multilingual Education. To clarify whether the 26 schools were ready to implement the program, we studied the level of preparation faqtori ganapirobebs. pirvel rigSi es sakadro resursia, romelSic of the administration and the teachers. The results proved extremely deplorable. The key problem at non- Sedis skolis administracia da maswavlebeli, multilingvuri gana- Georgian language schools is a chronic lack of bilingual teachers, a factor which is highly necessary for Tlebis reformis gansaxorcielebelad saWiro momzadebis doniT da bilingual education. kvalifikaciiT. meore faqtori, multilingvuri ganaTlebis Rireb- About 60% of ethnically non-Georgian teachers who teach the Georgian language at these schools, do not ulebis gaziarebulobaa im konkretuli Temis mier, romelSic es re- speak Georgian well themselves, to say nothing about the teachers of physics, mathematics, chemistry or other subjects, who sometimes do not speak Georgian at all. The situation is no better in terms of school forma xorcieldeba da mesame _ am procesSi mSoblebis CarTulobaa. administration. Most minority school directors cannot speak Georgian well and thus cannot lead a bilingual Salva tabataZis ganmartebiT, arsebobs Zlieri da susti multil- education process. In fact, 93% of school directors and members of school administrations were not familiar ingvuri ganaTlebis programebi. Zlieri multilingvuri ganaTlebis with the bilingual education programs of their own schools and during the election of new school directors programa gulisxmobs ori enis swavlebas, romlis Sedegad moswavle in 2007, 53% of Georgian language schools elected new school directors, while only 26 out 265 (less than Tanabrad flobs orive enas. susti programebis farglebSi erTi ena 10%) of non-Georgian language schools elected new heads. Approximately 90% of the minority candidates

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2013 2013 July Tsu science 18 19

meores xarjze iswavleba da bilingvizmi aRar vi- sac ganaTleba skolaSi or enazea, saswavlo procesSi momzadebaze, romlebic SeZleben fizikis, maTematikis, an erTad, CarTuli arian ilias saxelmwifo univer- Tardeba, rac moswavleebis akademiuri CamorCenis maTi daxmareba da mxardaWera minimalizirebulia. mas- sabunebismetyvelo da sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebis siteti da samcxe-javaxeTis universiteti, romlebic mizezic xdeba. wavleblebis umetesobam kiTxvaze, iyenebdnen Tu ara saskolo sagnebis swavlebas araqarTulenovan sko- aseve danergaven bilingvuri maswavleblis momzadebis proeqtis farglebSi ukve CamoTvlili faqtorebis sxvadasxva strategias saswavlo procesSi mSoblebis lebSi. samagistro programis ganxorcieleba, savarau- samagistro da moqmedi maswavleblebis profesiuli gaTvaliswinebiT, mkvlevarma qvemo qarTlsa da samcxe- CasarTavad, dadebiTi pasuxi gasca. Tumca, konkret- dod, ukve 2015 wlisaTvis daiwyeba” – acxadebs Salva ganviTarebis programas. javaxeTSi (regionebSi, sadac aris araqarTulenovani uli magaliTis motana daaxloebiT 93%-ma ver SeZlo. tabataZe. mkvlevaris SefasebiT, Tu tempusis programa mosaxleobis kompaqturi dasaxleba) mdebare 26 sapi- Sesabamisad, kvlevis procesSi Seswavlil am skolebSi tempusis aRniSnuli programa aseve iTvaliswinebs warmatebiT ganxorcielda, 2010 wels Catarebuli kv- lote skola Seiswavla. mSobelTa CarTuloba aramarto bilingvuri gana- moqmedi maswavleblebis gadamzadebis programis levis Sedegebi da kvlevis Sedegad identificrebuli “rogorc saswavlo programebis analizma aCvena, 26 Tlebis programebis implementaciisas, aramed zoga- momzadebas. partniorebis saxiT, ukrainel kolegebT- problemebi ramdenime welSi daiZleva. skolidan 19 irCevs susti bilingvuri ganaTlebis pro- dad saswavlo procesSi Zalian minimaluri iyo. gramas da orientirebulia mxolod saxelmwifo enis, `kvlevis Sedegebidan gamomdinare, am etapze bil- an mSobliuri enis swavlebaze. Tumca, niSandoblivia, ingvuri ganaTlebis reforma yvela skolaSi ar unda rom cxrametive skolaSi es programa, saWiro sakadro daiwyos. skolebi ar aRmoCndnen mzad am procesisTvis~ resursis naklebobis gamo SeirCa. Zlieri programis _ acxadebs mkvlevari. dasanergad am skolebs saministrosgan finansuri da bilingvuri ganaTlebis programis efeqtianobis adamianuri resursi unda moeTxovaT. Aamis nacvlad, maT ganmsazRvrel faqtorebze, kvlevis prezentacia 2011 airCies is programa, romlis ganxorcielebac met-nak- wels Tsu-sa da organizacia “samoqalaqo integraciisa lebad Tavad SeeZlebodaT. danarCenma Svidma Zlieri da erovnebaTSorisi urTierTobebis centrTan” erTo- programa airCia. imis gasarkvevad, Tu ramdenad iyvnen blivad organizebul saerTaSoriso konferenciaze es skolebi mzad mis gansaxorcieleblad, Seviswav- moxda. konferenciaze saxelwodebiT „saxelmwifo enis leT rogorc administraciis, aseve maswavleblebis swavlebis sakiTxebi“ sxvadasxva qveynis warmomadgene- momzadebis done. am TvalsazrisiT Sedegi Zalian cudi li 15 eqsperti iyo Camosuli. kvlevis Sedegebi warmod- aRmoCnda. saerTod, araqarTulenovan skolebSi arse- genili iyo aseve niu-orleanSi 2013 wels saerTaSoriso buli problemebidan pirveli, bilingvuri ganaTlebi- da SedarebiTi ganaTlebis sazogadoebis (CIES) yovel- saTvis saWiro orenovani maswavleblis naklebobaa, wliur konferenciaze. am kvlevis Sedegebi da saqa- romelic or enaze swavlebas SeZlebs.” – acxadebs Sal- rTveloSi bilingvuri ganaTlebis reformis zogadi va tabataZe. analizi Sesulia aSS-Si gamocemul saxelmZRvanelos kvlevis avtoris TqmiT, aRmoCnda, rom eTnikurad 2007 wlis (mexuTe gamocema) da 2011 wlis (meeqvse) ga- araqarTveli qarTuli enis maswavleblebis daaxloe- mocemebSi (“Human Diversity in Education; An Intercultural Ap- biT 60 %, romlebic am skolebSi aswavlian, saTanado proach”, Publishing House McGraw-Hill, Penn Plaza, 20th fl. New doneze Tavad ver floben qarTuls. laparaki ar aris York, NY 10121”), romelSic erTi qveTavi saqarTveloSi failed to pass the test or interviews in Georgian. This is a clear dem- by McGraw-Hill Publishers, where a sub-chapter is dedicated to the fizikis, maTematikis, qimiis da sxva maswavleblebze, bilingvuri ganaTlebis reformas Seexo. onstration of the low qualification of minority school administrators problems of bilingual education reform in Georgia. romlebmac saerTod ar ician qarTuli ena. ukeTesi kvlevis Sedegebidan gamomdinare, romelmac daad- resulting from former Soviet policies that discouraged integration. Based on the research results that revealed staff deficiencies in non- viTareba arc skolis administraciis mxriv aRmoCnda. gina araqarTulenovan skolebSi sakadro deficitis As for the issue of whether the belief in the importance of bilingual Georgian language schools, Tbilisi State University, in cooperation direqtorebis umravlesoba ver flobs saxelmwifo arseboba, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis mier education is shared by the community, all the 26 pilot schools sur- with the Center for Civil Integration and Inter-Ethnic Relations, has enas da, Sesabamisad, ar SeuZlia bilingvur klasSi sas- “samoqalaqo integraciisa da erovnebaTSorisi urT- veyed during the research indicated that the initiative on bilingual developed a new Bachelor’s degree program, to prepare teachers for wavlo procesis xelmZRvaneloba. rogorc gairkva, di- ierTobebis centrTan” TanamSromlobiT, SemuSavda education did not come from the community. The Ministry of Educa- bilingual primary education courses. The degree program will be reqtorebis da administraciis warmomadgenlebis 93% axali sabakalavro programa, romelic gulisxmobs tion and Science notified the school administrations approximately submitted to the National Center for Educational Quality Enhance- ar icnobda sakuTari skolis bilingvuri ganaTlebis dawyebiTi klasebisTvis orenovani maswavleblebis six months in advance that they had been selected as pilot schools to ment for accreditation, and students can enroll by September 2013. implement the program. The program will focus mainly on graduates from non-Georgian programas. 2007 wels Catarebul skolis direqtorebis momzadebas. Aprograma, garkveuli procedurebis Sem- Parents’ roles in desiring a bi-lingual education for their children language schools, who have received preferential treatment during deg, gansaxilvelad ganaTlebis xarisxis ganviTarebis arCevnebisas, qarTulenovani skolebis 53%-ma airCia were difficult, as when parents do not speak the official language enrollment and have been increasing their Georgian language skills skolis axali direqtori, araqarTulenovan skoleb- erovnul centrSi unda Sevides akreditaciis gasav- and the school offers bilingual education, their assistance and sup- over the last year. The Bachelor’s degree program will prepare the Si ki 265-dan mxolod 26-Si airCies axali direqtori, lelad da masze studentebis miReba ukve 2013 wlis port in the learning process is minimized. When asked whether they teachers for primary education courses so that they will be able to radgan kandidatebis 90%-ma ver gaiara testireba, seqtembrisTvis iqneba SesaZlebeli. am programaSi aq- used various strategies to engage parents in the learning process, teach several subjects in two languages. Furthermore, a Tempus pro- an gasaubreba qarTul enaSi. rac saswavlo procesis centi araqarTulenovan skoladamTavrebulebze ga- most teachers answered positively, however about 93% could give gram has been launched with financial support from the European xelmZRvanelobis dabali kvalifikaciis naTeli maga- keTdeba, romlebic saSeRavaTo reJimiT Cairicxnen no examples. Thus parental engagement in the implementation of bi- Union to introduce multilingual education programs in at higher edu- liTia~. Tsu-Si da erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi swavloben qar- lingual education programs and generally in the learning process was cational institutions of Georgia and Ukraine. This program is coordi- rac Seexeba imas, aris Tu ara gaziarebuli bil- Tuls. sabakalavro doneze dawyebiTi klasebisTvis minimal. “Based on the research results, at this stage the bilingual nated by Tbilisi State University and involves 12 partner institutes of education reforms should not have started at all the schools as they higher education in Georgia and four other countries. The program ingvuri ganaTlebis mniSvneloba Temis mier: kvle- momzaddebian maswavleblebi, romlebic SeZleben or were not ready for this process,” the researcher stated. envisages preparation of future teachers at a Master’s level. Bilingual enaze sxvadasxva sagnis swavlebas. aseve, evrokavSiris vis ganmavlobaSi Seswavlilma ocdaeqvsive sapilote In 2011, the presentation of this research on the efficiency of the bi- teachers will be prepared for grades 7-12 to teach physics, mathemat- skolam miuTiTa, rom bilingvuri ganaTlebis inicia- dafinansebiT, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis lingual education program was given at an international conference ics, natural sciences and social sciences in non-Georgian language tiva Temidan ar wamosula. anu es ar yofila Temidan koordinirebiT daiwyo tempusis programa, romelic organized jointly by TSU and the Center for Civil Integration and schools. The implementation of master’s program will apparently anu qvemodan wamosuli reforma. ubralod, ganaTlebi- gulisxmobs multilingvuri ganaTlebis programis Inter-Ethnic Relations. Fifteen experts from different countries at- start in 2015. sa da mecnierebis saministrom acnoba skolebis admin- danergvas saqarTvelosa da ukrainis umaRles saswav- tended the conference entitled “Issues of Teaching the Official Lan- The Tempus program will offer a teacher retraining program. Along istracias, rom isini SeirCnen sapilote skolebad am leblebSi. am programis koordinatori Tbilisis sax- guage”. The results were also presented at the annual conference of with Ukrainian colleagues, Ilia State University and Samtskhe-Ja- programis gansaxorcieleblad. elmwifo universitetia da masSi CarTulia 12 partnio- the Comparative and International Education Society (CIES) in New vakheti University are also partners, and they will introduce the bilin- rac Seexeba mSoblis rols bavSvis mier swavlebis ri. aRniSnuli programa momavali maswavleblebis ukve Orleans in 2013. The research results and general analysis of bilin- gual teacher preparation Master’s program as well as a professional gual education reform in Georgia have been included in the 2007 development program for school teachers. If the Tempus program da ganaTlebis miRebaSi: mecnieris TqmiT, maSin, roca samagistro doneze momzadebas gulisxmobs. saubaria (fifth) and 2011 (sixth) editions of the textbook issued in the United is successful the issues raised by the research on bilingual education me-7 - me-12 klasebisTvis orenovani maswavleblebis mSoblebi Tavad ver floben saxelmwifo enas, rode- States Human Diversity in Education; An Intercultural Approach, that was conducted in 2010 can be overcome in just a few years.

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2013 2013 July Tsu science 20 21 "rac ufro metia kvleva religiis da “The more research is carried out in the field of sekularizmis sakiTxze, miT ufro meti religion and secularism, the more questions are kiTxva Cndeba" raised’’

mecxramete saukunemde religia saxelmwifosgan ganuyofeli iyo. mecxramete saukunis Semdgomi periodidan maTi gamijvna daiwyo. meoce saukuneSi, teqnikis ganviTarebisa Before the late Middle Ages, religion was an integral part of the state, then a process of separation began, and by the 20th da globalizaciis epoqaSi, es ori sfero erTmaneTisgan dasavleTis qveynebSi saerTod century--an era of globalization and technical development--these two phenomena have become completely separated gaimijna. Tumca maSin, rodesac maRali teqnologiebis ganviTarebas da globalizacias, from each other in Western countries. Despite the assumption that globalization and technical development would TiTqos, xeli religiis nivelirebisaTvis unda Seewyo, piriqiT moxda. rac ufro metia phase out religion, however, the opposite happened. The more research is carried out on the relationship of religion and kvleva religiis da sekularizmis sakiTxze, miT ufro meti kiTxva Cndeba am mimarTebiT. secularism, the more questions are raised. aseTi mosazreba aqvs Tsu mecniers, romelic religiisa da sekularizmis Temaze Catarebul kvlevas xelmZRvanelobda.

`anTropologiuri midgomebi religiisa da seku- pologiuri midgomis safuZvelze moxda post sabWoTa “Anthropological Approaches to Religion and Secularism’’ was the secularism from an anthropological point of view. The study took larizmisadmi” (“Anthropological Approaches to Religion and sivrcis masalis analizi. sekularizmi religiis da first research study in post-Soviet countries to discuss religion and place between June 2010 and June 2013 at Tbilisi State University Secularism”) pirveli kvlevaa postsabWoTa sivrceSi, ro- with the collaboration of the Association of Anthropologists of Geor- melic religiis da sekularizmis sakiTxs anTropolo- gia, which was in charge of organizational and financial issues. Along giuri midgomiT ganixilavs.P igi 2010 wlis 1 ivnisidan with Professor Ketevan Khutsishvili at the TSU Faculty of Humani- ties, the project supervisors included John Shoeberlein, Davis Center 2013 wlis 1 ivnisamde mimdinareobda ivane javaxiSvilis at Harvard University; and Mary Lou, Aarhus University, Denmark; sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis akademiuri Marine Chitashvili, Lia Tsuladze, Medea Badashvili; as well as TSU bazaze, saqarTvelos anTropologTa asociaciasTan PhD students Tea Kamushadze and Ekaterine Diasamidze. Approxi- TanamSromlobiT, romelic saorganizacio-safinanso mately 30 scientists took part in the project from universities in the sakiTxebs uZRveboda. United States, Hungary, Canada, Russia, The Netherlands, Ukraine, proeqtis xelmZRvanelebi Tsu humanitarul mec- Armenia, Switzerland, Norway, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and Uz- nierebaTa fakultetis profesor qeTevan xuciSvilTan bekistan. The project was implemented with financial support from erTad iyvnen: harvardis universitetis devisis cen- the Higher Education Support Program of the Open Society Institute tris (aSS) warmomadgeneli jon Soberlaini da aarusis (Budapest). universitetis (dania) profesori maria lou. qarTuli The study consisted of two components: research and educational. mxridan proeqtSi CarTulebi iyvnen aseve Tsu pro- The research consisted of fieldwork and scientific reporting, includ- ing publications, while the educational component covered the devel- fesorebi: marine CitaSvili, lia wulaZe, medea badaS- opment of lectures, syllabuses and tuition. vili; Tsu doqtorantebi: Tea qamuSaZe da ekaterine Professor Khutishvili stated that “On one hand, religion was dis- diasamiZe. saerTo jamSi monawileoba miiRo 30-mde mec- cussed quite positively before, as part of unified national culture, nierma aSS-is, ungreTis, kanadis, ruseTis, holandiis, while on the other hand, it was seen as a type of resistance to ratio- ukrainis, somxeTis, Sveicariis, norvegiis, yirgize- nalism and modernization. The aim of this project was to address Tis, yazaxeTis, uzbekeTis universitetebidan. proeqti such unilateral approaches and to discuss systems, social processes ganxorcielda Ria sazogadoebis institutis (budapeS- and experiences connected with religion and secularism from an an- ti) umaRlesi ganaTlebis mxardaWeris programis (Higher thropological viewpoint and to make an anthropological analysis of Education Support Program) finansuri uzrunvelyofiT. post-Soviet space related to these processes.” proeqti ornawiliania: kvleviTi da saswavlo. Secularism is the separation of religion and state. It also implies pirveli nawili gulisxmobda monawileTa mxridan kv- separating religion from certain other spheres of life. Anthropologi- levis warmarTvasa da sabolood erTiani krebulisaT- cal research provides explanations and permits the analysis of cul- tures and societies. An anthropologist studies society and culture in vis samecniero statiis momzadebas, meore nawili two ways: emic (from the inside)—or looking at culture from within -monawileTa mxardaWeras maTi saleqcio kursebis gan- the society--and etic (from the outside)—or studying culture from the viTarebaSi. “outside looking in”. “aqamde religia ganixileboda erTi mxriv, pozi- Definitions created within a specific environment according toits tiurad, rogorc erTiani nacionaluri kulturis historical events and “local knowledge” is an emic approach. Taking nawili, xolo meore mxriv - rogorc garkveuli winaRo- the Georgian “supra” (a feast prepared for special occasions) as an ba racionalobisa da modernizaciis gzaze. proeqtis example, part of Georgian society sees the it as a useless and old- mizani iyo aseTi calmxrivobis gadalaxva da anTro- fashioned tradition, while for those “inside” who practice the supra, pologiuri midgomebiT religiasa da sekularizmTan this type of meal is very important. Thus the attitude of those “out- dakavSirebul mniSvnelobaTa sistemebis, socialuri side” is “etic” and the perception of those who respect the traditions procesebis da gamocdilebis ganxilva. swored anTro- of the supra is “emic”. An emic discussion of the supra by Georgians who find purposes for the supra in their lives today would focus on

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2013 2013 July Tsu science 22 23

saxelmwifos, yofis yvela sferos gamijvnaa. anTropologiuri kvl- vis procesSi religia mniSvnelovani its importance and meaning, and it is undeniable that it still serves important func- eva ki konkretuli kulturebisa da sazogadoebis funqcionirebis faqtori gaxda. Tu gaxsovT, ssrk-is tions as it has survived better than certain other traditions. An etic discussion might ganmartebas, analizs niSnavs. KanTropologi sazogadoebas da kul- daSlis Semdeg, religiurma energiam describe actions and behavior accurately, but without addressing the meanings be- turas ori midgomiT ikvlevs: emikuri (Signidan) da etikuri (gare- amoxeTqa. Aagresiuli aTeizmis Sem- hind them. dan). Eemikuria kulturis ganxilva Tavad sazogadoebis Wrilidan. Kem- deg moxda religiisadmi mibruneba, Indeed, Professor Khutishvili points out a second example. When the BBC recently ikuria konkretul garemoSi, konkretuli istoriuli garemoebebis, rac dReisaTvis kvlav mZlavrad aris aired a show on how Georgians celebrate the day after Easter, some Georgians faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT, raRacis axsna. magaliTad, qarTul gamoxatuli da SenarCunebuli”. reacted negatively, which was somewhat surprising, as the BBC journalist had de- sufraze diskusia rom aviRoT: Bsazogadoebis nawili acxadebs, rom proeqtis Sedegad momzadda scribed the “objective” situation. However, this etic description meant that some es cudi, dromoWmuli tradiciaa, es garedan xedvaa. Signidan xedva ki Tematuri kursebi da daskvnebi arse- scenes appeared inappropriately represented since there was no functional expla- tradiciis mimdevaris poziciidan imis gaanalizeba iqneboda, ratom bul kursebsa da Tematur blokebze, nation of what was happening. For Georgians, these traditions are associated with aris igi mniSvnelovani, Tu ra aris mizezebi imisa, rom es tradicia romlebic monawileTa saswavlo cen- their religion and their worldview. These rites are not only Christian, but include am saxiT miviReT da arsebobs. faqtia, rom igi mniSvnelovania, radgan trebis kurikulumebSia fiqsirebuli. aspects of pre-Christian religion and culture that are ways of integrating the de- dRemde SemorCa da, bevri sxva tradiciisagan gansxvavebiT, ar gamqra- sabolood, SemuSavda erTiani struq- ceased into a family’s everyday life. la.” - acxadebs qeTevan xuciSvili. tura kursisa „religiisa da seku- The anthropological study of religion and secularism has not been carried out in qeTevan xuciSvili Ketevan Khutsishvili mis mier motanili meore magaliTi, ufre konkretul sakiTxs exe- larizmis anTropologia“, romelic post-Soviet countries, and this poses a risk that polarization of the subject occurs, ba. kerZod, saqarTveloSi am cota xnis winaT naCvenebma “bi-bi-sis” samuSao nimuSia da meTodebis aRw- leading to emotional and non-scientific analyses. When there are no objective ma- istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, Tsu filmma aRdgomis meore dRis aRniSvnis Sesaxeb Cveni sazogadoebis eTnologiis institutis profesori; erasa da sakiTxavi masalis vrcel sias terials about an issue, it is discussed emotionally and evaluation is limited to such garkveuli nawili aRaSfoTa. FTumca, Jurnalistma, faqtobrivad, is misi kvlevis interesebia: religiebi, moicavs. proeqtis Sedegad specialu- phrases as “It’s good”, “It’s bad”, “It’s evil”, etc This polarization means that an eTnikuri jgufebi, konfliqtebi. aris aRwera, rac xdeboda, DoRond es iyo garedan danaxuli realoba. raRac rad momzadebuli sakiTxavi masalebi issue gets evaluated into one direction only, usually the direction considered as sami monografiis, eqvs aTeulze meti momentebi cudad Canda, imitom, rom ar iyo axsnili movlenis funqci- samecniero statiis avtori, sami wignisa ukve danergilia saswavlo kursebSi. a cornerstone of the issue. For instance, Marxism used similar types of analysis: da erTi saxelmZRvanelos Tanaavtori. uri datvirTva qarTuli sazogadoebisTvis. ECvenTvis es religias, religiisa da sekularizmis problema 5 aTeulze meti saerTaSoriso konfer- samyaros aRqmas ukavSirdeba, ara mxolod qristianul, aramed win- “Religion is the opium of the people’’. Today, some politicians have similar ap- Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi aqtual- enciisa da seminaris monawile. gaxlavT areqristianul religias da kulturis nawilia, romliTac im qveynad proaches: “Orthodoxy stands in the way of development.” It is vitally important to aTeulobiT savele eTnografiuli eqs- uri sakiTxia. igi aqtualuria erTi wasulebis Cvens yoveldRiur yofaSi CarTva xdeba. analyze the approaches and details in each context and identify those that support pediciis monawile saqarTveloSi, kavka- mxriv yofaSi, radgan sekularizacia- siasa da TurqeTSi. Tsu-Si muSaobs 1993 rogorc mecnieri ganmartavs, postsabWoTa sivrcis humanitarul or impede the functioning of the system. desekularizaciis, modernizaciisa wlidan. sxvadasxva dros istoriisa da da socialur mecnierebebSi, religiisa da sekularizmis anTrop- The conclusions of the research reveal the reliability and importance of the an- humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulte- da globalizacia-lokalizaciis pro- ologiuri kvleva da kritikuli analizi TiTqmis ar xorcieldeboda. thropological approach in humanities and social research. Through the syntheses tze mihyavda da amJamadac kiTxulobs cesebis fonze xSiria dapirispirebis Semdeg saleqcio kursebs: eTnologi- aseTi situacia ki, rogorc wesi, qmnis sakiTxis esencializaciisa da of both common and new approaches, scholars can encourage the development of kerebis gaCena religiur safuZvelze. uri kvlevis meTodebi, Sesavali eTno- SefasebiT terminebSi ganxilvis safrTxes, raSic pirvel rigSi ara- alternative approaches to religion and secularism through research on the issues. logiaSi, religiebis istoria, religiis meore mxriv, es problema mecnierul anTropologia ZiriTadi anTropologi- mecnieruli, emociur ganwyobebze dafuZnebuli analizi igulisx- Belief systems and concepts were discussed in the light of codified systems of analizs saWiroebs da amitom iqca sa- uri skolebi, Zaladobis anTropologia, meba. moral boundaries and worldviews, as well as according to practices and life experi- eTnikuri umciresobebi saqarTveloSi, mecniero interesis sagnad. “rodesac ar aris obieqturad fiqsirebuli masala, raRaceebis ence. Scholars critically discussed the homogeneity of systems of others’ and their kavkasiis xalxTa eTnografia. rva saer- mecnieri darwmunebulia, rom TaSoriso samcniero-saswavlo sagranto gansja emociebze dafuZnebiT xdeba. Sefaseba daaxloebiT aseTia: own beliefs, as well as specific factors that have a serious influence in the modern proeqtis farglebSi damuSavebuli proeqtis xelmZRvaneli da monawile. “kargia”, “cudia”. “eSmakeulia”, “RvTiT kurTxeulia”. esencial- context. This is especially salient to the post-Soviet space and concepts like uni- lokaluri magaliTebis safuZvelze izacia niSnavs, rom raRac sakiTxi mxolod erTi konkretuli kuTx- versal values; demystification and resistance to knowledge; religion and national gamotanili daskvnebi, erTi mxriv - wv- Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, TSU iT fasdeba, rac ZiriTad qvakuTxedad aris miCneuli. vTqvaT, aseTi identity; etc. The issue of religion has become especially topical in this region Institute of Ethnology. Dr. Khutsishvili has been lils Seitans zogad Teoriul anal- gaxldaT marqsis Teoria: “religia opiumia xalxisaTvis”. aseTia, where there was a serious switch in values after the Soviet system disappeared, affiliated with TSU since 1993. Her specialties in- izSi da meore mxriv - konkretuli clude religions, ethnic groups, and intergroup con- magaliTad, dReisaTvis zogierTi geopolitikosis midgoma: “marTl- then was followed by a transition period when there was a process of redefining konteqstebis warmodgena-ganxilva flicts. Khutsishvili isauthor of three monographs, madidebloba ganviTarebis gzaze winaRobaa”. saWiroa, konkretul identity. At that time religion became a powerful and vital factor. After a period more than 60 scientific articles, and co-author of konteqstSi gaanalizdes is mxareebi da detalebi, rac am sistemebis axal codnas Semoitans samecniero mi- three books and one textbook; participant in more of aggressive atheism, religion started to be expressed explicitly, and continues to funqcionirebas uwyobs an uSlis xels”. – miiCnevs kvlevis xelmZR- moqcevaSi. than 50 international conferences and workshops; have a powerful influence within society. participant in ethnographic research and fieldwork vaneli. amJamad mimdinareobs muSaoba pub- The results permitted scholars to create thematic syllabuses for new courses as the Caucasus, including Turkey. Lectures in Eth- misi SefasebiT, kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli daskvnebi exeba zogadi likaciaze samuSao saTauriT: “Contes- nographical Research Methods; Introduction to well as conclusions for existing courses and thematic blocks within their univer- anTropologiuri midgomebis sandoobasa da mniSvnelobas humanitar- tations of Religious Space after Communism”. Ethnology; History of Religions; Anthropology sity curricula. Participating researchers established a unified structure for a sample of Religions; Anthropology of Violence; Ethnic ul da socialur kvlevebSi. religiisa da sekularizmisadmi monawile- 2014 wlis bolosTvis krebulis ga- course entitled “The Anthropology of Religion and Secularism”, which includes a Minorities in Georgia; Ethnography of the Cauca- TaTvis nacnobi da axali midgomebis sinTezirebam xeli Seuwyo alter- mosaqveyneblad mimdinareobs mo- sian Peoples. She has developed and participated in laparakeba ramdenime evrpul gamom- description of methods and a reading list. eight international grant projects. natiuli midgomebis ganviTarebas maT samecniero kvlevebSi. The subject is essential today in light of discussions on secularization-desecular- “rwmena-warmodgenaTa sistemebi ganxilul iqna ara mxolod kos- cemlobasTan. gamocemaSi Tavmoyrili mologiis (samyaros xedva ama Tu im sistemaSi) moraluri sazRvrebisa iqneba proeqtis monawileTa mier ganx- ization, globalization-localization, traditionalism-modernization, etc, where there da mniSvnelobaTa kodificirebuli sistemebis TvalsazrisiT, ar- orcielebuli kvlevebis Sedegebi sa- are many conflicts on religious grounds. The issue also attracted a high level of amed upirvelesad, rogorc praqtikisa da sasicocxlo gamocdilebis mecniero statiebis saxiT. interest from the scientific community stemming from a vital need for scientific Sinaarsi. kritikulad gaanalizda “sxvisi” da “sakuTari” rwmenaTa sis- 2010-2013 wlebis ganmavlobaSi kv- analyses. The conclusions made on the basis of local examples that were explored temebis homogenuroba (erTianoba) da ucvleloba; aseve is specifi- levis Sesaxeb moxsenebebis prezen- within the project will contribute to general theoretical analyses and introduce new kuri faqtorebi, rac gavlenas axdens Tanamedroveobis konteqstze. tacia mxolod qarTvel avtorTa mier approaches and materials to the scientific study of these issues. es exeba gansakuTrebiT post sabWoTa sivrces, iseTi warmodgenebiT, 30-ze met saerTaSoriso konferen- Beginning in 2010 the researchers began presenting results of the study in Georgia rogoricaa: universalisturi Rirebulebebi, demistifikacia da wi- ciasa da Sexvedraze moxda. maT So- and abroad, in more than 30 international conferences and meetings, including The naaRmdegoba codnasa da religias, erovnul identobas Soris da sxv. ris, saqarTvelos garda holandiaSi, Netherlands, Hungary, Germany, Turkey and Russia. A collection of articles on sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT mwvavea postsabWoTa sivrceSi, sadac Rire- ungreTSi, germaniaSi, TurqeTSi, ru- the research theme, entitled Contestations of Religious Space (after Communism) bulebaTa cvla moxda da, gardamaval periodSi, identobis garkve- seTSi da a.S. is expected to be published in 2014.

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2013 2013 July Tsu science 24 25 saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvris delimitacia-demarkaciisaTvis mecnieruli bazis Sesaqmnelad A Scientific Basis for Georgian State Border Demarcation

qarTvel mecnier-geografTa daskvniT, XX saukuneSi sxvadasxva wels gamocemul topografiul rukebze saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvris zogierTi monakveTi sxvadasxvanairad aris asaxuli. arsadaa aseve miTiTebuli, Tu ra masStabis rukaze moxda sazRvris sigrZis oficialurad miCneuli monacemebis gansazRvra, rom amiT misi sandooba dazustdes. eWvs iwvevs araerT samecniero naSromSi da wvrilmasStabian (maT Soris saskolo) rukebze saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvris gaswvriv aRniSnuli zogierTi geografiuli­ obieqtis adgilmdebareobis sakiTxic.

According to conclusions of Georgian geographers, the state border of Georgia is depicted differently on topographic maps issued during various years of the 20th century. There is no indication of the scale that was used for the map showing official border data. The location of some geographical sites indicated in some scientific studies and on small-scale maps (including schools) also triggers uncertainty.

saqarTvelosTvis, romelsac jer kidev sru- Scientific research on border demarcation is of considerable interest lyofilad ar gadauwyvetia sakuTari sazRvrebis for Georgia since the issues of delimitation and demarcation of its delimitacia-demarkaciis sakiTxi, am TemasTan daka- borders have not been resolved and the political situation is often vSirebuli yvela mecnieruli kvleva saintereso da acute around border areas. Research on boundary definitions, en- gasaTvaliswinebeli unda iyos. maT SorisaaY kvleva _ titled “Geographic information system of the Georgian state border and its cartometric and geographical analysis” was recently led by “saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvris geoinformaciu- Dali Nikolaishvili, Associate Professor at the TSU Faculty of Exact li sistema da misi kartometriul-geografiuli ana- and Natural Sciences and Revaz Tolordava, Associate Professor of lizi”. misi avtorebi Tsu zust da sabunebismetyvelo the Geography at the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Healthcare of mecnirebaTa fakultetis geografiis departamentis Sokhumi University. asocirebuli profesori dali nikolaiSvili da soxu- Boundary changes are due to many factors. The issue of land owner- mis universitetis sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa da ship around border areas becomes especially sensitive in a region jandacvis fakultetis geografiis mimarTulebis aso- like the Caucasus with its history, ethnic diversity and geopolitical cirebuli profesori revaz Tolordava arian. location--and today the pressing issue of state border delimitation- asocirebuli profesoris dali nikolaiSvilis demarcation remains unresolved for Georgia. The Georgian state TqmiT: “saxelmwifo sazRvris cvlileba, SesaZloa, borders are depicted very differently according to the data—both in mravali faqtoriT iyos ganpirobebuli. sasazRvro scientific and non-scientific sources, including textbooks. This cre- teritoriebis kuTvnilebis Tema gansakuTre­­bul ates difficulties from multiple points of view. Most importantly, society should understand the reasons for these dif- simZafres iZens iseTi istoriis, eTnikuri siWrelisa ferences, and then unified data can be officially approved. This is why da geopolitikuri­ mdebareobis regionSi, rogoric ka- CiCxituris koSki - kulturis es Zegli azerbaijanisa da it was necessary to scientifically substantiate the border data and carry vkasiaa. Aamdenad, bunebrivia, rom saxelmwifo sazRvris saqarTvelos sazRvris erT-erT im monakveTze mdebareobs, romelic out a uniform cartometric-geographical analysis. This study revealed jer kidev ar aris sabolood delimitirebuli da demarkirebuli. delimitacia-demarkaciis sakiTxi, romelic jer kidev that several sections of the Georgian state borders have been depicted gogita buxaiZis foto gadauWrelia, kidev ufro aqtualuria saqarTvelosT- very differently on topographic maps issued over the last years, so it is vis. sxvadasxva samecniero Tu arasamecniero wyaroSi, Chichkhituri Tower – this cultural monument is located on one of the essential to specify which outlines shown on different maps should be spots of Azerbaijanis and Georgian borders that is not fully delimited and saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebis CaTvliT, xSirad saqa- established as the present state borders. Another issue is the scientific demarcated. Gogita Bukhaidze’s photo rTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvris sruliad gansxvave- substantiation of Georgian interior boundaries for air and land.

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2013 2013 July Tsu science 26 27

bul monacemebs vxvdebiT. es mravali TvalsazrisiT dayrdnobiT. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvris There are significant sections of the Georgian state borders where no delimitation and qmnis uxerxulobas. jer erTi, farTo sazoga­do­ebi­ sigrZis dadgenis meti sandoobisaTvis, mecnierebma demarcation work has ever been conducted. One exception is the Turkish section of the sTvis naTeli unda gaxdes am sxvadasxvaobis mizezebi gazomvebi sxvadasxva masStabis (1:1,000,000; 1:600,000; border (266.01km), which is the former border between the USSR and Turkey, and which was clearly established during the Soviet period. The rest of Georgian borders are not so da meorec, oficialurad miRebuli unda iyos erTi 1:500,000; 1:200,000; 1:100,000; 1:50,000; 1:25,000) rukebze clear-cut, however. A Presidential Order dated February 4, 2008 approving the Strategy dazustebuli monacemi. am mizniT saWiroa mecnieru- ori meTo­ ­diT ganaxorcieles _ tradiciuli meTo- for Georgian Border Management notes that as a result of the work done by the Border lad dasabuTebuli safuZvlis SemuSaveba da erTiani diT da gis-teqnologiebiT. 1:100,000 masStabis topo- Delimitation and Demarcation Commission, 65% of the border has been agreed with both kartometriul-geografi­ ­u­li analizis Catareba. kv- grafiuli (e.w. “morige”) rukis mixedviT, ganisazRvra Armenia and Azerbaijan, and only 40% with Russia. However, the situation is even less levis Sedegad gavarkvieT, rom sxvadasxva wels gamoce- saqarTvelos saxelmwifo saz­R­vris sigrZe 2 mm-iani clear since 2008. mul topografiul rukebze saqarTvelos saxelmwifo bijiT.E es rukebi sazRvris xazis sigrZis sakmaod The Georgian geographers participating in the project developed geo-informatic mapping sazRvris zogierTi monakveTi sxvadasxvanairadaa maRali sizustiT ga­nsazRvris SesaZleblobas iZleva.­ and a complex geographical assessment methodology to carry out their research in two asaxuli. Sesabamisad, aucilebelia dazustdes ruke- aseve maRal sizustes iZleva gazomvebis Catareba geo- directions: the establishment of Georgia’s modern borders, and the contextual study of bze mocemuli sazRvris romeli konturi unda dadg- informaciuli sistemebis rukebze. Eamrigad, saqarT- retrospective geo-informatic cartography. For the first time, the length of the Georgian state border has now been defined on large-scale maps. indes Tanamedrove saxelmwifo sazRvrad. problemaa velos saxelmwifo sazRvris saerTo sigrZem 2114.78 km Research was based on the analysis of general geographical maps of the 19-20th centu- isic, rom dRemde mecnierulad dasabuTebuli da Se- Seadgina“ _ acxadebs dali nikolaiSvili. ries from the Tbilisi Cartographic Factory, the Institute of Geography and the TSU Mu- muSavebuli ar yofila sahaero da wiaRis sazRvrebis kvlevis avtorebs saxelmwifo sazRvris zogierTi seum. To ensure more reliability in determining the length of the Georgian state borders, dali nikolaiSvili Dali Nikolaishvili sakiTxebi.” – acxadebs igi. monakveTis araswor interpretaciasTan dakavSirebul the researchers made measurements on maps of various scales (1:1,000,000; 1:600,000; mecnierTa ganmartebiT, dReisaTvis saqarTvelos sakiTxzec aqvT daskvnebi. rukebisa da saTanado isto- 1:500,000; 1:200,000; 1:100,000; 1:50,000; 1:25,000) using two methods: by traditional geografiis doqtori, Tsu zust da saxelmwifo sazRvris mniSvnelovani nawili jer ki­ riuli dokumentaciis gacnobis Sedegad gamovlinda and by GIS technologies. The length of the Georgian state borders were defined accord- sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa fa- kultetis geografiis departamentis dev ar aris deli­ ­mitirebuli da demarkirebuli. gam- is uzustobani, rac ukavSirdeba sazRvris arasworad ing to topographic maps with a scale of 1:100,000 in the range of 2 mm. These maps asocirebuli profesori. saqarTvelos onaklisia saxelmwifo sazRvris Tur­qeTis monakveTi gatarebis praqtikas, kerZod, ferdo­bebze, dasaxle- enabled the researchers to define the length of the boundary lines with great accuracy, and geografiuli sazogadoebis namdvili (266.01 km), romelic ssrk-isa da Tur­qeTis yofili sax- bebis SuaSi, an tyis konturebis gaswvriv mis gatarebas measurements on GIS maps ensured even greater accuracy. Thus we can now affirm that wevri, Jurnalebis `kavkasiis geografi- the total length of the Georgian borders is 2114.78 km. uli Jurnali~ da `saqarTvelos geo- elmwifo saz­R­va­­ria. saqarTvelos pre­zi­dentis­­ 2008 da a.S. samecniero literaturaSi saqarTvelos teri­ The authors of the research also examined the reasons for incorrect interpretations of grafia~ saredaqcio kolegiis wevri, wlis 4 Tebervlis brZanebulebaSi saqarTvelos sazR­ ­ toriis ukidures samxreT­ wertilad dasaxelebulia­ saqarTvelos erovnuli atlasis (2012) some sections of the borders. Certain inaccuracies in demarcation, particularly on the v­ris mar­­Tvis strategiis dam­t­kicebis Sesaxeb aRniSnu- mTa okiuzdaRi (C.g. 41007’). sinamdvileSi ki uki­du­resi redkolegiis wevri, `Tsu norC geo- slopes in the middle of settlements or along forest edges, were identified from maps and grafTa skolis~ koordinatori, geo- lia, rom sazRvris delimitaciisa da demarkaciis ko­­ samxreTi werti­ ­li mdebareobs eldaris velze, minge- relevant historical documents. grafiaSi xarisxebis mimniWebeli sab- mi­si­is muSaobis­­ Sedegad, somxeTTan da azerbaijanTan Cauris wyalsacavTan md. ivris SeerTe­ ­bis adgilidan­ For example, the southern and northern borders are a case in point. According to scien- Wos wevri. Aaris 100-ze meti samecniero SeTanxmebulia sa­saz­R­vro mo­­nakveTis 65-65 %, xolo CrdiloeTiT 2.15 km-ze (C.g. 41003’20’’). araerTi geo- tific literature, the Okiuzdagi summit (410 07’ N) had been known as the southernmost publikaciis avtori. monawileoba aqvs miRebuli 20-ze met saerTaSoriso (UNEP, ruseTTan _ 40 %. 2008 wlis Semdgomi periodidan vi- grafiul wyaros Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos Crdi­­loeTi point of Georgia. However the southernmost point is actually located in the Eldari Val- WWF,WB, CEU, GTU, GTZ, GEF/UNDP da Tareba gaurkvevelia. sazRvari emTxveva kavkasionis mTavari qedis Txems ley, 2.15 kilometers north from where the Mingachevir Reservoir joins the Iori River sxv.), Tu adgilobriv proeqtebSi. misi kv- proeqtis monawile mecnier-geografTa mier ganx- mTa Savikldidan mTa tinovrosomde. rukebis­ analizma (41003’20’’ N). Similarly, according to some geographical sources, the northern bor- levis sferoebia: landSaftebis sivrce- der of Georgia coincides with the top of the Caucasus from Mountain Shaviklde to Mt. droiTi analizi, limologia da gis- orcielebuli kvlevis siaxle saxelmwifo sazRvris sruliad gansxvavebu­ ­li suraTi gamoavlina. mTa tinov­ ­ Tinovroso. However, an analysis of the maps shows a very different picture. Mt. Tinov- teqnologiebi. Tbilisis saxelmwifo geoinformaciul kartografirebasa da kompleqsur- roso (3374 m), romelic mraval wya­roSi moxseni­ ­ebulia universitetSi kiTxulobs saleqcio roso (3374m), mentioned in many sources as a point located on the borders of Georgia, geografiuli Sefasebis meTodologiis SemuSavebaSia. kv- saqarTvelos, ru­se­Ti­sa da azer­ba­i­janis saxelmwifo kursebs: geografiis kvlevis meTodebi, Russia and Azerbaijan, is actually inside the borders of Azerbaijan! geoinformaciuli da eqspertuli sis- leva 2 ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT warimarTa: Tanamedrove sazRvarze mdebare wertilad, sinamdvileSi azerbai- The authors of the research determined geographical coordinates of different sections of temebi, kavkasiis bunebrivi resursebi, sazRvris da misi retrospeqtuli geoinformaciuli janis teritoriazea. the state border for the first time, and then compared them with real ones. For example, mdgradi ekologiuri ganviTareba da kartografirebis kuTxiT. mniSvnelovania is garemoebac, kvlevis avtorTa mier pirvelad ganisazRvra sax- with the help of a topographic map and GPS technologies, the geographical coordinates saqarTvelos landSaftebis kadastri. rom pirvelad ganisazRvra saqarTvelos­ saxelmwifo elmwifo sazRvris calkeuli­ monakveTebis geografi- of the Alazani River section of the Georgian-Azerbaijani border were determined on the sazRvris sigrZe msxvilmasStabian rukebze. uli koordinatebi, romelic Sedarda realurTan. ground. Delimitation had been established incorrectly when the administrative borders Doctor of Geography, Associate Professor, Depart- “kvleva Catarda Tsu geografiis departamentis, revaz Tolordavas mier topografiuli rukisa da were defined, and official documents indicate that the border passed across the Alazani ment of Geography, TSU Faculty of Exact and Nat- River. However the place where the boundary line should have passed was not specified, ural Sciences. She is a Member of the Geographi- Tbilisis kartografiuli fabrikis, geografiis in- GPS-teqnologiebis meSveobiT adgilze ganisazRvra nor were the geographical coordinates determined. Because of frequent changes in the cal Society of Georgia and on the Editorial Board of stitutis da Tsu muzeumis fondebSi daculi XIX-XX saqarTvelo-azerbaijanis sazRvris md. alaznis mon- Caucasus Geographical Journal and Geography of Alazani riverbed, territorial losses are quite frequent--physiographic conditions cause the saukuneebis zogadgeografiuli rukebis analizze akveTis geografiuli koordinatebi. mecnierTa mt- Georgia, and the Georgian National Atlas (2012). riverbed to shift north towards Georgian territory. As a result, more territory moves into She is coordinator of Junior Geographical School the practical ownership of our neighboring country. at TSU and member of the council granting degrees The authors ascertained the entire area of Georgian territorial waters and, respectively, in geography. Dr. Nikolaishvili has authored more the country as well. Water area at a distance of 12 miles from the Black Sea coast falls than 100 publications and has participated in 20 international and local projects projects (UNEP, under full jurisdiction of the Georgian state. However, the only outer limits of our territo- WWF,WB, CEU, GTU, GTZ, GEF/UNDP, etc.). rial waters that have been marked with special boundary signs as envisaged by law are Research fields include spatial-temporal analysis those that have been done on the basis of interstate agreements. The issues of delimitation of landscapes, limnology and GIS technologies, and demarcation of this section of the state borders will definitely be raised in future, as and lectures on Geographical research methods, it was for Georgian territorial waters. An internationally recognized method for measur- GIS and ES, Natural resources of the Caucasus, Sustainable ecological development and Georgian ing the 12-mile zone from uneven coastlines was used, and data ascertained that the area landscape cadastre. of Georgian territorial waters is 6,624,000 km2. Added to Georgia’s land mass, the total area of the country is thus 76,324,000 km2. It is extremely important to establish GIS and a uniform database on Georgian state bor- ders that enables large amounts of materials to be processed and viewed. Presently, there are very few scientific references where the solution of this issue is based on the principle of cadastral geographic information cartography, i.e. the principle through which it is possible to create a system of control and response to space-temporal changes. Moreover, it is important that such a system reflect border contours at specific times in history. Border delimitation-demarcation is a long process, and one which should be carried out on the basis of full agreements between bordering states. This issue, so crucial for each

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kicebiT, md. alaznis kalapotis xSiri cvlilebis gamo aRniSnuli sakiTxis mogvareba­ efuZneba kadastruli teritoriuli danakargebi­ xSiria. administraciuli geoinformaciuli kartografirebis princips, e.i. im biosamedicino daniSnulebis magnituri sazRvrebis gatare­bisas sadelimitacio samuSaoebi princips, romlis meSveobiTac SesaZlebelia nebism- Tavis droze araswo­ ­rad ganxorcielda. oficialur ieri sivrce-droiTi cvlile­ ­bis, kontrolisa da op- nanonawilakebi dokumenteb­ ­Si miTiTebuli iyo, rom sazRvari gauyve- eratiuli reagirebis sistemis Seqmna. agreTve mniS- boda md. alazans, Tumca, mdinaris ra nawilSi unda ga­ vnelovania, rom masSi aisaxos sxvadasxva istoriuli bolo wlebSi nanoteqnologia Camoyalibda erT-erT perspeqtiul da dinamiurad ganviTarebad suliyo sazRvris xazi, ar dakonkretebula, arc geo­ periodis sazRvris konturebi. interdisciplinarul mecnierebad. nanomasalaTa praqtikaSi gamoyenebis vrcel nusxaSi gra­fi­uli koordinatebi iyo gansazRvruli. mTeli sazRvris delimitizacia-demarkacia xangrZlivi gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs danergvas medicinasa da farmakologiaSi. igi warmoadgens rigi fizikur-geografiuli pirobebis gamo alazans­ procesia, romelic mo­saz­R­vre saxelmwifoTa sru- prioritetul mimarTulebas, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs, vemsaxuroT sazogadoebis yvelaze ufro metad kalapotis saqarTvelos mxares gadmo­ ­ li Se­Ta­n­xmebis safuZvelze unda gan­­xor­­ci­el­des. saWirboroto problemebs. Tanamedrove nanoteqnologiebi iZleva samecniero kvlevis axali we­vis tendencia axasiaTebs, ris Sedegadac Cveni me­ mecnierebis gancxadebiT, qveynisTvis esoden mniS- mimarTulebebis Seqmnis aucileblobas. nanoteqnologiisa da bioteqnologiis mecnieruli zoblis praqtikul mflobelobaSi sul ufro meti vnelovani sakiTxi geografebis, kartografebis, isto- miRwevebis gaerTianebas mivyavarT axali disciplinis – nanobioteqnologiis Seqmnamde, romlis teritoria gadadis. rikosebis da sxva specialistTa erToblivi­ Zalisxme- ganviTareba mogvcems iseT nanokonstruqciebs , romlebsac unari SeswevT biosistemebi marTon kvlevis Sedegad, avtorTa mier dadginda saqarT- viT unda gadaiWras. molekulur doneze. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa magnituri nanonawilakebisagan velos teritoriuli wylebis da, Sesabamisad, qveynis avtorTa azriT, maT mier ganxorcielebuli samuS- Semdgari nanosiTxeebi. saerTo farTobi. „saxelmwifos srul iurisdi­­ ­q­ciaSia aoebis Sedegad iqmneba praqtikuli safuZveli saxelm- moqceuli Savi zRvis sanapiro xazidan 12 mili siga- wifo sazRvris sadelimitacio da sademarkacio samuS- nis wylis akvatoria. marTalia, kanonmdeblobis Se- aoebis gansaxorcieleblad. miT ufro, rom mecnierTa sabamisad, adgilze specialuri sasazRvro niSnebiT xedva moicavs ara marto saqarTvelos saxelmwifo saz- moniSnulia teritoriuli wylebis gare kide, magram Rvris, aramed zogadad kavkasiaSi am sferoSi arsebu- igi mxolod saxelmwifoTa SeTanxmebis safuZvelzea li problemebis Seswavlas, Savi zRvis teritoriuli gatarebuli. momavalSi aucileblad dadgeba saxelm- dayofis proeqtis Sedgenas, sasazRvro sivrcis geoin- wifo sazRvris am monakveTis delimitacia- demarkaci- formaciuli sistemis Sedgenas da sxv. is sakiTxi. swored am mizniT ganisazRvra saqarTvelos Tavisi kvlevis Sedegebi mecnierebma prof. r. gaCe- teritoriuli wylebis gare kide. saerTaSoriso praq- CilaZis 70 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil saerTaSoriso tikaSi miRebuli meTodis gamoyenebiT ganxorcielda konferenciaze waradgines (Tbilisi, 3-5 ivnisi, 2013) rukaze sawyisi (ba­zi­suri) xazebis gatareba sanapiros da axla impaqt-faqtoris mqone JurnalSi gamosaqvey- SeWril-SemoWril adgi­ ­lebSi­ da maTgan Sveuli xaze- neblad amzadeben publikacias. bisa da 12 milis siga­ ­nis terito­ri­uli wylebis aTvla, amave dros, kvleva kvlav grZeldeba, maT Soris ris safuZvelzec dadginda, rom saqarTvelos terito- studentTa monawileobiT. Tsu geografiis departa- riuli wylebis­ farTobia 6.624 aT. km2, e.i. saqarTvelos mentSi Seqmnil sainiciativo jgufSi CarTuli 40-mde sa­er­To farTobia 76.324 aT. km2“ – ganmartavs revaz studentis umTavresi funqcia saqarTvelos saxelm- Tolordava. wifo sazRvris geoinformaciuli sistemis karto- rogorc kvlevis avtorebi miiCneven, Zalze mniS- grafiuli safuZvlis Seqmnaa. amavdroulad, studen- vnelovania saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvris geoin- tebi specialurad SemuSavebuli kiTxvarebiT atareben formaciuli sistemisa da erTian monacemTa bazis Seqm- adgilobrivi mosaxleobis gamokiTxvas. monawileoben na, rac didZali monacemebis operatiuli damuSavebisa sazRvrispira teritoriebis demografiuli viTarebis da vizualizaciis SesaZleblobas iZleva dReisaTvis. Seswavlis, kulturis Zeglebisa da sxvadasxva geo- Zalze mcirea im samecniero naSromTa nusxa, sadac grafiuli obieqtebis kartografirebis sakiTxebSi.

country, should be solved by the joint efforts of geographers, cartog- Gachechiladze (Tbilisi, June 3-5, 2013) and are now preparing a raphers, historians and other specialists. This study creates a practi- publication for a scientific journal with impact factor. Meanwhile, cal basis for conducting state border delimitation and demarcation this research is still underway, with student participation. The major that contributes not only to defining the Georgian state borders, but function for the approximately 40 students involved in the initiative also to studying problems in the Caucasus as a whole. It will also group created at the TSU Department of Geography is to create a car- contribute to the preparation of Black Sea territorial divisions and to tographic basis for the geographical information system of the Geor- outlining the geographical information system of boundary areas and gian state borders. The students are also conducting interviews with Magnetic Nanoparticles for Biomedical other key issues. local populations along the borders using a questionnaire, to examine The researchers presented the results of the study at an internation- the demographic situation in the boundary areas, and to map cultural al conference dedicated to the 70-year anniversary of Professor R. monuments and important geographic sites. Applications

Over the past years nanotechnology has been established as one of the most dynamically developing interdisciplinary sciences. Potential applications for nanomaterials in medicine and pharmacology are many and this has become a priority direction that will lead to solutions for some of the most painful health problems. However, modern nanotechnologies necessitate the creation of new directions of scientific research—uniting the scientific achievements of nanotechnology and biotechnology has led to the creation of a new discipline – nanobiotechnology. This will lead to nanoconstructions that can manage biosystems at a molecular level. Nanofluids consisting of magnetic nanoparticles are of special interest.

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“nanoteqnologiis” terminis qveS igulisxmeba nanometruli The term “nanotechnology” means the creation and use of equipment zomebis nivTierebaTa safuZvelze mowyobilobebisa da sistemebis and systems on the basis of nanometric-size substances. Nanotech- Seqmna da gamoyeneba. nanoteqnologia iZleva atomuri da moleku- nology enables the manipulation of matter on an atomic and molecu- luri masStabebis obieqtebis manipulirebis saSualebas. is exmareba lar scale, not only permitting scientists to create devices invisible to the naked eye, but increasing the accuracy and reliability of their adamians ara marto SeuiaraRebeli TvaliT uxilavi xelsawyoebis actions. This new technology is also contributing to the creation of SeqmnaSi, aramed iZleva saSualebas gazardos maTi moqmedebaTa si- materials with unusual properties. zuste da saimedooba. garda amisa, nanoteqnologiis wyalobiT Sesa- Magnetic nanoparticles are characterized by many unique magnetic Zlebelia Seiqmnas uCveulo TvisebaTa matarebeli masalebi. properties, including superparamagnetism (a form of magnetism that garda amisa, magnitur nanonawilakebs (mnnw) axasiaTebT araerTi appears in small ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic nanoparticles), low unikaluri magnituri Tviseba, maT Soris superparamagnetizmi (erT Curie temperature, high magnetic susceptibility, etc. Nanoparticles domeniani patara zomis nawilakebis Tviseba, romlebsac nawilakis provide the potential for researchers in a growing number of fields: mTel moculobaSi axasiaTebT erTgvarovani spontanuri damag- magnetic fluids, data placement, catalyses and bio applications. To- niteba), kiuris dabali temperatura, maRali magnituri amTvise- day nanoparticles are widely used in biology--in magnetic biosepara- bloba da a.S. nnw-ebi warmoadgens did interess magnituri siTxee- tion and identification of biological objects (cell, albumen, nucleic acid, ferments, bacteria, viruses, etc.); clinical diagnosis and therapy bis, monacemTa Senaxva-ganTavsebis, katalizisa da biogamoyenebebis arCil ugulava Archil Ugulava (including magnetic resonance imaging, hyperthermia caused by farTo speqtris mklevarebisTvis. amJamad nanonawilakebi agreTve magnetic nanofluids); purposeful medication; and biological indica- Tsu zust da sabunebismetyvelo mec- mniSvnelovnad gamoiyeneba biologiaSi, maT Soris magnituri bio- nierebaTa fakulteti, sruli profe- tions. A magnetic nanofluid is a suspension of Fe3O4 ultra-dispersive sori, fizika-maTematikur mecnierebaTa gancalkevebisaTvis da biologiuri obieqtebis gamovlenisaTvis nanoparticles, which scientists can obtain through alkaline sedimen- doqtori; publikaciebis raodenoba: 65, (ujredi, cila, nukleinis mJaveebi, fermentebi, baqteriebi, vi- tation of crystal hydrate mixtures of two and three valence iron salts. maT Soris umravlesoba _ impaqt-faq- rusebi da a.S.), klinikuri diagnostikisaTvis da TerapiisaTvis (maT suraTi 2. eleqtrohidravlikuri meTodiT damuSavebuli mns-is Several years ago an experimental device based on the electro-hy- toris mqone JurnalebSi, 3 samecniero sagranto proeqtis xelmZRvaneli. sa- Soris magnitur rezonansuli tomografia, magnituri nanosiTxiT magnituri momentis gare velze damokidebulebis grafiki draulic effect was created at the Institute of Cybernetics at the Geor- mecniero interesebis sfero: magnituri ganpirobebuli hiperTermia), wamlis miznobrivi miwodebisa da bi- gian Technical University. Using this device, solid particles of magne- rezonansi myar sxeulebSi, zedenadi he- ologiuri moniSvnisaTvis. magnituri nanosiTxe (mns) warmoadgens Picture 2. Dependence of magnetic fluid processed by electro-hydraulic tite are additionally loosened in liquid causing many high-dispersive lium-3-is magnituri Tvisebebi, arawrfi- method on external field of magnetic moment denad garemoSi Setivtivebul Fe O ultradispersiuli nnw-ebis magnetic particles to be received. The low capacity of the equipment vi rezonansuli movlenebi, qaosi klasi- 3 4 (maximum voltage 10kW; capacity 2.5 MGW at discharge) and the kur da kvantur sistemebSi, magnituri suspenzias, romelsac mecnierebi iReben or da samvalentian rki- small amount of processing solution and weak control of the entire nanonawilakebi nis marilebis kristalhidratebis narevidan Warbi tutiT daleqvis process have meant that the device requires further improvement. gziT. The employees of the Andronikashvili Institute of Physics and the Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, ramdenime wlis win kibernetikis institutSi Seiqmna eleqtro- Institute of Cybernetics at the TSU Faculty of Exact and Natural Sci- Full Professor at the TSU Faculty of Exact and hidravlikur efeqtze damyarebuli sacdel-eqsperimentuli xel- Natural Sciences, Professor Ugulava the author of ences are now involved in modernizing this electro-hydraulic device. 65 publications, most of them published in journals sawyo, romlis gamoyenebiT xdeba magnetitis myari marcvlebis Shalva Kekutia is Chief Fellow at the Vladimer Chavchavadze Insti- with impact factor. He heads three scientific grant damatebiTi gafxviereba siTxeSi da Sedegad miiReba ufro maRal- tute of Cybernetics of the Georgian Technical University, and Aca- projects. Spheres of scientific interests: magnetic dispersiuli mnw. danadgaris dabali simZlavre (maqsimaluri Zabva demic Director of Physical and Mathematical Sciences. He explained resonance in solids; magnetic properties of super- one application of their research. In cases of intravenous injections-- fluid Helium-3; nonlinear resonance phenomena; 10 kilovolti, simZlavre 2,5 mg vati ganmuxtvis dros), dasamuSave- chaos in classical and quantum systems; magnetic beli xsnaris mcire moculoba da procesis mimdinareobis susti because of the great numeric values of the surface area to the volume ratio in nanoparticles--there is a tendency for aggregation and plasma nanoparticles. kontroli moiTxovs xelsawyos srulyofas. am mimarTulebiT albumin adsorption to take place. As a result, the reticuloendothelial eleqtrohidravlikuri xelsawyos modernizacia xorcieldeba Tsu system quickly recognizes these nanoparticles. Thus, to increase bio- zust da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa fakultetis (a. axalkaci) osteoarTritiT conformity and stabilization, nanoparticles have been given a special e.andronikaSvilis sax. fizikis institutis (g. mamniaSvili) da kiber- daavadebuli are coating. Besides protecting against aggregation, oxidation, or acidic netikis institutis TanamSromlebis mier. Area affected by and alkaline corrosion, this coating can play a role as “spacer” for the osteoarthritis stu vladimer WavWavaZis sax. kibernetikis institutis mTavari connection of pharmaceutical agents or bio-molecules with magnetic mecnier-TanamSromlis, fizika-maTematikis mecnierebaTa akademi- carriers. Thus, medical nanoparticles face several consecutive tasks: uri direqtoris Salva kekutias ganmartebiT: nnw zedapiris far- find target cells in a living organism, deliver drugs, penetrate into the Tobis moculobasTan Sefardebis didi ricxviTi mniSvnelobis gamo, magnituri veli cells, absorb their content, and then separate into pieces and leave Sidavenuri Seyvanisas adgili aqvs tendencias agregaciisadmi da Magnetic Field the organism.” The scientist notes that the permission issued by the Georgian Phar- plazmis cilis adsorbcias, romlis Sedegad retikuloendoTeli- macological Committee on using magnetic nanofluids in clinical aluri sistemis mier xdeba am nnw-ebis swrafi amocnoba. amitom bio- cases fostered cooperation between the medical center Marriage and Tavsebadobisa da stabilizaciis asamaRleblad, nnw-ebi Semoigarse- Family Plus and the Medical Cybernetics Laboratory of the Insti- ba safariT. aRsaniSnavia, rom agregaciisgan, daJangvisgan, mJavuri tute of Cybernetics, led by Professor Mikheil Akhalaia, MD, a well- da tute koroziisagan dacvis garda, safars SeuZlia farmacevtuli known surgeon and laureate of the State Award. The Marriage and agentebis an biomolekulebis magnitur matarebelTan SeerTebi- Family Plus Medical Center uses magnetic nanofluids synthesized by saTvis speiseris roli Sesruleba. amgvarad, ganmkurnavi nnw-ebis the group, which is currently led by one of the authors of the given winaSe dgas ramdenime Tanmimdevruli amocana: monaxos organizmSi article. Magnetic nanoparticles coated with ascorbic acid are used magnituri Terapiuli agentebis Seyvana to treat patients diagnosed with cervititis, colpites and bartholinitis, samizne ujredebi, miawodos maT wamali, SeaRwios ujredis SigniT Injecting magnetic therapeutic agents da CamotvirTos SigTavsi, daiSalos nawilebad da, bolos, datovos leading to a recovery rate in 98% of patients, and healing is often faster than with other means. organizmi~. suraTi 3. nanosiTxis magnituri Tvisebebis wyalobiT In medicine, increased efforts are being made to create substances rogorc mecnieri aRniSnavs, farkomitetis nebarTvam mns-eebis SesaZlebelia mudmivi magnitis daxmarebiT funqcionaluri nnw-ebi SevakavoT saxsrebSi that suppress the growth and development of toxic microorganisms klinikaSi gamoyenebis Sesaxeb SesaZlebeli gaxada samedicino cen- (bacteriostatic) or that kill them (bactericide). These substances ham- tri “qorwineba da ojaxi plusi”-s TanamSromloba kibernetikis Picture 3. Owing to magnetic properties of nanofluid, it is possible to per the creation of drug-resistant bacteria. It is well-known that the institutis samedicino kibernetikis laboratoriasTan, romelsac retain functional nanoparticles in joints with the help of permanent magnet

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2013 2013 July Tsu science 32 33

xelmZRvanelobda gamoCenili qirurgi, medicinis mnnw-ebis gamoyeneba mizanSewonilia Sidasaxsruli main cause for wound complications is the proliferation of microbes mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori, saxelmwifo ineqciisas. osteoarTritis eTiologia jerjerobiT in the wound. Therefore it is extremely important to create functional premiis laureati mixeil axalaia. xsenebuli samedi- ucnobia. am droisTvis mkurnaloba niSnavs tkivilebi- magnetic nanofluids with strong bactericide properties. Research cino centri warmatebiT iyenebda da iyenebs am jgufis, sa da anTebis Semcirebas da ara aRdgeniT mkurnalobas. conducted by our laboratory has shown that magnetic nanofluids are romelsac amJamad xelmZRvanelobs statiis erT-erTi amitom saWiroa axali midgomebi, romlebic xels Seuw- not characterized by selective bacteriocidity towards any microor- ganisms, thus processed mass can be removed from the wound with- avtori, mier sinTezirebul mns-eebs. askorbinis mJaviT yobs organizmSi aRdgeniTi procesebis mimdinareobas out any contact, with the help of a magnetic field. Because of their Semogarsuli mnnw-ebis zemoqmedebiT xdeba specifi- anu meTodis mizans unda warmoadgendes dazianebuli magnetic properties, our synthesized nanomaterials can easily pen- uri cervititebiT, kolpitebiT da barTolinitebiT xrtilebisa da Zvlebis TviTaRdgeniTi unaris warmo- etrate even into deep wounds. daavadebuli pacientebis mkurnaloba. ganikurna pa- qmna, rac ganxorcielebadia mnnw-ebis meSveobiT. In order to improve the effect, magnetic treatment took place a year cientebis 98%. aRsaniSnavia, rom gankurneba sxva saSu- anTebiTi procesebis sawinaaRmdego medikamenturi ago through the method created jointly by the Institute of Cybernetics alebebTan SedarebiT, miiRweva ufro mokle vadaSi. saSualebebis moqmedebis gaxangrZlivebis mizniT Semo- and TSU Science. TSU Professor Archil Ugulava from the Faculty of medicinaSi sul ufro didi mniSvneloba eniWeba to- Tavazebulia saxsrebSi Canergili funqcionaluri Exact and Natural Sciences explained that one of the key properties qsikuri mikroorganizmebis zrda-ganviTarebis damrT- mnnw-ebis magnituri CamWeri (kibernetikis institu- of magnetic nanofluids is the dependence of its magnetic moment on gunveli (baqteriostatikuri) an maTi momspobi (baq- ti). aqtiuri nivTierebis TandaTanobiT gamoTavisu- the magnetic field. Analysis of magnetic nanofluid samples was car- teriociduli) nivTierebebis Seqmnas, romlebic xels flebisa da maTi lokalizaciis gamo mkurnaloba iqneba ried out by D. Daraselia and D. Japaridze through a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) at the Super High Frequency Laboratory of the uSlian preparatis mimarT rezistentuli baqteriuli bevrad ufro efeqturi. am mizniT, Fe O superparamag- 3 4 TSU Department of Condensed Matter Physics. One of the results of formebis Seqmnis SesaZleblobas. rogorc cnobilia, nituri nnw-ebi SeuRlebulia samkurnalwamlo saSu- the analysis is shown in Pic.2. Wrilobis Semdgomi garTulebis ZiriTadi mizezia Wri- alebasTan. gansxvavebiT arsebuli meTodebisagan, ad- We can conclude that the system of nanoparticles magnetizes when a lobaSi moxvedrili mikrobebis gamravleba. amitom me- gilobrivi gankurnebis axali meTodi uzrunvelyofs tad mniSvnelovania Zlieri baqtericiduli Tvisebebis magnetic field is applied. By increasing the magnetic field, the mag- unikalur SesaZleblobas ganxorcieldes Sidasaxsru- netic moment of nanoparticles also increases, while a very strong mqone funqcionaluri mns-ebis Seqmna. am mimarTule- li mkurnaloba yvelanairi gareSe efeqtebis gverdis field leads to a saturation effect, after which the increased magnetic biT mier Catarebulma kvlevebma aCvena, rom mns-eebi ar avliT. field does not cause the increase of the magnetic moment. The re- xasiaTdeba SerCeviTi baqtericidobiT romelime mik- momavali kvlevebi orientirebuli iqneba saer- search also showed that the system of our nanoparticles does not cre- roorganizmis mimarT. Wrilobidan ukve damuSavebuli TaSoriso bazarze moTxovnadi maRalteqnologiuri ate a hysteresis loop; it does not have a remaining magnetic moment masis gamotana SesaZlebelia ukontaqtod, magnituri produqtis Seqmnaze. amisaTvis garda teqnologiur- (meaning that in case the external magnetic field is turned off the net velis daxmarebiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom magnituri Tvise- eqsperimentaluri samuSaobebisa, Catardeba sin- moment of the particle becomes zero). What is most important is bebis gamo mkvlevarTa mier sinTezirebuli nanomasala that these nanoparticles belong to the category of superparamagnetic Tezirebuli masalebis Teoriuli kvlevebi, romlebic advilad SeRwevadia Rrma WrilobebSiac. materials. This fact is essential and decisive for the biomedical ap- ukve dawyebulia statiis Tanaavtorebis jgufebis efeqtis gaumjobesebis mizniT, erTi wlis win sam- plication of nanoparticles. mier. kvlevebs Sedegad mohyveba samkurnalo daniS- kurnalo saSualebis magnituri marTva ganxorcielda Using magnetic nanoparticles in case of intra-articular injections is nulebis nanomasalebis, eleqtrohidravlikuri mowy- kibernetikis institutisa da Tsu mecnierebis erTo- convenient. For example, the etiology of osteoarthritis is still un- obilobis, magnituri nanosiTxeebis an superparamag- blivi muSaobis Sedegad Seqmnili meTodiT. Tsuzust da known and today treatment consists only of the reduction of pain nituri funqcionaluri Fe O fxvnilebis sinTezis sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa fakultetis sruli 3 4 and inflammation instead of rehabilitation. Therefore, new approach- uwyveti teqnologiuri xazis Seqmna samrewvelo pro- es are needed that will promote rehabilitation processes in the hu- profesoris, fizika-maTematikis mecnierebaTa doq- totipis saxiT da Sesabamisi teqnologiis srulyofa. man organism. In other words a key goal of this method is to pro- toris arCil ugulavas ganmartebiT, mns-is erT-erT mote self-restoration of cartilage and bone, facilitated by magnetic mniSvnelovan maxasiaTebels wamoadgens misi magnituri kerZod, uwyveti teqnologiuri xazi uzrunvelyofs nanoparticles. momentis damokidebuleba magnitur velze. am maxasiaTe- maRalxarisxovani nanoproduqtis miRebas da mnnw-ebis aRwarmoebas. To prolong the action of anti-inflammatory drugs, a magnetic con- blis gamokvlevis mizniT Tsu-Si kondensirebuli gare- tainer of functional magnetic nanoparticles adjusted to joints has been arCil ugulavas da Slva kekutias informaciiT, mos fizikis kaTedrasTan arsebuli zemaRali sixSiris developed (the Institute of Cybernetics). Due to a gradual release of Tsu-s zust da sabunebismetyvelo fakultetebze da laboratoriaSi d. daraseliasa da d. jafariZis mier active substances and their localization, treatment will be very effec- (VSM-is), merxevi nimuSis magnetometris (VSM-is) saSu- kibernetikis institutSi erToblivad am mimarTule- tive. To this end, Fe3O4 super-magnetic nanoparticles are synthesized alebiT, Catarda mns nimuSebis analizi, romlis erT-er- biT muSaoba kvlav grZeldeba. momavali kvlevebi ori- with medications. Unlike existing methods, the new technique of Ti Sedegi moyvanilia me-2 suraTze. grafikis mixedviT entirebuli iqneba saerTaSoriso bazarze moTxovnadi “localized” recovery provides a unique opportunity for carrying out SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom nnw-ebis sistema magnituri maRalteqnologiuri produqtis Seqmnaze. amisaTvis intra-articular treatment that bypasses external influences. velis CarTvisas magnitdeba. magnituri velis gazrdi- garda teqnologiur-eqsperimentaluri samuSaoebisa, According to Professors Archil Ugulava and Shalva Kekutia, joint sas izrdeba nanonawilakTa sistemis magnituri momenti, Catardeba sinTezirebuli masalebis Teoriuli kv- work in these directions will continue at the TSU Faculty of Exact xolo sakmaod Zlieri velebis dros miiRweva gajerebis levebi, romlebic ukve dawyebulia statiis Tanaav- and Natural Sciences and the Institute of Cybernetics. Future re- search will be oriented towards the creation of high-tech products efeqti, romlis Semdeg magnituri velis gazrda aRar torebis jgufebis mier. kvlevebs Sedegad mohyveba with potentially high demand on international markets. In addition iwvevs magnituri momentis gazrdas. garda amisa, aRniS- samkurnalo daniSnulebis nanomasalebis, eleqtro- to technological and experimental studies, theoretical research on nulma gamokvlevebma aCvenes, rom Cveni nanonawilakebis hidravlikuri mowyobilobis, magnituri nanosiTxee- synthesized materials will be conducted, resulting in the creation of a bis an superparamagnituri funqcionaluri Fe O fx- sistema ar qmnis histerezisis maryuJs, ar gaaCnia narCeni 3 4 permanent technological line for the synthesis of medical nanomate- magnituri momenti (anu gare magnituri velis gamorTvi- vnilebis sinTezis uwyveti teqnologiuri xazis Seqmna rials, electro-hydraulic equipment, magnetic nanofluids or an indus- sas nawilakis sruli momenti xdeba nuli) da, rac mTa- samrewvelo prototipis saxiT da Sesabamisi teqnolo- trial prototype of superparamagnetic functional Fe3O4 powders. With varia, ganekuTvneba superparamagnitur magnituri masa- giis srulyofa. kerZod, uwyveti teqnologiuri xazi improved technology, this permanent technological line will ensure lebis klass. aRniSnuli faqtis arseboba aucilebelia uzrunvelyofs maRalxarisxovani nanoproduqtis mi- the high quality of nanoproducts and the reproduction of magnetic da gadamwyveti nnw-ebis biosamedicino gamoyenebisaTvis. Rebas da mnnw-ebis aRwarmoebas. nanoparticles.

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2013 2013 July Tsu science 34 35 protonis gadatanis reaqciebis Non-Traditional Proton Transfer Reaction aratradiciuli meqanizmebi Mechanisms

dnm-is Seswavla erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi amocanaa am dargSi momuSave mecnierebisTvis, DNA research is one of the major tasks for scientists 1H-7H proton transfer in 7-Azaindole has been researched using a quantum chemistry method that showed that this regrouping is also romlebic mas molekulis da atomebis doneze ikvleven. atomis birTvis Semadgenelia protoni, working at the molecular and atomic physics. One of romlis gadatanis procesebi umniSvnelovanes rols asruleben qimiuri da bioqimiuri taking place by cyclic-dimeric mechanism (Pic. 2): reaqciebis mimdinareobaSi. amis dasturia prototropuli tautomeria, hidrireba, dehidrireba the key components of DNA is protein, and its transfer This model has been used in famous experiments by Ahmed Ze- wail, in which the regioselective initiation of the interrupting N1 - H da gansakuTrebiT protonis gadatana nukleotidur fuZeebs Soris, romelic ganapirobebs processes play a major role in the course of chemical compound took place with femtosecond laser pulses. As it is known, mutaciur procesebs dnm-Si. msoflio mecnierebSi did interess iwvevs erTi, ori da sami and biochemical reactions. Zewail won the 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on fem- qimiuri bmiT daSorebul atomebs Soris protonis gadatanis meqanizmebis kvleva, rac uSualo This is confirmed by prototropic tautomerism, tochemistry. kavSirSia biologiurad aqtiur heterociklur naerTebSi mimdinare mutaciur procesebTan. Proton transfer between nucleotide bases is of special importance organul molekulaSi xSirad adgili aqvs protonis gadatanas, magram ar aris cnobili am hydration, dehydration and especially proton transfer from both fundamental and applied points of view. In particular, the procesis meqanizmebi. am problemaze muSaobs sxvadasxva qveynis mravali mecnieri da, maT Soris, between nucleotide bases that cause mutations identification of new tautomeric forms of nucleotide bases onthe basis of energy assessment has been considered a fundamental out- iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis fizikuri qimiis mimarTulebis in DNA. Scientists are especially interested in samecniero jgufi, romlis xelmZRvanelia prof. jumber kereseliZe. kerZod, SemoTavazebulia come. Applying this, quantitative results can be built on the hypoth- protonis gadatanis axali molekulaTaSorisi meqnizmebi: ciklur-dimeruli (1)  (2) da (3)  (4), researching proton transfer mechanisms between esis of P. Lovdin and V. Zenger, according to which the frequency of mutation in DNA can be evaluated by the total amount of rare stekinguri (9)  (10), (11)  (12) da (13)  (14), romelSic molekulebi ganTavsebulia paralelur the atoms separated by one, two or three chemical tautomeric forms (Pic. 3).  sibrtyeebSi da pentameruli (15) (16), romelic warmoadgens imidazolis xuTi molekulisgan bonds as it is directly linked with the mutational This result merely has theoretical significance since the determina- Seqmnil cikls, romelSic xorcieldeba 1H – 3H protonis gadatana. SemoTavazebuli meqanizmebis processes ongoing in biologically active heterocyclic tion of these concentrations is connected to a number of experimental upiratesoba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom isini warmoadgenen erTstadiian, araionur procesebs dabali difficulties. However a adequate situation can be created by changing energetikuli danaxarjebiT, tradiciul mravalstadiiani meqanizmebisgan gansxvavebiT. amiT compounds. Frequently, proton transfer takes place concentrations in the process of proton transfer between nucleotide dasabami miecema Teoriuli qimiis axal mimarTulebas, romlis daniSnuleba iqneba dagegmili da in an organic molecule, however the mechanisms of bases by Lactam-Lactim (LL) and Amine-Imine tautomeric pairs. mizanmimarTuli sinTezis ganxorcieleba qimiuri mecnierebis uaxlesi fundamenturi warmodgenebis this process are not yet known. Many scientists are gaTvaliswinebiT (1. Кереселидзе, Дж. А., Ж. Физ. Хим., 1998, 72, 144-146. 2. Chem. Heterocycl. Comp., 1999, 6, nm = KT(LL) KT(AI) 757-759. 3. Kereselidze J. A., Zarqua T.Sh. Chem. Heterocycl. Comp., 2000, 10, 1342-1344. 4. Kereselidze J. A., Zarqua T.Sh., working over this problem internationally including The appropriateness of this approach is confirmed by calculations Kikalishvili T. J., Churgulia E. J., Makaridze M. S. Russ. Chem. Rev. 2002, 71, 993-1003. 5. Kereselidze J. A., Phachulia those in the Physical Chemistry Department of Tbilisi made by quantum-chemical methods. A remarkable example of a Z.V. Theoret. and Experim. Chem. 2008, 44, 144-147. 6. Kereselidze J. A., Phachulia Z.V., Zarqua T.Sh. Chem. Heterocycl. State University, led by Professor Jumber Kereselidze. non-traditional proton transfer reaction mechanism is the stacking Comp., 2009, 6, 856-861. 7. Zarqua, T., Kereselidze, J., Pachulia Z. J. Biol. Phys. Chem. 2010, 10, 71-73. 8. Kereselidze, J.A,, proton transfer mechanism in the para position of six-membered het- Pachulia Z.V. Kvaraia, M. Biol. Phys. Chem. 2011, 11, 51-53). A new mechanism for intermolecular proton transfer erocycles. has been identified: cyclic-dimeric (1)  (2) and (3) As a result, tautomeric forms of 4-pyridone (9), 4-pyridinethione  (4), stacking (9)  (10), (11)  (12) and (13)  (11) and para-amino pyridine (13) are produced: (10), (12) and (14). azotSemcvel heterociklur naerTebSi protonis Sedegad miCneulia nukleotiduri fuZeebis axali The stacking process takes place between plane parallel molecules gadatanis meqanizmebis Seswavlas naklebi yuradReba tautomeruli formebis gamovlena energetikuli Se- (14), where molecules are placed plane parallel and and is based on the principle of molecular dynamics, according to eqceoda da mxolod ukanskneli 15-20 wlis ganmavloba- fasebis safuZvelze. rac Seexeba gamoyenebiT mxares, pentameric (15)  (16), representing an imidazole which molecules make waving--as well as turning and transferring- -movements. Si Sesrulda Teoriuli da eqsperimentuli kvlevebi es aris p. lovdinis da v. zengeris hipoTezaze agebuli cycle of five molecules, where 1H – 3H proton Tanamedrove fizikuri meTodebis gamoyenebiT da ar- raodenobrivi Sedegebi, romlis mixedviT dnm-Si mu- To ensure 1H-3H proton transfer in imidazole, we propose a perma- sebuli klasikuri warmodgenebis gaTvaliswinebiT. taciis sixSire SeiZleba Sefasebul iqnas iSviaTi tau- transfer takes place. The advantage of this mechanism nent mechanism of proton cyclic transfer in the cycle of five imidaz- ole molecules (Pic. 5) miCneuli iyo, rom protonis gadatana tautomerul tomeruli formebis koncetraciebis namravliT (nax. is they represent one-stage non-ionic processes with procesebSi warmoadgens Sidamolekulur process. 3): This process happens exothermally and with low activation energy, indicating the adequacy of the pentameric mechanism. Cvens mier infrawiTeli speqtrometriis meTodis gam- am Sedegs gaaCnia wminda Teoriuli datvirTva, low energy expenditure, unlike traditional multi- Our research on non-traditional proton transfer mechanisms coincid- oyenebiT naCvenebi iqna, rom es procesi xorcieldeba radgan aRniSnuli koncentraciebis gansazRvra daka- stage mechanisms. This will lay the foundation for ed in time with the most important phenomenon created by Zewail – protonis molekulaTaSorisi gadataniT, romelsac vSirebulia mTel rig eqsperimentul sirTuleebTan. a new direction for theoretical chemistry, aimed at the foundation of femtochemistry. The key goal of femtochemistry is SemdegSi ciklur-dimeruli meqanizmi ewoda (nax. 1). meore mxriv, adekvaturi viTarebis Seqmna SesaZlebelia to carry out regioselective initiation of reaction centers with high fre- qvantur-qimiuri meTodis gamoyenebiT gamokvleu- koncentraciebis SecvliT nukleotidur fuZeebs So- conducting a planned and purpose-oriented synthesis quency laser pulses. The American Chemical Society subsequently lia 7-azaindolSi 1H-7H protonis gadatana da naCvenebia, ris protonis gadatanis procesSi laqtam-laqtimuri for modern fundamental notions of chemistry. founded the Ahmed Zewail Gold Medal, awarded to Professor Noel rom es gadajgufebac xorcieldeboda ciklur-dimer- (LL) da amin-imnuri (AI) tautomeruli wonasworobis S. Hush from the University of Sydney in Spring 2013 at a ceremony uli meqanizmiT (nax. 2): mudmivebiT. Sesabamisad, in New Orleans. Our research team was invited to this event, due to es modeli gamoyenebul iyo a. zevailis cnobil eqs- the fact that in our articles we frequently focused on Zewail’s work perimentSi, romelSic xorcieldeboda N1 - H bmis gaw- nm = KT(LL) KT(AI) and he was familiar with the work of a famous Georgian scientist, yvetis regioseleqciuri inicireba femtowamuri laz- Previously less attention was paid to studying proton transfer mecha- Giorgi Mrevlishvili. eruli impulsebiT. am kvlevebisTvis a. zevails 1999 w aseTi midgomis adekvaturoba dadasturebulia am nisms in nitric heterocyclic compounds; theoretical and experimental The proposed cyclic-dimeric, stacking and permanent mechanisms nobelis premia mieniWa da amiT dasabami mieca Taname- mudmivebis qvantur-qimiuri meTodebiT Sesrulebuli research has only been carried out in the last 15-20 years using mod- of proton transfer in heterocyclic compounds represent intermolec- drove qimiuri mecnierebis axal mimarTulebas - fem- gamoTvlebiT. ern physical methods while considering classical theories. It was be- ular, one-stage and non-ionic processes, which have no analogues toqimias. protonis gadatanis reaqciebis aratradiciuli lieved that proton transfer in tautomeric processes represents an intra- in the classical theory of chemical reaction mechanisms. Hence we protonis gadatanas nukleotidur fuZeebs So- meqanizmebis TvalsaCino magaliTia eqvswevra hetero- molecular process. By using infrared spectrometry, we have shown should expect the development and experimental research of this new ris gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs fundamenturi ciklebis para-mdgomareobaSi protonis gadatanis that this process is passing through intermolecular proton transfer that theoretical direction. da gamoyenebiTi TvalsazrisiT. kerZod, fundametur stekinguri meqanizmi (nax. 4). was subsequently called a cyclic-dimeric mechanism (Pic. 1). Identification of proton transfer mechanisms in these molecular sys-

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2013 2013 July Tsu science 36 37

ris Sedegadac miiReba 4-piridonis (9), 4-piridinTionis (11) da H H H para-amino-piridinis (13) tautomeruli formebi: (10), (12) da (14). stekiguri procesi mimdinareobs erTmaneTis mimarT paralelurad H O H H O ganlagebul molekulebs Soris da mas safuZvlad udevs molekuluri + dinamikis proncipi, romlis Tanaxmad molekulebi asruleben rogorc rxeviT, aseve brunviT da gadataniT moZraobebs. O H O H H imidazolSi 1H-3H protonis gadatanisTvis Cvens mier SemoTavazebu- H H H lia agreTve erT sibrtyeSi moTavsebuli imidazolis xuTi moleku- lisgan Sekrul ciklSi protonis wriuli gadatanis pentameruli meqanizmi (nax. 5): (1) (2) es procesi mimdinareobs egzoTermulad da aqtivaciis dabali en- ergiiT, rac miuTiTebs pentameruli meqanizmis adekvaturobaze. nax. 1. acetofenonis keto-enoluri tautomeria Pic. 1. Keto-Enol Tautomerism of Acetophenone `niSandoblivia, rom qarTveli mecnierebis mier Sesrulebuli protonis gadatanis aratradiciuli meqanizmebis kvlevebi droSi daemTxva a. zevailis mier Seqmnil istoriulad umniSvnelovanes movlenas, qimiuri mecnierebis axali mimarTulebis _ femtoqimiis jumber kereseliZe Jumber Kereselidze dafuZnebas, romlis ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa sareaqcio centrebis N H N regioseleqciuri inicireba maRali sixSiris lazeruli impulse- Tsu qimiis departamentis emeritus- LL O N N 7 1 1 H O N H biT. amasTan dakavSirebiT amerikis qimiurma sazogadeobam daarsa a. profesori, qimiis mecnierebaTa doq- 7 7 H H H H N N N N N G N G* zevailis oqros medali, romelic am gazafxulze gadaeca sidneis tori, saqarTveloSi molekuluri AI N N C** + N N speqtrometriis da qvanturi qimiis sa- H H universitetis profesors noel haSs. medalis gadacemis ceremoni- H H + H N N ali gaimarTa 2013 wlis 9 aprils niu orleanSi, sadac Cvenc viyaviT mecniero skolis erT-erTi damfuZne- C N N beli. gavlili aqvs Teoriuli qimiis N H H H H H miwveuli. aseTi yuradReba albaT gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom Cvens N N N N moskovuri skola da aRzrdili hyavs 8 1 7 7 1 1 7 statiebSi xSirad mivuTiTebdiT a. zevailis Sromebze da, rac mTavar- qimiis doqtori. gamoqveynebuli aqvs 120 H ia, es didi mecnieri kargad icnobda gamoCenili qarTveli mecnieris samecniero Sroma (rCeuli) iseTi maRali reitingis da impaqt-faqtoris mqone Ju- (5) (6) (7) (8) giorgi mrevliSvilis Sromebs. (3) (4) rnalebSi, rogoric aris Russ. Chem. Rev., V = [7] . [8] heterociklur naerTebSi protonis gadatanis SemoTavazebuli m J. Phys. Chem., Chem. Heter. Comp., J. Biol. Phys. nax. 2 Pic. 2 nax. 3 Pic. 3 ciklur-dimeruli, stekinguri da pentameruli meqanizmebi warmoad- Chem. da Theor. and Exper. Chem. samecnie- gens molekulaTaSoris, erTstadian da araionur procesebs, rom- ro moxsenebebiT monawileobda araerT lis analogi qimiuri reaqciebis meqanizmebis klasikur TeoriaSi ar saerTaSoriso konferenciaSi. 2001 wels, gvxvdeba. aqedan gamomdinare unda movelodeT, rom dasabami miecema CRDF-grantiT, samecniero mivlinebaSi imyofeboda aSS, jorjiis universitetis H am axali Teoriuli mimarTulebis ganviTarebas da eqsperimentul kv- kvanturi qimiis saerTaSoriso centrSi, O H S H H H N H levebs. sadac Sesrulebul kvlevebi romlebic H O H N Seswavlil molekulur sistemebSi protonis gadatanis meqa- safuZvlad daedo 7-azaindolSi proto- S N nis gadatanis ciklur-dimeruli meqa- 4 N nizmebis dadgena SesaZleblobas iZleva qimiuri da biqimiuri miza- 5 3 N N nizmis Seqmnas [J.A.Kereselidze at. al. Chem. N N nmimarTuli da dagegmili sinTezis ganxorcielebisaTvis. kerZod, 6 2 4 + Heterocycl. Comp., 2006, 7, 1062-1072]. es 11 + 5 3 + zusti meqanizmis codnis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia sinTezis mimdi- 1 + 2 meqanizmi warmatebiT aris gamoyenebuli N 6 1 nareobisaTvis Sesabamisi xelsayreli pirobebis Seqmna. es aris Ses- 7-azaindolSi femtowamuri lazeruli N N N N N rulebuli kvlevebis praqtikulad gamoyenebis mizani, rac farTod impulsebiT 1H-7H protonis inicirebisa da H N gadatanis a. zevailis meTodSi (a. zevai- O O H N aris danergili ganviTarebuli qveynebis universitetebSi da iv. H H S H H H li, nobelis premia 1999 w). samecniero- H javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSic vi- pedagiogiuri moRvaweobisTvis mieniWa S Tardeba sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis Tanamedrove warmodgenebis Rirsebis ordeni. (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) gaTvaliswinebiT.

nax. 4 Pic. 4 Doctor of Chemical Sciences and Professor Emeri- tus at the TSU Department of Chemistry, he is one of the founders of the School of molecular tems enables us to carry out purpose-oriented and planned chemical and biochemical spectrometry and quantum chemistry in Georgia, graduated from the Moscow School of theoreti- synthesis. In particular, when the exact mechanisms are known, it is possible to create R R cal chemistry, has published 12 scientific works in H H favorable conditions for the course of synthesis. This is the goal for the practical use of the following journals: Russ. Chem. Rev., J. Phys. this research, which has been widely introduced in universities of developed countries, Chem., Chem. Heter. Comp., J. Biol. Phys. Chem. N N N N and is also developing at Tbilisi State University, which is now giving due consideration and Theor. and Exper. Chem. He has participated H H R in scientific conferences and in 2001 he visited the H H H H R to modern theories in the natural sciences. N N N International Center for Computational Quantum 43 H 43 N H Chemistry, University of Georgia, under a CRDF 2 2 5 1 2 H 2 1 5 1 H Publications and References grant and research conducted there became the ba- R H N H R 1 H N N N H (1. Кереселидзе, Дж. А., Ж. Физ. Хим., 1998, 72, 144-146. 2. Chem. Heterocycl. sis for creating the cyclic-dimeric mechanism of H H H Comp., 1999, 6, 757-759. 3. Kereselidze J. A., Zarqua T.Sh. Chem. Heterocycl. Comp., proton transfer in 7-Azaindole [J.A.Kereselidze at. H al. Chem. Heterocycl. Comp., 2006, 7, 1062-1072]. H H H H 2000, 10, 1342-1344. 4. Kereselidze J. A., Zarqua T.Sh., Kikalishvili T. J., Churgulia N N N He has been awarded the Order of Honor for scien- N E. J., Makaridze M. S. Russ. Chem. Rev. 2002, 71, 993-1003. 5. Kereselidze J. A., tific and pedagogical activity. H N N R Phachulia Z.V. Theoret. and Experim. Chem. 2008, 44, 144-147. 6. Kereselidze J. A., H H N N R H Phachulia Z.V., Zarqua T.Sh. Chem. Heterocycl. Comp., 2009, 6, 856-861. 7. Zarqua, H T., Kereselidze, J., Pachulia Z. J. Biol. Phys. Chem. 2010, 10, 71-73. 8. Kereselidze, R H R J.A, Pachulia Z.V. Kvaraia, M. Biol. Phys. Chem. 2011, 11, 51-53). (15) (16)

nax. 5 Pic. 5

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stresis zegavlena ujredul The Effects of Stress on the Cellular metabolizmze Tavis tvinSi Metabolism of the Brain

stresi Tanamedroveobis globaluri Stress is closely linked with the process of industrialization and it can cause or significantly aggravate human diseases and problemaa, romelic mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli disorders including cardio-vascular disease, disorders of the immune system, impaired neurodegenerative processes and industrializaciis procesTan. stress tumors. Stress has a negative influence on labor capacity by causing short term memory loss, absenteeism, poor concentration, SeuZlia gamoiwvios an mniSvnelovnad increased aggressiveness, etc. The American Psychological Association (APA) describes chronic stress as “the stress of gaaRrmavos adamianis iseTi daavadebebi, unrelenting demands and pressures for seemingly interminable periods of time.” The major causes of human mortality are rogoricaa gul-sisxlZarRvTa, imunuri connected with stress--like heart and lung diseases, cancer, accidents, cirrhosis and suicide. Georgian scientists have joined the sistemisa da neirodegeneraciuli procesebi, world of research on this subject. aseve avTvisebiani simsivneebi da sxva. misi gavlena mkveTrad uaryofiTad aisaxeba adamianis Sromisunarianobaze. igi iwvevs Since 2007 the Biochemistry Department of the Faculty of Exact and duct research on the “Influence of Long Term Emotional Stress on xanmokle mexsierebis daqveiTebas, absentizms, Natural Sciences has conducted research on stress as the cause of Cell Metabolism in the Brain”. Twelve publications resulted from koncentrirebis unaris gauaresebas, gazrdil various pathologies. For this purpose a research unit was established this research, including four published in impact factor scientific agresiulobas da sxva. `amerikis fsiqologiuri as the Institute for Researching Stress Molecular Mechanisms with journals and reports were made internationally at conferences and asociaciis~ (American Psychological Association - the collaboration of the department’s academic personnel and invited symposiums. APA) mier qronikuli stresi ganixileba, specialists, doctoral candidates as well as masters and bachelor stu- The research showed how stress can cause undesirable consequences rogorc „wnexi organizmze, romelic droSi dents. The group is led by Nana Koshoridze, Professor and Head of through its ability to impact the biochemical transformations in rats. usasrulo Cans.” igi aris zrdadi yoveldRiuri the Biochemistry Department. The Institute received a grant from the It was also shown that emotional stress represents an important fac- daZabuloba, romelic Tanamedrove cxovrebis Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation (2009-2012) to con- tor in the formation of aggressive behavior, which has biochemical, ganuyofeli nawili gaxda. stresTanaa dakavSirebuli adamianTa sikvdilianobis umTavresi mizezebi: gulisa da filtvis daavadebebi, kibo, ubeduri SemTxvevebi, RviZlis cirozi da TviTmkvleloba. swored amitom stresi, misi gamomwvevi mizezebi da Sedegebi mTeli msoflios mecnierTa interesis sagania. am TvalsazrisiT gamonaklisi arc qarTveli mecnierebi arian.

bolo ramdenime welia zust da sabunebismetyvelo da bakalavrebi. am jgufis xelmZRvanelia Tsu zust mecnierebaTa fakultetis bioqimiis kaTedraze stre- da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa fakultetis bi- sis, rogorc sxvadasxva paTologiis gamomwvevi mizez- ologiis departamentis bioqimiis kaTedris sruli is, intensiuri kvleva mimdinareobs. profesori, bioqimiis kaTedris gamge, biologiis mec- swored am mizniT, 2009 wlidan iv. javaxiSvilis sax- nierebaTa doqtori nana koSoriZe. institutis muS- elobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis zust da aoba SoTa rusTavelis samecniero fondis mier gamo- sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa fakultetis bio- yofili grantis safuZvelze mimdinareobda (2009-2012 qimiis kaTedraze Seiqmna samecniero struqturuli ww.) swored am grantis farglebSi Catarda kvleva – erTeuli - ”stresis molekuluri meqanizmebis Semswav- ”xangrZlivi emociuri stresis zegavlena ujredul leli instituti”, romlis muSaobaSi aqtiuradaa Car- metabolizmze Tavis tvinSi~ (miRebuli monacemebis Tuli rogorc kaTedris akademiuri personali, aseve safuZvelze gamoqveynebulia 12 samecniero publika- mowveuli specialistebi, doqtorantebi, magistrebi cia, maT Soris 4 impaqt-faqtorian ucxour samecniero

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2013 2013 July Tsu science 40 41

JurnalSi. miRebuli monacemebi warmatebiT iyo ward- surveli movlenebis ganviTarebas. antioqsidanturi hormonal and genetic bases. Presently the activity of its enzymes--superoxide genili sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gamarTul konferenciebsa sistemis funqcionirebis Sesusteba gamoixateba misi no data is available about the variations dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione Tu simpoziumebze). fermentebis (superoqsiddismutaza (SOD), katalaza, in sensitivity to chronic emotional stress peroxidase, glutathione reductase--and an kvlevisas dadginda, rom stress SeuZlia gamoi- glutaTionperoqsidaza, glutaTionreduqtaza) aq- between naturally aggressive and nonag- accumulation of peroxidation substances. wvios arasasurveli Sedegi da zemoqmedeba moaxdinos tivobis mkveTri daqveiTebiTa da zeJanguri Jangvis gressive animals. However, a positive cor- The data represent the result of oxida- organizmSi mimdinare bioqimiur gardaqmnebze. dadge- produqtebis dagrovebiT. miRebuli monacemebi, sa- relation was observed between the quanti- tive stress caused by animal isolation and nilia, rom emociuri stresi warmoadgens mniSvnelovan varaudod, warmoadgens cxovelebis izolirebiTa da tative change of adrenocortical hormones changes in circadian rhythm. Intensifica- faqtors organizmis agresiuli qcevis Camoyalibebis cirkaduli ritmis cvlilebiT gamowveul oqsidaci- (a biologically active mixture synthesized tion of the peroxidation processes is ac- procesSic, romelsac bioqimiuri, hormonaluri da ge- uri stresis Sedegs. zeJanguri Jangvis procesebis ga- in specific areas of the brain, particularly companied by mitochondrial dysfunction netikuri safuZveli gaaCnia. Zlierebas Tan sdevs mitoqondriis .funqcionirebis in hypophysis that releases hormones) reflected by the condition of mytochon- amJamad ar moipoveba monacemebi qronikuli emo- moSla, rac aisaxa mitoqondriuli megaforis mdgo- and the intensification of the aggression drial mega channels. These results are ciuri stresisadmi bunebrivad agresiuli (mkvleli) mareobazec. miRebul mosazrebas amyarebs monacemebi controlling system in the brain. further strengthened by data on the par- da araagresiuli individebis gansxvavebuli mgrZnob- am procesSi apoptozis procesSi sxvadasxva sasignalo The main goal of this research at the TSU ticipation of various signal molecules Biochemistry Department is to study the in the apoptosis process, as well as by a elobis Sesaxeb. Tumca, SeiniSneba dadebiTi urTierT- molekulebis monawileobaze da aseve apoptozuri, da- influence of various stress factors on ag- quantitative increase of apoptotic, dam- kavSiri adrenokortikoiduli (es aris hormonebi – bi- zianebuli mitoqondriebis raodenobrivi matebac. gressive behavior and to determine the aged mitochondria. ologiurad aqtiuri naerTi, romelic sinTezirdeba naCvenebia mitoqondriuli kreatinkinazas (fer- importance of the creatine kinase (CK) The research also shows preventive, an- nana koSoriZe Nana Koshoridze Tavis tvinis specifikur ubnebSi, kerZod hipofizSi, mentis) prevenciuli, antioqsidanturi Tviseba, ro- system in this process. Today the creatine/ tioxidant properties of mitochondrial romelic gamoyofs sxvadasxva hormons) hormonebis melic damokidebulia PCr/Cr fardobaze. cnobilia creatine kinase/phosphocreatine (Cr/CK/ creatine kinase that depends on a Pcr/Cr Tsu zust da sabunebismetyvelo mec- aseve kreatinis proteqtoruli Tvisebebic, rac sa- nierebaTa fakultetis biologiis de- raodenobriv cvlilebasa da tvinSi agresiis makon- Pcr) system is considered an important ratio. Creatine has protective properties partamentis bioqimiis kaTedris sruli trolirebeli sistemis gaaqtiurebas Soris. varaudod mniSnelovan rols asrulebs stresis pre- metabolic regulator of cell functioning, that appear to play a significant role in the dRes Tsu bioqimiis kaTedris ZiriTadi samecniero venciasa da zogierTi neirodegeneraciuli daavadebis profesori, bioqimiis kaTedris gamge, the failure of which may contribute to the process of stress prevention and treatment biologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori; sa- kvlevebis mizania, sxvadasxva stres–faqtorebis ze- mkurnalobis procesSi. kreatini avlens antioqsidan- development of a number of pathologies. of some neurodegenerative diseases. mecniero kvleviTi erTeulis _ stresis tur Tvisebebs superoqsid anionisa (O *- molekuluri meqanizmebis Semswavleli moqmedebis Seswavla agresiul qcevaze da am procesSi 2 ) da peroq- For this system to function effectively it Creatine reveals antioxidant properties institutis direqtori; gamoqveynebuli kreatinkinazuli sistemis mniSvnelobis dadgena. sinitritis (OONO-) mimarT, Tumca igi mniSvnelovnad depends on creatine phosphokinase en- close to superoxide anion (O2*-) and per- dReisaTvis kreatini/kreatinkinaza/fosfokrea- ver amcirebs wyalbadis zeJangis dones, lipidebis ze- aqvs 60-mde samecniero Sroma neiroqimi- zyme activity and is carried out through oxynitrite (OONO-); however, it fails to is ganxriT, rogorc adgilobriv, aseve tinuli (Cr/CK/PCr) sistema miCneulia ujredis funq- Janguri Jangvis intensivobas da ver avlens antoqsi- transphosphorylation between creatine significantly reduce the level of hydrogen ucxoeTis samecniero JurnalebSi; mop- cionirebis mniSvnelovan metabolur regulatorad, dantur Tvisebebs daumuxtavi araradikaluri hidro- (nitrogenous organic acid that occurs nat- peroxide and the intensity of lipid peroxi- ovebuli aqvs saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa romlis moSla mTeli rigi paTologiis ganviTarebis peroqsidebis mimarT. urally in vertebrates and helps to supply dation. It also fails to reveal antioxidant akademiis mier dawesebuli p. qomeTia- mizezi SeiZleba gaxdes. am sistemis efeqtiani muS- rogorc kvlevis avtorebi amboben, ramdenad nis saxelobis premia. aris 6 saxelmZR- energy to all cells in the body, primarily properties towards uncharged non-radical vanelos avtori da Tanaavtori. mopove- aoba ferment kreatinfosfokinazas moqmedebazea SeiZleba iyos organizmis qronikuli stresisadmi muscle) and phosphocreatine. hydro peroxides. buli aqvs ramdenime samecniero granti. damokidebuli da xorcieldeba kreatinsa (Seucvleli mgrZnobeloba damokidebuli mis agresiulobaze da The reduction of CK activity is considered According to the authors of the research, it bunebrivi nivTiereba, romelic adamianis da cxovelis rogor aisaxeba es kreatinkinazuli da antioqsiden- an important marker of age-related neuro- is unknown how much the sensitivity of a kunTebSi inaxeba da saWiroa energetikuli mimocv- turi sistemebis moqmedebaze, jerjerobiT ucnobia. degenerative disease. Its impairment is key rat’s organism to chronic stress depends on Doctor of Biological Sciences, Full Professor at the Biochemistry Division of the Department of Biol- lisTvis da amasTan igi kunTebis energiis wyaroa) da Tumca, cnobilia, rom kreatinkinazas aqtivobis mateba for detecting neurodegeneration. If possible its aggressiveness, or else how it may be re- ogy, TSU Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, fosfokreatins Soris mimdinare transfosforili- sacdel cxovelebSi asocirebulia agresiul qcevebT- it is important to restore normal CK activity flected in the activity of creatine kinase and she is Director of the Institute for Research of Mo- rebis saSualebiT. an, xolo kreatinis naklebobas, rac misi satranspor- when it has been impaired by external fac- antioxidant systems. However, it is known lecular Mechanisms of Stress and has published 60 aRsaniSnavia, rom CK-s aqtivobis daqveiTeba ganix- to cilis defeqtiTaa ganpirobebuli, janmrTelobi- tors and to reduce further risks. that increasing creatine kinase activity in scientific works on neurochemistry in both local The research shows the interrelation be- test animals is associated with aggressive and foreign scientific journals and was awarded the ileba, rogorc asakTan dakavSirebuli neirodegen- saTvis mZime da xSirad letaluri Sedegi mosdevs. P. Kometiani Prize. She is author and co-author of eraciuli daavadebebis mniSvnelovani markeri da misi kvlevis xelmZRvanelis, nana koSoriZis TqmiT, tween the functioning of creatine kinase behaviors, while the lack of creatine caused six textbooks and has been awarded several scien- funqcionirebis darRveva warmoadgens erT-erT sakvan- kreatinis periferiuli transporti da endogenuri system in a rat’s brain and the chronic by defects in its transport protein trigger tific grants. Zo safexurs neirodegeneraciuli cvlilebebis gzaze. sinTezi ori mniSvnelovani gzaa, romelic unda uzrun- stress caused by isolation and the inter- grave and frequently lethal consequences. amdenad, aqtualuria kreatinkinazuli sistemis norm- velyofdes kreatiniT Tavis tvinis normalur moma- ruption of the circadian rhythm. The Professor Koshoridze pointed out that aluri funqcionirebis aRdgena (Tu igi garegani faqto- ragebas. miRebulia monacemebi kreatinis SedarebiT da- experiments showed that stress causes the peripheral transport of creatine and riT aRmoCndeba darRveuli) da misi Semdgomi prevencia. bal ganvladobaze Tavis tvinSi. magaliTad, naCvenebia, a reduction in the energy metabolism in endogenous synthesis are two important Tsu mecnierTa kvlevebiT naCvenebia urTierTkav- rom kreatinis masinTezirebeli fermentebis defici- the brain, expressed by a reduction of the ways of normally supplying the brain activity of enzymes, including succinate with creatine. Data have been obtained Siri virTagvas Tavis tvinSi kreatinkinazuli sistemis tis mqone cxovelebSi kreatinis Seyvana maRali dozi- dehydrogenase, fumarase, aconitase, and on relatively low creatine transport in funqcionirebasa da izolaciiTa da dRe-Ramuri ritmis Tac ki ar iZleva damakmayofilebel Sedegs. Tavis aldolase acting within the Cr/CK/Pcr sys- brain cells, for example even high dose darRveviT gamowveul qronikul stress Soris. eqsper- tvinSi kreatinis endogenuri sinTezi damokidebuli tem. A similar situation can be observed creatine supplements given to animals imentulad naCvenebia, rom aRniSnuli stresis Sedegad unda iyos aminomJava argininis miwodebaze sisxlidan in cardiac muscle. The research showed suffering with a deficiency of synthesiz- Tavis tvinSi energetikuli metabolizmi mcirdeba. es centralur nervul sistemaSi da aseve, argininis lo- that changes in the energy metabolism are ing enzymes does not produce a satisfac- gamoixateba am procesSi monawile fermentebis (suqci- kalur trefikingze Tavis tvinis ujredebiT. savarau- taking place in the brain, while cardiomy- tory result. The endogenous synthesis in natdehidrogenaza, fumaraza, akonitaza, aldolaza) dod, Tavis tvinSi mimdinare am procesSi mniSvnelovan ocytes are also changing, in a context of the brain depends on the supply of ar- da Cr/CK/PCr sistemis aqtivobis daqveiTebiT. analogi- rols kaTionuri aminomJavebis transporterebi (CATs) intensified peroxidation. ginine amino acid from the blood to the uri mdgomareoba aRiniSneba gulis kunTSic. naCvenebia, unda asrulebdnen. This is confirmed by a weakened func- central nervous system, as well as local rom energetikuli metabolizmis cvlileba rogorc amrigad, biologiis mecnierebaTa doqtoris nana tioning of the antioxidant enzyme system. trafficking of arginine through brain cells. Tavis tvinSi, aseve kardiomiocitebSi mimdinareobs ga- koSoriZis gancxadebiT, kvlevis „xangrZlivi emoci- It is known that antioxidants hamper or Apparently, cationic amino acid trans- Zlierebuli zeJanguri Jangvis fonze. amis maCvenebe- uri stresis zegavlena ujredul metabolizmze Ta- slow down the process of oxidation of porters (CATs) play an important role in lia ujredis antioqsidanturi fermentuli sistemis vis tvinSi” Sedegad ikveTeba kreatinis proteqtor- other molecules, and respectively, they this ongoing brain process. The research funqcionirebis Sesusteba. rogorc cnobilia, antio- uli roli qronikuli emociuri stresiT gamowveuli slow down the formation of free radi- reveals that a protective role of creatine in qsidanti aris garkveuli naerTebis jgufi, romelic ujreduli metabolizmis darRvevis procesSi. prob- cals, which harm the cells. Harming the the process of cellular metabolism is im- xels uSlis an anelebs sxva molekulebis daJangvis lemis daZlevis saboloo gasaRebis sapovnelad mec- cells causes the development of undesir- paired by chronic emotional stress. process da, Sesabamisad, anelebs e.w. ”Tavisufali ra- nierebs kvlevis gagrZeleba esaWiroebaT, risTvisac able processes in the rat’s organism. The The researchers will continue to study this dikalebis” warmoqmnas, romlebic azianeben ujredebs. rusTavelis samecniero fondSi ukve Setanilia ga- weak functioning of the antioxidant sys- issue and have filed for further financial swored ujredebis dazianeba iwvevs organizmSi arasa- nacxadi axali dafinansebis misaRebad. tem is expressed in a sharp reduction in support.

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myinvari "Tbilisa" myinvarebi - mniSvnelovani bunebrivi ‘Tbilisa” Glacier resursi Glaciers - Key Natural Resource and Climate Change Indicator

myinvarebi dedamiwis geografiuli garsis unikaluri nawilia, sadac mosuli myari atmosferuli naleqebi, dagrovebis Semdeg, yinulad gardaiqmneba. isini mtknari wylis udides rezervuarebs warmoadgenen, saqarTvelosTvis ki, geografTa SefasebiT, umniSvnelovanes resurss.B bunebrivia, rom dReisTvis mTels msoflioSi myinvarebis Seswavlis sakiTxs didi mniSvneloba eniWeba. kvlevebis srulfasovnad Casatareblad ki myinvarebze mravalwliani kompleqsuri dakvirvebebia aucilebeli. Tsu mecnierTa gancxadebiT, kavkasionze myinvarebis kvlevis istoria vaxuSti bagrationis geografiis institutis bazaze meoce saukunis ocdaaTiani wlebidan daiwyo da wlebis ganmavlobaSi uwyvetad xorcieldeba. dResac es instituti erTaderTi samecniero dawesebulebaa, romelic samxreT kavkasiis masStabiT kavkasionis myinvarebs ikvlevs. proeqtis farglebSi `kavkasionis myinvarebis glacio-geomorfologiuri kvleva Tanamedrove klimatis cvlilebis fonze da gamyinvarebis evolucia gvian pleistocensa da holocenSi~ Tsu vaxuSti bagrationis geografiis institutSi aT welze metia mimdinareobs. kvlevam gansakuTrebiT intensiuri saxe Tsu geografTa mier saerTaSoriso grantis - `kavkasiaSi myinvarebis dinamika, klimatis cvalebadoba da mdinareuli Camonadenis modelireba~ (INTAS) inglisi, (2007-2009 ww). Mmopovebis Semdeg miiRo. Semdeg mecnierTa muSaoba ukve SoTa rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fondis grantis - `myinvar zofxitos masis balansis monitoringi klimatis cvlilebis fonze”, (2009- 2011 ww). farglebSi gagrZelda. 2012-2013 wlis periodSi kvleva SoTa rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fondis saprezidento grantis farglebSi xorcieldeba, romlis gamarjvebulic da proeqtis xelmZRvaneli geografiis magistri, doqtoranti, Tsu vaxuSti bagrationis geografiis institutis mecnier-TanamSromeli levan tieliZea. proeqtis saxelwodebaa: “mdinare Tergis auzis myinvarebis kvleva Tanamedrove klimatis cvlilebis fonze, paleoglaciologiuri da paleogeomorfologiuri rekonstruqciebi gvian pleistocensa da holocenSi”. glacio-geomorfologiuri kvleva myinvaruli auzebis, iq arsebuli myinvarebis raodenobis, farTobis, eqspoziciis (daxrilobis), morfologiuri tipebis mixedviT Seswavlas niSnavs. garda amisa, dakvirvebebs auzSi arsebul yvela geomorfologiur (dedamiwis reliefsa da masze mimdinare) procesebze.

Glaciers are a unique part of the earth’s geographical sphere, where atmospheric precipitation accumulates and turns into solid ice. They are the greatest reservoir of fresh water on the planet and according to geographers they are Georgia’s most important natural resource. Today the attention of the whole world has turned to glaciers, and long-term complex studies are being carried out. According to TSU researchers the history of glacier study in the Caucasus started in the 1930s and has continued at the Vakhushti Bagrationi Institute of Geography. Today this institute is still the only scientific institution in the South Caucasus that studies Caucasus glaciers. For the last ten years the Institute has conducted a study entitled “Glacial geomorphology research of Caucasian glaciers against the background of modern climate change and glacial evolution in the Late Pleistocene and Holocene”, involving various projects. The research significantly intensified after the TSU geographers received an international grant-- “Dynamics of Glaciers in the Caucasus, Climate Changeability and Streamflow Modeling” (INTAS), England (2007-2009). The researchers continued their study in 2009 to 2011 with a grant from the Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation, entitled “Monitoring Mass Balance of the Zopkhito Glacier against the Background of Climate Change”. From 2012-2013 research continued with a Presidential grant from the Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation obtained by Levan Tielidze, Research Fellow at the Vakhushti Bagrationi Institute. The new project is entitled “Study of the Glaciers of the Tergi River Basin against the Background of Modern Climate Change: Paleo-Glaciological and Paleo-Geomorphological Reconstructions of the Late Pleistocene and Holocene”. Glacial geomorphology research studies glacier basins, the number of glaciers within the basins, dimensions, expositions, morphological types and studies of all geomorphological processes in the basin.

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`dedamiwis istoriaSi ramdenime gamyinvarebaa cno- auzis yvela mniSvnelovani obieqti da Seiqmneba sruli Levan Tielidze, Project Manager, explained, “There were several glacial periods in bili, amaTgan bolo `meoTxeul” periodSi iyo. `pleis- sainformacio bazebi. igegemeba aseve distanciuri zon- the history of the earth, the last one occurring during the quaternary period. Both toceni da holocenic” swored es periodia (ramdenime direbis kvlevis meTodebis gamoyeneba, risi praqtikac Pleistocene and Holocene were part of this period which was several millennia ago. aTasi wlis winandeli). klimatis cvlilebis tenden- am Tematikis kvlevebSi saqarTveloSi jer ar arsebobs. In view of the tendency for climate change, the information obtained during our re- search will be interesting and important for our country as well as for the Caucasus ciidan gamomdinare, Cveni kvlevis procesSi mopove- eqspediciebisas myinvar­ ebze­ damontaJebuli CAMP- region and the entire world, as our new information is being compared and harmo- buli informacia saintereso da mniSvnelovani iqneba BELL-is firmis­ avto­ ma­ tu­ ri­ mete­ o­ ro­ lo­ gi­ u­ ri­ sadgu­ ­ nized with results of previous studies. Similar research will definitely be conducted rogorc Cveni qveynisTvis, ise kavkasiis regionisa da ris meSveobiT, yovel­ TxuTmet­ wuTSi­ fiqsirdeboda: ha­ in the future too, because glaciers are the best natural indicators of global warming,” msofliosTvis. GmiT ufro, rom Cvens mier miRebuli eris­ tempe­ ra­ tu­ ra,­ Sefar­ de­ bi­ Ti­ teni­ a­ no­ ba,­ wneva,­ qaris­ Project participant, Nino Lomidze, said, “In the process of the research we are con- axali informaciis adre ganxorcielebuli kvlevebis siCqa­ re­ da mimar­ Tu­ le­ ba,­ mzis radi­ a­ cia­ da yinu­ lis­ masis­ ducting streamflow modeling, which means we study how much water flows as a SedegebTan Sedareba da Sejereba xdeba. msgavsi kv- modno­ bis­ siCqa­ re.­ globaluri pozicirebis sistema - result of glacier melting. The issue is especially important as Georgia’s larger riv- levebi aucilebeli iqneba momavalSic, radgan myinva- GPS-is saSualebiT xdeboda koordinatebis dafiqsire- ers (Enguri, Rioni, Tskhenistskali, Tergi, Kodori, Bzipi, Aragvi, Liakhvi) depend on rebi globaluri daTbobis mimarT yvelaze karg bune- ba da myinvarebis dinamikis gansazRvra da a.S. glacier melt. River level changes are defined by the intensity of ablation (melting). briv indikators warmoadgenen.” - acxadebs proeqtis `Cvens mier warmoebuli samuSaoebi Uunikaluria Knowing the daily variations of glacial waters is important for sectors such as alpin- ism and tourism as well as for the livestock breeding and other agricultural activity xelmZRvaneli levan tieliZe. imitomac, rom kvlevis Sedegad monacemTa sruli baza in alpine zones, and this information is critical for mountain populations who are at `kvlevis procesSi Cven vawarmoebT mdinareuli da saqarTvelos glaciologiuri katalogi Seiqm- risk of glacial mudslides. levan tieliZe Levan Tielidze Camonadenis modelirebas. anu imis Seswavlas, Tu ra neba. garda amisa, SevadgenT msxvil masStabSi mdina- According to TSU geographers, the fact that Georgia’s hydro resources enable the raodenobis wyali Camoedineba myinvarebis dnobis reTa auzebis mixedviT zogierTi myinvaris dinamikis country to export electricity leads to income generation, thus it is essential to pay geografiis magistri, doqtoranti, Tsu Sedegad. sakiTxi mniSvnelovania, radgan saqarTvelos rukebs. aRniSnuli kvlevis meTodi, SesaZloa, moma- attention to the issue of glacial streamflow when projecting hydropower plants. The vaxuSti bagrationis geografiis in- stitutis mecnieri; misi kvlevis sfer- didi mdinareebi (enguri, rioni, cxeniswyali, Tergi, valSi gamoyenebuli iyos samodelo variantad saqarT- construction of HPP cascades on rivers such as the Kodori, Enguri, Rioni, Tskhe- oebia: glaciologia, geomorfologia, kodori, bzifi, aragvi, liaxvi) swored myinvarebis veloSi myinvarebis raodenobis dadgenis, morfolo- nistskali, and Tergi is made possible by such resources. Flooding, however, is also kartografia-geo sainformacio siste- nadnobi wylebiT sazrdooben. mdinareebis doneebis giuri tipebis gansazRvris, myinvarebis dinamikaze directly linked to melting glaciers. mebi (GIS). aris erTi monografiis, ori aTeuli samecniero statiis, maT Soris 6 cvalebadobas dRe-Ramis periodSi ablaciis (dno- dakvirvebis, gamyinvarebis evoluciis dadgenis da sxva In addition, TSU researchers believe the results of their research should be consid- ered when selecting an area for Georgia’s Glacier Park or tourist-recreational areas. rukis Tanaavtori, agreTve saqarTvelos bis) intensivoba gansazRvravs. myinvaruli wylebis glaciologiuri parametrebis gansazRvris saqmeSi. erovnuli atlasis erT-erTi da Tbili- A Glacier Park is an area where permanent ice cover is necessary and where various dRe–Ramuri cvalebadobis codna aucilebelia al- `saqarTvelos myinvarebis katalogSi”, romelic Cveni sis atlasis avtori. Tsu vaxuSti bagra- types of tourism are planned and implemented. These can include amateur alpinism, tionis geografiis institutSi muSaobs pinizmis, turizmis, maRalmTian zonaSi mecxoveleobis avtorobiT mzaddeba, mocemuli iqneba saqarTveloSi extreme skiing or scientific tours. The plan to create a Glacier Park is quite realistic 2006 wlidan. da sxva dargebis funqcionirebisTvis. glacialuri arsebuli myinvarebis Sesaxeb sruli da zusti monace- and the beautiful views can play an important role in drawing tourists to the alpine bolo ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi Rvarcofebi ki dasaxlebuli punqtebisTvis Zlier sa- mebi. axali katalogi da savele monacemebi maT ryevaze, zones of Svaneti, Kazbegi, Racha and Abkhazia. monawileobda eqvs samecniero grantSi, maT Soris sami saerTaSoriso, sami ad- SiSia”. _ acxadebs proeqtis monawile nino lomiZe. gadaegzavneba SveicariaSi mdebare `msoflio myinva- During research the Georgian geographers used new technology and programs, in- gilobrivi, aqedan iyo erTis menejeri da Tsu geografTa gancxadebiT, gasaTvaliswinebelia rebis monitoringis centrs~ (`World Glacier Monitoring cluding with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to create digital models of the erTis xelmZRvaneli. isic, rom saqarTvelos hidroresursebi qveynis mier Service”) da did britaneTSi mdebare `glaciologiis glaciers to include all important resources of both the relief and the basin, and to cre- 2004-2013 wlebSi monawileobda eqs- pediciebSi saqarTvelos yvela regionis eleqtroenergiis eqsportis da, Sesabamisad, Semosav- msoflio centrs~ (`World Data Centre for Glaciology~). es ate comprehensive databases. In the near future remote sensing research will be used for the first time in Georgia. Additionally, owing to the Campbell Automatic Weather masStabiT, gansakuTrebiT maRalmTian lebis gazrdis saSualebas iZleva. hidroeleqtro- informacia gamoqveyndeba aseve sainformacio biule- regionebSi, agreTve TurqeTsa da azer- Station installed on glaciers during expeditions, every 15 minutes the scientists could sadgurebis daproeqtebisas aucilebelia myinvaruli tenSi”. – acxadebs levan tieliZe. misi TqmiT, aRniS- baijanSi. observe air temperature, relative humidity, pressure, wind speed and direction, solar monawileoba aqvs miRebuli Svid samec- wylebis Camonadenis xasiaTis gaTvaliswineba. mdi- nuli kvlevebis ganxorcielebaSi mniSvnelovani wv- radiation and glacier melting speed. Coordinates were fixed and glacier dynamics niero, maT Soris eqvsi saerTaSoriso nareebze wyaldidobebi uSualo kavSirSia myinvarebis lili miuZRvis cnobil geograf-glaciologs ramin were defined through Global Positioning System (GPS) technology. mniSvnelobis konferenciaSi. dnobasTan. did mdinareebze (kodori, enguri, rioni, gobejiSvils, romlis xelmZRvanelobiT aTeulobiT Levan Tielidze said, “The research carried out is unique because now a complete da- cxeniswyali, Tergi) kaskadovani eleqtro sadgurebis eqspediciaa Catarebuli kavkasionis da msoflios sx- tabase and Georgia’s glaciological catalogue will be created as a result. Additionally PhD Candidate and Masters Degree in Geography, mSenebloba uzrunvelyofilia hidro resursebiT. vadasxva myinvarze. we will map the dynamics of some glaciers near river basins. The methodology used he is a Fellow at the TSU Vakhushti Bagrationi Ggarda amisa, Tsu mkvlevarebi darwmunebuli arian, myinvarebis kvlevaSi levan tieliZesTan erTad Car- in this research can serve as a model to ascertain the number of glaciers in Georgia, Institute of Geography. His research includes gla- ciology, geomorphology, cartography-GIS and he rom maTi kvlevis Sedegebi saqarTvelos glacialuri Tuli arian aseve: nino lomiZe - geografiis magistri, define their morphological types, observe the dynamics of glaciers, define the evo- lution of glaciers and determine other glaciological parameters. The Catalogue of is author of one monograph and 20 scientific -ar parkisTvis teritoriis SerCevisa da turistul–rek- doqtoranti, Tsu vaxuSti bagrationis geografiis ticles and co-authored six maps: He is one of the Georgian Glaciers we are preparing will contain comprehensive data on Georgian reaciuli miznebisTvis mecnieruli dasabuTebis kargi institutis mecnier-TanamSromeli; laSa asaniZe - geo- authors of the Georgian National Map and author glaciers. The new catalogue and data on fluctuations will be sent to the Switzerland- of the Tbilisi Map. He has worked at the Vakhushti safuZveli SeiZleba gaxdes. glacialuri parki aris grafiis magistri, doqtoranti, Tsu vaxuSti bagratio- based World Glacier Monitoring Service and the World Data Centre for Glaciology Bagrationi Institute of Geography since 2006, and teritoria, romlis garkveuli nawili mudmiv myin- nis geografiis institutis mecnier-TanamSromeli; in Great Britain. This information will also be published in scientific journals.” A has participated in six scientific grants, including varul safars uWiravs da sadac turizmis sxvadasxva lela gadrani - geografiis magistri, doqtoranti, Tsu famous geographer-glaciologist Ramin Gobejishvili, who led dozens of expeditions three international ones. From 2004 to 2013 he participated in expeditions throughout Georgia, as saxeobebis dagegmva da ganxorcielebaa SesaZlebeli, vaxuSti bagrationis geografiis institutis mecnier- on various glaciers in the Caucasus and around the world, significantly contributed well as in Turkey and Azerbaijan and has partici- rogorc samoyvarulo, alpinisturi, eqstremaluri, TanamSromeli; giorgi lacabiZe - magistranti, Tsu vax- to carrying out the studies. pated in seven scientific conferences most of them saTxilamuro, ise samecniero saxeobebis. Gglacialuri uSti bagrationis geografiis institutis laboranti; Working with Levan Tielidze other persons engaged in the research include Nino international. parkis MSeqmnis idea, Tsu geografTa SefasebiT, real- roman kumlaZe - magistranti, Tsu vaxuSti bagrationis Lomidze, Master in Geography, Doctoral Candidate and Research Fellow at the Vakhushti Bagrationi Institute of Geography; Lasha Asanidze, Master in Geogra- uria iqidan gamomdinarec, rom maRalmTian zonebSi geografiis institutis laboranti. aRsaniSnavia, rom phy, Doctoral Candidate and Research Fellow at the Vakhushti Bagrationi Institute am mecnierTa didi nawili aqtiurad monawilobda aseve (svaneTi, yazbegi, raWa, afxazeTi) turistul-rekre- of Geography; Lela Gardani, Master in Geography, Doctoral Candidate and Research aciuli infrastruqturis ganviTarebaSi did rols wina wlebSi ganxorcielebul kvlevebSi. Fellow at the Vakhushti Bagrationi Institute of Geography; Giorgi Latsabidze, Mas- swored myinvarebis lamazi peizaJebi TamaSoben. kvlevis Sesaxeb masalebis prezentacia ramdenime ters Student, Assistant at the Vakhushti Bagrationi Institute of Geography; Roman Uukve ganxorcielebuli Tu mimdinare kvlevebis peri- saerTaSoriso samecniero konferenciaze gaimarTa. Kumladze, Masters Student, Assistant at the Vakhushti Bagrationi Institute of Geog- odSi geografTa mier gamoyenebuli iyo axali teqnolo- 2011 wels kvlevis Sesaxeb statia gamoqveynda im- raphy. Most of these scientists have actively participated in previous studies as well. giuri meTodebi da Sesabamisi Tanamedrove programebi. paqt-faqtoris mqone JurnalSi, amsterdamSi: “Late pleis- The presentation of research has been held at several international scientific confer- geoinformaciul sistemebSi (GIS) mecnierebis mier am tocene (Wurmian) Glaciations of the Caucasus. 2011, Quaternary ences and in publications, for example in 2011 an article about the research was droisTvis iqmneba myinvarebis auzis cifruli modele- glaciations-extend and chronology. Developments in Quaternary published in a scientific journal with impact factor in Amsterdam: “Late Pleistocene (Wurmian) Glaciations of the Caucasus 2011, Quaternary Glaciations - Extent and bi, romelzec datanili iqneba rogorc reliefis, aseve Science, Amsterdam, the Nitherlend~. Chronology, Developments in Quaternary Science, Amsterdam,The Netherlands.

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gamoica monografia _ `myinvarebis monitoringi klima- tis cvlilebis fonze”, sadac gaSuqebulia kavkasionis myinva- rebis kvlevis fundamenturi Sedegebi (http://geography.tsu.ge/index. php?id=337&lang=geo). Tsu mecnierebis gancxadebiT, maT mier ganxorcielebuli kv- levebi maqsimalurad uaxlovdeba sazRvargareTis qveynebSi Cat- arebul samuSaoebs. 2008 wels, rodesac grovdeboda informacia msoflios mTian qveynebSi arsebuli myinvarebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, msoflios myinvarebis monitoringisa da glaciologiis centrs, kavkasionis samxreT ferdobze myinvarebis mdgomareo- bis Sesaxeb informacia swored …geografiis institutis mkvl- evarTa jgufis mier gaegzavna. Kkvlevis ganmavlobaSi miRebul informacias Tsu mecnierebi sistematurad uziareben ucxoel kolegebs. nino lomiZe Nino Lomidze myinvarebis Tematikaze Catarebuli kvlevebisadmi ucxoe- li mecnierebis interesis dasturia sxvadasxva erToblivi Tsu zust da sabunebismetyvelo mec- RonisZieba. kerZod, 2008 wels rus, 2009 wels ki germanel mec- nierebaTa fakultetis geografiis mima- nier-glaciologebTan erToblivad ganxorcielebuli eqs- rTulebis magistri, doqtoranti, klima- tologi. pediciebi. Aaseve 2011 wels italiel da kanadel glaciologebT- misi samecniero kvlevis ZiriTadi Tema- an da kinodokumentalistebTan erToblivi eqspedicia, romlis tikaa klimati da misi Tanamedrove cvli- Sedegad gadaRebuli dokumenturi filmi, arxebze; `Discovery” da eba. am kuTxiT igi swavlobs ara mxolod klimatis cvlilebis erTerTi indikato- `National Geographic” gava. ris – myinvarebis dinamikas, aramed Tov- lis safarisa da saqarTvelos Termuli reJimis cvlilebis sakiTxebs. aRniSnul Temaze gamoqveynebuli aqvs araerTi sa- mecniero Sroma rogorc saqarTvelos, ise ucxoul samecniero JurnalebSi. A monograph entitled “Monitoring Glaciers against the Background of Climate sistematurad monawileobs kavkasio- Change” was published in a Tbilisi State University publication: http://geogra- nis samxreT ferdobis myinvarebze Ca- phy.tsu.ge/index.php?id=337&lang=ge. tarebul savele eqspediciebSi (md.md. enguris, rionis, Tergis auzebi). The TSU scientists say that their research is similar to that conducted in foreign monawileobas Rebulebs samecniero kon- countries, for example in 2008, when the World Glacier Monitoring Service col- ferenciebsa da saerTaSoriso kvleveb- lected information about the state of glaciers in mountainous countries, research- Si `INTAS~, `VOLKSWAGENSTIFTUNG“ ers from the Institute of Geography sent information about the state of glaciers on egidiT. Aaris monografiis _ `myinva- the Southern slope of Caucasus Mountains. TSU researchers systematically share rebis monitoringi klimatis cvlilebis fonze” Tanaavtori. information during the research with their foreign colleagues. Several joint projects confirm the interest of foreign scientists for glacier research in the Caucasus. For example joint expeditions with Russian and German scien- PhD Candidate and Master of Geography at the tists-glaciologists were conducted in 2008 and 2009 respectively. In 2011 a joint TSU Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences. Fields expedition was conducted with Italian and Canadian glaciologists and documen- of research include climatology, climate and its modern changes using change indicators, such as tary producers. A documentary shot during the joint expedition will be broadcast dynamics of glaciers, as well as the issues of snow on TV channels Discovery and National Geographic US. cover and change in Georgia’s thermal regime. She has published scientific articles in Georgian and foreign journals and regularly participates in field Tsu morfologiis institutSi expeditions conducted to glacier regions (Enguri, In the TSU Institute of Morphology Rioni and Tergi river basins) and participates in scientific conferences and international research INTAS under the aegis of the Volkswagon Foun- dation in Germany. She is a co-author of a mono- graph “Glacier monitoring against the background of climate change”

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2013 48 49 Tsu mecnierebi TSU Scientists Develop xelovnur saperfuzio Artificial Perfusion sistemebze muSaoben Systems

sisxlis mimoqcevis xelovnuri sistemebi, igive saperfuzio sistemebi is aparaturaa, romlis The Artificial Blood Circulation system, or a perfusion system, is a device saSualebiTac gulisa da filtvebis funqciis that takes over the functions of the heart and lungs. It facilitates artificial Canacvleba xdeba. am sistemebis saSualebiT xelovnurad blood circulation and delivers oxygen to the human organism. Scientists at xorcieldeba organizmSi sisxlis mimoqcevis Alexander Natishvili Institute of Morphology of Tbilisi State University uzrunvelyofa da misi JangbadiT gamdidreba. Tsu started to work on the development of a perfusion system model in 2004. nodar xodeli Nodar Khodeli aleqsandre naTiSvilis morfologiis institutis Today these researchers will present their invention to society. It is more zurab CxaiZe Zurab Chkhaidze mecnierebma saperfuzio sistemebis modelebis economical than other well-known perfusion systems and at the same time Tsu medicinis fakultetis klinikuri medicinis mecnierebaTa doqtori, anatomiis da operaciuli qirurgiis de- SemuSavebaze muSaoba 2004 wlidan daiwyes. DdRes respects all the parameters of more expensive systems. Tsu medicinis fakultetis klinikuri partamentis asocirebuli profesori, maT, kvlevis safuZvelze SeuZliaT sazogadoebas anatomiisa da operaciuli qirurgiis medicinis mecnierebaTa doqtori. Tsu warudginon Tavisi gamogoneba, romelic ukve cnobil departamentis asistent-profesori, al. naTiSvilis morfologiis insti- Tsu morfologiis institutis “eqsperi- tutSi eqsperimentuli qirurgiis samec- saperfuzio sistemebze ufro ekonomiuria, amave dros mentuli qirurgiis samecniero-saswav- niero-saswavlo centris xelmZRvaneli. ki, Tavis maCveneblebiT, ZviradRirebul sistemebs ar lo-satreningo centris” ganyofilebis 2001-2005 wlebSi xelmZRvanelobda Camouvardeba. ufrosi. aris erTi monografiis, ori Tsu medicinis fakultetis adamianis The scientists are presently working in two directions: The first includes a project gamogonebis, 70-ze meti samecniero normaluri anatomiis topografiuli called “Development of Artificial Blood Circulation Portable Device Designed for statiisa da erTi saxelmZRvanelos anatomiisa da operaciuli qirurgiis avtori, saerTaSoriso samecniero kaTedras. sxvadasxva universitetis Field Use”, financed by the Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation. The konferenciis saorganizacio komite- medicinis fakultetebze kiTxulobs Aam etapze institutSi muSaoba ori mimarTulebiT mimdi- project will be implemented in 2013-2015. A group of scientists from the TSU In- tis wevri. gaxlavT “GROUP QUANTA leqciebs adamianis normalur anato- nareobs. maT Soris, SoTa rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero stitute of Morphology, which took an active part in the previous research, is now MEDICAL”-is (safrangeTi) mier Catare- miaSi, topografiul anatomiaSi da op- fondis dafinansebiT, proeqtze “xelovnuri sisxlmimoqcevis involved in the project : Professor Dimitri Kordzaia, MD, PhD, ScD, Head of the buli saerTaSoriso multicentruli kv- eraciul qirurgiaSi. mihyavs klinikuri Department of Clinical Anatomy and Operative Surgery (DCAOS), Nodar Khodeli, levebis, saqarTvelos da saerTaSoriso anatomiisa da klinikuri unarCvevebis portatuli aparatis SemuSaveba savele pirobebSi gamoyenebi- ramodenime grantis (sesf, ISTC, STCU) seminarebis kursi. aris sami saxelmZR- saTvis”. proeqti 2013-2015 wlebSi ganxorcieldeba. masSi Tsu MD, PhD, Associate Professor of DCAOS, Zurab Chkhaidze, Md, PhD and Mikheil monawile Tu xelmZRvaneli. aqvs eqsperi- Jangavadze, MD, PhD – the Assistant Professors of DCAOS; the students from vanelos da ori monografiis avtori. aleqsandre naTiSvilis morfologiis institutis mecnierTa mentul da klinikur kardioqirurgiaSi gamoqveynebuli aqvs 100-ze meti samec- bachelor’s and doctoral degree programs of Faculty of Medicine are also involved muSaobis 15-wliani gamocdileba. misi jgufia CarTuli, romelic aqtiur monawileobas iRebda aseve niero naSromi, gaxlavT 8 gamogonebis in the project. kvlevis sferoebia: xelovnuri gulis, da patentis mflobeli. amJamad SoTa adre ganxorcielebul kvlevebSi: dimitri korZaia – Tsu sru- Another ongoing direction is dedicated to ensuring adequate blood circulation of filtvisa da sisxlmimoqcevis sistemebi, rusTavelis samecniero fondSi gamar- li profesori, medicinis mecnierebaTa doqtori, medicinis sicocxlis xelovnuri uzrunvelyofa. jvebuli ori proeqtis SesrulebaSi a recipient’s organism during the anhepatic phases of different durations in full- or monawileobs. fakultetis klinikuri anatomiis da operaciuli qirurgiis de- partial liver transplant. partamentis xelmZRvaneli; zurab CxaiZe – klinikuri anatomiis The Project Manager Zurab Chkhaidze said, “The key component of a perfusion DMSc, Assistant Professor of Clinical Anatomy departamentis asistent-profesori, medicinis mecnierebaTa system, and which defines the efficiency of the entire equipment, is a blood pump. and Operative Surgery Department, TSU Fac- DMSc, Associate Professor at the Clinical Anat- Existing devices used today in experiments or in clinical settings, have a number ulty of Medicine, he is Head of the Department of omy Department , TSU Faculty of Medicine, he kandidati. nodar xodeli - Tsu klinikuri anatomiis da operaci- Scientific-Educational-Training Center of Experi- is Head of the Scientific-Educational Center of uli qirurgiis departamentis asocirebuli profesori, medici- of shortcomings, including the non-physiological flow rate. Physiologically, blood mental Surgery, TSU Institute of Morphology. He flow is pulsatile, meaning that blood flow pulsates rather than flows evenly through Experimental Surgery at the Al. Natishvili Insti- nis mecnierebaTa kandidati, mixeil jangavaZe – Tsu klinikuri is the author of one monograph, two inventions, tute of Morphology. From 2001-2005, Khodeli vessels in the human organism. Most of the existing devices are characterized by more than 70 scientific articles and a textbook anatomiis da operaciuli qirurgiis departamentis asistent led the Normal Anatomy, Topographic Anatomy non-physiological flow, known as a laminar flow, which can be harmful for living and participant of International Multicenter Study and Surgery Departments at the Medical Faculty profesori, medicinis mecnierebaTa kandidati. proeqtSi monaw- organisms if they are used for a long time, as they cause changes to physiological conducted by the Quanta Medical Group, France of TSU and lectures in Gross Anatomy and Topo- ileoben aseve kaTedris laborantebi, Tsu doqtoranturisa da and participates or leads several Georgian and in- graphic Anatomy as well as Operative Surgery at processes. In addition to large blood vessels, the circulatory system is made up of ternational grants (GNSF, ISTC, STCU). He has the medical faculties of different universities, and bakalavriatis studentebi. small capillaries; these fail to receive blood during laminar flow. Such non-pulsatile 15-years experience in experimental and clinical oversees seminar courses in Clinical Anatomy and `saperfuzio sistemis mTavar Semadgenel nawils, romelic, flow can be endured for short times but for longer use it causes damage that has to cardiac surgery and his spheres of his research Clinical Skills. He is the author of three textbooks ZiriTadad, mTlianad mowyobilobis efeqtianobas gansazRvravs, be repaired by intensive therapy and rehabilitation of patients through medication include artificial heart, lung and cardiopulmonary and two monographs. He has published over 100 and other expensive procedures.” systems, artificial life support systems. scientific articles and is owner of eight inventions sisxlis tumbo warmoadgens. arsebul aparatebs, romlebic dRes and patents. Currently, he is involved in the imple- gamoiyeneba rogorc cxovelebze eqsperimentebSi, ise klinikaSi, “There is another problem too”, said Nodar Khodeli. “The second main problem with perfusion systems is their cost. In particular, the use of expensive perfusion mentation of two projects sponsored by the Shota rigi naklovanebebi gaaCnia, maT Soris nakadis arafiziologi- Rustaveli Science Foundation. systems with a pulsatile flow makes scientific research costly and reduces the chanc- uroba. fiziologiurad, sisxlis nakadi pulsuria. anu sisx- es for their experimental use. A main goal of our research is to create a universal, lis nakadi sisxlZarRvebSi pulsirebs da organizmSi ise erT- maximally physiological and cheaper perfusion system for both experimental and ferovnad da mdored ar miedineba, rogorc magaliTad wyali clinical purposes. We are working to develop a perfusion system for conducting onkanSi. arsebuli aparatebis umetesobas swored nakadis amgvari bio-medical research on animals, and to create portable artificial blood circulation arafiziologiuroba axasiaTebs, romelic laminaruli nakadis equipment for field use.” saxeliTaa cnobili. msgavsi nakadi xangrZlivi drois ganmav- The experience of the researchers is based on years of scientific work on perfusion lobaSi cocxali organizmisTvis sazianoa, radgan fiziologi- systems they have developed and patented. Implementation of the first project start- uri procesebis darRvevas iwvevs. Tundac imitom, rom organizm- ed under the guidance of Professor Nodar Khodeli at the Scientific, Educational and Training Center of Experimental Surgery. This involved ensuring adequate blood Si msxvili sisxlZarRvebis garda, arsebobs aseve kapilarebi, circulation of a recipient’s organism during a full- or partial liver transplant, with romlebsac laminaruli nakadis dros sisxli aRar miewodeba. anhepatic phases of different durations. In an anhepatic phase, the human organism

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1. universaluri tumbos principuli sqema da muSaobis fazebi mcire xnis ganmavlobaSi aseTi arapulsuri nakadi asa- suffers a deficit of blood when the liver has been removed or partially A - pirveli faza (sakani 1-is Sevseba da sakani 2-is dacla). tumbos saknebis dacla da Sevseba xorcieldeba saknebSi miwodebuli tania, magram misi xangrZlivi periodiT gamoyenebisas removed, and before the transplant of a donor’s liver has been ac- uaryofiTi wnevis (vakuumi) da dadebiTi wnevis marTvis blokidan ukve intensiuri Terapiis, pacientebis medikamentebiT complished. regulirebiT ise, rom pirveli saknis sisxliT Sevsebisas meore da sxvadasxva ZviradRirebuli procedurebiT reabil- Professor Khodeli said, “Trauma is less likely when using our device, sakani icleba. sawyis mdgomareobaSi sakani 2 Sevsebulia zeda as it can be operated by both pressure and volume. Laminar flow can punqtiramde. sanaTuris damxSobi (okluzatori) 3 ketavs haeris itaciis aucilebloba dgeba”. – acxadebs proeqtis sa- be regulated only by pressure. Flow reduction and increase is propor- wnevis magistrals 8 da aRebs sakani 1-is vakuumis magistrals mecniero xelmZRvaneli, medicinis mecnierebaTa kan- 8. amavdroulad, okluzatori 4 ketavs sakani 2-is vakuumis tional to pressure changeability. A universal pump is the key block in magistrals 9 da aRebs haeris wnevis magistrals 9. amgvarad, didati zurab CxaiZe. our perfusion systems (pic.1). Pump cells are emptied and filled by sacdeli cxovelis sisxli magistraliT 7 Caedineba pirvel sakanSi Tsu mecnierTa ganmartebiT, saperfuzio siste- da avsebs mas punqtiriT moniSnul donemde. pirveli saknis regulation from the negative pressure (vacuum) and positive pressure gamosasvlelSi okluzatori 6 daketilia, xolo meore saknisa Riaa mebis TvalsazrisiT arsebuli meore problema maTi management block so that the second cell is emptied while filling the da masSi arsebuli sisxli, wnevis qveS, pulsatori 10-is gavliT, ZviradRirebulobaa. first cell with blood. In the vascular system of experimental animals gadadis organizmisken mimaval saerTo magistralSi 11. pulsatori uzrunvelyofs fiziologiuri maxasiaTeblebis mqone, kerZod “rogorc aRvniSneT, SedarebiT xanmokle gamoy- a pulsator provides a pulsatile flow with physiological characteristics wyvetil, pulsur sisxlnakads (bunebrivi gulis analogiurad) sacdeli enebis drosac ki xelovnuri sisxlnakadi mudmiv kon- similar to a natural heart. An occlusion device is switched by liquid cxovelis sisxlZarRvTa sistemaSi. level sensors in the cells. The hemodynamic characteristics of this B - meore fazaSi xdeba pirveli saknis dacla da meores Sevseba. trolsa da organizmSi Tavisi gamovlinebebis kore- okluzatorebis gadarTva xorcieldeba saknebSi arsebuli siTxis qcias saWiroebs. arsebobs sxva problemac. kerZod, pump (blood pressure, amount of blood flow – capacity, volume of donis aRmqmeli sensorebis meSveobiT. im ZviradRirebuli saperfuzio sistemebis gamoy- each circle, frequency of pulsation, etc.) are similar to those of the best (very expensive) pumps existing in the world. Furthermore, it is eneba, romlebic pulsur nakads uzrunvelyofs, zr- Figure 1. Principal scheme of universal pump and its operation equipped with a simple operation system, which ensures both pulsa- dis samecniero kvlevebis fass. es, Tavis mxriv, maTi phases tile (imitation of physiological arterial blood flow) and continuous, A – The first phase (loading chamber 1 and unloading chamber eqsperimentuli mizniT gamoyenebis intensiobas am- 2). Unloading and loading of pump chambers takes place through non-pulsatile flow (imitation of physiological venous blood flow) in regulation of negative pressure (vacuum) and positive pressure from cirebs. aqedan gamomdinare, naTiSvilis institutis the vascular system of experimental animals of various sizes (rats, control block so that while loading the first chamber with blood the mecnierTa kvlevebis mizani _ universaluri, maqsim- young hares, dogs, sheep, etc.), in accordance with particular experi- second one is unloading. In its initial position, chamber 2 is filled up to its upper dotted line. Occlusion 3 closes air pressure channel 8 and alurad fiziologiuri da iafi saperfuzio sistemis mental requirements. Such pump enables to regulate the capacity by opens vacuum channel 8 of chamber 1. Simultaneously, occlusion 4 Seqmna gaxda, rogorc eqsperimentuli, ise klinikuri both the frequency of pulsation, and the amount of each cycle – at the closes vacuum channel of chamber 2 and opens air pressure channel gamoyenebisaTvis. amJamad, muSaoba ori mimarTule- expense of pressure regulation.” 9. Hence, the blood of an experimental animal is flowing through channel 7 into the first chamber and fills it up to the dotted line. biT mimdinareobs: sxvadasxva zomis sacdel cxovele- According to particular experimental requirements, it is possible to Occlusion 6 is closed at the exit of the first chamber, while it is open bze bio-samedicino kvlevebis sawarmoeblad gamoy- create various artificial perfusion systems using the developed pump, in the second chamber. The blood is flowing from chamber 2 under as well as to replace physiological blood circulation in the arterial pressure through pulsator 10 towards the main channel 11 leading to enebadi saperfuzio sistemebis SemuSavebis mxriv da or venous sections of experimental animals by an artificial pump. the organism. Pulsator provides pulsatile blood flow (similar to natural xelovnuri sisxlmimoqcevis portatuli aparatis heart) in the vascular system of experimental animals. Moreover, it is possible to ensure blood circulation in isolated organs savele pirobebSi gamoyenebisaTvis SemuSavebis kuTx- B – During the second phase, the first chamber is unloaded and the similar to physiological blood circulation. second one is loaded. Occlusions are commuted through sensors iT”. _ acxadebs asocirebuli profesori, medicinis detecting the liquid existing in the chambers. The development of a portable artificial blood circulation device de- mecnierebaTa kandidati nodar xodeli. signed for field use on the basis of this pump implies the elaboration M Tsu aleqsandre naTiSvilis morfologiis insti- of a very different portable device and perfusion method. Its use dur- tutis mkvlevarTa jgufis kompetencia mecnieruli ing mass casualty incidents (hostilities, terrorist acts, and natural and muSaobis mravalwlian gamocdilebasa da maT mier Se- technogenic disasters) under conditions of sharp decline of functions muSavebul da dapatentebul saperfuzio sistemebs in the victims’ vital organs (brain, heart and lungs) will help maintain efuZneba. institutis bazaze arsebul ”eqsperimen- blood circulation and increase their chances of survival. tuli qirurgiis samecniero-saswavlo-satreningo centrSi” pirveli proeqti profesor nodar xodel- References is xelmZRvanelobiT daiwyo. igi RviZlis sruli an The results of the research carried out by the scientists from the In- wilobrivi gadanergvisas, sxvadasxva xangrZlivobis stitute of Morphology were published in the materials of the 2nd ahepatur (uRviZlo) fazaSi recipientis organizmis International Congress of Update in Cardiology and Cardiovascular adeqvaturi sisxlmimoqcevis uzrunvelyofas iTval- Surgery: “The Heart Surgery Forum”, Turkey, Antalya. 2008, as well iswinebda. Aahepatur periodSi, avadmyofis organizmi as in various scientific journals, including those with impact factor. E. Azmaiparashvili, M. Geldiashvili, Z. A. Chkhaidze, N. G. Khodeli, sakuTari RviZlis an misi wilis amokveTis Semdeg, do- O. Pilishvili, G. Tomadze, M. Jangavadze, J. Partsakhashvili, D. noris RviZlis gadanergvis damTavrebamde, am organos Kordzaia - Optimization of Venous Return during the Anhepatic funqciis deficits ganicdis. cnobisaTvis, nodar xo- Phase of Experimental Liver Transplantation J. Experimental and 2. RviZlis gadanergvis dros recipientis organizmis perfuziis deli ukve saperfuzio sistemis ori patentis mflobe- Clinical Medicine 01/2010; sqema lia. Partsakhashvili, D. D., Azmaiparashvili, E. L., Chkhaidze, Z. A., 1. venuri rezervuari; 2. Tbomimomcvleli; 3. universaluri tumbo; 4. venuri filtri; 5. manometri; 6. Termometri; 7. vakuum-amwovi; 8. “Cveni aparatis gamoyenebisas travma naklebia, Khodeli, N. G., & Tomadze, G. D. Optimization of the venous return gadamrTveli onkani; 9. marTvis bloki. radgan misi marTva SesaZlebelia rogorc wneviT, ise during experimental hepatectomy in rabbits. Georgian Med News moculobiT. mdore (laminaruli) sisxlnakadis regu- 2009 (174), 108-112. lireba ki mxolod wneviT xdeba. Nnakadis kleba da mate- Zurab Chkhaidze, Nodar Khodeli, Otari Pilishvili, Djumber Part- sakhashvili, Mikheil Jangavadze, Dimitri Kordzaia – New model of Figure 2. Perfusion scheme of recipient’s organism during liver ba wnevis cvalebadobis pirdapirproporciulia. Cvens veno-venous bypass for management of anhepatic phase in experi- transplantation saperfuzio sistemebSi ZiriTad, sakvanZo bloks uni- 1. Venous reservoir; 2. Thermal reservoir; 2. Universal pump; 4. mental study on dogs. Transplantation Proceedings. 2013 (Impact versaluri tumbo warmoadgens (nax. 1). tumbos saknebis Venous filter; 5. Manometer; 6. Thermometer; 7. Vacuum exhauster; Factor: 1.064) (in Press). 8. Switching tap; 9. Control block dacla da Sevseba xorcieldeba saknebSi miwodebuli Djumber Partsakhashvili, Zurab Chkhaidze, Nodar Khodeli, Otar uaryofiTi wnevis (vakuumi) da dadebiTi wnevis mar- Pilishvili, Dimitri Kordzaia, Mikheil Jangavadze. Experimental liv- Tvis blokidan regulirebiT ise, rom pirveli saknis er autotransplantation with novel scheme of veno-venous bypass as sisxliT Sevsebisas meore sakani icleba. pulsatori a model of liver denervation and delymphatization. Transplantation uzrunvelyofs fiziologiuri maxasiaTeblebis mqone, Proceedings. 2013 (Impact Factor: 1.064) (in press).

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kerZod wyvetil, pulsur sisxlnakads (bunebrivi gu- meTodis SemuSavebas gulisxmobs. proeqtis monawile- lis analogiurad) sacdeli cxovelis sisxlZarRvTa Ta ganmartebiT, perspeqtivaSi misi gamoyeneba maso- sistemaSi. okluzatorebis (Camketis) gadarTva sakneb- brivi dazianebebis keraSi (saomari moqmedebebisas, Si arsebuli siTxis donis aRmqmeli sensorebiT xdeba. teroristuli aqtebis, bunebrivi da teqnogenuri aRniSnuli tumbos hemodinamikuri maxasiaTeblebi katastrofebis dros) sasikvdilod ganwiruli dazara- (sisxlis wneva, drois erTeulSi gadadenili sisxlis lebulebisTvis, sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis organoebSi moculoba - warmadoba, TiToeuli ciklis moculoba, (Tavis tvini, guli da filtvebi) maTi funqciis mkveTri pulsaciis sixSire da sxv.) msoflioSi arsebuli (sak- daqveiTebis pirobebSi, sisxlis mimoqcevis SenarCune- maod ZviradRirebuli) saukeTeso tumboebis maxasi- bas da maTi gadarCenis Sansis gazrdas iTvaliswinebs. aTeblebis msgavsia, amasTanave igi aRWurvilia marTvis morfologiis institutis miecnierTa kvlevebis martivi sistemiT, romelic sxvadasxva zomis (virTag- Sedegebi gamoqveynda TurqeTSi, kardioqirurgTa fo- va, baWia, ZaRli, cxvari da sxv.) sacdeli cxovelis sisx- rumis masalebSi (2nd International Congress of Update in Car- lZarRvTa sistemaSi uzrunvelyofs sisxlis rogorc diology and Cardiovascular Surgery: “The Heart Surgery Forum”. mopulsire (fiziologiuri arteriuli sisxlnakadis Turkey, Antalya. 2008), aseve, samecniero, maT Soris im- imitacia), aseve uwyvet, arapulsur nakads (fiziolo- paqt-faqtoris mqone JurnalebSi: giuri venuri sisxlnakadis imitacia), konkretuli eqs- E. Azmaiparashvili, M. Geldiashvili, Z. A. Chkhaidze, N. G. perimentuli moTxovnebis Sesabamisad. aseTi tumbos Khodel, O. Pilishvili, G. Tomadze, M. Jangavadze, J. Partsakhash- gamoyenebiT SesaZlebelia warmadobis regulireba vili, D. Kordzaia - Optimization of Venous Return during the Anhe- rogorc pulsaciis sixSiriT, ise TiToeuli ciklis patic Phase of Experimental Liver Transplantation J. Experimental moculobiT - wnevis regulirebis xarjze”. – aRniSnavs and Clinical Medicine 01/2010; nodar xodeli. Partsakhashvili, D. D., Azmaiparashvili, E. L., Chkhaidze, Z. A., Tsu mecnierTa ganmartebiT, SemuSavebuli tumbos Khodeli, N. G., & Tomadze, G. D. Optimization of the venous return gamoyenebiT SesaZlebelia, konkretuli eqsperimen- during experimental hepatectomy in rabbits. Georgian Med News tuli moTxovnebidan gamomdinare, sxvadasxvagvari 2009 (174), 108-112. xelovnuri saperfuzio sistemebis Seqmna, sacdeli Zurab Chkhaidze, Nodar Khodeli, Otari Pilishvili, Djumber Part- cxovelebis organizmSi arteriul Tu venur mon- sakhashvili, Mikheil Jangavadze, Dimitri Kordzaia – New model of akveTSi fiziologiuri sisxlmimoqcevis xelovnuriT veno-venous bypass for management of anhepatic phase in experi- Canacvleba. garda amisa, izolirebul organoebSi, mental study on dogs. Transplantation Proceedings. 2013 (Impact fiziologiurTan maqsimalurad miaxloebuli sisx- Factor: 1.064) (in Press). lmimoqcevis uzrunvelyofa. Djumber Partsakhashvili, Zurab Chkhaidze, Nodar Khodeli, piris Rru - organizmis sarke savele pirobebSi gamoyenebisTvis xelovnuri sisx- Otari Pilishvili, Dimitri Kordzaia, Mikheil Jangavadze. Experi- lmimoqcevis portatuli aparatis SemuSaveba zemoT mental liver autotransplantation with novel scheme of veno-venous aRwerili tumbos bazaze, xelovnuri sisxlmimoqcevis bypass as a model of liver denervation and delymphatization. Trans- The Mouth – Mirror of the Human Organism sruliad axali, portatuli aparatisa da perfuziis plantation Proceedings. 2013 (Impact Factor: 1.064) (in Press).

KTbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis mecnierTa kvleva “kbilis kariesis gavrceleba da parodontis (kbilbude, RrZili) qsovilebis mdgomareoba saqarTvelos bavSvTa asakis stomatologiaSi”, miznad isaxavda skolis asakis bavSvebSi piris Rrus epidemiologiur aRweras. igi 2011 wlis dekemberSi daiwyo da 6 Tvis manZilze grZeldeboda. am xnis ganmavlobaSi gamoikvlies TbilisSi, quTaisSi, baTumSi, axalcixeSi da marneulSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi. proeqti Tsu samedicino fakultetis stomatologiisa da yba-saxis qirurgiis departamentis warmomadgenlebis mier stomatologiuri naxazi 3. denervirebuli da delimfatizirebuli kvlevebis saerTaSoriso asociaciis israelis divizionTan TanamSromlobiT da amave asociaciis RviZlis eqsperimentuli modeli regionuli ganviTarebis programis nawilobrivi finansuri mxardaWeriT Catarda. eqimi-stomatologebi piris Rrus mTeli organizmis sarked miiCneven, radganP misi mdgomareoba Figure 3. Experimental model of liver erTdroulad asaxavs da gansazRvravs adamianis organizmis janmrTelobis saerTo mdgomareobas. denervaton and delymphatization kariesi multifaqtoruli daavadebaa, romelic kbilis magari qsovilebis dazianebas iwvevs, ris Sedegadac kariesuli Rru warmoiqmneba. saerTaSoriso organizaciebis monacemebiT, igi erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli daavadebaa, rogorc mozrdilebSi, ise bavSvebSi. A – ვენო-ვენური შემოვლის I ეტაპი; A – I stage of veno-venous bypass; B –ვენო-ვენური შემოვლის II ეტაპი; B – II stage of veno-venous bypass; C –ვენო-ვენური შემოვლის III ეტაპი; C – III stage of veno-venous bypass; Dentists believe that the mouth cavity is a mirror of the entire human organism, as its condition simultaneously reflects and 1 – სწორი კანულა; 1 – Straight cannula; 2 – ვენური რეზერვუარი; 2 – Venous reservoir; defines the general condition of human health. Cavities are multi-factorial affecting different parts of the teeth and causing 3 – პირველი ტუმბო; 3 – First pump; 4 – მეორე ტუმბო; tooth decay. According to the data of international organizations tooth decay is one of the most widespread diseases in both 5 – ჰაერის ბუშტუკების ფილტრი; 4 – Second pump; children and adults. 6 – კანულა კაუდალური ვენის 5 – Air bubble filter; Research conducted by TSU scientists on “Tooth decay and the state of periodontal tissue in Georgian pediatric dentistry” was სუპრაჰეპატურ მონაკვეთში; 6 – Suprahepatic caudal vein cannulation; 7 – ღვიძლი. 7 – Liver a six-month study that examined the issue for school children in 2011. Children living in Tbilisi, Kutaisi, Batumi, Akhaltsikhe and Marneuli were examined during this period. The project was implemented by the Department of Stomatology and Jaw & Facial Surgery at the TSU Faculty of Medicine in cooperation with the Israeli Division of the International Association for Dental Research.

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“msgavsi saxis masStaburi epidemiologiuri kvleva saqarTveloSi “Large-scale epidemiological research had not been conducted in Georgia for almost TiTqmis 30 welia ar Catarebula. igi saqarTvelos mosaxleobis piris 30 years. This study provides a current picture of the Georgian population’s dental Rrus janmrTelobis mxriv arsebul suraTs iZleva da prevenciul health and is the initial stage in preventive dentistry. Based on the results we can select stomatologiaSi sawyis etaps warmoadgens. misi Sedegebis gaTval- programs to reduce the spread of dental diseases in Georgian children,” said Manana iswinebiT SeiZleba SeirCes programebi, romlebic Seamcireben sto- Kalandadze, MD and Associate Professor at the Department of Stomatology and Jaw matologiuri daavadebebis gavrcelebas saqarTvelos bavSvTa asakis & Facial Surgery of the TSU Faculty of Medicine. mosaxleobaSi.” – aRniSnavs Tsu medicinis fakultetis stomatolo- Caries is a non-communicable disease (NCD), a chronic disease in adults and the most common disease in children. As a result of accumulation of carbohydrates on the tooth giisa da yba-saxis qirurgiis departamentis asocirebuli profesori, surface, bacteria discharge acids cause demineralization of hard tissue (dentin and medicinis mecnierebaTa doqtori manana kalandaZe. enamel) and lead to tooth decay. According to data from the World Health Organiza- misi ganmartebiT, kariesi yvelaze Cveuli aragadamdebi (NCD – Non tion caries causes economic losses due to its rapid spread, and has been entered on the Communicable Disease) da qronikuli daavadebaa mozrdilebSi, aseve list of social diseases (The Oral Heath Atlas). The spread of caries is defined by the yvelaze Cveuli daavadeba bavSvebSi. dental caries intensity index, a parameter defined by the total amount of decayed, filled `kbilis zedapirze naxSirwylebis akumulaciis Sedegad baqterie- and extracted teeth. It’s defined in children by the total number of decayed and filled bi gamoyofen mJavebs, romlebic kbilis magari qsovilebis (dentini teeth, because they may lack teeth because of their physiological changes. da minanqari) demineralizacias iwveven, ris Sedegadac Rru warmoiqm- The Georgian researchers evaluated the dental status of 1053 children (541 females mariam margvelaSvili neba. jandacvis msoflio organizaciis monacemebis mixedviT, Tavisi and 512 males) divided into three age groups: first grade (5-6 years) or 404 children; manana kalandaZe Manana Kalandadze Mariam Margvelashvili maRali gavrcelebis, garTulebebis da ekonomikuri zaralis gamo igi seventh grade (12 years) or 335 children; and tenth grade (15 years) , or 314 children. The spread of caries was evaluated in all three groups. The pathology of periodontal medicinis mecnierebaTa doqtori, aso- socialur daavadebaTa siaSia Setanili (The Oral Health Atlas). kariesis cirebuli profesori. medicinis mecnierebaTa doqtori. Tsu tissue was found only in the tenth grade children. medicinis fakultetis stomatolo- gavrcelebis gansazRvra xdeba kba - kariesis intensiurobis indeq- Tsu medicinis fakultetis stomatolo- giisa da yba-saxis qirurgiis departa- sis dadgeniT. aRniSnuli maCvenebeli k-kariesuli, b-dabJenili da a- The research showed that the average spread of caries in the Georgian population of giisa da yba-saxis qirurgiis kaTedris mentis maswavlebeli. Aamave dros aris amoRebuli kbilebis jamiT ganisazRvreba. bavSvebSi ki mxolod karie- school age is 1.81 (according to the dental caries intensity index). This figure is not asocirebuli profesori. 1987 wlidan dRemde praqtikul moRvaweobas eweva praqtikosi stomatologi. 2013 wels suli da dabJenli kbilebis raodenobiT, radgan SesaZloa kbilebi high compared to the average world parameter of 2.0. The development of preventive florenciis da sienas universitetebis programs will further reduce the spread of caries. As for the evaluation of periodontal Tbilisis saxelmwifo samedicino uni- maT fiziologiuri cvlis gamo akldeT”. _ acxadebs manana kalandaZe. versitetis stomatologiuri klinikis (italia) mier mieniWa doqtoris xarisxi. tissue there was an average parameter of dental deposits of 0.54. Lower parameters 2009-2011 wlebSi aSS-is qalaq bostonSi, Kkvlevis ganmavlobaSi mkvlevarTa mier sul 1052 bavSvis (540 qali bavSvTa Terapiul ganyofilebaSi. mini- of dental deposits, dental calculus and deep tooth pockets were observed in girls com- taftis universitetSi asocirebuli da 512 vaJi) mdgomareoba Sefasda. bavSvebi sam asakobriv jgufad dai- Webuli aqvs Terapevt-stomatologisa post-doqtorantis poziciaze axor- pared with boys. Dental calculus formation was observed in 27% of all children and da bavSvTa asakis Terapevt-stomatolo- cielebda kvlevebs Rerovan ujredebze. yvnen: pirveli klasi (5-6 weli) – 404 bavSvi; meSvide klasi (12 weli) – bleeding in 26%., according to Mariam Margvelashvili, MD, from the Department of gis serTifikatebi. miRebuli aqvs monaw- aris saerTaSoriso kongresebisa da 335 bavSvi; meaTe klasi (15 weli) – 314 bavSvi. samive jgufSi Sefasda Stomatology and Jaw & Facial Surgery at the TSU Faculty of Medicine. ileoba mraval saerTSoriso kongresSi, uwyveti stomatologiuri ganaTlebis kariesis gavrceleba. parodontis qsovilebis mdgomareoba ki mx- konferenciasa da seminarSi. gaxldaT The research was carried out using guidelines defined by the World Health Organiza- saqarTvelos stomatologTa asocia- saerTaSoriso konferenciebis monawile, olod meaTeklaselebSi dadginda. momxsenebeli. misi samecniero kvlevebis tion (WHO Oral Health Surveys: Basic Methods, 4th Edition). The scientists from ciis saerTaSoriso kongresis da III pan- sfero uaxlesi stomatologiuri masa- “rogorc kvlevis Sedegad gairkva, saqarTvelos skolis asakis mo- Israel held a workshop on WHO standards, so they would observe these while ex- evropuli kongresis saorganizacio lebi, maTi klinikuri gamoyenebebi da saxleobaSi kariesis gavrcelebis saSualo maCvenebeli aris 1.81. (kba amining children’s mouths and while defining relevant parameters. According to the komitetebis wevri (ukraina). aris rva stomatologiaSi Rerovani ujredebis indeqsi) es ar aris cudi maCvenebli, radgan msoflios saSualo ma- researchers this will help develop preventive programs and permit comparisons with samecniero naSromis avtori da Tanaav- tori. ganviTarebis perspeqtivebia. mariam mar- Ceneblia 2.0. (The Oral Health Atlas) prevenciuli programebis SemuSaveba other countries, helping Georgia to become part of the “world oral cavity map”. Work gvelaSvilis kvlevebi gamoqveynebulia iseT maRalreitingul samecniero Jur- ki, Tavis mxriv, ufro Seamcirebs kariesis gavrcelebas. rac Seexeba is now underway on a second edition of the Oral Health Atlas which will include the nalebSi rogoric aris: „Plos One“, „Stem parodontis qsovilebis mdgomareobis Sefasebas, Seswavlil bavSveb- results of the Georgian research. MD, Associate Professor, Department of Stoma- tology and Jaw & Facial Surgery, TSU Faculty Cell Research and Therapy“, „in Vitro Cellular Si aseTi monacemebi dafiqsirda: saerTo raodenobaSi kbilis nadebis The following conclusions were made: Unlike periodontal tissue diseases, the spread and Developmental Biology – Animal“, „Journal of caries is not high in Georgian children of school age. Statistical data show that of Medicine. She has worked as a dentist at the indeqsis saSualo maCveneblia 0.54; sainteresoa, rom gogonebSi vaJe- Children’s Therapeutic Department of the Dental of Dentistry“, „Journal of Adhesive Dentistry“, parodontosis (periodontal disease) is lower in girls than in boys. It will be necessary „Clinical Oral Investigations“ da „Journal of Clini- bze ufro dabali kbilis nadebis, kbilis qvis da kbilis jibeebis siR- Clinic of the Tbilisi State Medical University since to carry out further research to help identify the differences in the frequency of the dis- cal Pediatric Dentistry“. rmis maCvenebeli dafiqsirda. qvis arseboba dafiqsirda gasinjul 1987 and has received Certificates as a therapist- ease between regions, to determine the connection of the frequency with independent dentist and children’s therapist-dentist. Shehas par- bavSvTa 27%-Si, sisxldena 26%-Si” - acxadebs medicinis mecnierebaTa factors (diet, fluorine, mouth cavity hygiene, social-economic status) andl to develop ticipated in international congresses, conferences MD, PhD, Lecturer at the Department of Stoma- doqtori, Tsu medicinis fakultetis, stomatologiis da yba-saxis preventive programs. These programs involve education on the necessity of dental hy- and seminars and is a member of the International Congress of the Georgian Dental Association and tology and Jaw & Facial Surgery, TSU Faculty qirurgiis departamentis warmomadgeneli mariam margvelaSvili. giene and correct nutrition for both schoolchildren and adults. It would be possible to of Medicine, she practices dentistry. In 2013 she kvleva jandacvis msoflio organizaciis mier dadgenili pro- the organizing committee of the III Pan-European was granted a PhD degree by the Universities of carry out fissural closure in the framework of a state program. This prophylactic mea- Congress (Ukraine); is author and co-author of Florence and Siena. She carried out post doctoral tokolebiT (WHO Oral Health Surveys Basic Methods 4th Edition) Catarda. sure permits closing fissures with a filling or sealing material that protects a new tooth eight scientific works. research in 2009-2011 at Tufts University, Boston israelis warmomadgenel mecnierTa mier kvlevis monawileTaTvis against decay. The preventive program also involves water fluoridation or fluoridated on stem cells. She is a participant of international bavSvTa piris Rruebis daTvalierebisa da maCveneblebis janmo-s food (milk, salt) in those regions that lack fluorine. congresses and international conferences on con- standartebis Sesabamisad dasafiqsireblad specialuri `vorqSofi~ The following dentists were involved in the research: Vladimer Margvelashvili, pro- tinuing dental education. Fields of research include modern dental materials, their clinical use and gaimarTa. yovelive es, mecnierTa ganmartebiT, ara mxolod prevenci- fessor, doctor of medicine, chairman of the Department of Stomatology and Jaw & Fa- perspectives of the development of stem cells in uli programebis SemuSavebis, aramed miRebuli monacemebis msofli- cial Surgery of the TSU Faculty of Medicine; Manana Kalandadze, doctor of medicine, dentistry. Publications have appeared in: Plos One; os sxvadasxva qveynebSi Catarebul kvlevis SedegebTan Sedarebis sa- associate professor at the Department of Stomatology and Jaw & Facial Surgery of the Stem Cell Research and Therapy; In Vitro Cellular Sualebas iZleva, “ris Sedegadac saqarTvelo ukve msoflios piris TSU Faculty of Medicine; Mariam Margvelashvili, doctor of medicine, the Depart- and Developmental Biology – Animal; Journal of ment of Stomatology and Jaw & Facial Surgery of the TSU Faculty of Medicine; Nino Dentistry; Journal of Adhesive Dentistry; Clinical Rrus rukis nawili gaxdeba”. Oral Investigations and Journal of Clinical Pediat- `mimdinareobs muSaoba „piris Rrus msoflio atlasis“ meore ga- Tsintsadze, the Department of Fixed Prosthesis and Dental Materials of the Toscana Dental School; Rusudan Ivanishvili, doctoral student, the Department of Stomatology ric Dentistry. mocemaze (The Oral Health Atlas). Cven vTanamSromlobT redaqtorTan da and Jaw & Facial Surgery of the TSU Faculty of Medicine; Tamuna Lomidze, candi- amjerad gamocemaSi Seva Cveni kvlevis Sedegebic, anu saqarTvelozec date of medical sciences, the Department of Stomatology and Jaw & Facial Surgery iqneba obieqturi monacemebi~ - aRniSnavs mariam margvelaSvili. of the TSU Faculty of Medicine; practicing dentists: Tea Mirotadze, Ia Chigvinadze, zogadad, kvlevis monawileTa mier gamotanili Ddaskvnebi ki ase- Giorgi Apkhadze; the representatives of the Dental Faculty of the University of Is- Tia: parodontitis qsovilis daavadebebisgan gansxvavebiT, saqa- rael – doctors of medicine, professor Leon Bilder and Harold Scan-Cohen; doctors of rTvelos skolis asakis bavSvebSi kariesis gavrceleba maRali araa. medicine, representatives of the Periodontology Department of the Rambam Health AamasTan, parodontitis statistikuri maCvenebeli gogonebSi ufro Care Campus of the Tel Aviv University Liran Levin and Professor Eli E. Machtei. dabalia, vidre vaJebSi. samomavlod mizanSewonilia sxva kvlevebis In future the group of researchers plans to carry out similar research among the adult ganxorcieleba, romelTa safuZvelze, regionebs Soris daavadebaTa population, where naturally the results of this research will be considered too.

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2013 2013 July Tsu science 56 57

gavrcelebis sxvaobis dadgena, maTi gavrcelebis da- bilderi da harold sgan-koheni; medicinis mecniere- Tsu VI korpusi, multimedia centri moukidebel faqtorebTan (dieta, ftori, piris Rrus baTa doqtorebi, Tel-avivis universitetis rambanis TSU Block VI, Multimedia Center higiena, socialur-ekonomikuri statusi) kavSiris kampusis periodontologiis departamentis warmomad- gansazRvra iqneba SesaZlebeli. saWiroa prevenciuli genlebi, liran levin da profesori eli maxtei. programebis SemuSaveba saqarTvelos skolis asakis mkvlevarTa jgufi momavalSi msgavsi kvlevis bavSvebSi kariesis da parodontis qsovilTa daavadebis zrdasrul mosaxleobaSi ganxorcielebas gegmavs, maCveneblebis gasaumjobeseblad. am programebSi piris romelSic, bunebrivia, am kvlevis Sedegebic iqneba Rrus higienis da swori kvebis aucileblobis sakiTxze gaTvaliswinebuli. saganmanaTleblo gakveTilebis Catareba igulisxmeba, Ppublikaciebi rogorc skolis moswavleebisTvis, ise mozrdilebisT- 1. Periodontal Status among adolescence in Georgia. A pathfind- vis. garda amisa, SesaZlebelia saxelwifo programis er study Liran Levin, Vladimer Margvelashvili, Leon Bilder, Ma- farglebSi fisurebis hermetizaciis ganxorcieleba. nana Kalandadze, Nino Tsintsadze, Eli E. Machtei submitted to IDJ es profilaqtikuri RonisZieba kbilebis fisurebis – International Dental Journal. (bunebrivi Rarebis) bJeniT an hermetizatoriT daxur- Kkvlevis Sedegebi wardgenili iyo iseT saerTaSor- vas gulisxmobs rac axladamoWril kbils dazianebis- iso konferenciebze rogoric aris: Bilder L, Machtei E, gan icavs. prevenciis programaa aseve wylis ftorire- Margvelashvili M, Ivanishvili R, Levin L. Traumatic Dental Injuries ba, an ftorirebuli sakvebis (rZe, marili), gamoyeneba among Children in Georgia: A Pathfinder Study. PER/IADR Con- im regionebSi sadac ftoris naklebobaa. gress, Helsinki, Finland, September 2012. kvlevaSi CarTuli iyvnen eqimi - stomatologebi: Margvelashvili V, Kalandadze M, Bilder L, Scan-Cohen HD, vladimer margvelaSvili - profesori, medicinis mec- Levin L, Gordon M. Dental Caries Experience among Schoolchil- nierebaTa doqtori. Tsu medicinis fakultetis sto- dren in Georgia. A Pathfinder Study. PER/IADR Congress, Helsinki, matologiisa da yba-saxis qirurgiis departamentis Finland, September 2012. Tavmjdomare; manana kalandaZe - asocirebuli profe- Levin L, Margvelashvili V, Kalandadze M, Tsintsadze N, Mach- sori, medicinis mecnierebaTa doqtori, Tsu medicinis tei E. Periodontal Status among Adolescence in Georgia. A Pathfind- fakultetis stomatologiisa da yba-saxis qirurgiis er Study. PER/IADR Congress, Helsinki, Finland, September 2012. departamenti; mariam margvelaSvili - medicinis mec- Margvelashvili M, Margvelashvili V, Levin L, Machtei E, Sgan- nierebaTa doqtori. Tsu medicinis fakultetis, sto- Cohen H. Dental Caries Experience and Periodontal Status among matologiis da yba-saxis qirurgiis departamenti; nino Schoolchildren in Georgia. 5th International Annual Conference of cincaZe - toskanis stomatologiuri skolis fiqsire- Georgian Stomatological Association and FDI - World Dental Fed- buli proTezirebis da stomatologiuri masalebis eration CE Program “Dental Tbilisoba”, Tbilisi, Georgia, departamenti; rusudan ivaniSvili-Tsu medicinis November 2012. fakultetis stomatologiis da yba-saxis qirurgiis Mmsoflio stomatologTa federaciis uwyveti ga- departamenti, doqtoranti; Tamuna lomiZe - medici- naTlebis programis farglebSi Catarebuli saqarT- nis mecnierebaTa kandidati, Tsu medicinis fakulte- velos stomatologTa asociaciis yovelwliuri saer- tis stomatologiis da yba-saxis qirurgiis departa- TaSoriso stomatologiuri konferencia „dental menti; praqtikosi eqimi stimatologebi: Tea mirotaZe, Tbilisoba“, noemberi, 2012. ia CiRvinaZe, giorgi afxaZe; israelis universiteti stomatologTa msoflio federaciis yovelwli- stomatologiuri fakultetis warmoamdgenlebi med- uri kongresis samecniero komitetis Sekreba (FDI – icinis mecnierebaTa doqtorebi, profesori leon World Dental Federation). agvisto 2013 w. stambuli.

Publications and References Georgia. A Pathfinder Study. PER/IADR Congress, Helsinki, Fin- land, September 2012. 1. Periodontal Status among Adolescence in Georgia. A pathfinder Levin L, Margvelashvili V, Kalandadze M, Tsintsadze N, Machtei study Liran Levin, Vladimer Margvelashvili, Leon Bilder, Manana E. Periodontal Status among Adolescence in Georgia. A Pathfinder Kalandadze, Nino Tsintsadze, Eli E. Machtei submitted to IDJ – In- Study. PER/IADR Congress, Helsinki, Finland, September 2012. ternational Dental Journal. Margvelashvili M, Margvelashvili V, Levin L, Machtei E, Scan- The results of the following research were presented to international Cohen H. Dental Caries Experience and Periodontal Status among conferences: Bilder L, Machtei E, Margvelashvili M, Ivanishvili R, Schoolchildren in Georgia. 5th International Annual Conference of Levin L. Traumatic Dental Injuries among Children in Georgia: A Georgian Stomatological Association and FDI - World Dental Fed- Pathfinder Study. PER/IADR Congress, Helsinki, Finland, Septem- eration CE Program “Dental Tbilisoba”, Tbilisi, Georgia, November ber 2012. 2012. Margvelashvili V, Kalandadze M, Bi lder L, Scan-Cohen HD, Levin Annual World Dental Congress of the World Dental Federation, Is- L, Gordon M. Dental Caries Experience among Schoolchildren in tanbul 2013.

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2013 2013 July Tsu science 58 59 muslimi mesxebi - Muslim Meskhetians – integracia Tu separacia? Integration or Separation?

saqarTvelodan deportirebul muslim mesxTa mimarT samarTlianobis aRdgenis Tema saqarTvelos saxelmwifos erT- The issue of justice for the Muslim Meskhetians who were erTi mniSvnelovani politikuri gamowvevaa. am gamowvevaze deported from Georgia under Stalin’s regime remains a major sapasuxod qveyanas sWirdeba ara mxolod politikuri political challenge for the Georgian state. The country needs neba (romelic ukve deklarirebulia), aramed seriozuli political will to respond to this challenge, but also serious kvlevebi, romelic am process problemebisgan daazRvevs. am research to ensure that justice will be carried out. Ekaterine gzaze mniSvnelovania Tavad muslim mesxTa sociumis kvleva, Pirtskhalava, Doctor of Psychology and Assistant Professor romelSic ukve ramdenime welia aqtiur monawileobas iRebs at the Psychology Department of TSU’s Faculty of Social Tsu socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis and Political Sciences, has been involved in this research for fsiqologiis mimarTulebis asistent-profesori, several years. fsiqologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori ekaterine fircxalava.

eka fircxalava Eka Pirtskhalava ali socialuri garemos gavlena. rogor aisaxa es yvelaferi maTze, The Muslim Meskhetians (or Meskhetian Turks) refer to a local tians living in the United States in their studies. rogoria garemos cvalebadobaSi adaptaciis procesi da xelSemwy- population historically living in the Samtskhe-Javakheti region of Research for the Carnegie Foundation was carried out in Georgia, in Tsu socialur da politikur mecniere- obi garemoebebi.“ - ambobs mkvlevari. ase rom, roca 2011 wels karne- Georgia. The Muslim Meskhetians converted to Islam in the16-17th the village of Abastumani in the Akhaltsikhe district and in the Unit- baTa fakultetis asistent-profesori; century during the Ottoman occupation of Southwest Georgia. In the ed States, in the cities of Lancaster and Philadelphia in Pennsylvania, gis centrma gamoacxada konkursi axalgazrda mkvlevarebisTvis, eka fsiqologiis doqtori; 1940s, as a result of Stalin’s social policy to cleanse the southern in spring 2012. Since it was a comparative study about the influence 1999 wlidan CarTulia kvleviT saqmiano- fircxalavam kvlav muslimi mesxebis Tema airCia. msgavsi tipis kvl- border of the Soviet Union from “undesirable peoples”, the Mus- of two different environments, respondents were selected for in depth baSi, romelsac sazogadoebrivi politi- eva muslim mesxebze aqamde ar Catarebula. rus mecnierebs - eliza- lim populations, predominantly comprised of the Turkish-speaking interviews who had moved and settled in the United States and Geor- kis instituti eweoda. 2003 wlidan aris am organizaciis mkvl- veta koriuCkinas da igor kuznecovs aqvT naSromebi am Temaze, magram Meskhetians, were deported from the Caucasus to Central Asia (Kyr- gia during the same period (2005-2006). evari. aris 2 wignis Tanaavtori. saerTa- ZiriTadad eTnografiuli kvlevebia da mxolod krasnodaris mxareSi gyzstan, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan). The Muslim Meskhetians had Thirty Muslim Meskhetian respondents (18 women and 12 men) to overcome many obstacles in order to return to their homeland, but living in Pennsylvania and 19 living in Abastumani, Georgia (14 Soriso konferenciebis monawile 10 sa- mcxovreb mesxebs exeboda. qarTveli mecnierebi lavrenti janiaSvili mecniero publikaciis avtori. only a few have been able to return while most still reside outside of women and 5 men) participated in the research. Respondents were da naTia jalabaZe, aseve sxvebi, aqtiurad swavloben muslim mesxebTan Georgia. After their deportation to the Fergana Valley in Uzbekistan, categorized proportionately by age 15-25, 25-45 and above, because dakavSirebul sakiTxebs, magram amerikaSi mcxovrebi muslimi mesxebi they were later forcefully relocated to Russia and for years they did different age groups are influenced differently by their environment. PsyD, Professor, TSU Faculty of Social and Politi- ar ukvleviaT. not have citizenship or passports. In 2006 the US government to offer The key goal of the research was to discuss the process of assimi- cal Sciences. Since 1999 involved in research at the Institute of Public Policy; since 2003 she has been mkvlevari ganmartavs, rom muslimi mesxebis sazogadoeba, es aris asylum to some Muslim Meskhetians and today the repatriation of lation and separation under the Gordon model which offers seven researcher at the same institute and co-author of sazogadoeba, romlebic 1944 wels jer saqarTvelos teritoriidan the Muslim Meskhetians to Georgia is on the agenda of the Georgian stages of assimilation that contribute to adaptation in a new society. two books and 10 scientific articles, and participant Government as well. These include (1) cultural or behavioural also known as acculturation gadaasaxles, Semdeg ki _ ssrk-is daSlis Semdeg, ferganis movlenebis at international conferences. It is important to study issues connected to the integration of the Mus- (2) structural assimilation (3) identificational, (4) marital, (5) attitude Semdeg isini kidev erTxel gaxdnen devnilebi. amjerad muslimi mesxe- lim Meskhetians into the local communities in order to understand receptional, (6) behavior receptional, and (7) civic. Each type of as- bi gansaxlebuli arian postsabWoTa teritoriis sxvadasxva nawilze, how the new environments influence their lives. In 1999 the Institute similation can, theoretically, vary in degree. These criteria permitted didi nawili azerbaijanSi, yirgizeTSi, yazaxeTSi, mcire nawili _ for Policy Studies (IPS), a Georgian non-governmental organization, researchers to see how the respondents had adapted to the environ- saqarTvelosa da TurqeTSi da nawili _ aSS-is teritoriaze. maTi carried out research on Muslim Meskhetians under the guidance of ment in which they live and how they managed with strategies to researchers Gia Tarkhan-Mouravi and Nana Sumbadze, and the au- adapt, ultimately resulting in ‘assimilation’ or --remaining in a closed mniSvnelovani nawili kvlav samSobloSi dabrunebas elodeba. 1999 wels arasamTavrobo or- thor participated in this project. The author also participated as a group--in ‘separation’. ganizaciam sazogadoebrivi poli- kvleva Catarda karnegis fondis stipendiis farglebSi 2012 wlis social scientist observer in the 2004 study “Meskhetian Turk Integra- The two groups differed in their trajectory. Those living in the US tikis institutma, mkvlevarebis gazafxulze, saqarTveloSi (axalcixis raionis sofel abasTumanSi) da tion, Repatriation, Emigration” implemented by European Center for and are descendents of some deported to the Fergana Valley in Uz- amerikaSi (pensilvaniis StatSi q. lankastersa da filadelfiaSi). vi- Minority Issues (ECMI) supported by the Volkswagen Foundation. bekistan, then forcefully relocated to Russia, and now reside in the gia Tarxan-mouravis da nana sum- naidan es iyo SedarebiTi kvleva ori gansxvavebuli garemos gavlenis The study was carried out in Georgia, however similar studies were USA as refugees since 2006, and (2) those who have returned to baZis xelmZRvanelobiT Caatara Sesaxeb, respodentebad SerCeuli iyvnen adamianebi, romlebic erTsa made in other countries where Muslim Meskhetians were deported Georgia at their own initiative and expense, when Georgia still had kvleva muslimi mesxebis Sesaxeb. and currently live--Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Russia, no laws on repatriation. da imave dros (2005-2006) wlebSi dasaxldnen amerikasa da saqarTvelo- eka ficrxalava am kvlevaSi inter- Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Turkey and the USA. The research methods used included desk research to analyze leg- Si. The author also studied the issue of Muslim Meskhetians for the In- viueris statusiT monawileobda. islation, surveys and historical documents related to the migration kvlevaSi monawileoba miiRo amerikaSi, pensilvaniis StatSi mcxov- ternational Center for Minority Studies, carrying out research in nine of Muslim Meskhetians, and field research using in-depth personal misi meore Sexeba muslim mesxebTan rebma 30 muslimma mesxma (18 qali da 12 mamakaci) da saqarTveloSi, abas- countries, and based on the Council of Europe’s requirement to adopt interviews and psychological tests in two chosen sites. This research 2004 wels moxda, roca umcireso- TumanSi mcxovrebma 19-ma respodentma (14 qali da 5 mamakaci). saqarT- the law on repatriation. When the Carnegie Center announced a com- showed whether Muslim Meskhetians accept rules within the social petition for young researchers in 2011 the author also submitted a environment and how much this transformation differs in the two bebis saerTaSoriso centrma, re- veloSi 2005-2006 ww-Si Camosaxlebuli ojaxebidan nawili dabrunda patriaciis kanonis miRebis Sesaxeb project on Muslim Meskhetians since no research had been done on countries studied. It also looked at how technological achievements ukan da vinc iyvnen darCenili, mxolod maTTan Catarda kvleva. asakis adaptation processes in specific environments. The title of the proj- and a new social environment influenced their lives. To do this, the evrosabWos moTxovnis safuZvelze, mixedviT, respodentebi ganawilebuli iyo 15-25, 25-26 da 46-dan zeviT ect was “Meskhetian Turks (Muslim Meskhetians) in the USA and study examined several topics that were analyzed in depth. These kvlevebi 9 qveyanaSi Caatara. „Cem- asakobriv jgufebSi, radgan gansxvavebuli asakobrivi jgufebi, Sesa- Georgia – Integration or Separation: similarities and differences in a issues included family structure, distribution of gender roles, family Tvis, rogorc fsiqologisTvis, Zlebelia, gansxvavebulad iRebdnen garemos zegavlenas. process of adaptation”. finances, education, language, marriage and funerals. For example, sainteresoa muslimi mesxebis, ro- kvlevis mizani iyo muslimi mesxebis cxovrebaSi, gordonis model- Russian scientists, Elizaveta Koriuchkina and Igor Kuznetsov have if all the members of a Muslim Meskhetian family are employed in published studies on the issue, but they are mostly ethnographies of the United States, regardless of their age and gender, the funds are gorc daxuruli da tradiciuli is mixedviT, asimilaciisa da separaciis procesis ganxilva. raTa mkv- Meskhetians living in the Krasnodar District of Russia. Georgian collected in one “money-box” and basically the mother of the fam- sazogadoebis kvleva, romelTac levarebs enaxaT, rogor arian muslimi mesxebi adaptirebuli im gare- scientists Lavrenti Janiashvili, Natia Jalabadze and others are study- ily decides, together with the father, how this money will be spent. sxvadasxva periodSi ganicades ax- moSi, sadac isini cxovroben; ra gzebiT axerxeben amas, ra strategiebi ing the Muslim Meskhetians, but none have considered the Meskhe- In Georgia, usually a man earns money and brings it home where

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2013 2013 July Tsu science 60 61

aqvT amisTvis, aris Tu ara es asimiliacia, Tu es aris saqarTveloSi mcxovreb muslim mesxebs, enis problema a woman in the family, usually the mother, decides how to daxurul jgufad darCena - gamoyofa, separacia. aqac mwvaved dgas. qarTulad mxolod qalebis nawili spend it. According to the study, foreign social environments do impact rac Seexeba kvlevis meTods, eka fircxalava ambobs, saubrobs, nawili ki garemosTan, ZiriTadad, Turqulad traditional society like that of Muslim Meskhetians, regard- rom kvlevis pirvel nawilSi samagido kvlevis dros an, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, rusulad urTierTobs. maT less of their traditions. However, social transformation needs (desk research) is gaecno da gaaanaliza muslimi mesxebis ise xSirad ar uwevT qarTulenovan garemosTan urTi- time and a community undergoes change according to the so- migraciis sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli masalebi, arse- erToba, ZiriTadad erTmaneTs ekontaqtebian, radgan cial environment in which they live. On the basis of the 2004- buli kvlevebi da dokumentebi. savele kvleva ki siR- arc erTi maTgani ar muSaobs. 2006 research “Meskhetian Turks (Muslim Meskhetians) in rmiseuli intervius da fsiqologiuri testebis meTo- the USA and Georgia – Integration or Separation: similarities daskvnis saxiT mkvlevari acxadebs: „istoriuli diT Catarda. and differences in a process of adaptation” by ECMI we warsuli am adamianebs iZulebuls xdis koncentrireb- concluded that Muslim Meskhetians had preserved aspects of kvlevebis Tanaxmad, iseT tradiciul sazogadoe- ulebi iyvnen daxurulobasa da tradiciebis SenarCune- their traditions and habits irrespective of which country they baze, rogoric muslimi mesxebia (miuxedavad maTi baze. magram, aseve unda iTqvas, rom maTi Tanacxovreba lived in, and especially in relation to rituals of marriage and tradiciebisa), gansxvavebulma socialurma garemom, funerals. sxvadasxva erovnebis adaminebTan aisaxeba maT cxovre- SesaZloa, garkveuli zegavlena iqnios. Tumca, cva- Language is a serious problem for Muslim Meskhetians both lebadobas dro sWirdeba da cvalebadobas ganicdis baze“. in Georgia and in the United States. After resettlement from sazogadoeba im socialuri garemos Sesabamisad, sadac axali garemos gavlena gansakuTrebiT igrZnoba Georgia all of them with secondary and higher education CrdiloeT amerikaSi mcxovreb mahmadian mesxebSi: mkv- had studied the local language--Uzbek, Kyrgyz, Kazakh-- es xalxi, es sazogadoeba cxovrobs. „2004-2006 wlebis and Russian as an international language. Their knowledge levaris TqmiT, Secvlilia urTierTobebi meuRleebs kvlevis safuZvelze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom muslim of Georgian language became passive. After deportation, the mesxebs, yvela qveyanaSi, sadac maT mouwiaT cxovreba, Soris, rasac genderuli rolebis transformaciac Turkish Anatolian dialect was considered the lingua franca, tradiciebis da wes-Cveulebebis nawili SemorCenili ki SeiZleba davarqvaT; qalebs Tavisi wvlili SeaqvT and called “Meskhetian brought from motherland”. Today, aqvT erTnairad _ es aris qorwineba Tavisi ritualiT ojaxis biujetSi da gadawyvetilebis miRebis proces- in the United States most of the women speak English bet- ter than the men, since most work in a “service sphere” and da dakrZalva“ - ambobs mkvlevari. Sic monawileoben. Zveli stereotipebis ngreva SeiniS- have to communicate with locals. Men often work as truck kvlevam aseve aCvena, iReben Tu ara muslimi mesxebi neba garemos gavleniT. aseve meti yuradReba eTmoba qa- drivers and either do not have to communicate at all, or they im wesebs, rasac karnaxobs maT sacxovrebeli garemo lebis ganaTlebas; mSoblebi SedarebiT naklebad arian work in a Russian-language environment, even in US Within da ramdenad gansxvavdeba es cvalebadoba 2 qveyanaSi. CarTulebi ojaxis Seqmnis procesSi; nawilobriv Secv- the family they mostly communicate in the Turkish Anato- lian dialect . The Muslim Meskhetians living in Georgia en- aseve ra gavlena iqonia arsebulma teqnologiurma miR- lilia dasaflavebis rituali. wevebma da axalma socialurma garemom am adamianebis counter a much more serious problem, as few women speak garemos cvlileba nawilobriv aisaxa muslimi mes- Georgian, and mostly communicate either in Turkish or in the cxovrebaze. kvlevis dros gamoiyo ramdenime sakiTxi, xebis cxovrebazec da maT wes-Cveulebebze; amerikaSi best case, Russian. They do not have to communicate with romelTa Soris gansxvavebas kvlevis avtorma swored mcxovrebi muslimi mesxebis nawili ukve moqalaqea, the Georgian-language environment frequently since none of siRrmiseuli analizis meTodiT miagno. kerZod, es exe- nawili elodeba moqalaqeobas da maT ar aqvT gegmaSi them work outside the home. boda: ojaxis struqturas, genderuli funqciebis ga- Their past history makes these people concentrate on unity adgilmdebareobis Secvla, amitomac garemos mier na- nawilebas, ekonomikur mxardaWeras, ganaTlebas, enas, and the preservation of traditions, but their cohabitation with- karnaxevi wesebi nel-nela interiorizirdeba, radgan qorwinebas da dakrZalvas. in various cultures has also impacted their lives. The influence of new environments is especially notable among Muslim magaliTisTvis, amerikaSi, muslimi mesxebis ojaxSi axali garemo axal wesebs gTavazobs da imisTvis rom sazogadoeba moergos da icxovros axal garemoSi, Meskhetians living in North America; relations between the ojaxis yvela wevri muSaobs, miuxedavad maTi asakisa spouses have changed and gender roles transformed. Women da sqesisa, gamomuSavebuli Tanxa erTad ikribeba, „erT unda miiRos kidevac. make their own contribution to the family budget and even yulabaSi“inaxeba da, ZiriTadad ojaxis deda wyvets, Tumca, arsebobs garkveuli wesebi, romlebic Senar- participate in the decision-making processes. Old stereotypes mamasTan erTad, fuli sad da raSi daixarjos, saqarT- Cunebulia yvelgan - saqarTveloSic da amerikaSic: have given way under the influence of the social environment. veloSi _ muslimi mesxebis ojaxSi, ZiriTadi „Semom- pativiscema mSoblebisa da ojaxSi ufrosebis Also, more attention is paid to women’s education and par- ents are less involved with influencing their children’s family mimarT, ojaxSi fulis saerTo yulabaSi Segroveba da tani“ mamakacia. mas finansebi Semoaqvs, Tumca, Semdeg choices, and funeral rites have undergone certain changes. fuli qalis xelSia da ZiriTadad deda wyvets, sad dax- gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi ufrosebis upi- The new environment has influenced the lives of Muslim arjos Tanxa. ratesoba, cxovreba gafarToebul ojaxebad. Meskhetians and their habits in both contexts. Some Muslim muslimi mesxebisTvis seriozuli problemaa ena, gordonis asimilaciis 7-ive safexuris mixedviT, Meskhetians living in the United States have become citizens, while others are waiting for their citizenship and do not plan rogorc saqarTveloSi, iseve amerikaSi. gadasaxlebis muslimi mesxebi ar arian asimilirebuli: arc erT qvey- Semdeg yvela maTganma, vinc saSualo da Semdeg umaR- to move. Therefore rules dictated by the environment are anaSi, sadac maT ucxovriaT gadasaxlebis Semdeg, ro- gradually interiorized so that the culture adapts and can live lesi ganaTleba miiRo, SeiTvisa is ena, romel respub- gorc kvlevebi adasturebs, ar yofilan im sazogadoe- in this new environment. Yet some rules are preserved in likaSic mouwiaT cxovreba: uzbekuri, yirgizuli, bis nawili, sadac cxovrobdnen. da axla arc amerikaSi both cohorts: the respect for parents and elders in the family; yazaxuri da rusuli, rogorc internacionaluri the superiority of elder people in decision-making; pooling da arc saqarTvloSi arian, radganac maT qcevaSi Sein- ena. qarTulis codna mxolod pasivSi darCa. depor- money in the family; and living in extended families. iSneba mxolod nawili im CamonaTvalisa, rasac gordo- taciaSi komunikaciis e.w. Sida saojaxo ena Turqulis According to Gordon’s seven stages of assimilation Muslim ni gvTavazobs, rogorc asimilaciis sazoms. Meskhetians are not completely assimilated although they are anatoliuri dialeqti iyo, romelsac „samSoblodan „konkretrulad imis Seswavla, Tu rogor Seeguen integrated, which means they retain parts of their own culture, wamoRebul mesxurs“ uwodebdnen. dRevandeli suraTi amerikaSi muslimi mesxebi iqaur cxovrebas, gvaZlevs whether in the United States or in Georgia. Some of Gorden’s ki aseTia: aSS-Si mcxovrebi muslimi mesxebidan qalebi criteria, especially behavioral assimilation, are met, however. ukeT saubroben inglisurad, vidre mamakacebi. mizezi did gamocdilebas, romelic samomavlod gamoadgeba The study of how Muslim Meskhetians living in the United swored garemoa _ qalebis umravlesoba momsaxurebis saqarTvelos, kerZod ki reintregraciis saministros~. States have adapted to life in that country provides insights sferoSi muSaobs da sxva adgilobrivebTan erTad, Ses- _ ambobs eka fircxalava. that will be useful for Georgia in future, particularly for the Ministry for Reintegration Issues. If Muslim Meskhetians abamisad, komunikacia am enaze uwevT, xolo mamakacebi „im SemTxvevaSi, Tu marTla moxda am adamianebis return to Georgia, we can better understand what they may ZiriTadad gadamzidavi manqanebis mZRolebi arian da Camoyvana saqarTveloSi, unda vicodeT, am xalxs ra need--which languages can be used to communicate and what iq saubari TiTqmis ar uwevT, an rusulenovan garemoSi sWirdeba, ra enaze unda vesaubroT maT; ra unda iyos other possibilities can be put in place to ensure their adapta- muSaoben. saxlSi sasaubro ena Turqulia. rac Seexeba gamoyenebuli maTi adaptaciisTvis~ - daaskvnis igi. tion and integration.

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2013 2013 July Tsu science 62 63 "Cveni mSobliuri kultura ayalibebs Cvens How Culture Shapes aRqmas" Perception

kultura udides gavlenas axdens adamianis formirebaze, misi warmodgenebisa da, sazogadod, Culture has a significant impact on the personality and on the development msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebaze. ra tendenciebia dRes Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi kulturuli of an individual’s perceptions. How does culture impact modern science? Do gavlenebis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT? avlens Tu ara Tavs Tanamedrove adamianis cnobierebaSi misi specific features of traditional culture affect the lives of individuals in today’s mSobliuri kulturis specifikuri Taviseburebebi? ra Sedegebs aCvenebs kvlevebi am mimarTulebiT? society? TSU Professor Lali Surmanidze answers some of these questions _ am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas Tavisi kvlevebiT cdilobs Tsu socialur da politikur from her research from the last 20 years in the interdisciplinary fields of mecnierebaTa fakultetis profesori lali surmaniZe. mkvlevari ukve 20 welze metia muSaobs psychology and anthropology. fsiqologiisa da anTropologiis gasayarze, interdisciplinur sferoSi.

lali surmaniZe Lali Surmanidze

„Tanamedrove samecniero kvleva-Ziebis centri ada- kvleva Tanamedrove qarTvelTa samyaros suraTis The human individual is at the center of modern scientific research on filosofiis mecnierebaTa doq- tori, Tsu socialur da politi- miania, rac ganpirobebulia drois moTxovnebiT - cno- im aspeqtebs exeba, romlebic uSualodaa dakavSire- society, necessitated by changes in human consciousness and concepts, as kur mecnierebaTa fakultetis bierebis transformacia, Sinaarseuli cvlilebebi Tu buli kulturul-istoriul plastebTan. esaa, erTis well as by dramatic modifications of social and personal values. Thus the sociologiis mimarTulebis aso- study of socio-cultural contexts, as well as everyday life—including per- cirebuli profesori. kiTxulobs Rirebulebrivi aqcentebis gadanacvleba dRes aSkaraa. mxriv, pirovnebis Sefasebis kriteriumebi, romelTa saleqcio kursebs bakalavriatsa swored amitom miiCneva, rom lokalur-kulturuli gamosavlenad Catarebul eqsperimentul kvlevaSi ception, psychological states, behavior, needs and cultural diversity—are da magistraturaSi sxvadasxva all as critical to understanding modern society as the study of political, sferoSi: fsiqologiaSi, anTro- konteqstebis Seswavla, kerZod, adamianis yoveldRi- gamoyenebuli iyo qarTuli folkloruli idiomebi economic and other disciplines. Today the interdisciplinary field called pologiaSi, sociologiaSi. aris uri cnobierebis realuri Sinaarsebis, fsiqologiuri (xatovani gamoTqmebi); meores mxriv - damokidebule- samagistro da sadoqtoro inter- psychological anthropology brings together classic psychology as well as disciplinuri programebis _ ganwyobebis, aRqmis stereotipebis, qcevis modelebis, bebi im stereotipTa mimarT, romlebic warmoadgens cognitive psychology and cultural anthropology, and studies the processes „fsiqologiuri anTropologia“ Cvevebis, moTxovnilebebis, RirebulebaTa sistemebis e.w. kulturul universaliebs imdenad, ramdenadac of psychological functions within a cultural context. _ xelmZRvaneli. avtoria samagis- kulturuli mravalgvarobisa da yoveldRiuri ga- es stereotipebi sazogadod arsebobs yvela kultur- tro swavlebis damxmare saxelmZ- A study entitled Stereotypes in the light of cultural constructs of personal Rvanelosi _ „individualisturi mocdilebis gavleniT maTi modifikaciis Seswavla is- aSi. kvlevisTvis SeirCa iseTebi, romlebic tipuria, characteristics was published in Russian and English in the international da koleqtivisturi sazogadoebebi eve aqtualuria, rogorc politikur-ekonomikuri da pirvel rigSi, qristianuli qveynebisTvis. (Teoriuli modelebi, empiriuli peer-reviewed journal Vestnik by the Peoples’ Friendship University of kvlevebi)“ da monografiisa „kul- sazogadoebrivi moZraobebis farTo Zalebisa. amitom mkvlevari ambobs, rom „orive sakvlevi Tema - Russia. , series – sociology; 2010, № 2 Moscow, 41-51; http://www.rudn. tura meTodologiur perspeqti- dargTa anTropologizacia dRes erT-erTi umZlavre- pirovnebis Sefasebis kulturuli kriteriumebic ru/?pagec=3271; http://elibrary.ru/query_results.asp. vaSi“. gamoqveynebuli aqvs 30-mde samecniero statia qarTul, ingli- si tendenciaa. Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi „fsiqolo- da stereotipebic mecnierebaSi Zalze aqtualuria: Cultural codes dictate psycho-cultural orientations. Most important is the sur da rusul enebze. giur anTropologiad“ saxeldebuli interdiscip- pirveli ukavSirdeba pirovnebis Sefasebis kriteri- impact of language, which is deeply engraved as folklore in the everyday lives and psychology of a culture, and can be termed “meta-morpholog- linuri sfero, romelic aerTianebs ramdenime, pirvel umTa universalurobisa da kulturul-specifikuro- PhD, Associate Professor, Department of rigSi, fsiqologiur, kognitur da kulturis Semswav- bis Zalze mniSvnelovan mecnierul problemas - amgvar ical”. Using materials of linguistic folklore in the research allowed us to Sociology, TSU Faculty of Social and Po- examine psychological characteristics as cultural characteristics, and not litical Sciences, she lectures in psychology, lel dargebs, orientirebulia fsiqikuri funqcioni- kvleva-ZiebaSi mTels msoflioSi mecnierTa araerTi just abstract concepts without any historical context. anthropology and sociology; she supervises rebis procesebis Seswavlaze kulturul konteqsteb- mravalerovani koleqtivia CarTuli, stereotipTa kv- Master’s and PhD interdisciplinary pro- The research examined aspects of modern Georgian lifestyles as they are Si. Cemi kvlevebic am sferoSi Tavsdeba“ _ ambobs lali leva ki sazogadod miiCneva yoveldRiuri cnobierebis grams including Psychological Anthropol- connected with cultural-historical facts and events. Personality assessment ogy and has written a Masters level sup- surmaniZe. Seswavlis erT-erT aRiarebul saSualebad, ramdena- criteria were defined by experiments comparing Georgian folk idioms plementary textbook – Individualistic and kvleva saTauriT „stereotipebi pirovnuli Tvise- dac stereotipis ukan dgas ara ubralod stereotipi, Collectivist Societies (theoretical models, (figurative expressions) and attitudes towards stereotypes, or so-called cul- empirical research) and a monograph Cul- bebis kulturuli konstruqtebis Suqze“, romelic dRe- rogorc aseTi, aramed stereotipiT aRniSnuli mTeli tural universals. Only the very typical stereotypes characteristic of West- ture in Methodological Perspectives. She vandeli statiis sagania, gamoqveynebulia saerTaSoriso movlena Tavisi mravalferovnebiTa da funqciiT so- ern countries were chosen for the study. has written 30 scientific articles in Georgian, English and Russian. referirebad JurnalSi ВЕСТНИК Российского университета cio-kulturul cxovrebaSi“. Both research subjects-–personality assessment criteria and stereotypes-- дружбы народов. НАУЧНЫЙ ЖУРНАЛ. Серия СОЦИОЛОГИЯ. fsiqosemantikuri eqsperimentuli meTodi, ro- are very topical in social science research today. The first subject relates to 2010, № 2 Москва, 41-51 (ingl. da rus. enaze). melic kvlevaSi aris gamoyenebuli, fsiqolingvis- worldwide scientific discussions on the universality or the cultural-speci- „adamianis cnobierebaSi kulturuli kodebi turi meTodebis nairsaxeobaa da Sedegebis Tval- ficity of personality assessment criteria. The second topic, stereotypes, is impliciturad, araaSkarad moicavs mentalur- saCinod, semantikuri sivrcis saxiT warmodgenis considered one of the most optimal ways to explore everyday conscious- kulturul orientaciebs. am TvalsazrisiT gansa- saSualebas iZleva. amasTan, Tavisi arsiT, es meTodi ness, since not only are stereotypes salient to the study process but to entire sets of events with their diversity and functions in socio-cultural life. kuTrebiT mniSvnelovania ena, pirvel rigSi, eno- interdisciplinuria da gamoiyeneba cnobierebis A psycho-semantic experimental method was applied in the research, brivi folklori - is uSualodaa Cawnuli yofasa sakvlevad sociokulturuli cxovrebis mraval made up of a variety of psycho-linguistic techniques. In terms of research da fsiqologiaSi, metaforulia da amitom ekonomi- sferoSi, politikidan aRzrdis meTodebamde. aR- results, it permits representation in the form of semantic space, and is in- kuri aRwerisTvis enobrivi folkloruli masalis saniSnavia, rom am meTodiT mopovebul monacemTa terdisciplinary as well, used for the study of consciousness in many so- gamoyeneba kvlevaSi SesaZlebels xdis kulturis maTematikuri damuSaveba eyrdnoba rTul, axsniTi cio-cultural fields, from politics to methods of child rearing. This method fsiqologiuri Taviseburebebis Seswavlas ara ab- statistikis procedurebs da, amdenad, monacemTa implies complicated mathematical processing of the data and inferential straqtulad, istoriuli konteqstis gareSe, aramed sandoobas maqsimalurad gansazRvravs. mocemuli statistics, thus accuracy is high. The research was ‘emic’, or from the ‘in- kulturis TaviseburebaTa konteqstSi“. _ aRniSnavs kvleva e.w. emikuri kvlevaa, anu kulturis kvleva side’ (instead of ‘etic’ from the exterior), and selected concepts included mecnieri. „Signidan“, misTvis specifikuri konceptebis, Cvens Georgian folk figurative expressions.

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2013 2013 July Tsu science 64 65

SemTxvevaSi qarTuli folkloruli xatovani ga- kvlevas sakmaod mravlismomcveli Sedegebi aqvs, moTqmebis gamoyenebiT. mkvlevari maTgan mxolod ramdenimes aRniSnavs: „seman- kvlevaSi monawileobda orive sqesis 25-dan 45 tikur sivrceSi, magaliTad, pozitiuradaa aRwerili wlamde asakis 50 qarTulenovani piri, romlebmac „msajulis“ stereotipi. `vfiqrob, amgvari mentaluri 6-baliani Skalis saxiT warmodgenili 90 qarTuli damokidebulebis CamoyalibebaSi Tavisi roli unda folkloruli xatovani gamoTqmiT (magaliTad, „rwy- eTamaSa rogorc marTlmsajulebis Taviseburebas feo- ilis gatyaveba“, „virze Sejdoma“, „arc mwvadis dawva, dalur saqarTveloSi, ise am sityvis semantikur SeWid- arc Samfuris“, „sxvis dudukze xtunva“ da sxv.) Seafa- ulobas uzenaes msajulTan - RmerTTan; imavdroulad, sa istoriul-arqetipuli stereotipis aRmniSvneli 10 „msajulis“ stereotipi sakmaod xistia da ufro mouqn- cneba: xelosani, filosofosi, mevaxSe, meomari, meZavi, elobisken ixreba. „miwier“ personaJebad gvevlinebian aRmSenebeli, dampyrobeli, sulieri moZRvari, jalaTi xelosani, mevaxSe, meomari, meZavi, dampyrobeli da da msajuli. monacemTa damuSavebis Semdeg gamoiyo Se- jalaTi. es ukanaskneli semantikur sivrceSi „sulieri fasebis 4 kriteriumi, romlebic sakvlev stereotipTa moZRvris“ antipodia - is ukiduresad arademonstraci- konteqstSi mkvlevaris mier interpretirebul iqna, uli, araafiSirebulia qcevaSi, pasiuria da mouqneli. rogorc „miwiereba-suliereba“, „demonstraciuloba“, Tavisi usaxurobiT „jalaTis“ stereotipi sxvisi nebis „moqniloba“ da „aqtiuroba-pasiuroba“. amgvarad, cdis aRmsrulebeli meqanizmis STabeWdilebas tovebs. amas- monawileebi impliciturad (anu qvecnobierad, araaS- Tan dakavSirebiT unda vTqva, rom qarTuli samarT- karad) stereotipTa Sesafaseblad swored am oTx kri- lis ZeglebSi araferia naTqvami imis Sesaxeb, Tu vis teriums iyeneben. evaleboda sasikvdilo ganaCenis aRsruleba, sikvdi- The research had multidimensional results, including the fact that in a semantic space, for instance, the stereotype of judge is posi- am kvlevam qarTvelTa cnobierebis bevri saintereso lis misjis gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi (Tamar mefis Fifty Georgian native speakers of both sexes, aged 25-45 par- tively defined. These attitudes were formed by the specificity of orientacia gamoavlina. magaliTad, aRmoCnda, rom droidan sikvdiliT dasja saerTod aikrZala), rogorc ticipated in the study. They evaluated historical-archetypal ste- justice in feudal Georgia, on one hand, and the semantic connec- yvelaze „mZime uRels“ eweva aRmSenebeli, „tyuilebis sCans, ganaCenis aRsruleba mowveul pirebs evalebo- reotypes: artisan, philosopher, moneylender, warrior, prostitute, tion of this word with the supreme judge – God, on the other. cxoba“ yvelaze ukeT dampyrobels exerxeba, xolo „aut- daT. amgvarad, jalaTTa instituti saerTodac ar ar- builder, invader, spiritual teachers, executioner and judge accord- The stereotype of a judge is one of being vigorous and inclined kivari Tavis atkiveba“ - filosofoss da sulier moZ- sebobda. vfiqrob, rom „jalaTis“ stereotipi qarTul ing to 90 Georgian folk figurative expressions (e.g. ‘skinning the towards inflexibility and rigidity. The builder, moneylender, war- Rvars. saerTod, filosofosi, aRmSenebeli, sulieri mentalobaSi sastik dampyrobelTan asocirdeba da ara flea’, ‘getting on the donkey’, ‘neither burning barbecue nor spit’, rior, prostitute, invader and executioner are considered terrestrial moZRvari da msajuli dadebiTi aRwerebiTaa asaxuli am kategoriis pirTa Sesaxeb codnasTan. Cveni kvlevis ‘dancing to somebody else’s duduk1’.) on a scale of 1-6 points. characters. The executioner is perceived as the antithesis of a semantikur sivrceSi, rac istoriul mimarTebas av- mixedviT, danarCeni miwieri personaJebi qceviT gamov- After processing the data, four sets of criteria were identified: spiritual teacher, is very reserved and non-expressive in his be- lens, ramdenadac stereotipTa oTxive tipi tradici- linebebSi demonstraciulobiT gamoirCevian, aqtiuro- worldliness-spirituality, demonstrativeness, flexibility and activ- haviour, as well as passive and inflexible. By being disagreeable, ulad saqarTveloSi sulierebis maRali niSniT gaiaz- bis yvelaze maRali xarisxi axasiaTebs mevaxSes, gansx- ity-passivity. Accordingly, participants implicitly (unintention- the stereotype of an executioner gives the impression of imple- reboda, dafasebuli da pativsacemi pirovnebebi iyvnen, vavebiT meZavisgan, romelsac Cveni cdis monawileebi, ally) used these four criteria for evaluating stereotypes. menter of somebody else’s wishes. Old Georgian legal monu- rogorc aRmzrdelni da ganmanaTlebelni. mkvlevari semantikuri sivrcis mixedviT, negatiurad aRiqvamen. The study explored a number of interesting orientations in Geor- ments do not mention the executioner, i.e. the person who was gansakuTrebiT aRniSnavs aRmSeneblis stereotipis Tumca, iqve vlindeba tradiciuli feminuri stereo- gians’ consciousness. For instance, respondents perceive that a assigned to carry out a death penalty (beginning with the reign reprezentacias maT monacemebSi. lali surmaniZis tipis uZlieresi gavlenac, magaliTad, Tavisi saqmi- builder has to carry the heaviest burden, an invader has the best of King Tamar, the death penalty was banned). It appears that TqmiT: „rogorc Cans, arsebobs umtkicesi asociaciuri anobis specifikis miuxedavad, miwier personaJTagan is ability to lie, and a philosopher and a spiritual teacher are best executioners were invited to carry out the death penalty and that kavSiri sityva „aRmSenebelsa“ da daviT aRmaSeneblis yvelaze ufro pasiuria“. _ ambobs lali surmaniZe. at getting into trouble and creating problems for themselves. In the institution of executioners did not exist. pirovnebas Soris. cnobilia, rom mefe daviTi saqarT- amgvarad, mkvlevari askvnis, rom Cveni cnobiereba general, the philosopher, builder, spiritual teacher and judge are The executioner stereotype seems to be associated with the brutal reflected positively in Georgian semantic space, stemming from veloSi gonierebis, sibrZnis, SorsmWvretelobisa da moicavs mentalur aRqmebs, romlebic kulturuli invader in the minds of Georgians and has little to do with knowl- historical contexts, since representatives of all four stereotypes aRmSeneblobis simbolodaa qceuli. swored amis ilus- aRqmis sistemaSemqmneli badis elementad gvevlineba edge of this category in general. According to our study other were highly esteemed and appreciated figures in Georgia. worldly characters stand out by their demonstrativeness. The traciaa „aRmSeneblis“ stereotipis aRwera Cveni kvle- da amiT garkveul rols asrulebs Cvens mier samyaros The representation of the stereotype of a builder in the resulting most active character is thought to be the moneylender, similar vis Sedegad Seqmnil semantikur sivrceSi - es TiTqos aRqmaSi. lali surmaniZis TqmiT, es Tezisi sxva kvleve- data is given special attention. It appears that there is a strong to the prostitute. According to their semantic space, the research mefe daviTis Sefasebaa: sulierebis kriteriumiT is biTac, maT Soris, bevri misi kvleviTac dasturdeba. association made between the stereotype of a builder and David participants describe the latter negatively. However, this tradi- tols mcireodeni sxvaobiT mxolod „sulier moZR- imavdroulad, arsebobs, erTi mxriv, sayovelTaod the Builder. King David is seen as a symbol of intelligence, wis- tional feminine stereotype has a powerful influence--and despite vars“ udebs, qcevis demonstraciulobis TvalsazrisiT gavrcelebad cvlilebaTa tendenciebi, xolo meore dom and development in Georgia. The description of a stereotype the nature of a prostitute’s job, this stereotype is still the most masze ufro Zunwia; sainteresoa, rom moqnilobis kri- mxriv, am procesebSi kulturaTSorisi variaciebic. of builder in the research proves the above-mentioned assump- passive character of all the worldly ones. teriumiT stereotipTa Soris „aRmSeneblis“ stereo- yoveldRiuri cnobierebis fsiqoanTropologiuri tion, which is close to the historical descriptions of King David. In conclusion, our lives include mental perceptions represented tips erT-erTi wamyvani adgili uWiravs da amarTlebs aspeqtebis kvleva lali surmaniZis ZiriTadi samecnie- A builder is held only slightly lower in esteem than a spiritual as an element of system-building network of cultural perceptions. aRmaSeneblis istorikosis mier aRniSnul mis erT-erT ro interesia, rasac araerTi fsiqosemantikuri kvl- teacher according to the spirituality criterion, and is more re- Other research activities reinforced the results of the study, still Tvisebas - „moxelovnebas“, anu xerxis xmarebis unars, eva miuZRvna. magram eqsperimentuli kvlevebis garda, served than the latter in the criterion of demonstrativeness. Inter- considering the fact that common differences and social changes moqnilobas, elastiurobas; aqtiurobis kriteriumiT Tanamedrove globalistur samyaroSi cnobierebis estingly, the builder is one of the leading stereotypes in respect are occurring, and there are intercultural variations in these pro- „aRmSeneblis“ stereotipi aseve umaRlesi maCveneble- transformaciis dinamikis Sesaswavlad is iyenebs sxva to the flexibility criterion and has the highest rating in terms of cesses. biTaa warmodgenili. amgvarad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kvleviT meTodebsac, ZiriTadad, Tvisebriv da teqstis the activity criterion. Consequently, it would be fair to conclude cnebas „aRmSenebeli“ qarTul kulturaSi Tavisi gan- analizis meTodebs. misi kvleviTi interesebi, aseve, that the stereotype of a builder has its canonized image in David References the Builder with its characteristics of spirituality, reserve, activity sulierebuli saxe-xati hyavs daviT aRmaSeneblis saxiT moicavs kulturis tipologiuri Taviseburebebisa da Vestnik by the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia. se- and flexibility. da miewereba misi ZiriTadi Tvisebebi: amaRlebuloba, kulturis kvlevis meTodologiuri problemebis Ses- ries – Sociology; 2010, № 2 Moscow, 41-51; http://www.rudn. TavSekavebuloba, aqtiuroba da moqniloba“. wavlas. 1 A traditional wind instrument. ru/?pagec=3271; http://elibrary.ru/query_results.asp.

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2013 2013 July Tsu science 66 67 Canasaxis sicocxlis ufleba saqarTvelosa da msoflioSi

The Embryo’s Right to Life in Georgia and the World

sicocxlis uflebis aRiarebis da misi SezRudvis The recognition of the right to life and its restriction sakiTxi erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi da is one of the most controversial issues in the modern problematuria Tanamedrove msoflioSi. adamianis world. International laws on human rights recognize uflebaTa sferoSi moqmedi saerTaSoriso aqtebi the right to life, but in most cases it is unclear from aRiareben sicocxlis uflebas, magram, umetes which particular moment that right is protected, and SemTxvevaSi, gaurkvevelia, Tu ra periodidan aris ranges anywhere from the moment of impregnation daculi sicocxlis ufleba – bavSvis Casaxvis to the moment of birth. The European Commission momentidan Tu dabadebis momentidan. adamianis uflebaTa evropis komisiam Tavi Seikava abortis on Human Rights has refrained from defining konteqstSi sicocxlesTan dakavSirebiT raime the moment of the right to life in the context of definiciis gakeTebisgan. mxolod ramdenime aqti abortion. There are only a few laws which clearly arsebobs, sadac sicocxlis uflebis dasawyisad recognize the moment of impregnation as the pirdapir aris aRiarebuli bavSvis Casaxvis momenti. beginning of the right to life. The issue of children’s dabadebamde bavSvis uflebis Temas exeba bavSvis rights before birth is found in the Convention on the uflebaTa konvencia, romelsac saqarTvelo Rights of the Child which was signed by Georgia in 1994 wlidan miuerTda. igi pirdapir da calsaxad 1994. It clearly and explicitly recognizes a child’s aRiarebs bavSvis samarTlebrivi dacvis uflebas mis right to legal protection before the birth. Based dabadebamde. am normis safuZvelze da konvenciaSi on this norm and with due consideration to the aRniSnuli principebis gaTvaliswinebiT, msoflio principles of the Convention, many countries have qveynebma Seqmnes kanonmdebloba, sadac garkveuli developed legislation which secures a child’s right pirobebis dacviT, uzrunvelyofilia bavSvis sicocxlis ufleba mis dabadebamde. to life under certain conditions. miuxedavad imisa, rom Canasaxis uflebebi erT- Although the rights of the embryo are one of the erTi aqtualuri sakiTxia Tanamedrove msoflios most pressing issues in the legal sphere in the samarTlebriv sivrceSi, am Temaze saqarTveloSi am modern world, no comparative-legal research dromde ar iyo Catarebuli SedarebiT–samarTlebrivi had been carried out in Georgia. Recently TSU kvleva. cota xnis win, Tsu asocirebulma profesorma Associate Professor Vasil Gonashvili and TSU vasil gonaSvilma da Tsu iuridiuli fakultetis Law Faculty student, Nino Khizanishvili prepared studentma nino xizaniSvilma moamzades kvleva a study entitled “The Right to Life of the Embryo „Canasaxis sicocxlis ufleba (SedarebiTi analizi)“, (Comparative Analysis)”, which they presented at romelic 2013 wlis 24 maiss wardgenil iqna q. quTaisSi the International Conference on Practical Science gamarTul „akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis on May 24, 2013. The conference was dedicated 80 wlis iubilesadmi miZRvnil saerTaSoriso to the 80th anniversary of the Akaki Tsereteli State samecniero-praqtikul konferenciaze“ da daibeWda Sesabamis krebulSi. naSromi ukve Setanilia Tsu-s University in Kutaisi. The study was published adamianis uflebaTa sagnis silabusSi, xolo momavalSi in the conference annals and has been included in am mimarTulebiT kvlevis gagrZelebis mizniT, the TSU syllabus on Human Rights. A research igi wardgenilia rusTavelis erovnul fondSi proposal for further study has been submitted to the dasafinanseblad. Rustaveli National Science Foundation.

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nayofis sicocxlis uflebaSi Carevis nayofis sicocxlis uflebaSi Carevis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi Principles (Indications) of Interference safuZvlebi in the Foetus’ Right to Life (Cvenebebi) ZiriTadad ramdenime jgufad SeiZleba daiyos: samedici- no, socialuri, eTikuri da evgenuri (sqema 1). samedicino CvenebaSi moiazreba mdgomareoba, rodesac aucilebe- lia daubadebeli bavSvis sicocxlis mospoba – orsulobis Sewyveta qalis sicocxlisa da janmrTelobisaTvis seriozuli safrTxis ar- sebobisas. msoflios umetes qveynebSi swored aRniSnuli safuZveli gvxvdeba. Tavis mxriv, janmrTelobis safrTxeSi igulisxmeba SesaZlo zianis miyeneba dedis fizikuri da mentaluri janmrTelobisaTvis, magaliTad, avstria, belgia, fineTi, germania da sxv. aRsaniSnavia, rom sicocxlis safrTxis arseboba, rogorc samedi- cino Cveneba, imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom qveynebis didi nawili (46 qveyana) Cvenebebis mxolod am formas iTvaliswinebs da ar aris nebad- arTuli dedis iniciativiT an sxva safuZvlebiT abortis gakeTeba. aseTi qveynebi ZiriTadad amerikisa da afrikis kontinentebze gvx- vdeba. vasil gonaSvili Vasil Gonashvili nino xizaniSvili Nino Khizanishvili qveynebis nawilSi (15 qveyana) abortis gakeTebis safuZvlebad ara Tsu asocirebuli profesori, samar- mxolod sicocxlis, aramed erToblivad janmrTelobisa da sicocx- nino xizaniSvili – Tsu iuridiuli qalis sicocxle fakultetis studenti. ikvlevs ada- Tlis doqtori, Tsu reqtoris mrCev- lis Cvenebebi gvxvdeba, sxva Cvenebebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. Mother’s life qalis sicocxlejanmrTeloba da eTikuri Cvenebebi evgenuri Cvenebebisocialuri Cvenebebi mianis ZiriTad uflebebTan da Tavi- eli iuridiul sakiTxebSi. wlebis socialuri Cvenebis dros saxezea socialur-ekonomikuri gare- Ethical indications Eugenic indications Social indications ganmavlobaSi muSaobda saqarTvelos moebebi anu ojaxis mZime ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, rodesac SeuZle- suflebebTan, kerZod, pirad ufle- Mother’s life and health bebTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs. parlamentSi, aseve iusticiis saminis- belia bavSvis cxovrebisa da aRzrdisaTvis aucilebeli minimaluri tros sapasuxismeblo Tanamdebobebze. monawileoba aqvs miRebuli saqarT- qalis iniciativiT abortis gakeTebis Possibility of abortion at the initiative iyo saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komi- pirobebis Seqmna. mag. islandia, israeli, italia, iaponia da sxv. aqve veloSi gamarTul ramdenime kon- SesaZlebloba of the mother siisa da sakonstitucio sakiTxebze Se- aRsaniSnavia, rom socialuri Cvenebebi damoukideblad arc erT qvey- ferenciaSi, romlebic exeboda say- qmnili ramdenime sayovelTao–saxalxo anaSi ar gvxvdeba da isini sxva CvenebebTan erTad gamoiyeneba. ovelTaod aRiarebuli uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvas. aris am ganxilvis saorganizacio komisiis wevri. eTikuri Cveneba niSnavs mdgomareobas, rodesac bavSvi Casaxu- aris monografiisa da 10 samecniero sakiTxze samecniero statiis Ta- statiis avtori, aseve xuTtomeulis: lia sazogadoebis zogadi zneobrivi Sexedulebebis sawinaaRmdego naavtori. „sazRvargareTis qveynebis konstituc- formiT, magaliTad, danaSaulebrivi Carevis (gaupatiurebis) Sede- iebi“ pasuxismgebeli redaqtori da 25 gad (fineTi, brazilia, iaponia) an incestis gziT (rumineTi, polo- Student at the TSU Faculty of Law, she re- mimoxilviTi statiis avtori. neTi, islandia, eTiopia, axali zelandia, bolivia). mxolod eTikuri searches issues related to human rights and fundamental freedoms, particularly personal Cvenebis gamo abortis gakeTebis SesaZlebloba gvxvdeba 4 qveyanaSi rights. She has participated in several confer- Doctor of Jurisprudence, TSU Associate Professor (brazilia, sudani, mali, butani). sxva qveynebSi igi sxva safuZvlebTan ences in Georgia concerning the protection and Legal Adviser to the TSU Rector, he held po- erTad gamoiyeneba. of universal rights and freedoms and co-au- sitions in the public sector at the Georgian Parlia- evgenuri Cveneba ki gulisxmobs mdgomareobas, rodesac arsebobs thored the article dedicated to this issue. ment and the Ministry of Justice, was a member of saSiSroeba, rom daibados arajanmrTeli, fizikuri naklis mqone the State Constitutional Commission and the Orga- nizing Commission on Constitutional Issues. He is bavSvi. magaliTad, fineTi, didi britaneTi, avstria, CexeTi, safr- author of one monograph and 10 scientific articles, angeTi, italia. aRniSnuli Cveneba marto ar gvxvdeba da ZiriTadad 25 review articles and wasEditor of the five-volume gamoiyeneba samedicino CvenebasTan erTad. work, Constitutions of Foreign Countries. zogierTi qveynis kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs daubadebeli bavSvis sicocxlis mospobis SesaZleblobas im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac bavSvi Casaxulia arasrulwlovani an garkveul asaks miRweuli qalis organizmSi. aRniSnuli SemTxveva TavisTavad gulisxmobs samedicino da eTikuri Cvenebebis erTobliv arsebobas da gvxvdeba magaliTad, israelSi, sadac 17 wlamde da 40 wlis zemoT asakis qalebTan dakav- SirebiT gamoiyeneba; aseve estoneTSi – 15-mde da 45 wlis zemoT asakis qalebisTvis, xolo rumineTSi misi mxolod zeda asakobrivi zRvaria trimester dadgenili (45 wlis zemoT). magram ara qalis saerTod akrZalulia dedis surviliT nayofis sicocxlis mospobis periodulobis Absolutely prohibited mixedviT msoflio qveynebis klasifikacia aseTia: 1. rodesac abortis gakeTeba akrZalulia Canasaxis ganvTarebis not by a woman’s desire kvleva damyarebulia msoflioSi qalis surviliTUpon woman’s nebismier desire drosanytime nebismier stadiaze, miuxedavad dedis survilisa (zemoaRniSnuli 6 nebadarTulia sxva safuZvlebiT, moqmed ZiriTad saerTaSoriso aqte- qalis surviliT pirvel trimestrSi Allowed by other indications but Upon woman’s desire during the first bze, sasamarTlo precedentebze, 190 qveyana); qveynis kanonmdeblobasa da saqarT- 2. rodesac abortis gakeTeba akrZalulia dedis surviliT Cana- velos Sesabamis normatiul aqtebze. saxis ganviTarebis nebismier stadiaze, garda garkveuli Cvenebebis kvlevis Tanaxmad, zogierTi qveynis arsebobisa. am SemTxvevaSi aborti ukanonod CaiTvleba nebismier kanonmdebloba saerTod krZalavs nay- dros, Tu ar arsebobs kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli Sesabamisi The research was based on key international legal acts, judicial prec- Medical indications. There are situations where medical consider- ofis sicocxlis uflebaSi Carevas da, safuZveli. edents, the legislation of 190 countries and relevant legal acts of ations cause termination of a pregnancy because there is a serious Sesabamisad, akrZalulia abortis nebi- 3. rodesac aborti kanonierad iTvleba dedis survilis SemTxveva- Georgia. According to the study, the legislation of some countries risk to the mother’s life and health. This is the most common rea- smieri forma. aseTi msoflioSi sul Si bavSvis ganviTarebis Tavdapirvel stadiaze, xolo Semdgom peri- actually prohibits any interference in the right to life of the embryo son evoked in most countries. The threat to health can mean possible 6 qveyanaa: malta, vatikani, dominikis odSi bavSvis sicocxlis Sewyveta SeiZleba mxolod kanonmdeblobiT and all forms of abortion are banned. The six countries include Malta, harm to the mother’s physical and/or mental health, as in Austria, respublika, el–salvadori, nikaragua dadgenili garkveuli Cvenebebis arsebobisas. es modeli ZiriTadad The Vatican, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Nicaragua and Chile. Belgium, Finland and Germany. The threat to the mother’s life as a da Cile. qveynebis umetesi nawili ki, evropis kontinentze da dsT–Sia gavrcelebuli. Most countries allow abortion in certain cases. The legal principles medical consideration is so important that many countries (46) take garkveul SemTxvevebSi, iTvaliswinebs rogorc kvlevaSia aRniSnulia, dedis surviliT bavSvis ganviTa- of interference in the embryo’s right to life can be divided into four only this indication into consideration, while a mother’s decision or abortis gakeTebis SesaZleblobas. rebis Semdeg stadiazea nebadarTuli abortis gakeTeba: magaliTad, main considerations: medical, social, ethical and eugenic. other reasons are not considered. Most of these countries are in the

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portugaliasa da TurqeTSi dedis surviliT abortis saqarTveloSi nayofis sicocxlis mospobisaTvis Americas and in Africa. Some countries (15) cite the risk to both In some European countries it has certain time limits; however the gakeTeba sxva Cvenebebis arsebobis gareSe nebadarTu- amJamad socialuri Cvenebebi ar aris gaTvaliswinebu- health and life of the mother as a reason to terminate pregnancy, principles of abortion function almost everywhere. A unique picture lia nayofis ganviTarebis pirveli 10 kviris ganmav- li. without considering other indications. is observed in the CIS counties where abortion upon the mother’s de- lobaSi, estoneTSi – 11 kviris, avstriaSi, daniaSi, Cex- saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi mocemuli iyo iseTi Social indications. Social-economic circumstances, e.g. the poor cision is possible only in the 1st trimester, while in the 2nd trimester eTSi, indoeTsa da norvegiaSi – 12 kviris, italiaSi – 13 Cvenebebic, romlebic ar jdeboda Cvenebebis arc erT economic conditions of a family are taken into consideration, for ex- it is allowed only in case of relevant indications. kviris, espaneTSi, safrangeTSi, rumineTSi, belgiaSi, jgufSi, magaliTad: qmris gardacvaleba colis orsu- ample when it is impossible to meet minimal living conditions for a Georgian Legislation on the Rights of the Embryo germaniaSi – 14 kviris, SvedeTsa da SveicariaSi – 18 lobis dros; qalis an misi qmris yofna Tavisuflebis child or to provide a normal upbringing (examples include Iceland, According to Georgian legislation, voluntary termination of preg- kviris, xolo iaponiasa da did britaneTSi – 24 kviris aRkveTis adgilebSi; ganqorwineba orsulobis dros; Israel, Italy, Japan). Social indications are not used independently by nancy, in terms of its periodicity, is divided into two types: voluntary ganmavlobaSi. ojaxSi SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone bavSvis ar- any country as an indication for abortion, but are used in conjunction termination of pregnancy when the embryonic age is not more than 4. rodesac aborti kanonierad iTvleba dedis survi- seboba; dauqorwinebeli qalis fexmZimoba. with other indications. 12 weeks, and other termination indications when the embryonic age lis SemTxvevaSi bavSvis ganviTarebis nebismier stadiaze arasamedicino Cvenebebs saqarTvelos kanonmde- Ethical indications. When the context wherein a child has been con- is between 12 and 22 weeks. The Georgian legislation does not allow da, Sesabamisad, misi sicocxlis mosaspobad arc raime blobis mixedviT, aseve miekuTvneboda e.w eTikuri ceived contradicts general moral considerations--for example, as a the abortion after 22 weeks. saxis Cvenebis arsebobaa dadgenili, magaliTad, aSS–Si, Cvenebebi: orsuloba gaupatiurebis Sedegad da sa- result of criminal violence such as rape was used—are considered as For embryos less than 12 weeks old, a pregnancy can be terminated kanadasa da samxreT afrikis respublikaSi (sqema 2). samarTlo gadawyvetilebis arseboba mSobelTa ufle- groups for abortion. This is the case with Finland, Brazil and Japan; on demand by a pregnant woman, but only at an authorized medi- avtorebs momzadebuli aqvT abortis Cvenebebis bebis Sewyvetis an SezRudvis Sesaxeb. 2007 wlidan ze- and in the case of incest in Romania, Poland, Iceland, Ethiopia, New cal institution and by a certified doctor. Pregnancy termination after analizi msoflios kontinentebis mixedviT. Sesabamisi moaRniSnuli Cvenebebidan darCa mxolod orsuloba Zealand, and Bolivia. Abortion is allowed for ethical indications 12-22 weeks is more complicated and the existence of certain indica- saerTaSoriso konvenciebidan gamomdinare, amerikisa gaupatiurebis Sedegad, Tu is aRiarebulia sasamarT- only, in four countries (Brazil, Sudan, Mali and Bhutan). In other tions is required. If a pregnant woman appeals the decision, the medi- da afrikis kontinentebze aborti ZiriTadad akrZalu- los mier. countries it is used in conjunction with other indications. cal indications of abortion should be determined by a commission. lia dedis survilis SemTxvevaSi da, piriqiT, nebadar- saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba aseve iTvaliswinebs Eugenic indications. When there are high risks that a child with Georgian legislation does not consider indications such as physical Tulia qalis sicocxlisaTvis safrTxis arsebobisas. orsulobis Sewyvetis iseT Cvenebebsac, romlebic da- physical defects will be born sometimes eugenic indications are used or other defects. It remains unclear how a case can be resolved when evropaSi Cvenebebis SedarebiT Tavisufali reJimi mo- kavSirebulia orsuli qalis asakTan. kerZod, Tu qalis in conjunction with medical indications. Countries include Finland, serious health defects are diagnosed for a fetus aged 12-22 weeks. Therefore, the researchers recommend that the commission be autho- qmedebs da aborti ufro metad aris legalizebuli. asaki ar aRemateba 15 wels an piriqiT, gadacilebulia Great Britain, Austria, Czech Republic, France and Italy. In some countries legislation allows the termination of a child’s life be- rized to study the existence of eugenic indications on the basis of an dasavleT da centraluri evropis qveynebis umeteso- 45 wels, mas ufleba aqvs, am motiviT mimarTos orsu- fore birth if the mother is underage or overage. This model implies the application submitted by the mother, which will become the basis for baSi igi nebadarTulia nebismier dros. zogierT evro- lobis xelovnurad Sewyvetas. joint existence of medical and ethical indications and can be met, for abortion in cases revealing health defects among children aged 12-22 pul qveyanaSi igi SezRudulia vadebiT, Tumca abor- amrigad, marTalia saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba example, in Israel, where this method is used with respect to the women weeks in utero. tis gakeTebis safuZvlebi TiTqmis yvelgan moqmedebs. garkveulwilad Seesabameba ZiriTad evropul stand- below 17 and above 40; as well as in Estonia – below 15 and above 45; In Georgia no social indications are considered for termination of specifikur suraTs vxvdebiT dsT–s qveynebSi. aq abor- artebs, magram aseve saWiroebs cvlilebebs. kerZod, and in Romania where only an upper margin exists– above 45. pregnancy. tis gakeTeba dedis surviliT SesaZlebelia mxolod 12 kviris bavSvi ukve isea ganviTarebuli, rom SesaZle- Categorization of countries by the periodicity of termination of em- Georgian legislation includes some indications that do not fall under 1–l trisemestrSi, xolo me–2 trisemestrSi igi nebad- belia misi sqesis dadgena, rac garkveul SemTxvevebSi, bryo life upon the mother’s decision is as follows: any of the four main groups. For example the death of a husband arTulia Sesabamisi Cvenebebis arsebobisas. SesaZloa, borotad iyos gamoyenebuli, Tu mSoblebi- 1. When the abortion is prohibited at any stage of embryo devel- during the pregnancy of a wife; the imprisonment of a woman or the saTvis miuRebelia bavSvis sqesi. amitom, avtorebs mar- opment regardless of mother’s desire (the six countries indicated father; divorce during pregnancy; in cases where there is already Tebulad miaCniaT, 12-kviriani periodis daweva iqamde, saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba Canasaxis above); a child with disabilities in the family; pregnancy of an unmarried sanam bavSvi ganviTarebis aRniSnul stadias miaRwevs. uflebis Sesaxeb 2. When the abortion upon mother’s decision is prohibited at any woman. amasTan, Canasaxs 8 kviramde ewodeba embrioni, xolo stage of embryo development, except of the existence of certain in- According to Georgian legislation, ethical indications are included in Semdgom dabadebamde _ fetusi. amitom, dedas Ta- dications. In this case, the abortion will be considered illegal at any a category of “non-medical indications”: pregnancy from rape, and saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis kvlevis Sedegad, visi surviliT abortis gakeTebis SesaZlebloba unda time, if there are no principles envisaged by legislation. a court ruling on the termination of or restriction of parental rights. orsulobis nebayoflobiTi Sewyveta, misi ganxor- hqondes Canasaxis 8 kviramde periodSi. msoflios 200– 3. When the abortion is considered legal at an initial stage of embryo Since 2007, only pregnancy resulting from rape has been omitted cielebis periodulobis TvalsazrisiT, iyofa 2 saxed: mde qveynis analizis safuZvelze, qveynebis 69%–Si de- development, in case of mother’s desire, while the termination of a from these indications, and only when it is recognized by a court. orsulobis nebayofilobiTi Sewyveta, rodesac nayo- dis surviliT abortis gakeTeba akrZalulia, 15%–Si child’s life in a consequent period is allowed only in case of exis- Georgian legislation also considers the indications of termination of fis asaki ar aRemateba 12 kviras da rodesac nayofis – nebadarTulia pirvel trisemestrSi, xolo 16%–Si tence of certain indications established by the legislation. This model pregnancy related to the age of the mother, e.g. she has a right to ask asaki 12-dan 22 kviramdea. 22 kviris Semdgom abortis – nebismier dros. amdenad, winadadeba srulad Seesab- is mainly found on the European continent and in the Common- for an abortion if she is under 15 or over 45. gakeTebis SesaZleblobas saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba ameba saerTaSoriso standartebs. wealth of Independent States (CIS). The study reveals that abortion In conclusion, although Georgian legislation partly corresponds to ar iTvaliswinebs. avtorTa mosazrebiT, 8-dan 22 kviramde nayofis is allowed at the next stage of embryo development upon mother’s key European standards, it needs amending. In particular, a 12-week 12 kviramde Canasaxis arsebobisas orsulobis nabay- aborti SesaZlebeli unda iyos mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, decision at different stages. For example, in Portugal and Turkey embryo is sufficiently developed to determine its gender, which ofilobiTi Sewyveta unda moxdes orsulis inicia- Tu: a) safrTxe emuqreba dedis sicocxles an janmrT- (without the existence of other indications) during the first 10 weeks means parents are able to request abortions according to sex selec- tiviT, mxolod saTanado uflebis mqone samedicino elobas; b) bavSvs aqvs seriozuli Tandayolili nakli; of embryo development; in Estonia – 11 weeks; Austria, Denmark, tion motives. The authors of this report believe that the only efficient dawesebulebaSi, sertificirebuli eqimis mier. 12-dan g) bavSvi Caisaxa gaupatiurebis an incestis (sisxlis Czech Republic, India and Norway – 12 weeks; Italy – 13 weeks; way to avoid unethical motives being used by parents is to lower the 22 kviramde nayofis sicocxlis mospobis procedura aRrevis) Sedegad. Spain, France, Romania, Belgium, Germany – 14 weeks; Sweden 12-week limit. A human embryo is defined as such until its eighth ufro garTulebulia da aseve aucilebelia garkveu- and Switzerland – 18 weeks; Japan and Great Britain – 24 weeks. week, then after that time it is called a fetus. A mother should be able li Cvenebebis (safuZvlebis) arseboba. orsulis 4. When the abortion is deemed legal at any stage of foetal develop- to terminate any pregnancy upon her own decision until about eight gancxadebis SemTxvevaSi, orsulobis Sewyvetis samedi- ment at the mother’s desire, but there are no indications defined to weeks after fertilization. This proposal is in line with international cino Cvenebebi dadgenili unda iqnes komisiuri wesiT. terminate an embryo’s life. standards, based on the analysis of approximately 200 countries: saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi ar aris saubari ev- The authors have analyzed the indications for abortion worldwide. abortion upon a mother’s decision is prohibited in 69% of the coun- genuri Cvenebebis (nayofis defeqtis) arsebobisas nay- Given the relevant international conventions, on the American and tries; 15% of the countries allow abortion at the mother’s request in ofis sicocxlis mospobis SesaZleblobaze. amdenad, African continents abortion is basically prohibited even in case of a the first trimester, while 16% allow it at any time. evgenuri Cvenebebi saqarTveloSi ar aris aRiarebuli. mother’s desire and to the contrary is only allowed in cases of seri- In the authors’ opinion, termination of pregnancy within an 8-22 am SemTxvevaSi gaurkvevelia, Tu rogor unda gadawydes ous risks to a woman’s life. The indications in Europe are relatively week period should be possible only in cases where a) mother’s life sakiTxi, rodesac 12-dan 22 kviramde bavSvs aRmoaCnde- liberal and abortion is legal in more circumstances, indeed in most or health is threatened (medical); b) a child has a serious birth defect ba janmrTelobis seriozuli defeqti. amitom, kvlevis countries of western and central Europe, it is allowed at any time. (eugenic); or c) a woman was impregnated by rape or incest (ethical). avtorebs marTebulad miaCniaT, rom komisias hqondes ufleba, dedis gancxadebis safuZvelze Seiswavlos aseve evgenuri Cvenebebis arseboba, rac gaxdeba abor- tis gakeTebis safuZveli 12–dan 22 kviris nayofis janmrTelobis defeqtis arsebobisas.

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2013 2013 July Tsu science 72 73 sasjelis aRsrulebis kvleviTi centri The Prison Study Centre

saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebis, probaciisa da iuridiuli daxmarebis sakiTxTa saministros sasjelaRsrulebisa da probaciis saswavlo centrisa da Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis mier, 2012 wlis dekemberSi, dafuZnda arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli piri – sasjelis aRsrulebis kvleviTi centri (The Prison Study Centre). centri aerTianebs mecnierebsa da praqtikosebs, romlebic muSaoben sasjelaRsrulebisa da probaciis sferoSi.

In December 2012, at the initiative of the Ministry of Corrections and Legal Assistance of Georgia, the LEPL Penitentiary and Probation Training Centre (PPTC) and the Faculty of Law of Tbilisi State University, a non-profit legal entity called the Prison Study Centre was established. It unites scientists and practitioners working in the fields of penitentiaries and probation.

“cixe msoflios yvela qveya- The Head of The Prison Study Centre naSi aris Caketili sistema, rom- and Legal Department of the Ministry of lis Sesaxebac sazogadoebis did Corrections and Legal Assistance, Giorgi nawils informacia ar gaaCnia. Goradze, said, “A prison is a closed sys- sazogadoeba fiqrobs, rom msja- tem and society often has no information about prisons. People usually think that a moris SalikaSvili Moris Shalikashvili vrdebuli mkacrad unda daisa- jos. sazogadoebis did nawils convict should be strictly punished, and Tsu iuridiuli fakultetis asocirebu- survili ar aqvs, sakuTari wv- most people in society don’t wish to con- li profesori. Tsu sasjelaRsrulebis, lili Seitanos msjavrdebulis tribute to the re-socialization of a convict. probaciisa da iuridiul sakiTxTa dax- resocializaciaSi. samecniero With the help of scientific research it will marebis saministros erToblivi samec- kvlevebis meSveobiT moxdeba be possible to study the prison problems niero kvleviTi centris - „sasjelis and prepare recommendations for the aRsrulebis kvleviTi centris“ - gam- cixeSi arsebuli problemebis geobis wevri da damfuZnebeli; hambur- Seswavla, sasjelaRsrulebis sa- Ministry of Corrections and Legal As- gis (germania) universitetis samarTlis ministrosTvis rekomendaciebis sistance. This should contribute to im- doqtori (Dr. jur.); Tsu socialur da momzadeba, ramac xeli unda Seu- proving the situation of convicts and their politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis rights.” wyos msjavrdebulebis mdgo- „fsiqologiuri anTropologiis“ sadoq- The aims of the Prison Study Centre are toro programis doqtoranti. 2003-2005 mareobis gaumjobesebas, maTi to assess the conditions of confinement wlebSi samecniero kvleviT saqmianobas uflebebis dacvas,” - acxadebs centers; assess the non-prison peniten- eweoda hamburgis (germania) arasrulw- sasjelis aRsrulebis kvleviTi lovanTa aRmzrdelobiTi dawesebule- tiary system; assess prisoners’ personal- centris, sasjelaRsrulebis, baSi. aris 8 samecniero publikaciebis ity by testing; support prisoners’ and their probaciisa da iuridiuli dax- avtori. families’ rights, prepare recommenda- marebis sakiTxTa saministros tions based on research and statistics to samarTlebrivi uzrunvelyofis Doctor of Jurisprudence (University of Hamburg), the Ministry of Corrections and Legal PhD Candidate, Psychological Anthropology, TSU departamentis ufrosi giorgi Assistance that will enable them to reach Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, he is As- goraZe. management quality in line with interna- sociate Professor at the TSU Faculty of Law, Mem- rogorc centris direqtori tional standards. ber of the Board and Founder of the Prison Study acxadebs, sasjelis aRsrulebis Center, a joint scientific research center of TSU To ensure that a person released from the and Ministry of Corrections and Legal Assistance kvleviTi centris miznebia: penitentiary system will feel like a citizen of Georgia. He carried out research at the Edu- patimrobisa da Tavisuflebis with all rights, representatives of the Pris- cational Institution for Juveniles in Hamburg from aRkveTis dawesebulebebSi ar- on Study Centre believe that it is essential 2003 to 2005 and is the author of eight scientific sebuli mdgomareobis Seswavla; to carry out in-depth research in order to publications. arasapatimro sasjelTa aR- provide substantiated recommendations srulebis sistemis kvleva; damna- to relevant agencies. Studying interna- Savis pirovnebis Seswavla; samec- tional standards for penitentiary systems niero kvlevis da statistikuri and the experiences of foreign countries monacemebis analizis safuZvel- will enable their implementation in Geor- ze sasjelaRsrulebis sistemis gia. Practical lectures and seminars in saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebis dawesebulebebi Penal institutions of Georgia samarTlianad, humanurad, eko- penitentiary and penal institutions will

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2013 2013 July Tsu science 74 75

nomikurad da saerTaSoriso standartebiT marTvas- dis mizezi SeiZleba aseve iyos sxva msjavrdebulebis Tan dakavSirebiT rekomendaciebis gacema saministro- mxridan patimarze ganxorcielebuli sistematuri daviT batoniSvilis saTvis; adamianis uflebaTa dacvis xelSewyoba. fizikuri Tu fsiqologiuri zewola. msxverpli prob- imisaTvis, rom saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebis lemis mogvarebis erTaderT gzad miiCnevs swored sui- sistemidan gaTavisuflebuli patimari sazogadoe- cidis ganxorcielebas,” _ aRniSnavs Tsu iuridiuli samarTlis instituti baSi srulfasovan moqalaqed grZnobdes Tavs, sasje- fakultetis asocirebuli profesori moris SalikaS- lis aRsrulebis kvleviTi centris warmomadgenlebi vili. Tvlian, rom saWiroa samecniero kvlevebis Catareba; adgilobrivi proeqtebis paralelulad, sasjelis The Davit Batonishvili mecnierulad dasabuTebuli rekomendaciebis micema aRsrulebis kvleviTi centri TanamSromlobs maas- sasjelTa aRsrulebis politikis ganxorcielebi- trixtis universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis sisx- saTvis xelis Sewyobis mizniT; sasjelTa aRsrulebis lis samarTlisa da kriminologiis departamentTan Institute of Law is Established saerTaSoriso standartebisa da ucxouri gamoc- (holandia) globalur proeqtze, rac miznad isaxavs dilebis Seswavla da saqarTveloSi implementirebis saerTaSoriso kvleviTi qselis dafuZnebasa da saer- xelSewyoba; patimrobis/Tavisuflebis aRkveTisa TaSoriso kvleviTi proeqtebis ganxorcielebas. 2012 ianvarSi Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis im da Tavisuflebis SezRudvis dawesebulebebSi praq- aseve, axlo momavalSi dagegmilia Tbilisis saxelm- tikuli xasiaTis leqcia-seminarebis da sxva saxis studentebis, doqtorantebis da profesorebis iniciativiT, wifo universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis bazaze dimitri gegenava Dimitri Gegenava RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba; patimrobisa da Ta- sasjelis aRsrulebis kvleviTi centris klinikis Cam- romlebic gaerTianebulni arian saqarTvelos axalgazrda visuflebis aRkveTis dawesebulebebSi arsebuli oyalibeba, romelic ifunqcionirebs rogorc samagis- mecnierTa sazogadoebaSi, dafuZnda samecniero-kvleviTi daviT batoniSvilis samarTlis insti- saukeTeso praqtikis danergvis xelSewyoba; samecnie- tro swavlebis erT-erTi praqtikuli komponenti. mniS- gaerTianeba daviT batoniSvilis samarTlis instituti. tutis direqtori. ro konferenciebisa da leqcia-seminarebis Catareba; doqtoranti, Tsu iuridiuli fakulte- vnelovania isic, rom aRniSnuli klinikis farglebSi dReisaTvis daviT batoniSvilis samarTlis instituti studentebis CarTva centris saqmianobaSi; ucxo sax- ti; aRmosavleT evropis saswavlo uni- yovel semestrSi iuridiuli fakultetis magistran- yvelaze didi da avtoritetuli axalgazrduli kvleviTi versitetis asistent-profesori; Savi elmwifoebis Sesabamis organizaciebTan erToblivi tebi gaivlian saswavlo praqtikas sasjelaRsrulebis gaerTianebaa samxreT kavkasiis masStabiT. misi Seqmnis mizani zRvis saerTaSoriso universitetis kvlevis ganxorcieleba. dawesebulebebSi (saministroSi, sasjelaRsrulebis, mowveuli leqtori; amaJamad centrs aqvs ori proeqti, romelzec igi ki samarTlis mimarTulebiT sxvadasxva saganmanaTleblo da Tsu iuridiuli fakultetis mowveuli probaciis departamentSi da sxv.). muSaobs: arasamTavrobo organizaciis `cixis saerTa- samecniero proeqtebis ganxorcielebaa. leqtori; Tsu warmomadgenlobiTi sab- Soriso reformis” dakveTiT keTdeba pirobiT vadamde klinikis meSveobiT moxdeba magistrantebis dain- Wos aparatis ufrosi samarTlis Jurnal tereseba penitenciuri sferoTi, rac xels Seuwy- „sarCevis“ mTavari redaqtori; gaTavisuflebis kriteriumebis kriminologiuri ana- In January 2012 a new scientific research union, the Davit Batonishvili iyo evropis iurist studentTa aso- obs Tsu kursdamTavrebulebis dasaqmebas da sasje- lizi, romelic gamoicema da gadaecemaT im organoebs, ciacia saqarTvelos (ELSA Georgia) gen- laRsrulebis, probaciisa da iuridiuli daxmarebis Institute of Law, was established at the initiative of TSU students, PhDs and romlebic uSualod ixilaven msjavrdebulis pirobiT Professors, united in the Georgian Society of Young Scientists. Presently the eraluri mdivani, vice-prezidenti; vadamde gaTavisuflebis sakiTxs. sakiTxTa saministros kargi, maRalkvalificiuri saqarTvelos axalgazrda mecnierTa Davit Batonishvili Institute of Law is the most important young researchers sazogadoebis prezidenti; aris sami meore proeqti ki adamianis uflebaTa umaRlesi kadrebiT dakompleqtebas. rogorc Tsu iuridiuli fakultetis asocirebuli union in the South Caucasus with the objective of implementing educational wignis da 9 statiisa da samecniero komisris ofisis dakveTiT xorcieldeba. esaa `pati- broSuris avtori. marTa suicidis kvleva.~ kvlevis mizania im risk-faq- profesori moris SalikaSvili aRniSnavs, SesaZlebe- and scientific projects in the field of law. torebis dadgena, romelic zegavlenas axdens patimris lia sasjelis aRsrulebis centrma pirdapiri Sedegi mier suicidis an suicidis mcdelobis dros. ar moitanos penitenciur sistemis srul gardaqm- PhD Candidate, Director of the Davit Batonishvili “nebismier saxelmwifoSi samar- The Director of the Davit Batonishvili Law Institute;, TSU Faculty of Law, he is Assis- nasTan dakavSirebiT, magram misi funqcionireba (kv- `kriminologiaSi cnobilia, rom suicidis risk– Tals da samarTlis mecnierebas Institute of Law, Dimitri Gegenava, de- tant Professor at the Eastern Europe Educational jgufTa Soris msjavrdebulebi erT–erT pirvel adg- levebis Catareba da rekomendaciebis gacema) xels gamorCeuli adgili ukavia. sax- scribes why the Institute was needed. University, invited lecturer at the International Seuwyobs evropuli saxis sasjelaRsrulebis sistemis Black Sea University, invited lecturer at the TSU ilze dganan. es gamowveulia maTTvis Tavisuflebis elmwifo, romelsac ar gaaCnia “In every country, law and legal sciences aRkveTidan gamomdinare fsiqologiuri problemebiT. Seqmnas, rac aisaxeba rogorc maTi sayofacxovrebo pi- are of paramount importance. The state Faculty of Law, Head of staff of the TSU Repre- maRali samarTlebrivi kultura sentative Council and Editor-in-chief of the law bevri maTgani Zalian mwvaved aRiqvams Tavisuflebis robebis gaumjobesebaSi, aseve cixis personalis mxri- that does not have a high legal culture da samecniero tradiciebi, gamud- journal Sarchevi. He was Secretary General and dakargvas, rac xSirad iwvevs suicids. cixeSi suici- dan Zaladobis reducirebaSi. and scientific tradition is easily influ- mebiT eqceva sxvaTa gavlenis qveS. later Vice-President of the European Law Students enced by other states. The Soviet past Association Georgia (ELSA Georgia) and President sabWoTa warsulma mniSvnelovani has had a very negative impact on Geor- of the Georgian Young Scientists Society. H is the daRi daasva qarTuli samarTlis gian law, and only a few types of legal author of three books, nine articles and a scientific improve the understanding of the important role they play while sup- sonnel. In such cases, a prisoner considers a suicide as the only way brochure. porting best practices in Georgia will also raise the level of profes- to solve the problem. ganviTarebas da mniSvnelovnad issues could be legislated during the So- sionalism. The Center will also organize scientific conferences and Parallel to local projects, the Prison Study Centre cooperates with daxia ukan. samarTlis mimarTule- viet period, but under serious censorship. lecture-seminars, engaging students in their activities and organize the Department of Criminal Law and Criminology of the Faculty of baTagan mxolod ramdenime iyo Other legal issues were merely banned joint research projects with foreign state agencies. Law of the Maastricht University in a global project to establish an nebadarTuli da, isic, seriozu- or “studied”. Many European-minded scientists fell victim to Soviet repres- Currently the center is implementing two projects. With the support international research network and implement international research li cenzuris qveS arsebobda, sxva sion during occupation, and as a result, of Penal Reform International, the first project will provide crimino- projects. The TSU Faculty of Law plans to establish a clinic at the dargebi ki ubralod ikrZaleboda. today Georgian legal literature is very logical analysis of criteria for early conditional release. The Center Prison Study Centre, which will function as one of the practical com- mravali evropulad moazrovne will disseminate the results to concerned agencies directly engaged in poor. This, in turn, has had a bad impact ponents of an MA program. Each year, MA students of the clinic will mecnieri Seewira sabWoTa okupa- considering early conditional releases. A second project, ‘Inquiries on Georgian legislation, which is also in be able to carry out an internship within Georgian penal institutions. ciasa da represiebs. dReisaTvis into Prisoners’ Suicides’ is being implemented at the initiative of the a terrible state and in vital need for im- The clinic will raise student interest in the field of penal institutions, samarTlebriv institutTa umrav- Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights provement. which will not only provide potential future employment possibili- lesobis Taobaze qarTul enaze ar (UNHCR). The research will determine risk factors that influence or The Director said, “The primary reason arsebobs samecniero naSromi, Zal- induce prisoners towards committing a suicide. ties, but also provide qualified staff for the Ministry of Corrections for establishing the Davit Batonishvili zed Raribia Cveni samecniero lit- Moris Shalikashvili, Associate Professor at the Faculty of Law of and Legal Assistance. Institute of Law was to fill these gaps TSU pointed out that it is well known in criminology that prisoners Professor Shalikashvili explained that the Prison Study Centre eratura am kuTxiT. es, Tavis mxriv, and help develop the Georgian legisla- are one of the most at-risk groups for suicide. This stems from the will probably not have a direct impact on the transformation of the mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens qar- tive system, while simultaneously popu- psychological problems caused by confinement. Some of the pris- penitentiary system but it will contribute to the establishment of a Tul kanonmdeblobaze, romelic larizing legal science in Georgia. The In- oners find it very hard to deal with imprisonment, which leads to European style system in Georgia. This will be a step forward for katastroful mdgomareobaSia da stitute is made up of professors and sci- suicide. Another reason for suicide can be the constant physical and improving living conditions in prisons and reducing violence from aucilebelia mis ganviTarebaze entists of all age groups, and especially psychological pressure from other convicts or from correctional per- correctional personnel. zrunva. daviT batoniSvilis samar- by youth. The development of any field is practically impossible without the ac-

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Tlis institutis Seqmnis mizani swored am samecniero tri gegenava, giorgi burjanaZe; ”samarTlis istoriis danaklisis aRmofxvra, kanonmdeblobis ganviTareba terminTa leqsikoni” avt. mariam xoferia; ”kazusebi da samarTlis mecnierebis popularizacia gaxldaT. sakonstitucio samarTalSi” avt. dimitri gegenava, institutSi yvela Taobis mecnierebi arian warmodge- zurab maWaraZe; ” gudvili, rogorc inteleqtualuri nilni, Tumca ZiriTadi nawili axalgazrdebze modis. sakuTrebis obieqti da misi adgili konkurentul urT- nebismieri dargis ganviTareba axalgazrdebis aqti- ierTobebSi” avt. gvanca gugeSaSvili; `surgulaZisa da uri monawileobis gareSe, warmoudgenelia. aucile- naneiSvilis polemika (raritetuli gamocemebis seria) belia studentebma, axalgazrdebma ikvlion da weron. da saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika da 1921 amaze maxsendeba profesor paata turavas mosazreba, wlis konstitucia (pirveli erovnuli konferencia sa- romlis mixedviTac vxelmZRvanelob ukve bevri welia: konstitucio samarTalSi, moxsenebebis krebuli). studentebma da axalgazrdebma unda weron rac SeiZle- amasTan, instituti gamoscems sam periodul gamo- ba meti, Tundac ar iyos pirvel jerze xarisxiani, amiT cemas. 2010 wlidan gamodis samarTlis Jurnali „sar- aucileblad waiweven win da ganviTardebian, swored Cevi“. igi samarTlis institutisa da ”evropis iurist studentebs gaaCniaT novaciebis mofiqrebis ufro studentTa asociacia saqarTvelos“ erToblivi gamo- meti SesaZlebloba, radgan maTi goneba naklebadaa cemaa, romelic weliwadSi erTxel gamodis. 2012 wli- gadatvirTuli yoveldRiurobis problemebiT,” - ase dan ki Jurnali „sarCevi“ saerTaSoriso-referirebadi ganmartavs institutis daarsebis mizans Tavad daviT Jurnalis statusiT gamoicema. batoniSvilis samarTlis institutis direqtori dimi- ”problemebi marTlac bevria, Tumca instituti tri gegenava. praqtikuli da samecniero proeqtebis simravliT rogorc direqtori aRniSnavs, daviT batoniSvilis cdilobs aiTvisos sruliad daumuSavebeli sferoebi. samarTlis instituti saqmianobs rogorc erovnuli, mravali saintereso RonisZieba xorcieldeba, romle- ise saerTaSoriso da SedarebiTi samarTlis kuTxiT. bic sazogadoebaSi didi popularobiT sargeblobs. in- samecniero kvlevas axalgazrda mkvlevarebi, praq- stitutis brend-proeqtebad iqca: akademiuri samarT- tikosi iuristebi da iuridiuli fakultetis stu- lebrivi weris saserTifikato programa da seminarebis dentebi axorcieleben samarTlis Semdeg sferoebSi: kazusis amoxsnis meTodikaSi. qarTul enaze pirvelad administraciuli samarTali; kerZo samarTali; sakon- gamoica samecniero Sromebi Cvens sinamdvileSi sru- stitucio samarTali; saerTaSoriso samarTali; sisx- liad daumuSavebel, auTvisebel sakiTxebze,” - aRniS- tive involvement of youth to explore and examine current issues. I re- gi Burjanadze; A Glossary of Legal History by Mariam Khoperia; lis samarTali; samarTlis istoria; samarTlis fi- navs dimitri gegenava. call Professor Paata Turava’s statement about the vital need for youth Cases in Constitutional Law by Dimitri Gegenava and Zurab Mach- losofia da SedarebiTi samarTali. 2013 wlis zafxulSi daviT batoniSvilis insti- involvement—and this has been my motto for many years: ‘Students aradze; and Goodwill as an Object of Intellectual Property and its and young people should write as much as possible. Maybe this writ- Place in Competitive Relations by Gvantsa Gugeshashvili, as well as institutis saqmianobisa da ganviTarebis ZiriTad tuts dagegmili aqvs axali Jurnalebis „kerZo samar- ing is not quality work at the first try, but writing will help them move The Democratic Republic of Georgia and the Constitution of 1921, mimarTulebebs gansazRvravs institutis samecniero Tlis mimoxilva“ da „Tanamedrove samarTlis mi- forward and develop. Students have many more advanced innovative which includes the first National Conference on constitutional law sabWo, romelsac xelmZRvanelobs institutis direq- moxilva“ gamocema. 2013-2014 wlebis prioriteti ki skills than we do, since they have fewer everyday worries on their and a collection of speeches. tori dimitri gegenava. institutis struqtura aer- saxelmZRvaneloebisa da damxmare saxelmZRvaneloebis mind.” In the summer of 2013, the Institute will release two new Georgian Tianebs samecniero ganyofilebas, gamomcemlobas, Seqmnaa rogorc samarTalSi, ise interdisciplinur The Davit Batonishvili Institute of Law encompasses national as journals - the Review of Private Law and the Review of Modern Law. biblioTekas, saswavlo centrs, saorganizacio da sferoebSi. gegenavas gancxadebiT, mniSvnelovani yur- well as international and comparative law, and research is carried out The main priority of 2013-2014 is to create textbooks and supple- proeqtebis marTvis samsaxurebs. institutis samec- adReba daeTmoba saerTo da sakonstitucio sasamarT- by young scholars, practicing lawyers and students at the Faculty of mentary textbooks in law and interdisciplinary fields. Special at- niero ganyofilebas xelmZRvanelobs sergi jorbenaZe. loebis praqtikis analizsa da kvlevas. kerZod, 2013 Law in fields like administrative law, international law, private law, tention will be paid to the analysis and research of the practice of institutSi 55-mde TanamSromeli, 15-mde mowveuli wels dagegmilia 20-ze meti gamocemis momzadeba. maT constitutional law, criminal law, the history of law, the philosophy of common and constitutional courts. In addition to these two jour- mkvlevari da 45 staJioria, romlebic warmoadgenen Soris: Tanamedrove samarTlis mimoxilva; kerZo samar- law and comparative law. nals, publications will include Modern Constitutional Law, volume sxvadasxva akademiuri xarisxis mqone profesorebs, Tlis mimoxilva, Tanamedrove sakonstitucio samar- A Scientific Council makes decisions and defines the major academic II, a translation of Gustav Radbruch. The others are series of rare leqtorebs, doqtorantebs, praqtikos iuristebs, mag- Tali, wigni II; gustav radbruxi, Targmanebi; aleqsan- directions of the institute. The Head of the Council is the Institute’s publications: Aleksandre Vacheishvili’s Kelsen Doctrine of the Law Director, and structures include the Scientific Department, Publish- and State; Giorgi Gvazava’s Key Principles of Constitutional Rights; istraturisa da bakalavriatis studentebs. dre vaCeiSvili, KELSEN-is moZRvreba samarTalsa ing, the Library, a Study and Training Center as well as Organiza- Giorgi Naneishvili’s Works; and Sergi Japaridze’s Trade Law. institutis samecniero ganyofilebis Semadgen- da saxelmwifoze (raritetuli gamocemebis seria); tional and Project Management Services. The Scientific Department The Institute is carrying out the digitization and re-publishing of giorgi gvazava, ZiriTadi principebi konstituciuri lobaSi Sedis kerZo, administraciuli, sakonstitu- is supervised by Sergi Jorbenadze, with 55 collaborators, up to 15 rare publications, including Surguladze-Naneishvili Polemics (pub- cio, saerTaSoriso, sisxlis samarTlisa da samarT- uflebisa (raritetuli gamocemebis seria); giorgi invited scholars and 45 interns. Institute interns include professors, lished); Kelsen Doctrine of the Law and State by Aleksandre Va- lis meTodebis mimarTulebebi, interdisciplinuri naneiSvili, Sromebi (raritetuli gamocemebis seria); lecturers, PhDs, practicing lawyers, as well as MA and BA students cheishvili (in preparation) and works by Giorgi Gvazava, Giorgi Na- kvlevebis, mediasamarTlisa da inteleqtualuri sa- sergi jafariZe, savaWro samarTali (raritetuli ga- specializing in different academic fields. The Scientific Department neishvili, Sergi Japaridze, and others. kuTrebis samarTlis centrebi. mocemebis seria). includes Private, Administrative, Constitutional, International and The Institute encounters challenges but seeks to explore new rogorc dimitri gegenava acxadebs, daviT batoniS- garda wminda samecniero muSaobisa, samarTlis in- Criminal law, a Center of Media Law, Intellectual Property Law and fields through practical and scientific projects, including several vilis samarTlis instituti gamoscems samarTlebriv stituti praqtikul saqmianobasac eweva. institutis interdisciplinary research projects. that are popular with the public. Apart from its more scientific gamocemebs, rogorc periodikas, ise saxelmZRvaneloe- saswavlo centri axorcielebs sxvadasxva praqtikul The Institute of Law publishes legal literature including periodicals, work, the Institute of Law is engaged in practical activities such bsa da monografiebs. 2012 wlis ianvridan 2013 wlis proeqts, maT Soris: samarTlis skolebs, seminarebs, textbooks and monographs. Between January 2012 and January as the Study/Training Center which carries out practical projects ianvramde gamocemulia 13 gamocema: samarTlis Jur- konferenciebs, treningebsa da sajaro leqciebs. 2013, 13 publications appeared, including a law journal Sarchevi. with law schools, organizes seminars, conferences, trainings and nali „sarCevi“ ( sami tomi); ”studenturi TviTmmarT- daviT batoniSvilis institutis direqtoris TqmiT, This journal is issued annually as a joint publication of the Institute public lectures. A key ‘brand’ of the Institute is the Certificate of Law and the European Law Students Association Georgia. From Program in Academic Legal Writing and seminars in solving cas- velobebis samarTlebrivi mimoxilva” avtori dimi- mniSvnelovania isic, rom instituti TanamSrom- 2012 it has been a peer-reviewed journal. es. This is the first time that scientific studies have been published tri gegenava; ”mowmeTa dacvis specialuri programa” lobs rogorc saqarTvelos sxvadasxva universitet- Also last year the following publications appeared: Legal Review in Georgian on formerly unexplored, unstudied issues. The Davit avt. levan gvritiSvili; Tanamedrove sakonstitucio Tan da kvleviT dawesebulebebTan, aseve adgilobriv of Student Self-Government authored by Dimitri Gegenava; The Batonishvili Institute of Law cooperates with various Georgian samarTali (wigni I) ”sakonstitucio marTlmsajuleba da saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan. kerZod, insti- Witness Protection Program by Levan Gvritishvili; Modern Con- universities and research centers, and has links and partnerships saqarTveloSi: samarTalwarmoebis ZiriTadi sistem- tutis wevrebi ” evropis iurist studentTa asociacia stitutional Law Vol III; Constitutional Justice in Georgia: Major with international organizations, for example working with the uri problemebi” avt. dimitri gegenava, ”miTiTebisa saqarTvelo”-sTan erTad sxvadasxva proeqtebze da ga- Systemic Problems in Proceedings by Dimitri Gegenava; Standards European Law Students Association Georgia on joint publications da aRniSvnis standarti samarTalSi” avtorebi^ dimi- mocemebze erToblivad muSaoben. of Directions and Indications in Law by Dimitri Gegenava and Gior- and projects.

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2013 2013 July Tsu science 78 79 administraciul mecnierebaTa The Institute of instituti Tsu-Si - Administrative Sciences at axali SesaZleblobebi TSU – A new opportunity for Tsu studentebisa da TSU Students and Scientists mecnierebisTvis The Institute of Administrative Sciences at Tbilisi State University has been established, bringing new opportunities for students and staff. The aim of the

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi administraciul mecnierebaTa institute is to support the development of administrative sciences and practice, giorgi xubua Giorgi Khubua instituti dafuZnda. institutis mizania, administraciuli mecnierebisa da praqtikis ganviTareba- and provide recommendations based on scientific studies in the field of public xelSewyoba. aseve, saqarTveloSi sajaro mmarTvelobis sferosaTvis mecnierul safuZvelze administration. Within the framework of both national and international iuridiul mecnierebaTa doqtori, Tsu damyarebuli rekomendaciebis gaweva, rogorc nacionalur, ise saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis cooperation the Institute of Administrative Sciences is a result of the many sruli profesori, Tsu administraciul mecnierebaTa institutis xelmZRvaneli. farglebSi. institutis dafuZneba Tsu-sa da q. Spaieris (germania) administraciul mecnierebaTa years of cooperation between Tbilisi State University and the German Speyer gamoqveynebuli aqvs 70-ze meti samec- universitetis mravalwliani TanamSromlobis Sedegia. University of Administrative Sciences. niero naSromi samarTlis TeoriaSi, ada- mianis uflebebis, TviTmmarTvelobisa da saxelmwifos teritoriuli mowyobis sakiTxebze. sxvadasxva dros iyo mecni- er-mkvlevari da miwveuli profesori institutis damfuZneblebi arian ivane javaxiSvi- karl peter zomermani, andreas knori, herman hili da The founders of the Institute are Tbilisi State University, the Georgian Government (rep- miunxenis, ienas, bambergis, hanoveris, lis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, ulrix Stelkensi, romelTa profesionalizmis Sesaxeb resented by The Ministry of Finance) and German Speyer University of Administra- bernis, miunxenis teqnikur univer- saqarTvelos mTavroba (warmodgenili saqarTvelos cnobilia ara mxolod evropis, aramed mTeli msofli- sitetebSi, maqs plankis sazRvargareTis tive Sciences. The institute has already implemented the following programs--education qveynebis sajaro samarTlis institutSi finansTa saministros mier) da germaniis q. Spaieris os masStabiT. germanel profesorebs partniorobas programs; retraining program for employed practitioners; summer schools; seminars; administraciul mecnierebaTa universiteti. insti- uwevdnen da uweven qarTveli mecnierebi Tu praqtiko- conferences; retraining based on research; organizational development of regional, local tutis saqmianobis farglebSi da germaniis q. Spai- si pirebi: paata turava, daviT narmania, irakli kobax- Doctor of Legal Sciences, Full Professor at TSU, and state personnel; research exchange programs; scientific meetings and other events he has published over 70 scientific works on the eris administraciul mecnierebaTa universitetTan iZe, maia kopaleiSvili, nani maWaraSvili da sxvebi. supporting the development of administrative law and public management. theory of law and on human rights, self-governance TanamSromlobiT ganxorcieldeba: saswavlo progr- programa gaTvlilia rogorc studentebze, aseve im TSU’s sound experience in cooperation raises hopes for a successful Institute of Admin- and state territoriality issues. He as been A Fellow amebi; ukve dasaqmebuli praqtikosebis gadamzadebis pirebze, romlebic ukve muSaoben saxelmwifo daweseb- and Visiting Professor at the Universities of Mu- istrative Sciences. With the cooperation of the German partners the TSU Faculty of Law nich, Jena, Bamberg, Hannover, Bern and the Max programa; sazafxulo skolebi; seminarebi; konfer- ulebebSi da surT kvalifikaciis amaRleba. programis has already been running an interdisciplinary MA program in English in Public Manage- Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law. enciebi; treiningebi; kvlevebze dafuZnebuli gad- pirveli wlis bolos gansazRvrulia studentTa orT- ment since December 2009. The program aims to prepare future public figures to be amzadeba; regionuli, adgilobrivi da saxelmwifo viani praqtika saqarTvelos saxelmwifo dawesebule- fully aware of their duties and responsibilities, and to understand modern requirements moxeleebis organizaciuli ganviTareba; kvleviTi bebSi. xolo meore wlis bolos studentebs eZlevaT of public administration. It is a two-year modular program with lectures in tandem. This gacvliTi programebi; samecniero Sexvedrebi da sxva SesaZlebloba aseve orTviani praqtika gaiaron evropis format implies that lectures are prepared and given by both European and Georgian pro- RonisZiebebi, romlebic xels Seuwyobs administraci- qveynebis sxvadasxva instituciaSi. programis pirveli fessors. TSU is pleased to have distinguished professors like Karl-Peter Sommerman, uli samarTlisa da sajaro mmarTvelobis winsvlasa nakadis studentebi ukve imyofebodnen germaniaSi sx- Andreas Knorr, Herman Hill and Ulrich Stelkens, who are respected worldwide. The da ganviTarebas. vadasxva saxelmwifo organoebSi praqtikebze: germani- program boasts highly esteemed Georgian professors and practitioners as well such as TanamSromlobis ukve arsebuli gamocdileba ad- is federaluri kontrolis palata q. boni, q. maincis Paata Turava, Davit Narmania, Irakli Kobakhidze, Maia Kopaleishvili and Nani Macha- ministraciul mecnierebaTa institutis warmatebuli iusticiis saministro, q. berlini ekonomikis saminis- rashvili, to mention a few. saqmianobis imeds iZleva: Tbilisis saxelmwifo univer- tro, q. berlini saqarTvelos sakonsulo da a.S. ucxoe- This program targets students as well as individuals already working in state agencies sitetis iuridiul fakultetze, q. Spaieris (germania) Tis praqtikebis Semdeg, studentebi 2 kviriT miwveulni who wish to increase their qualifications. At the end of the first academic year, the pro- administraciul mecnierebaTa universitetTan Tanam- arian q. SpaierSi, sazafxulo skolaSi. programis srul SromlobiT interdisciplinuri inglisurenovani finansur mxardaWeras uzrunvelyofs „folksvagenis gram provides its students with a two-month internship in Georgian state agencies, and at samagistro programa „sajaro mmarTveloba“ 2009 fondi“ _ „Volkswagenstiftung“, aq igulisxmeba ucxoeli the end of the second academic year, students are given chance to carry out an internship wlis dekembridan xorcieldeba. programa emsaxureba leqtorebis Camosvlisa da honorarebis uzrunvelyo- in agencies in Europe. A first group of students is already working in internships in Ger- momavali sajaro moxeleebis momzadebas, romlebic fa, yvela studentis sazafxulo skolisa Tu ucxoeTis man state agencies such as the German Chamber of Federal Control, Bonn; the Ministry gagebiT moekidebian sakuTar movaleobebsa da Taname- praqtikebTan dakavSirebuli xarjebis anazRaureba da of Justice, Mainz; the Ministry of Economy, Berlin; the Georgian Embassy, Berlin, etc. drove sajaro administrirebis moTxovnebs. saswavlo programis sxva saorganizacio sakiTxebis finansuri After their two-month internship abroad, students are invited to study in Speyer at the programa modularulad 2 weliwadze aris gawerili. mxardaWera. garda zemoaRniSnuli samagistro progra- summer school. programis farglebSi gaTvaliswinebulia ZiriTadi misa, q. SpaierTan TanamSromlobis safuZvelze xdeba The program has full financial support from the Volkswagen Foundation which sup- leqciebis “tandem-formatSi” ganxorcieleba, rac gu- ukve praqtikosi iuristebis Tu sajaro moxeleebis ports foreign professors, covers all expenses of students’ summer schools and internships lisxmobs evropeli da qarTveli profesorebis mier stipendiebis dafinanseba q. SpaierSi samecniero kv- abroad, and other organizational costs of the program. Apart from the MA program, and erToblivi saleqcio kursebis momzadebasa da Catare- levebis gansaxorcieleblad. am proeqtis farglebSi, in collaboration with the City of Speyer, it is now possible to finance legal practitioners bas. Tsu programaze leqciebs kiTxuloben iseTi gamo- 2011 wels orma, xolo mimdinare wlis gazafxulze sam- and public figures to undertake research in Speyer. Two scholars were awarded scholar- Cenili mecnierebi da profesorebi, rogorebic arian ma pirovnebam moipova samTviani stipendia. ships in 2011 and three in 2012.

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rogorc kvlevis avtori aRniSnavs, saqarTvelos sa- As the author of the research notes, economic factors influencing sasursaTo usafrTxoebis strategiis sursaTo usafrTxoebis politikaze moqmedi ekonomi- Georgia’s food security policy were studied according to the follow- kuri faqtorebis kvleva ganxorcielda Semdeg indika- ing indicators: the minimum subsistence and its ratio to average per torebze dayrdnobiT: saarsebo minimumis moculoba da capita income; amount and dynamics of food expenses; dynamics sakiTxisaTvis of the level of food prices and the ratio of food prices to consumer misi Sesabamisoba saSualo suladobriv SemosavalTan; prices; the share of agriculture in Georgia’s total GDP and its dynam- sursaTze gaweuli danaxarjebis moculoba da dinami- ics; and the ratio of Georgia’s food exports to imports. ka; sursaTis fasebis donis dinamika, aseve, sursaTis Export-import: According to the research “Concerning the Issue of a Georgian Food Security Strategy fasebis Sesabamisoba samomxmareblo fasebTan; soflis Food Security Strategy”, a significant increase in imports compared meurneobis wili mSp-Si da misi dinamika; saqarTvelos to exports confirms that food independence and self-sufficiency sursaTis eqsportis importTan Sesabamisobis maCvene- remain problematic in Georgia. In 2010, registered food exports beli da a.S. amounted to USD 1574.1 million, while imports were USD 5248.5 eqsport-importi: `sasursaTo usafrTxoebis million. In other words imports are three times more than exports (see Chart 1), or a ratio of 0.33. strategiis sakiTxisaTvis~ kvlevis mixedviT, saqa- In 2005-2011 food accounted for 14% of the country’s total imports. rTveloSi sasursaTo damoukideblobis da sursaTiT In 2010 exports of wine amounted to 2.5%; nuts – 4% and alcoholic TviTuzrunvelyofis problemaze metyvelebs sursa- beverages – 3.4%. During the same year imports of sugar amounted Tis importis moculobis zrda eqsportTan SedarebiT. to 1.5%, cigarettes – 1.6% and wheat – 3.4% (see diagrams 2 and 3). 2010 wels sursaTis registrirebuli eqsporti 1574.1 The researcher points out that significant attention should be paid to mln aSS dolaria, xolo importi 5248.5 mln aSS dol- food independence in the light of the national food security strategy, ari, anu sursaTis importis moculoba eqsports 3–jer and that only then could the country discuss appropriate food security aRemateba (ix. diagrama 1). Sesabamisad, sursaTis impor- measures. Quality control: Food safety and quality management are important tis eqsportiT dafarvis koeficienti 0.33-s Seadgens. components of food security policy. According to the legal principles saqarTveloSi sursaTis importis wili mTlian im- of food safety, foodstuffs should be subject to scientific risk assess- portSi 2005-2011 wlebSi saSualod 14%-ia. 2010 wels ments except for cases when external factors or the nature of analysis eqsportis 2.5 % RviniT, 4% TxiliT da 3.4% spirtiani make it impossible. Food safety and quality should be transparent sasmelebiT aris warmodgenili. amave wels impor- throughout the entire food chain. tis 1.5%-s Saqari, 1.6%-s sigareti da 3.4%-s xorbali According to this research, although food security has been regulated Seadgenda(ix. diagrama 2 da 3). by law since 2005 (Parliament approved the Law of Georgia on Food mecnieris ganmartebiT, analizidan Cans, rom qveya- Safety and Quality on December 27, 2005) its enforcement was post- naSi mniSvnelovan yuradRebas moiTxovs sasursaTo da- poned to 2013. This shows why regulation has been weak. Qual- ity testing and monitoring foodstuffs since the law came into effect moukideblobis sakiTxi, rac saTanadod unda aisaxos has been crippled by a lack of funding to test samples and conduct erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefciaSi. misi TqmiT, laboratory analyses. However, the budgetary funds allocated for test mxolod amis Semdeg SeiZleba vimsjeloT sasursaTo purchases and laboratory analyses are also used poorly. This shows usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebebze. why quality monitoring is poorly carried out and is causing the food xarisxis kontroli: kvlevis Tanaxmad, marTalia, market to be swamped with low quality and falsified goods. sasursaTo usafrTxoeba saqarTveloSi kanoniTaa da- Minimum subsistence levels and prices: The energetic value of food regulirebuli - saqarTvelos kanoni `sursaTis uvne- defined for a working man during the day in Georgia is extremely blobisa da xarisxis Sesaxeb“ parlamentma jer kidev low, not exceeding 2300 kilocalories. Almost half of this figure, about 47%, is due to bread and bread products. Meat and meat prod- 2005 wlis 27 dekembers miiRo, magram misi sruli amo- saqarTveloSi sasursaTo usafrTxoebis sferoSi araerTi problema arsebobs: gadauWrelia ucts, vital for human health, amount to only 6.67% and milk and qmedeba 2013 wlisTvis gadavadda, rac kidev erTxel sasursaTo damoukideblobisa da sursaTiT TviTuzrunvelyofis problema; gaumarTavia dairy products compose 8% of the energy value. Over the long term instituciuri da samarTlebrivi baza; SesamuSavebelia sursaTis uvneblobisa da xarisxis Sesaxeb aCvenebs sursaTis usafrTxoebis sferos regulirebis this type of nutrition leads to weakening that leads to incapacitation. erovnuli strategia; araefeqtiania monitoringis samsaxurebi; SeiniSneba mTlian Sida produqtSi problemebs. This is a clear violation of the universally recognized food security soflis meurneobis wilis klebis tendencia; soflis meurneobis klebadi produqtiuloba; garda amisa, ”sursaTis uvneblobisa da xarisxis Ses- norms (see Charts 3 and 4). momxmarebelTa da mwarmoebelTa informirebulobis dabali done sasursaTo usafrTxoebis axeb” kanonis ZalaSi Sesvlidan moyolebuli, sareal- It is quite obvious from these figures that we do not consider the disproportionate distribution of incomes, or the fact that 63% of the sakiTxebze; arsebobs kvalificiuri specialistebis deficiti; saxezea kvebis jaWvSi riskebis izaciao qselSi sasursaTo produqtebis monitoringi xorcieldeba maTi nimuSebis sakontrolo Sesyidve- population’s per capita monthly incomes were spent on food. The marTvis problemebi da a.S. aseTi daskvna gaakeTa iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo minimum living wage of the average Georgian consumer defined biT da Semdgom laboratoriuli gamokvleviT. Tumca, universitetis profesorma eka lekaSvilma kvlevis ”sasursaTo usafrTxoebis strategiis based on the minimum food basket was 113.4 GEL in 2010. The sakontrolo Sesyidvebze da laboratoriul kvleve- sakiTxisaTvis” dasrulebis Semdeg. kvlevis mizani am sferoSi arsebuli problemebis da maTi monthly per capita income in Georgia was 178.6 GEL in 2010. These gadaWris gzebis identificireba iyo. igi ganxorcielda 2011–12 wlebSi da misi Sedegebi bze biujetiT gaTvaliswinebuli Tanxebis aTviseba data show that, even if we put the disproportionate distribution of wardgenilia adgilobriv da saerTaSoriso konferenciebze. bolomde ver xerxdeba, rac metyvelebs sursaTis incomes aside, in 2010 63% of the monthly per capita income was xarisxis monitoringis sferos menejmentis probleme- spent on the minimum food basket. According to official data, in bze, maSin, rodesac uxarisxo da falsificirebuli 2010 total consumer expenses amounted to GEL 255.2 million in Many problems illustrate the fragility of Georgia’s food security food dependency and the lack of self-sufficiency. The produqciiT gajerebulia qarTuli sasursaTo bazari. urban areas, and GEL 150.4 million in rural areas, of which expenses principle issues include weak institutional and legal frameworks regulating food ; no national strategy on food safety and kvlevis Tanaxmad, sasursaTo usafrTxoebis poli- on food, including alcoholic beverages and tobacco, amounted to quality; ineffective monitoring services; the diminishing share of agriculture within the total GDP stemming from decreasing tikis mniSvnelovani mimarTulebaa uSualod sursa- GEL 99 million (38%) and GEL 69 million (45.8%), respectively. It is clear that the Georgian population spends a significant part of their agricultural production; low awareness by consumers on food security issues; lack of skilled staff; and the lack of risk Tis uvneblobisa da xarisxis marTva. sursaTis uvne- income on foodstuffs. Importantly, there are greater hikes in food management in the food chain. These conclusions were made by TSU Professor Eka Lekashvili according to the results of her blobis samarTlebrivi principebis mixedviT sakvebi prices in Georgia compared to other consumer commodities.” research “Concerning the Issue of a Food Security Strategy.” The goal of the research was to identify problematic sectors and produqtebi unda eqvemdebarebodes riskis mecnierul Lack of awareness: Because of a lack of family income most of identify solutions. The research was conducted in 2011-2012 and results submitted within local and international conferences. analizs, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca gareSe faqtore- the population focuses on price rather than on quality. Even if con- bi an analizis xasiaTi amas SeuZlebels xdis. sursaTis sumers wish to judge food quality, they have not been educated in

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uvnebloba da xarisxi unda iyos gamWvirvale kvebis mTel jaWvSi. diagrama 1. saqarTvelos sursaTis eqsport-importis dinamika (mln. lari, 2005-2011) saarsebo minimumi da fasebi saqarTveloSi saSualo momxmare- Chart 1. Food export and import dynamics in Georgia (million GEL, 2005–2011) blis saarsebo minimumma 2010 welis dekemberSi 113.4 lari Seadgi- 300.0 na. suladobrivi saSualo Tviuri Semosavali saqarTveloSi 2010 wels 178.6 iyo. 250.0 ”cifrebidan Cans, rom, Tu ar gaviTvaliswinebT Semosavlebis ganawilebis disproporcias, mosaxleobis suladobrivi saSualo sursaTis importi (mln. aSS dolari) Tviuri Semosavlis 63% minimaluri sasursaTo kalaTis SeZenas 200.0 Food imports (million US dollars) xmardeboda. oficialuri statistikiT, 2010 wels samomxmareblo xarjebma qalaqSi 255.2 mln. lari Seadgina, xolo soflad – 150.4 150.0 mln lari. aqedan sursaTze, sasmelze da Tambaqoze gaweulma danaxarjebma Sesabamisad 99.0 mln (38%) da 69.0 (45.8%) mln lari Seadgina. naTelia, rom saqarTveloSi Semosavlebis mniSvnelo- 100.0 sursaTis eqsporti (mln. aSS dolari) Food exports (million US dollars) van nawils mosaxleoba sursaTsa da sakveb produqtebze xarjavs. xazgasasmelia isic, rom saqarTveloSi fiqsirdeba sursaTis 50.0 fasebis donis zrdis tendencia sxva samomxmareblo saqonelis fasebis donesTan SedarebiT,” - acxadebs eka lekaSvili. eka lekaSvili Eka Lekashvili kvlevis ”sasursaTo usafrTxoebis strategiis sakiTxisaT- vis” Tanaxmad, yoveldRiur racionSi Zalze dabalia im sursa- Tsu ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis asocirebuli profesori, ekonomikis Tis energetikuli Rirebuleba, romelic Sromisunarian mamakacs 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 doqtori. aris turizmis ganviTarebis dRis ganmavlobaSi daudgines, es dRiurad 2300 kkal-s ar aRe- institutis xelmZRvanelis moadgile, mateba. am cifris TiTqmis naxevari, daaxloebiT 47% - pursa da diagrama 2. saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli importis da sursaTis importis moculoba ekonomikuri politikisa da ekonomikuri (mln. aSS dolari, 2005-2011) ganaTlebis qarTul-germanuli insti- purproduqtebze modis. organizmisTvis aucilebeli xorci da Chart 2. The Amounts of Total Import and Food Imports in Georgia (million US dollars, 2005-2011) tutis direqtoris moadgile. misi produqtebi racionSi mxolod 6.67%-s Seadgens, rZe da rZis igi 70-ze meti samecniero naSromis avto- produqtebi 8%-iT aris gansazRvruli. sabolood, aseTi kveba 2500.0 ria, maT Soris ori monografiis, 3 wignis, 6 saxelmZRvanelos da damxmare saxelmZ- adamianis organizmis dauZlurebasa da TandaTanobiT sikvdils Rvanelos. aris mravali saerTaSoriso niSnavs, rac sasursaTo usafrTxoebis dacvis sayovelTaod aRi- konferenciis da warmatebuli sagranto arebul normebis uxeSi darRvevaa. (ix. diagrama 4 da diagrama 5). 2000.0 proeqtis monawile da koordinatori. aqtiurad monawileobs ucxoeTis umaR- arainformirebuloba mecnieris ganmartebiT, saqarTvelo- les saswavlo dawesebulebebTan (berli- Si, Semosavlebis simciris gamo, sursaTis SeZenisas mosaxleoba 1500.0 sursaTis importi (mln. aSS dolari) nis teqnikuri universiteti, pireiusis ZiriTadad arCevans akeTebs safase faqtoris gavleniT da ara universiteti, brunelis universiteti, Food imports (million US dollars) grenoblis teqnologiuri universiteti saqonlis xarisxobrivi SefasebiT. am ukanasknelis SemTxveva- da a.S.) kavSirebis gaRrmavebaSi. Sic, momxmarebeli sasursaTo produqtis Sefasebas axorcielebs 1000.0 gauTviTcnobiereblad. mas ar aqvs sakmarisi kvalifikacia da ori- mTliani importi (mln. aSS dolari) entirebulia mxolod sakuTar cxovrebiseul gamocdilebasa da Associate Professor, TSU Faculty of Economics Total imports (million US dollars) and Business; Doctor of Economics and Deputy codnaze. sasursaTo produqciis mxriv qarTveli momxmareblebis 500.0 Head of the Institute of Tourism Development; da mwarmoeblebis arainformirebuloba mniSvnelovand uwyobs Deputy Director of the Georgian-German Institute of Economic Politics and Economic Education. She xels sasursaTo usafrTxoebis politikis problemebis gaRrmave- is the author of over 70 scientific works, including bas. sasursaTo usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa ki procesis yvela two monographs, three books, six textbooks and monawileze Tanabrad nawildeba: mwarmoeblebze, teqnologebze, supplementary textbooks; participant and coor- dinator of various international conferences and distributorebze, momxmareblebsa da mTavrobaze. successful grant projects; she is actively involved sasursaTo usafrTxoebis problemebis analizisas, kvlevaSi 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 in boosting ties with foreign higher educational in- ganxilulia demografiuli sakiTxebic. kerZod, kvlevis Tanax- stitutions (Berlin Technical University, University diagrama 3. sursaTis da samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi (1998-2011) mad, saqarTveloSi soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebulTa raodenoba of Piraeus, Brunel University, Grenoble Institute of Chart 4. Foods and Consumer Price Indices (1998–2011) Technology, etc.). mTliani mosaxleobis TiTqmis naxevars Seadgens (46,9%). amasTan, SeiniSneba am maCveneblis umniSvnelo Semcirebis tendenciac, rac 400.0 nawilobriv migraciis da urbanizaciis faqtoriT aris ganpirobe- 350.0 buli. 300.0 rekomendaciebi: kvlevis avtoris, profesor eka lekaSvilis sursaTis da ualkoholo sasmelebis ganmartebiT, saqarTvelos sasursaTo usafrTxoebis strategia, 250.0 fasebis indeqsi upirveles yovlisa, mimarTuli unda iyos saqarTveloSi agraru- 200.0 Food and non-alcoholic drinks price li sferos ganviTarebisken, radgan sasursaTo damoukideblobis indices da sursaTiT TviTuzrunvelyofis gareSe usafuZvloa sasur- 150.0 samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi saTo usafrTxoebis miRwevis molodini. am miznis misaRwevad ki 100.0 Consumer price indices aucilebelia Semdegi RonisZiebebis gatareba: soflis meurneo- baSi biznesisTvis mimzidveli garemos Seqmna; agraruli sferos 50.0 ganviTarebisTvis investiciebis mozidva sasoflo-sameurneo 0 infrastruqturis, irigaciis da melioraciis sistemis, sasof- lo-sameurneo teqnikis ganaxlebis, sasawyobo da sarealizacio 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

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farTebis da momsaxurebis uzrunve- lyofis mizniT da fermerebisaTvis maTi inovaciuri midgomebis wvdomis uzrunvelyofa; sawvaviT da diagrama 4. sursaTis saSualo sacalo fasebi saqarTveloSi sasuqiT uzrunvelyofa; aucilebelia (lari/kg)×100 Chart 5. Average retail food prices in Georgia saWiroeba msoflioSi agrosamrewvelo seqtoris ganviTareba; (GEL/kg)× 100 kvalificiuri specialistebis aRzrda da mecnieruli kvlevebis ganxorcieleba; 1400.0 keTildReobis memcenareobis da mecxoveleobis sfer- oSi epidemiebis gavrcelebis prevencia; 1200.0 gazrdisaTvis kreditebis xelmisawvdomoba; soflis 1000.0 meurneobaSi dazRvevis sistemis Seqmna; 800.0 sasoflo–sameurneo miwis fondis sru- lyofili damuSaveba; maRali xarisxis 600.0 TesliT uzrunvelyofa; sagadasaxado 400.0 The Necessity for Innovative SeRavaTebis daweseba; fermerTaTvis konsultaciebis gaweva soflis meur- 200.0 Economic Approaches to neobis Tanamedrove miRwevebis Sesaxeb; 0.0 sursaTis xarisxis efeqtiani kontroli, ia nacvliSvili Ia Natsvlishvili rZe Milk puri Beef Pork Bean rac konkurentunarians gaxdis qarTul yveli Bread Saqari Sugar lobio Increase Global Welfare iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis Cheese Chicken produqcias adgilobriv da saerTaSor- Potatoes saxelmwifo universitetis ekonomiki- Corn flour Egg (10 p.) iso bazrebze da stimuls miscems sasur- kartofili Bread flour sa da biznesis fakultetis asocire- Sunflower oil puris fqvili Roris xorci qaTmis xorci buli profesori, ekonomikis doqtori. kvercxi (10 c.) saTo warmoebis ganviTarebas, Sesabam- saqonlis xorci simindis fqvili kiTxulobs leqciebs mikro da makro isad, dasaqmebis da Semosavlebis zrdas; mzesumziris zeTi ekonomikaSi. 30-ze meti samecniero naS- romis avtori da mikroekonomikis sax- investireba laboratoriebis sando, 2011 I kvartali 2011 II kvartali msoflio ekonomikuri krizisis daZlevisa da stabiluri elmZRvanelos erT-erTi Tanaavtori. profesiul da gamWirvale sistemaSi, ro- 2011 I quarter 2011 II quarter ekonomikuri aRmavlobis uzrunvelyofis amocana aSS-s saxelmwifo departamentisa da melic sursaTis uvneblobisa da xarisxis fond „Ria sazogadoebis institutis“ sistemis sakvanZo elements warmoadgens. 2011 III kvartali 2011 IV kvartali Tanamedrove ekonomikur problemaTa Soris erT-erTi kvleviTi stipendiis farglebSi ramden- saqarTvelos sasursaTo usafrTxoebis 2011 III quarter 2011 IV quarter yvelaze ufro aqtualuri sakiTxia _ rogorc globalur, ime semestris ganmavlobaSi imyofeboda aseve lokalur doneze. am problemis daZlevis inovaciuri aSS-s sxvadasxva wamyvan universiteteb- politika mimarTuli unda iyos sasur- Si. monawileobda mraval saerTaSoriso saTo bazris ganviTarebisaken msoflio gzebis Ziebas isaxavs miznad Tsu ekonomikisa da biznesis proeqtSi safrangeTis, avstriis, ing- bazris moTxovnebis Sesabamisi konkuren- fakultetis asocirebuli profesoris, ekonomikis lisis da evropis sxva qveynebis univer- sitetebTan TanamSromlobiT. tunariani produqciis warmoebis, teqni- doqtoris ia nacvliSvilis kvleva ”keTildReobis kuri, samarTlebrivi, sakadro, kvleviTi gaumjobeseba msoflioSi - globalur vaWrobaSi inovaciuri da Sida bazris risk-menejmentis sistemis midgomebis saWiroeba”. kvleva mecnierma fond „Ria Associate Professor at TSU Faculty of Econom- ics and Business and author of over 30 scientific srulyofis gziT. _ aseTia ”sasursaTo sazogadoebis institutis“ stipendiis mxardaWeriT aSS-Si jorj vaSingtonis universitetSi moRvaweobisas 2011-2012 works and co-author of a microeconomics text- usafrTxoebis strategiis sakiTxisaT- book. Research scholarship was funded by the U.S. vis” kvlevis saboloo daskvna. wlebSi daamuSava. Department of State and Open Society Institute, ia nacvliSvilis ganmartebiT, kvleva miznad isaxavda has participated with US universities and –through qveynebs Soris ekonomikuri urTierTobebis inovaciuri international projects--with universities in France, Austria, England and other European countries. midgomebis gamovlenas Tanamedrove globaluri Research was presented at several international quality issues and lack the skills necessary to evaluate quality. They irrigation and melioration systems, agricultural machinery, storage ekonomikisaTvis post krizisul periodSi. kvlevis symposia and conferences, including the Interna- remain oriented only by their own experience and knowledge. This and processing areas and to provide relevant services for farmers; as Sedegebi am etapze warmoaCens msoflioSi keTildReobis tional Science Conference at International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis in Vienna. lack of consumer and producer awareness in Georgia significantly ex- well as fuel and fertilizer supplies. It is also essential to develop a real gaumjobesebis mizniT transatlantikuri ekonomikuri acerbates the food security problems. Food security must be ensured agro-industrial sector by training qualified staff and conducting sci- TanamSromlobis rolsa da mniSvnelobas post krizisul equally by all participants in the food process: producers, technolo- entific research; to prevent the spread of epidemics in plant-growing periodSi. gists, distributors, consumers and government. and cattle-breeding; to make agricultural loans available for farmers; While analyzing the food security problems, the study also discusses to create an insurance system in agriculture; perfect cultivation of demographic issues, and in particular the fact that almost half of the agricultural land funds; to supply farmers with high quality seeds; Georgian population is employed in agriculture (46.9%). There is a to introduce tax benefits; to consult farmers on modern agricultural Overcoming global economic crises and ensuring sustainable economic tendency towards a slight reduction in these percentages which can achievements; to conduct efficient food quality control to make Geor- revival are some of the most important issues among modern economic only partially be attributed to by migration and urbanization. gian products competitive on local and international markets and to problems at both the global and local level. To find innovative ways to Recommendations: The author of the research, explained that Geor- increase incomes; to make investments in a reliable, professional and overcome these problems has been the key goal of the research “Global gia’s food security strategy should first and foremost be directed to the transparent system of laboratories that represents a key element of Welfare Improvement – The Necessity for Innovative Approaches in Global development of the agricultural sphere because without food indepen- food safety and quality system. Georgian food security policy should dence or self-sufficiency it will be impossible to achieve food securi- be oriented towards the development of a food market through pro- Trade” conducted by Ia Natsvlishvili, Associate Professor at the TSU ty. For this, the following measures should be implemented: create an ducing competitive goods that meet international standards. They Faculty of Economics and Business and PhD in Economics. Professor attractive agricultural environment for business; attract investments must, finally, improve production management and technical and le- Natsvlishvili developed the research project in 2011-2012 while working for the development of agriculture to rehabilitate the infrastructure, gal issues, including domestic market risks. at George Washington University in the St. Louis, with the support of the Open Society Foundation scholarship.

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kvlevis Tanaxmad, ukanasknel wlebSi, msoflio dRes investirebis mniSvnelovani mizania, global- Union, in order to promote economic welfare on the transatlantic finansuri krizisis fonze, kiTxvis niSnis qveS dadga uri miwodebis jaWvebis efeqtianobis maqsimizacia da market and throughout the world. arsebuli globaluri ekonomikuri sistemis relevan- komerciuli warmomadgenlobis dafuZneba ucxour The researcher explains how global economic growth requires re- turoba; mraval qveyanaSi gaizarda sakuTari firmebis bazarze, rac mravalerovnuli firmebisTvis servi- newed leadership by two giants of the world economy – the United ucxoeli konkurentebisgan dacvis survili; garTul- sis miwodebis mniSvnelovani meTodia. sazRvargareT States and the European Union—and their engagement in transform- da Tavisufal saerTaSoriso vaWrobasa da investici- pirdapiri investiciis ganxorcieleba kompaniebs sa- ing world institutions such as the World Trade Organization. Dras- tic changes in the world economy have relegated the ineffective, ebze yovlismomcveli SeTanxmebebis dadeba; saWiroa Sualebas aZlevs dauaxlovdnen arsebul momxmareb- post-war model of trade agreements to the past. This model largely axali da kreatiuli midgomebi molaparakebebisTvis, lebs da moiZion axali momxmareblebi mzard bazre- focused on a reduction of tariffs on industrial commodities; it was raTa biZgi mieces saerTaSoriso vaWrobisa da inves- bze. mzardi ekonomikis mqone bevri qveyana aanalizebs, based on a traditional perception of trade as a zero-sum game that ticiebis Semdgomi liberalizaciisadmi daintere- rom Semomavali pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi (pui) only covered commodity import and export. sebis gazrdas. mkvlevaris azriT, es midgomebi unda maT sTavazobs swraf gzas industrializaciisa da At present four major elements have caused changes in international iyos pragmatuli da ganxorcielebadi arsebul poli- msoflio ekonomikaSi integraciisken. dRevandel glo- trade: 1) more global supply chains and multinational firms; 2) global tikur viTarebaSi. balur msoflioSi saerTaSoriso vaWroba da pui urT- trade increasingly directed by investments; 3) diminishing political ia nacvliSvilis mosazrebiT, Tavisufali vaWro- ierTgamaZlierebeli efeqtiT xasiaTdeba. Tanamedro- support for open markets; and 4) lack of adequate leadership for mul- bisa da kapitalis Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis mxar- veobis amocanaa xelovnuri dayofis situaciis daZleva tilateral agreements and relations. dasaWerad, SeiZleba ramdenime midgoma iyos warmod- savaWro politikasa da sainvestico politikas Soris. The dramatic growth of intra-firm trade confirms the growth of glob- genili: savaWro molaparakebaTa decentralizacia; mas Semdeg, rac msoflio finansurma krizisma dar- al supply chains and multi-national firms. Intra-firm trade amounts mravalmxrivi da dargobrivi SeTanxmebebi qveynebs So- tyma miayena msoflio ekonomikas, dadebiTi damokideb- to about 16% of total exports of member countries of the Organi- ris; gaZlierebuli da mzardi savaWro liberalizacia; uleba bazarze orientirebuli reformebisadmi, zoga- zation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). This mravalmxrivi SeTanxmebebis sistemis gaZliereba glo- dad mcirdeba. msoflio mowmea zrdadi tendenciisa, process is most common among OECD member counties. In the baluri sainvesticio politikis saSualebiT; sustad romelic mimarTulia finansuri seqtoris xelaxali United States, 58% of imports from OECD member counties is intra- ganviTarebuli qveynebisTvis bazarze Sesvlis ukeTesi regulirebis da SerCeviTi samTavrobo intervenci- firm trade, while 29% of imports from Brazil-Russia-India-China (BRIC) is also intra-firm trade. Intra-firm trade amounts to 48% of all pirobebis SeTavazeba; aSS-sa da evrokavSirs Soris isken. am tendenciis simptomia aseve naklebi enTuzi- US imports and 30% of exports (A New Era for Transatlantic Trade ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis gaRrmaveba, raTa xeli azmi vaWrobis Semdgomi liberalizaciisadmi. Leadership. A Report from the Transatlantic Task Force on Trade and Seewyos ekonomikur keTildReobas transatlantikur globaluri vaWrobis Tanamedrove gamowveva aris Investment, February, 2012). bazarze da msoflioSi. savaWro strategiebis Seqmna, iqneba es ormxrivi, re- Today the key goal of investing is to maximize the efficiency of glob- rogorc mecnieri asabuTebs, globaluri ekonomi- gionuli Tu mravalmxrivi, romelsac SeuZlia ganapi- al supply chains and to base commercial representations on foreign kis zrdisTvis saWiroa msoflio ekonomikis ori gigan- robos ekonomikuri zrda da axali samuSao adgilebi markets, an important method of providing services for multinational tis - aSS-sa da evrokavSiris ganaxlebuli globaluri da imavdroulad pozitiuri zewola vaWrobis liber- firms. Making direct investments abroad enables companies to reach lideroba da maTi ambiciuri iniciativebi, rogorc alizaciaze aradiskriminaciul safuZvelze. Taname- out to their consumers and find new ones within increasing markets. msoflio savaWro organizaciis farglebSi, aseve mis drove msoflio ekonomikas sWirdeba sakmao „zewola Many countries with growing economies have estimated that incom- miRmac. garedan“ imisaTvis, rom moaxerxos qveynebis motivi- ing foreign direct investments (FDI) offer them a quick path to in- kvlevis Tanaxmad, msoflio ekonomikis Secvlam reba, raTa isev ganaxorcielon mniSvnelovani savaWro dustrialization and integration into the global economy. In the today’s saeWvo gaxada savaWro SeTanxmebebis Zveli, omisSem- liberalizacia. transatlantikuri vaWrobis inicia- global world, international trade and FDI are characterized by a mu- dgomi modeli. es modeli didwilad fokusirdeboda tiva SeiZleba iyos erT-erTi aseTi iniciativa. tually strengthening effect. The key task of modernity is to overcome samrewvelo saqonlis tarifebis Semcirebaze, is da- aSS-sa da evrokavSirs aqvT msoflioSi udidesi or- the artificial division between trade policy and investment policy. fuZnebuli iyo vaWrobis tradiciul aRqmaze, riTac mxrivi sasazRvro vaWroba da investiciebi. 2010 wels After the global financial crisis hit the world economy, the previ- ously positive attitude towards market-oriented reforms began to de- vaWroba ganixileba rogorc nulovani jamis mqone saqonliT ormxrivma vaWrobam atlantikis okeanis gaR- crease. The world is now witnessing an increasing tendency towards TamaSi, romelic moicavda saqonlis mxolod imports ma, orive mxare Seadgina 674 mlrd. dolari 2011 wels re-regulation of the financial sector and selective governmental in- da eqsports. transatlantikuri ekonomika Seadgenda msoflio mSp-s tervention. Another characteristic of this tendency is less enthusiasm dReisTvis oTxma ZiriTadma elementma gamoiwvia cv- 54%-s. 2009 wels aSS-sa da evrokavSirze modioda saqon- towards further trade liberalization. lilebebi saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi. es elementebia: 1) lis msoflio eqsportis 28.2% da msoflio importis Global trade now faces the challenge of creating bilateral, regional globaluri miwodebis jaWvebi da multinacionaluri 33.4%. mTeli msoflios masStabiT, 2009 wels aSS da ev- and multilateral trade strategies which can lead to economic growth firmebis zrda, 2) globaluri vaWroba ufro da ufro rokavSiri iyo wyaro 62,9% Semosuli da 75,3% gasuli and new jobs while simultaneously exerting pressure to increase metad warimarTeba investiciebiT, 3) mcirdeba politi- pui-ebis. 2010 wels aSS-dan evropaSi ganxorcielebuli The research seeks innovative approaches for economic relations be- trade liberalization in a non-discriminatory way. The modern global kuri mxardaWera Ria bazrebisTvis, 4) mravalmxrivi Se- pirdapiri investicebi Seadgenda 1.1 trln dolars, tween states to create a modern global economy in the post-crisis economy needs sufficient “pressure from outside” to motivate coun- Tanxmebebi da urTierTobebi mZlavri lideris gareSe. anu aSS-dan ganxorcielebuli mTliani pirdapiri in- period, and the study’s results show the role and importance of trans- tries to carry out significant trade liberalization. A transatlantic trade firmis Siga vaWrobis dramatuli zrda adasturebs vesticiebis 52%-s. aSS-dan ganxorcielebuli mTliani atlantic cooperation for improving global welfare. initiative can serve as one such initiative. The United States and the globaluri miwodebis jaWvebis da mravalerovnuli pui-ebis mxolod 3.7% modioda BRIC-is (brazilia, ru- Given the global financial crisis, the relevance of the existing global European Union have the most bilateral trans-boundary trade and in- firmebis zrdas. firmisSiga vaWroba Seadgens ekonomi- seTi, indoeTi, CineTi) wevr qveynebze. 2000-2010 wlebSi economic system has been put into question over the past years— vestments. In 2010 bilateral trade across the Atlantic Ocean amounted kuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciaSi aSS-Si Sesuli pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis 76% for example protectionism has increased, and comprehensive trade to USD 674 billion. In 2011 the transatlantic economy amounted to agreements and investments have become more complicated. New (eTgo) Semavali qveynebis mTliani eqsportis daaxloe- modioda evropaze. 2009 wels pirdapiri ucxouri in- 54% of global GDP. In 2009, 28.2% of all global exports and 33.4% and creative approaches to negotiation are necessary in order to en- biT 16%-s. es procesi aris yvelaze gavrcelebuli eT- vesticiebi evrokavSiridan aSS-Si iyo mniSvnelovnad of global imports came to the United States and the European Union. courage more interest in international trade and further liberaliza- In 2009, 62.9% of incoming FDI and 75.3% of outgoing FDI glob- go-Si Semaval qveynebs Soris: aSS-Si eTgo-Si Semavali meti (1.1 trln evro), vidre evrokavSiris mier ganxor- tion of investments. In the researcher’s opinion, these approaches are ally came to the US and the EU. In 2010, direct US investments in qveynebidan saqonlis importis 58% aris firmisSiga cielebuli pirdapiri investiciebi CineTsa (58.3 mlrd practical and realizable under current political conditions. Europe totaled USD 1.1 trillion, i.e. 52% of total direct investments vaWroba, xolo brazilia-ruseTi-indoeTi-CineTidan evro) da indoeTSi (27.2 mlrd evro) erTad. 2009 wels Professor Natsvlishvili proposes several approaches to support free from the United States. Only 3.7% of total US FDI went to BRIC (BRIC) ganxorcielebuli importidan 29% aris aseve aSS-Si evropidan ganxorcielebuli importis 61%-s trade and free movement of capital: decentralization of trade negotia- (Brazil, Russia, India, China) member countries. In 2000-2010, 76% firmisSiga vaWroba. firmisSiga vaWroba saSualod Seadgenda firmisSiga vaWroba, rac Seadgenda aSS-dan tions; multilateral and sectoral agreements between states; strength- of FDI inflows to the United States came from Europe. In 2009, EU Seadgens 48%-s aSS-is saqonlis mTlian importsa da evrokavSirSi ganxorcielebuli mTliani eqsportis ened and increased trade liberalization; a strengthened system of foreign direct investments in US were significantly higher (Euro 1.1 30%-s eqsportSi (ANew Era for Transatlantic Trade Leadership. A 31%-s (Hamilton, D. and Quinlan, J. 2011). multilateral agreements through global investment policies; better trillion) than EU foreign direct investments in China (Euro 58.3 bil- Report from the Transatlantic Task Force on Trade and Investment. ”transatlantikuri ekonomikuri politikis dRis conditions for market access for less-developed counties; and greater lion) and India (Euro 27.2 billion) together. In 2009, intra-firm trade February, 2012.). wesrigi, romelic Seqmnilia samuSao adgilebis Seqm- economic cooperation between the United States and the European amounted to 61% of European imports to U.S, totaling 31% of entire

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2013 2013 July Tsu science 88 89

nisa da zrdis mxardasaWerad da evropasa da aSS-Si eko- procesebi pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri gziT gavle- nomikuri keTildReobis gasaumjobeseblad, uwinares nas axdens saqarTveloSi ekonomikur ganviTarebasa qarTveli mecnieris TvaliT danaxuli yovlisa, dafuZnebuli unda iyos Ria vaWrobisa da in- da keTildReobis gaumjobesebaze. saqarTvelos ev- vesticiebis politikaze. es ganapirobebs transatlan- roatlanitikur struqturebTan integraciis ar- tikuri vaWrobisa da investiciebis ufro did nakadebs. Cevani kidev ufro aZlierebs aSS-sa da evrokavSiris qarTuli sabaJos reformebi aSS-ma da evrokavSirma unda ganaviTaron axali or- trans-atlantikuri TanamSromlobis mniSvnelobas mxrivi iniciativebi savaWro da sainvesticio politi- Cveni qveynisaTvis. aSS-s da evrokavSiris qveynebs kasTan dakavSirebiT: yovlismomcveli savaWro xelSek- mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravT saqarTvelos sagareo rulebis ganxorcieleba, romelic aTavisuflebs savaWro brunvaSi. 2013 wlis monacemebiT evrokavSiris Customs Reforms Examined by a Georgian arsebiTad yvela saxeobis vaWrobas, erTiani midgomis qveynebis wilma saqarTvelos sagareo savaWro brun- SemuSaveba tarifebsa da arasatarifo barierebze, or- vaSi 27 procenti Seadgina (SedarebisaTvis, dsT-s qvey- Scientist mxrivi vaWrobis liberalizacia momsaxurebis sfer- nebTan 33%, xolo yvela sxva danarCen qveynebTan 40%). oSi, molaparakeba transatlantikuri sainvesticio amerikis SerTebuli Statebs ki mesame adgili uWiravs xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb da ormxrivi SeTanxmeba samTav- azerbaijanisa da TurqeTis Semdeg saqarTvelos umsx- robo Sesyidvebis Sesaxeb. am ormxrivi iniciativebis viles savaWro partniorTa aTeulSi, romelTa wilad garda, aSS-ma da evrokavSirma unda ganaviTaron ini- modis saqarTvelos mTliani sagareo savaWro brunvis ciativebi, raTa gamoacocxlon globaluri vaWroba: 70 procenti~. mravalmxrivi da dargobrivi decentralizebuli mo- saTauriT ”keTildReobis gaumjobeseba msofli- laparakebebi, vaWrobis liberalizacia momsaxurebis oSi _ globalur vaWrobaSi inovaciuri midgomebis sferoSi, molaparakebebi soflis meurneobis poli- saWiroeba” samecniero posteri gamoqveynebulia gamoy- tikasTan dakavSirebiT, SeTanxmeba saxelmwifo Sesy- enebiTi sistemebis analizis saerTaSoriso institutis idvebsa da vaWrobis gamartivebaze, yvelaze sustad mier (International Institute for Applied System Analysis) q. venaSi ganviTarebuli qveynebis ganviTarebisaTvis xelSewyo- (avstria) 2012 wlis 24-26 oqtombers Catarebul saer- ba. aSS-ma da evrokavSirma unda iTanamSromlon ufro TaSoriso samecniero konferenciis “samyaro mdidar- mWidrod, raTa gaaumjobeson arsebuli sistemis dis- Ta Soris _ mecnierebidan politikamde“ (Worlds Within ciplinis dacva globalur vaWrobaSi da gaaZlieron Reach-From Science to Policy” oficialur veb-gverdze. amas- msoflio savaWro organizaciis sistema,” - aseTia kv- Tan statiis ZiriTadi Sinaarsi gamoqveynda eleqtro- levis ”keTildReobis gaumjobeseba msoflioSi - glo- nuli formatiT 2013 wlis 24-25 ianvars espaneTSi balur vaWrobaSi inovaciuri midgomebis saWiroeba” valensiis universitetSi gamarTul saerTaSoriso saboloo daskvna. simpoziumis „ekonomikuri krizisi: paradigmis cvlil- rac Seexeba mis mniSvnelobas qarTuli ekonomiki- bis dro - sistemuri midgomebisken“ masalaTa krebulSi sTvis, asocirebuli profesori ia nacvliSvili ase (Proceedings, International Symposium THE ECONOMIC CRISIS: ganmartavs: ”saqarTvelo globaluri ekonomikis TIME FOR A PARADIGM SHIFT – TOWARDS A SYSTEMS AP- nawilia da, cxadia, msoflio ekonomikaSi mimdinare PROACH, ISBN 9788890824210, January 24-25, 2913).

exports from the United States to the European Union (Hamilton, D. sity for Innovative Approaches in Global Trade”. and Quinlan, J. 2011). As for the significance of this research for Georgia’s economy, Pro- “The agenda of transatlantic economic policy, which has been estab- fessor Natsvlishvili says, “Georgia is a part of global economy and lished to support the creation and growth of new jobs, as well as to thus the processes of the global economy have a direct or indirect sarfis sabaJo (saqarTvelo-TurqeTis sazRvari) Sarpi Customs (Georgia-Turkey border) increase welfare in the United States and Europe, first and foremost, influence on our economic development and welfare. Georgia’s as- should be based on open trade and investment policy. It will pro- piration for European integration further strengthens the importance mote greater flows of transatlantic trade and investments. The United of the US-EU transatlantic cooperation for our country. The US and 2012 wlis 11-13 aprils italiaSi, romis „Tor Vergata~-s universitetis ekonomikis skolaSi Catarda States and European Union should develop new bilateral initiatives EU member states are an important part of Georgia’s foreign trade konferencia Temaze “winaaRmdegobebi sajaro mmarTvelobaSi arastabilur periodSi”. konferenciis on trade and investment policies such as implementation of com- turnover. As of 2013, the share of EU member states in Georgia’s prehensive trade agreements that will promote trade liberalization; monawile 69 qveynis mecnierTa moxsenebebi gamoica krebulad. maT Soris aris Tsu ekonomikisa da foreign trade turnover amounted to 27% (CIS countries – 33%, all develop a uniform approach toward tariffs and non-tariff barriers; biznesis fakultetis, ekonomikasa da biznesSi informaciuli teqnologiebis kaTedris asistent- other countries – 40%). The United States is Georgia’s third largest they should promote liberalization of bilateral trade in the service profesoris rusudan seTuriZis samecniero naSromi: „saqarTvelos sabaJo sistemaSi realizebuli trade partner after Azerbaijan and Turkey, the three making up a total sphere; carry out negotiations on transatlantic investment agreements reformebi da winaaRmdegobebi“ (Tanaavtori ekonomikuri politikis kaTedris asocirebuli of 70% of Georgia’s entire foreign trade turnover.” and bilateral agreements on government procurements. Besides these profesori eka lekaSvili). bilateral initiatives, the US and the EU should develop the initia- A scientific poster entitled “Global Welfare Improvement – Neces- tives to revive global trade: multilateral and sectoral decentralized sity of Innovative Approaches in Global Trade” was published by the negotiations; trade liberalization in the service sphere; negotiations International Institute for Applied System Analysis in Vienna (Aus- The University of Rome’s “Tor Vergata” School of Economics hosted a conference “Contradictions in Public Management in tria) on the official website of the international conference “Worlds on agricultural policy; agreements on state procurements and trade Volatile Times” in April 2012. Scientists from 69 counties participated and their works were published as a collection. This Within Reach - From Science to Policy” held October 24-26, 2012. liberalization; and promotion of the development of less-developed included a study by Rusudan Seturidze, Assistant Professor of the Department of Information Technologies in Economics and countries. The United State and the European Union should cooper- The main content of the paper was published in electronic format in Business at the TSU Faculty of Economics and Business. The study was entitled “Reforms of the Customs System of Georgia ate closely to improve the observance of discipline in global trade, the collection of symposium materials “The Economic Crisis: Time and strengthen the system of the World Trade Organization.” This is for a Paradigm Shift – Towards a Systems Approach” held at the and their Contradictions”, and it was co-authored by Eka Lekashvili, Associate Professor at the Department of Economic the conclusion of the study “Global Welfare Improvement – Neces- University of Valencia on January 24-25, 2013. Policy.

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2013 2013 July Tsu science 90 91

rusudan seTuriZe Rusudan Seturidze

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, Tsu ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis, ekonomikasa da biznesSi informaciuli teqnologiebis kaTedris asistent- profesori, ekonomikis akademiuri doq- tori, sajaro marTvis saerTaSoriso samecniero sazogadoebis sruli wevri, misi kvlevis sferoa: informaciuli teqnologiebi ekonomikasa da biznes- Si. universitetSi kiTxulobs kursebs bakalavriatsa da magistraturaSi. sarfis sabaJo (saqarTvelo-TurqeTis sazRvari) larsi (saqarTvelo-ruseTis sazRvari) misi statiebi gamoqveynebulia saer- Sarpi Customs (Georgia-Turkey border) Larsi (Georgia-Russia border) TaSoriso da adgilobriv JurnalebSi. ukrainaSi gamarTul III saerTaSoriso internet–konferenciaze misma naSromma rogorc rusudan seTuriZe ganmartavs, statia exeba saqa- portsa da eqsportze; ar aris tarifebi eqsportze, re- The study looks at the customs system reforms implemented from umaRlesi Sefaseba miiRo da II saprizo rTvelos saxelmwifos erT–erT strategiul sferoSi, saba- eqsportze an tranzitze; gamartivebulia eqsportisa 2004 to 2012. The goal of the article was to acquaint international adgilze gavida. 10-mde saxelmZRvanelos Tanaavtori da 30-mde samecniero naS- Jo sistemaSi 2004-2012 wlebSi ganxorcielebul efeqtian re- da importis procedurebi, Zalian mcirea nebarTvebis scientific circles with Georgia’s customs reform experience – along romis avtori. aris ramdenime aTeuli formebs. statiis mizani iyo msoflio samecniero wrisaTvis raodenoba. erTi sarkmlis principiT gaicema serTi- with its achievements and contradictions. Georgia has been a mem- saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis konferen- gaecno saqarTvelos qarTuli reformebis gamocdileba _ Ta- fikatebi da nebarTvebi; evrokavSirisa da teqnikuri ber of the World Trade Organization since 2000 and today the coun- ciis monawile. sauniversiteto saxelmZ- visi miRwevebiTa da winaaRmdegobebiT. regulaciebis aRiareba uproblemod xdeba aseve Sida Rvaneloebis avtori da Tanaavtori, try has one of the most liberal trade systems in the world, and is try- statiaSi „saqarTvelos sabaJo sistemaSi realizebuli re- bazarze; mniSvnelovnad gamartivda saeqsporto da sauniversitetTaSoriso studenturi ing to achieve excellent trade and transit opportunities with partner formebi da winaaRmdegobebi“ avtori aqcents akeTebs imaze, saimporto procedurebi; ganaxevrda qaRaldTan Sro- samecniero konferenciis saorganiza- countries. cio komitetis wevri. evrogaerTianebis rom saqarTvelo warmoadgens msoflio savaWro organizaciis matevadi samuSaoebi. Georgia launched reforms under extremely difficult conditions, espe- proeqtebSi „Twinning Project“ aqtiuri wevrs 2000 wlidan. dRes mas aqvs erT-erTi yvelaze liberaluri saqarTvelos Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb SeTanx- monawile. savaWro reJimi da cdilobs miaRwios saukeTeso savaWro da sa- mebebi aqvs yvela mezobel qveyanasTan (TurqeTi, dsT). cially following on the mistakes made in the customs system just af- 1995-2012 wlebSi muSaobda saqarTvelos ter the country gained independence. Previously most of these prac- finansTa saministros Semosavlebis sam- tranzito SesaZleblobebs partnior qveynebTan. mosamzadebeli molaparakebebi mimdinareobs evrokav- saxurSi sxvadasxva xelmZRvanel Tanam- Tumca, aqamde saqarTvelos sakmaod mZime sawyisidan mouxda SirTan Tavisufali vaWrobis Rrma da yovlismomcvel tices were regulated by law. Before the reforms, legislative amend- debobebze. moZraobis dawyeba. statiaSi avtori saubrobs damoukideblobis SeTanxmebasTan da aSS-sTan Tavisufali vaWrobis Ses- ments were lobbied by different groups with the sole purpose of gain- mopovebis Semdgom qarTul sabaJoze danergil mankier praqtika- axeb. 2003-2009 wlebSi, yovelwliurad savaWro brunva ing additional preferences that served their own interests. Investors were attracted by promises for tax privileges for doubtful short-term Doctor in Economics, Assistant Professor, Depart- ze, romelTa didi nawili wlebis ganmavlobaSi kanonmdeblobiT gaizarda saSualod 30%-iT, xolo eqsporti gaizarda ment of Information Technologies in Economics iyo daregulirebuli. rusudan seTuriZis azriT, reformamde 3.4-jer. speculative capital ventures. Various tools of large-scale corruption and Business , TSU Faculty of Economics and damatebiTi preferenciebis miRebis mizniT, uamravi sakanonmde- ganxorcielda sabaJo mosakrebelis sistemis har- deals were introduced—the national budget was only on paper while Business. Her articles have been published in in- blo cvlileba lobirebuli iyo calkeuli jgufebis mier da am monizacia GATT-is principebTan. sabaJo mosakrebeli, legislation was just formal in nature. There were bogus companies ternational and local journals and she was awarded konkretuli jgufis pirad interesebs emsaxureboda. xdeboda nacvlad advaluri sistemisa, Camoyalibda fiqsire- Second prize at the 3rd International Internet Con- through which many criminal deals were implemented. ference in Ukraine for her research. She is co- investoris daintereseba sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis dawesebis buli gadasaxadis saxiT; damtkicda saqarTvelos inte- As a result of reforms, import tariffs were abolished on about 90% of author of ten textbooks and authored 30 articles. SepirebiT, rac qveyanaSi izidavda saeWvo warmoSobis moklevadi- grirebuli tarifi _ monacemTa erToblioba saqarT- goods from 2004 to 2012. Presently only three types of tariffs are in She is a member of the organizing committee of the an spekulaciur kapitals. danergili iyo umsxvilesi masStabebis veloSi produqciis importisas moqmedi gadasaxadebis force (0%, 5%, and 12%) instead of the previous 16. Customs taxes inter-university scientific conference of students, korufciuli garigebebis instrumentebi, biujeti sruldeboda ganakveTebis, SeRavaTebis, akrZalvebisa da SezRud- an active participant of the Twinning Project and are imposed only on some agricultural products and on construction qaRaldze, kanonmdeblobas mxolod formaluri xasiaTi hqonda. vebis Sesaxeb, romlebic identificirdeba sagareo- held top positions at the Revenue Service of the materials. Georgia has no quantitative restrictions (quotas) on im- Georgian Ministry of Finance. She was actively arsebobda fiqtiuri firmebi, romlis meSveobiTac mravali dana- ekonomikuri saqmianobis erovnuli sasaqonlo no- involved as participant and expert in Georgia-EU Saulebrivi garigeba xorcieldeboda. menklaturis sasaqonlo kodebiT, rac reformamde ports and exports. There are no tariffs on export, re-export or transit. projects related to the cooperation between public reformis Semdeg ki saimporto tarifebi gauqmda produqci- aTeulobiT dadgenilebiT regulirdeboda da did Export and import procedures have been simplified and the number administrations. is daaxloebiT 90 procentze da amJamad moqmedebs mxolod sami sirTuleebs qmnida. of documents needed is extremely small. Certificates and permits are saxis tarifi (0%, 5%, 12%), adre arsebuli 16-is nacvlad. sabaJo miuxedevad amisa, reformas, mecnieris SefasebiT, issued under a one-stop-shop system, and in short order. EU and gadasaxadebi dawesebulia mxolod zogierTi saxis sasoflo- hqonda dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebic: OECD technical regulations for internal markets are recognized sameurneo produqciaze da samSeneblo masalebze. garda amisa, dadebiTi Zvrebis nawilze zemoT ukve visaubreT. without any problem for the domestic market and the burdensome qveyanaSi ar moqmedebs raodenobrivi SezRudvebi (qvotebi) im- imis dasamtkiceblad, rom ”vardebis revoluciis” Sem- task of documentation has been halved.

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deg sabaJo sistemaSi moxda Zireuli cvlilebebi da Georgia has free trade agreements with all neighboring coun- reformebma Tavisi Sedegebi gamoiRo, rusudan seTur- tries--Turkey and former Soviet countries--and preparatory ne- ekonomikuri ganviTareba iZe ramdenime ricxvs asaxelebs. kerZod, saqarTvelo- gotiations are underway with the European Union, on a Deep Si 2005 wels sabiujeto Semosavlebi iyo 1837 milioni and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement, as well as with the - ekonomikuri zrdisa da lari, 2010 wels ki ukve 4592 milioni lari. avtoris United States for free trade. In 2003-2009, annual trade turn- azriT, aRniSnulis miRweva, SesaZlebeli gaxda saga- over increased by 30%, while exports increased by three to four dasaxado da sabaJo administrirebis sferoSi koruf- times. The system of customs duties was harmonized with the xalxis keTildReobis ciis aRmofxvriT, axleburi midgomiT da administri- rebis efeqtianobis gazrdiT. GATT and a customs duty, instead of ad valorem became a fixed mkvlevaris azriT, swored am cvlilebebis gamo, tax. amaRlebis mTavari msoflio bankis publikaciebSi saqarTveloSi Catare- An integrated Georgian tariff system was introduced from Janu- buli reformebis Sesaxeb aRniSnulia, rom saqarTvelo ary 13, 2011 - a unity of data about import duty rates, conces- 2003 wlidan regionSi samagaliTo reformator qveynad sions and restrictions identified by commodity codes of Foreign faqtori iqca, romlis gamocdilebasac sxva saxelmwifoebic ec- Economic Activity Commodity Nomenclature that, prior to nobian da iziareben. reforms, was regulated by dozens of resolutions, thus creating sabaJo reformis xarvezebidan rusudan seTuriZe enormous difficulties. Semdegs gamoyofs: radgan sabaJo reformebi rigiTi After the Rose Revolution core changes took in the customs adamianisTvis xelSesaxebi jer ver gaxda, mosaxleo- system and reforms yielded real results. The figures show that bis umravlesobis cxovrebis done jerjerobiT kvlav in 2005 budget revenues amounted to 1,837,000 GEL while dabali rCeba; reformebis Catareba iwvevs dasaqmeb- in 2010 it rose to 4,502,000 GEL. The study shows this was ulebis raodenobis Semcirebas, sxvadasxva samsaxuris daxurvas da umuSevari xalxis ukmayofilebas; zogjer achieved by eradicating corruption in the sphere of tax and cus- reformas Rirseuli kvalificiuri kadri ewireba, rac toms administration, by introducing new methods and skills uaryofiT emociebs iwvevs; zogierTi xelmZRvaneli Ta- within the tax administration. Commenting on reforms imple- visi piradi interesebisaTvis iyenebs reformebis dros mented in Georgia, the World Bank reported that since 2003 the mimdinare cvlilebebs; reformis dros daSvebuli Sec- country had became a top reformer in the region, whose experi- domebi ufro metad mtkivneulad aRiqmeba patara qvey- ence was shared with other states. nebSi; reformis ganxorcielebis dros daSvebuli pa- However, despite these positive changes, there were also nega- tara Secdoma did rezonans iwvevs da a.S. tive aspects. Among the shortcomings of the customs reform saqarTvelos sabaJo sistemaSi 2004-2012 wlebis was the fact that they failed to become tangible for ordinary citi- ganmavlobaSi ganxorcielebuli reformis dadebiTi zens. The standard of living for the majority of the population da uaryofiTi mxareebis gaanalizebis Semdeg, sta- has remained low and the implementation of reforms triggered tiaSi „saqarTvelos sabaJo sistemaSi realizebuli reformebi da winaaRmdegobebi“ gakeTebul daskvniT a reduction of staff, the closure of some companies and wide nawilSi avtori aRniSnavs, rom sabaJo sistemis Se- discontent among those left unemployed. Sometimes even high- fasebisas erT-erT mniSvnelovan maxasiaTebels war- ly skilled staff found themselves jobless as a result of reforms moadgens samarTlianoba. dabegvris TvalsazrisiT as some managers used the changes for their personal interest. samarTlianobis sabaJo politikis gansazRvrisas mniS- Mistakes made during the course of reforms are more painfully vnelovania Camoyalibdes midgomebiT, Tu ra principe- perceived in small countries--even a small mistake can trigger biT ganisazRvreba samarTlianoba. es warmoadgens erT- strong repercussions. erT yvelaze problematur politikur da ekonomikur After analyzing the positive and negative sides of reforms imple- sakiTxs gadawyvetilebis miRebisas. mented in Georgia’s customs system from 2004-2012, the study „saqarTvelos mizania samarTliani administrirebis concludes that justice is one of the major criteria for evaluating sistemis Camoyalibeba, raTa saqarTvelo iyos saimedo the customs system. This is one of the most problematic political partniori saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi, aseve saxelmwi- foTa saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis Rirseuli da and economic issues in a decision-making process. When defin- progresuli wevri, romelic sistematurad amartivebs ing customs policy in terms of taxation, it is important to define saerTaSoriso vaWrobasTan dakavSirebul proce- the principles of justice as well. durebs satarifo da arasatarifo barierebis gamor- Georgia’s goal is to establish a fair system of administration to icxvis gziT. sabaJo tarifebis liberalizacia bazarze ensure that the country is a reliable partner in international trade, importirebuli saqonlis gaiafebas gamoiwvevs, rac as well as a worthy and progressive member of the international kontrabanduli produqciis Semotanas azrs ukargavs community that regularly simplifies the procedures related to da biznesis sruli legalizebis saSualebas iZleva. international trade through eliminating tariff and non-tariff bar- saqarTvelos geopolitikuri mdebareobidan gamomdin- riers. The liberalization of customs tariffs will lead to a reduc- are, mniSvnelovania lojistikis seqtoris ganviTareba tion of prices on imported goods that will make the import of regionSi, romelic somxeTs, azerbaijans, Savi zRvisa smuggled goods less attractive and enable full business legaliza- da kaspiis zRvis qveynebs moicavs. nulovani sabaJo tion. In view of Georgia’s geopolitical location, it is important to tarifi infrastruqturis, sabanko seqtoris ganviTa- Economic Development – A Key Factor of rebis realur perspeqtivas qmnis, rac didi stimuli develop the sector of logistics in the region that includes Arme- iqneba saqarTvelos ekonomikis Semdgomi aRmavlobi- nia, Azerbaijan, the Black Sea and Caspian Sea countries. A zero Economic Growth and Increased Public Well- saTvis,” - aseTia statiis „saqarTvelos sabaJo siste- customs tariff creates real perspectives for the development of maSi realizebuli reformebi da winaaRmdegobebi“ sab- infrastructure and the banking sector, and is an important incen- oloo daskvna. tive to develop Georgia’s economy. being

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termini ”ekonomikuri ganviTareba” xSirad rogorc ekonomikur literaturaSi, ise praqtikaSi gaigivebulia terminTan _ ”ekonomikuri zrda”. es gamowveulia imiT, rom warsulSi CvenTan Both in scientific literature and in practice, “Economic development” is ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Tvalsa­ ­zrisiT cvlilebebi Zlier nela, TiTqmis SeumCnevlad mimdi­ frequently confused with the term “economic growth”. This is due to the na­re­obda da amitom, ZiriTadi aqcenti ekonomikuri zrdis Tematikaze iyo gadatanili. igive fact that past changes in economic development took place so slowly that damokidebuleba iyo sazRvargareTac, vidre ganviTarebuli qveynebi postkomunisturi ganviTarebis­ they were barely detectable, thus more emphasis was placed on growth. This stadiaSi ar Sevidnen. CvenTan ekonomikuri ganviTarebis problemebis kvlevas dResac naklebi attitude was common abroad. Then when former communist countries entered yuradReba eTmoba. a stage of post-communist development, little attention had been given to the am xarvezis Sevsebis mcdelobas warmoadgens ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doq­ ­to­ris, Tsu paata study of the specificity of their economic development problems. guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis direqtoris, amave institu­ ­­t­is mTavari mecnier-TanamSromlis, profesor ramaz abesaZis gamokvlevebi ekonomikuri­ ganviTarebis problemebze.

kvlevis Sedegebs gaecnen araerTi sa­er­TaSoriso gamoc ekonomikuri ganviTarebis procesi Zlie­­­ r­ deba.­­ Professor Ramaz Abesadze has studied the issues of development and presented results ramaz abesaZe Ramaz Abesadze konferenciis monawileebi (poloneTi, q. lubelski rodesac aRniSnul elementebs Soris winaaRmdegoba­ at international conferences in Poland, Lithuania, Russia as well as in Georgia (Poland, (2012, 2011, 2009), q. vroc­ ­la­ve­ki (2010); litva, q. vil- warmoiSoba,­ maSin aucilebeli xdeba iseTi cvlile- Lubelskie (2013, 2012, 2011, 2009), Wlotslavek (2010); Lithuania, Vilnius (2008); Rus- ivane javaxiSvilis Tbilisis saxelmwifo niusi (2008); ruseTi (2009); saqarTvelo, q. Tbilisi bebis ganxorcieleba, romelic ekono­ mi­ kuri­ ganviTa- sia (2009); Georgia, Tbilisi (2012, 2011, 2010); Results were published in international universitetis paata guguSvilis eko- magazines (“The Caucasus Globalization”, Volume 3, Issue 4, 2011; “Society and Eco- nomikis institutis direqtori. amave in- (2012, 2011, 2010), gamoqveynda saerTaSoriso Jurna- rebis Semdgomi daCqarebis saSuale­ bas­ iZle­ va.­ Aam dros nomics”, №7. 2011, “The Caucasus Globalization”, Volume 3, Issue 4, 2009; “Central stitutis mTavari mecnieri TanamSrom- lebSi (“The Caucasus Globalization”, Volume­ 3, Issue 4, 2011; Ж: asparezze gamodian axali Zalebi, romlebic­ aZliereben eli; ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, Asia and the Caucasus” No 6(60), 2009) and foreign scientific collections (Modern Ten- Общество и эко­номика, №7. 2011, “The Caucasus Globalization”, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis­ process.­ rogorc msoflios profesori; saerTaSoriso samecniero- dencies of Management (papers of science), Vilnius, Kaunas, ISBN 978-9955-423-69- analitikuri Jurnalis _ “ekonomis- Volume 3, Issue 4, 2009; “Central Asia and the Caucasus”. No 6(60), qveynebis gamocdileba gvarwmunebs, sinergiuli efeqti 0, 2008). A textbook was published, based on this research, entitled Economic Devel- tis” (“ECONOMICS”) mTavari redaqtori; 2009) da samecniero krebulebSi sazRvargareT (magali- miiRweva maSin, rodesac ekonomikaSi dominirebs ker- opment and authored by Professor Abesadze, supported by the Department of Macro- “paata guguSvilis ekonomikis insti- tutis samecniero Sromebis krebulis” Tad _ Mo­dern Ten­den­cies of Menagement (Papers of science). Zo sakuTreba,­ adgili aqvs sameurneo Tavisuflebas, economics. Curricula on Economic Development and Economic Development Theory mTavari redaqtori; 100-ze meti samec- Vilnius, Kaunas. ISBN 978-9955-423-69-0, 2008). aseve am kv- konkurencias, jansaR finansebs, biujetis dabalanse- were introduced within the Department of Economics of the Faculty of Economics and niero naSromis avtori; araerTi saer- levebis safuZvelze Seiqmna damxmare saxelmZRvanelo bulobas, gadasaxadebis optimalur sidides da a.S. am Business. Most textbooks (for example, Michael P. Todaro’s classic Economic Develop- TaSoriso konferenciis organizatori ment) mostly focus on countries with economies in transition. Professor Abesadze be- da monawile; saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa (“ekonomikuri ganvi­Ta­reba”) da profesor ramaz abe- procesebis normalizaciaSi udidesi roli ekuTvnis erovnuli akademiis 4 samecniero gran- lieves, however, that economic development takes place in every economic system, not saZis iniciativiT da makroekonomikis kaTedris mx- saxelmwifos. swored misma sworma politikam unda uz- tis xelmZRvaneli; iyo sxvadasxva umaR- only in developing countries. However, the goals and tasks of economic development in ardaWeriT Tsu ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis runvelyos zemoT xsenebuli pirobebis damyareba eko­ lesi saswavleblis sruli profesori; developing countries differ. dajildoebulia saqarTvelos Rirsebis ekonomikur mimarTule­ ­b­aze SemoRebuli iqna sagnebi nomikaSi,­ moaxdinos paternalizmis, etatizmisa da ko- The research first defines terms and shows the relationship between economic develop- ordeniT. “ekonomikuri ganviTareba” da “ekonomikuri ganviTa­ rufciis nebismieri formis­ gamovlinebis aRmofxvra. ment and economic growth. Economic development means “perfection” in economics, re­bis Teoria”.­ unda aRiniSnos, rom es sagani msoflios eko­no­mikur ganviTarebas da ekonomikur zrdas a transition to a new quality, while economic growth refers to the quantitative increase Doctor of Economic Sciences and Director of the TiTqmis yvela wamyvan umaRles saswavlebelSi iswavle- So­ris siRrmiseuli kavSiri­ arsebobs. Tun­dac is faq- of economic scales. Processes of development happen within a specific context, or Paata Gugushvili Institute of Economics at the ba, magram umetesoba saxelmZRvaneloebisa (magaliTad, ti, rom raodenobrivi cvli­leba sabolood gada­ ­dis economic system, as a result of change in key components: types of property, physical Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Pro- and human capital, technology, information, institutions, etc and the interrelations be- fessor Abesadze is Chief Scientist at the same Insti- Michael P. Todaro. Economic Development) yuradRebas amax- Tvisebriv cvlilebaSi, me­ty­ve­lebs imaze, rom eko­­ tute. He is editor-in-chief of international scientific vilebs mxolod ganviTare­ ­ba­di qveynebis ekonomikaze, nomikuri zrda ganviTarebis erT-erTi arsebiTi faq­ tween these components. If changes between components of the economic system con- journal Economics and Editor-in-chief of scientific rac, avtoris azriT, Secdomaa, vinaidan ekonomikur­ to­­­ria. Tavis mxriv, ekonomikuri ganviTareba qmnis cur, there is a synergistic effect that can strengthen the economic development process. works published by the Institute of Economics and When there is resistance between these components it becomes urgent to make changes author of more than 100 scientific works. He has gan­viTarebas adgili aqvs ara mxolod ganviTarebad ganusa­zRvrel pirobebs ekonomikis ara mxolod Tvi­ that accelerate economic development, which create new forces that strengthen the eco- organized and participated in numerous interna- qveynebSi, aramed nebismier ekonomikur sistemaSi. aq sebrivi­ sru­l­yo­fisa, aramed misi Semdgomi raodeno­ tional conferences and heads four scientific grants nomic development process. As international experience shows, synergistic effects can from the Georgian National Academy of Sciences, mxolod ekonomikuri ganviTarebis miznebi da amocane- b­rivi zrdi­sa. magram moklevadian periodSi ekonomi- be achieved when private property plays a dominant role in economics and when there has been Full Professor at several higher educa- bi gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. kur zrdas SesaZlebelia­ adgili hqondes­ ekonomikuri is economic freedom, competition, healthy finances, balanced budget, optimal tax value, tional institutions of Georgia and was awarded the kvlevebSi, upirveles yovlisa, dazustebulia aRniS- ganviTarebis gareSe,­ magaliTad maSin, rodesac­ adg- etc. The state plays a key role in regulating these processes. State policy should ensure Order of Honor. nul terminTa ganmarte­ be­ bi­ da naCvenebia damokideb- ili aqvs warmoebis faqtorTa eqsten­ ­siur zrdas. amis the establishment of these economic conditions and eradicate all forms of nepotism, uleba ekonomikur ganviTarebasa da ekonomikur zrdas kargi magaliTia industri­ali­za­ciam­deli eko­­no­mi­ paternalism, state interference and corruption. Soris. ekonomikuri ganviTareba niSnavs­ ekonomikis­ kuri sistemebis arseboba. gansakuT­re­biT aRsa­niSnavia There is a strong connection between economic development and economic growth. srulyofas, mis axal TvisebriobaSi gadasvlas. ekonomi- tradiciuli ekonomika, romlis mas­Sta­bebis gadi­­de­ba The very fact that a quantitative change finally moves to a qualitative change proves that economic growth is one of the essential factors of development. In turn, economic kuri zrda ki _ ekonomikis mxolod masSta­ bebis­ raode­ ­ aTas­wleulebis manZil­ ­ze TiTqmis ekonomikuri gan­ development creates conditions not only for qualitative perfection in economics, but nobriv gadidebas. ekonomikuri ganviTarebis proce- viTarebis gareSe xdeboda..­ also for its further quantitative growth. However, in the short term, economic growth sebi mimdinareoben garkveuli ekonomikuri sistemis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis arsebobac SesaZlebelia­ might take place without economic development. This can happen, for example, when SigniT, misi Semadgeneli elementebisa (sakuT­rebis­ ekonomikuri zrdis gareSe, ufro metic, ekonomikuri­ there is extensive growth of production factors, as illustrated by the development of formebi, fizikuri da adamia­niseuli­ kapitali, teq­ daqveiTebis pirobebSic ki. amis magaliTs warmoadgens pre-industrialization economic systems. Special emphasis should be placed on tradi- nologia, informacia, instituciebi)­ da am elementebs ekonomikuri transformaciis (ekonomikis­ Tvisebri- tional economies, where increase of scales over millennia happened practically without Soris urTierTdamokide­ bu­ le­ bis­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ cvlilebis Sedegad.­ vi srul­yo­fis) procesi postkomunisturi­ qveynebis economic development. Tu ekonomikuri sistemis elementebs Soris cvlile­ bebi­­­ umrav­le­­so­baSi, romelic ekonomikuri daqveiTebis pi- Economic development is also possible without growth, even under conditions of eco- Tanxvdenilia, maSin adgili aqvs sinergi­ ul­ efeqts, ris robebSi mimdinareobda.­ nomic backwardness--the process of economic transformation, or qualitative perfection

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ekonomikuri ganviTareba, raoden paradoqsuladac momdinare. Zireulad Seicvleba­ warmoebis­ organiza- unda JRerdes, SesaZlebelia­ ekonomikuri zrdis tem- ciisa da saxelmwifo marTvis formebi da a.S. pebis Senelebiskenac ki iyos mimarTuli, Tana­­­­­med­rove SemoTavazebuli da daxasiaTebulia adamianiseuli uaxlesi teqnologiebis gamoyenebis Sedegad­­ masala kapitalis ZiriTadi ele­mentebi: fizikuri da sulieri da energo­teva­dobis Semcirebis, pro­du­q­ciis samomx- sijansaRe; gonebrivi da fizikuri unari; Cve­vebi (pro- mareblo Tvisebebis gaumjobesebisa da sxva Tvisebri- fesiuli da instituciuri); gamocdileba (profesiu- mSp vi cvlilebebis xarjze, mosaxleobis keTildReobis li da cxovrebi­seu­li); codna (profesiuli da zogadi); (komfortis) da qvey­ ­nis siZlieris zrdis pirobebSi. es motivacia da sxva. procesi momavalSi kidev ufro gaZlier­de­ba, axali te- Aavtori did yuradRebas uTmobs umuSevrobis prob- qnologiebis Seqmnis bazaze. Tumca, saboloo­ angari­ lemebs. misi azriT, umuSevrobis­ gavlena ekonomikur SiT, ­ eko­no­mi­k­u­­ri zrdis arnaxuli daCqareba mainc ganviTarebaze gamoixateba Sem­degSi: umuSevroba (gan- swored­ ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Sedegad xdeba.­ eko­ sakuTrebiT xangrZlivvadiani) amcirebs sa­zo­­gadoebis no­­mikuri zrdis tempebsa da adamianTa keTildReobis qveynis adamianiseuli kapitalis sidides; amcirebs amaRlebas grZelvadian­ periodSi swored­ ekonomikuri danazogebis moculobas da Sesabamisad investiciebs,­ M ganviTarebis procesebi gansazRvraven.­ maT Soris, investiciebs inovaciebze. mcirdeba samec- 1 kvlevebSi aseve SemoTavazebulia ekonomikuri gan- niero-kvleviTi proe­q­te­bis dafinanseba ro­gorc sax- K viTarebis indikatorTa sistema. ekonomikuri ganviTa- elmwifos, ise kerZo seqtoris mxridan; aZlierebs ra 0 jinis koeficienti rebis raodenobrivi gazomva metad rTulia, vinai­­dan Semosavlebis uTanabrobas, garda resursebis gamouy- nax. 1. damokidebuleba Semosavlebis uTanabrobasa da mSp-s moculobas Soris Gini Coefficient Tvisebrivi cvlilebebis gamoxatva cifrebiT zogjer eneblobiT gamowveuli danakargebisa,­ iwvevs damate- Diagram 1. Ratio between unequal incomes and GDP value SeuZlebelic kia. amde­ ­nad, ekonomikur ganviTarebaze biT danakargebs (investiciebis Semci­ ­re­bas), romelic msjeloba erTi romelime maCveneblis mixedviT­ war- dakavSirebulia politikuri, so­ci­al­uri, fsiqologi- moudgenelia. amitom avtori gamoyofs ekonomikuri uri da kri­minogenuri da­Za­­bulobis zrdasTan. in economics, in most post-communist countries are good examples. The researcher characterizes the key elements of human capital such ganviTarebis ekono­mi­ku­ri, socialuri da Tvisebrivi umuSevrobis aRmosafxvrelad saxelmwifom unda As paradoxical as it sounds, economic development can even be di- as physical and spiritual health; mental and physical abilities; skills cvlilebebis gamomxatvel maCveneblebs. gaataros ara inflaciuri pro­cesebis maprovocire- rected to slowing down the rate of economic growth. This happens (professional and institutional); experience (professional and vital); at the expense of material and energy capacity, the quality of goods, knowledge (professional and general); and motivation. He also fo- kvlevebSi ganxilulia ekonomikuri ganviTarebis beli politika, aramed im inovaciebis masti­ ­mu­li­re­be­ and other qualitative changes resulting from the use of modern tech- cuses on unemployment. Unemployment—especially long-term un- iseTi faqtorebi, rogo­ricaa: bunebriv-resursuli li politika, romelic gazrdis warmoebis mocu­lobas nologies, and by increasing public welfare and national defense. In employment--impacts economic development by reducing the value potenciali, fizikuri kapitali, mewarmeoba, mecnie­ Zvelis ga­farToebisa da axali ekonomikuri sferoebis future this process will be strengthened on the basis of creating new of public, national and human capital. It reduces incomes and re- reba, teqnologia da teqnologiuri codna, maRali te- aTvisebis meS­ve­ob­iT. mas ekonomikis inovaciuri regu- technologies. However, in the future there is an unprecedented ac- spectively investments, including investments in innovation. Financ- qnologiebi, gamogoneba, inovacia, ganaTleba, struq- lireba SeiZleba ewodos. celeration of economic growth as a result of this type of economic ing for scientific research projects is reduced from both the state and turuli cvlilebebi, umuSevroba, siRaribe, mdgradi umuSevrobis problemis ganxilva, upirveles development. Economic development processes determine the rates private sectors, and inequality in incomes increases, which leads to ganviTareba, mosaxleobis ricxovnoba da cxovrebis yovlisa, da­kav­Sirebulia­­ wlebis­ ganma­v­lobaSi dam- of growth and increased public welfare over the long-term. the loss of resources, and increased political, social, psychological done, energetika, sagareo-ekonomikuri urTierTobe- kvidrebuli, umuSevrobasTan­ da­­kavSirebuli gan­ This study created a system of economic development indicators. and legal tensions. Instead of implementing policies that provoke in- bi, globalizacia, ekologia, korufcia, Tavisufleba, sazRvre­be­bis axlebur gaaz­rebasa da maTSi gar­kveuli The quantitative measurement of economic development is extreme- flationary processes, the state should stimulate processes to eradicate ly difficult as qualitative changes are hard to express quantitatively. unemployment. This leads to increased production by expanding the Tanasworoba, demokratia. dazustebebis SetanasTan. magaliT­­ad, “umuSevaris” No single indicator alone reflects economic development. Professor old economic processes and utilizing new economic spheres. It could SevCerdebiT mxolod zogierT maTganze. kvlevebSi arsebul ganmartebebSi ZiriTadi aqcenti gadaitaneba Abesadze has identified indicators to express the economic, social be termed “innovation-oriented economic regulation”. dazustebulia terminis­ _ “maRali teqnologiebi” adamianis gadawyvetilebaze­ _ surs Tu ara mas muSao- and qualitative changes of economic development. Unemployment should be re-defined. For example, according to the ganmarteba, rom maRali teqnologiebi warmoadgens ba. Tu vimsjelebT saerTo ekonomi­ ­ku­ri interesebidan The research discusses a number of factors of economic develop- existing definition of “unemployed”, a key element is personal deci- sul ufro axal da progresul teqnologiebs, romelTa gamom­di­na­re, maSin, bunebrivia, qveynis yvelaze Zvirfa- ment, such as: natural-resource potential, physical capital, entrepre- sion and whether someone wants to work or not. Current economic gamoyeneba mimdinare etapze aCqarebs sazogadoebis, si re­sur­sis _ Sro­mi­Ti resursis gamoyenebis xarisxis neurship, science, technology and technological knowledge, high interests deem it necessary to list millions of capable jobless people upirveles yov­ li­ sa,­ ekonomikuri ganviTarebis pro- dadgenisas milionobiT Sromi­­sunarian dausaqmeb- technologies, invention, innovation, education, structural changes, as unemployed citizens, leaving them in the shadows when defining cess. amasTanave, maRal teqnologiebTan dakavSirebiT, el adamianTa arCaTvla umuSevarTa raode­ ­no­ba­Si da unemployment, poverty, sustainable development, population figures a most precious resource – labor. This definition artificially reduces avtors miaCnia, rom dReisTvis ganviTarebul qveynebSi, maTi CrdilSi datoveba savsebiT gaumar­Tlebelia. and standard of living, energy, foreign economic relations, globaliza- the quantity of unemployed citizens and the efficiency of state policy “informatizaciis epoqa” mTavrdeba­ da iwyeba “moaz- igi xe­lov­nurad amcirebs umuSevar­ ­Ta raodenobas da tion, ecology, corruption, freedom, equality, democracy. on unemployment. Although according to legislation a person has the A few of these are discussed here. For example the study refers to freedom to work or not, it doesn’t mean people who are fit to work rovne teqnosferos” (“Thinking Technosphere”) epoqa. Tana­ umu­Sevro­ ­bis mimarTulebiT ganxorcielebuli sax- “high technologies” as representing modern and progressive tech- are not harming society if they don’t work. The author believes that medrove­ etapze teqnosferoSi mTavar rols asrule- elmwifo politikis ef­eq­tianobas. mar­Ta­lia, kanon- nologies that currently accelerate the process of social, and espe- regardless of whether a person wants to work or not, we should dif- ben informaciul-telesakomu­ ni­ kacio­ teqnolo­ giebi,­ mdeblobis mixedviT, adamians aqvs Sromis­ Tavisufle- cially economic, development. Simultaneously, the author believes ferentiate those who are active job-seekers from those who are volun- moazrovne teqnosferos dros maTTan erTad mTa­vari­ ba, magram es ar niSnavs, rom fizikurad­ da goneb­ rivad­ that the epoch of informatization is ending in developed countries tarily jobless. The term “labor force” is also ambiguous in economic roli daekisrebaT­ moazrone teqnologiebs. moazrovne jansaRi adamiani, romelsac­ muSaobis survili ar aqvs and an epoch of a “thinking technosphere” has begun. At the current literature, and rarely used in practice; this leads some to assume it is teqnosfero isar­geblebs­ gacilebiT didi SesaZle- (ga­­mowveulia igi pirovnebis Tu saxelmwifos mize­ stage, a key role is played by information-telecommunication tech- a special commodity, while others think that it is part of society, or blobebiT, vidre calkeuli inteleqtualuri Tu mo­ ziT), ar aza­ra­lebs sazo­gadoebas. aqedan gamomdin- nologies. A thinking technosphere will provide greater opportunities refers to those who seek jobs, i.e. the economically active population. az­rovne­ manqana, vinaidan igi iqneba aseTi manqanebis are, avtori gvTavazobs, rom imisda mixed­ ­­viT, aqvs Tu than a single intellectual or “thinking machine”, because it will be the It is not correct to describe the labor force (the unity of physical and mowesrigebuli erTianoba saerTo xelovnuri­ “gonis” ara survili umuSevars imuSaos, erTma­neTisagan unda­ smooth unity of such machines situated around a common artificial mental skills of an individual) as a commodity, because a commod- “mind”. Under such conditions, there will be significant changes to ity is a product with a physical form, which is produced for sale and garSemo. aseT pirobebSi mniSvnelovnad Seicvleba ada- ganva­sxva­oT aqtiuri (romelic daeZebs samuSaos) da pa- people’s situations, as they will have to deal with artificial intellec- which changes owner after being sold. mianTa mdgoma­ reoba­ maT ukve yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi siuri (romelic­ ar daeZebs samuSaos) umuSevari. aseve tual machines in their everyday lives. These will be able to discuss However, in the production process, the skills of a person are hired, saqme eqnebaT moazrovne­ xelovnur inteleqtualur ekonomikur literaturaSi ara­­erT­gvarovania ga­geba certain issues and even to make certain decisions in various situa- not sold; so, the person remains the owner of his own skills and more- manqanebTan, romelTac SeeZlebaT saubari garkveul­ terminisa _ ”samuSao Zala”, igi praqtikaSi TiTq­­mis tions. The forms of enterprise, organization and state management over, these skills even increase in most cases. In order to sell the Temaze da gadawyvetilebebis miReba situaciidan ga- ar gamoiyeneba, xolo zogs miaCnia, rom is aris gansa­ will undergo root changes. skills, the owner of these skills should be sold too. Such relations

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kuTrebuli sa­qo­neli, zogis azriT, igi sazogadoe- dis kanonzomiere­ bebs­ ganviTarebad qveynebSi, seimon kuri sivrce, axali tradiciebi, SesaZlebelia daikar- ekonomikuri zrdis da­sa­wyisi; daCqarebuli ekonomi- bis is nawilia,­ romlebic muSaoben an eZeben­ samuSaos, kuzneci mivida daskvnamde, rom Tav­da­pir­ve­lad eko- gos zogierTi erovnuli tradicia, wesi da adaTi da kuri zrda; ekonomikuri zrdis tempebis Seneleba­ da e.i. ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba. avtors mi­ nomikuri zrda mimdinareobs Semosavlebis ganawilebis a.S., magram SenarCunebuli unda iyos ZiriTadi erovnu- socialuri pirobebis gauareseba. sa­tran­zito qvey­ ­nis aCnia, rom samuSao Zalis (gagebuli, rogorc ada­mi­an­is gauaresebis piro­ ­­bebSi, xolo Semdeg, garkveul done- li Rirebulebebi, romelic TiToeul qveynisaTvis funqciis SeZena; socialuri pirobebis gaumjobeseba fizikur da gonebriv unarTa erToblioba) CaTvla sa­ ze, iwyeba Semosavlebis gaTa­nabreba. Aavtors ki miaCnia, Zvirfasia. Ees miiRweva maSin, rodesac gamoiricxeba da ekonomikuri zrdis tempebis daCqareba. saqarT- qonlad aras­woria, vinaidan saqoneli aris produqti,­ rom, marTalia, aseT kanonzomierebas marTlac aqvs Zaladobis nebismieri gamovlineba da yvela gadaw- velos mier satranzito qveynis funqciis gaZli­ereba; romelsac aqvs Ffizikuri saxe, dam­za­de­bu­lia gasayidad adgili ganviTarebad qveynebSi, magram igi ar Seesab- yvetileba miRebuli iqneba saerTo Tanxmobis Sedegad. ekonomikuri zrdis tempebis Seneleba da ekonomikuri da gayidvis Semdeg igi icvlis mesakuTres.­ warmo­ ­ebis ameba ekonomikuri ganviTarebis interesebs. piriqiT, sxva mimarTuleba globalizaciisa katastrofiT Sei- vardna; ekonomikuri­ daqveiTebis daZleva da zrdis procesSi adgili aqvs ara pirovnebis unaris gayidvas, ekonomikur zrdas garkveul zRvramde xels uwyobs Zleba dasruldes. ten­den­ci­is aRdgena), romlis Sesabamisad­ gamokvleu- ara­med mis daqiravebas, vinaidan unaris mesakuTred kv- Semosavlebis uTanabrobis (jinis koeficientis) Sem- mkvlevars yuradRebis gareSe ar rCeba aseve Cveni lia im warmatebebisa da waru­ma­te­b­lobebis mizezebi, lav es pi­­rov­neba rCeba da misi unari araTu mcirdeba, cireba. qvemoT grafikze naCvenebia, rom jinis koefi- qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis­ problemebi. igi romelTac adgili hqonda reformebis ganxor­cielebis­ aramed, umetes Sem­T­xvevaSi,­ iz­rdeba kidevac. adamia- cientis Semcireba optimalur K0 mniSvnelobamde xels gamoyofs saqarTvelos postkomunisturi transfor­ dros da SemoTavazebulia Sesabamisi winadadebebi da nis unari rom gaiyidos, maSin misi mesa­ ­kuT­re adamianic uwyobs ekonomikur zrdas, xole Semdeg, ekonomikuri ma­ci­­is 7 etaps (ekonomikuri dacema; stabilizacia da rekomendaciebi. un­da gaiyidos. aseT urTierTobebs adgi­li hqonda mo­ stimulebis Semcirebis Sedegad _ mis Semcirebas. maSa- naTmflobeluri wyobilebis dros. Tanamedrove pi­ sadame, Semosavlebis optimaluri ganawileba, ekonomi- robebSi ki, cxadia,­ aseTi urTierTobebis warmodgenac kuri ganviTa­ ­rebis da aqedan gamomdinare, ekonomikuri ki miuRebelia.­ maSa­ ­sa­da­me, muSaki ki ar yidis Tavis un- zrdis erT-erTi umniSvnelo­ ­va­nesi faqtoria. kvleveb- ars, aramed iyenebs mas war­mo­eb­is procesSi (Sromobs) Si detaluradaa axsnili amis mizezebi. mesakuTris mier misi daqiravebis dros, risTvi­sac globalizaciasTan dakavSirebiT avtori aRniSnavs, iRebs gasamrjelos.­ vinaidan adamianis unaris gamo- rom globalizacia moicavs rogorc adamianTa sazoga- saxatavad Tanamedrove eko­no­mikur­ literaturaSi­ ar- doebis ganviTarebis, ise misi arsebobis safrTxis ar- were observed in the Age of Slavery. Under modern conditions, natu- the reasons.Globalization provides unprecedented opportunities for sebobs termini _ “adamianiseuli kapi­ta­li”, amdenad naxul SesaZleblobebs. amdenad, aucilebeli xdeba rally, it is unacceptable even to imagine any such relations. Thus, a the development of human society, but also threatens its existence. uf­ro gamarTlebulia samuSao Zala vixmaroT mxolod­ globalizaciis procesis sworad warmarTva, anu worker does not sell his skills, but uses them in the process of produc- It is crucial to direct the process of globalization correctly, i.e. to tion when hired by an owner, while the latter pays him a relevant re- carry out “fair globalization”. Leading countries should contribute meore gagebiT, anu, rogorc dasaqmebulTa da umuSev- samarTliani globalizaciis ganxorcieleba. amaSi muneration for it. Since modern economic literature provides a term to this process as the issues often depend on their decisions. It is a arTa ra­­odenoba. udidesi wvlili ekuTvniT lider (did) saxelmwifoe- to describe human skills – “human capital”-- it is more justifiableto hugely competitive process but simultaneously there is opportunity umuSevrobis bunebrivi done litera­turaSi gai- bs. swored maT gadawyvetilebebzea damokidebuli use “labor force” only with the second definition, i.e. the number of for enormous mutual assistance between the world market players givebulia struq­tu­ruli da fri­q­ciuli umuSevrobis globalizaciis bedi. gasaTvaliswinebelia, igi aris employed and unemployed citizens. and the states. Globalization shouldn’t be rejected outright, but each donesTan. avtoris azriT, umuSevro­ ­bis bunebrivi done msoflio bazris subieqtebsa da saxelmwifoebs Soris In literature, the “normal” rate of unemployment is identified as country should be assured of possibilities to access scientific devel- aris umuSev­ robis­ is done, rodesac ekonomika imyofe­ba didi konkurenciis, magram amave dros didi urTierT- structural unemployment and frictional unemployment. In the au- opment, the creation of high technologies, cultural improvement, bunebriv mdgoma­ ­re­ob­aSi da, misi saxelmwifo reguli- daxmarebis procesi. amitom, saWiroa ara globaliza- thor’s opinion, a normal rate appears with non-intervention, and intellectual growth and so on. Although some functions of the state rebis gaZlierebis Sem­Txveva­ ­Sic ki, umuSevrobis donis ciis saerTod uaryofa, aramed­ TiToeuli saxelmwifos even when it is regulated by the state, it is impossible to achieve a are sacrificed to globalization, a country would acquire more interna- ufro naklebi mniSvnelobis miRweva Se­uZlebelia. mar- miswrafeba gamarjve­ ­bi­saTvis am did konkurenciul lower rate of unemployment. Although, “normal” unemployment is tional visibility and impact, which should be directed to neutralizing structural and frictional, frequently these rates do not coincide with the negative impacts of globalization. This includes the effective Talia, bunebrivi umuSevrobis mizezi stru­q­­tu­ru­li brZolaSi. rasakvir­velia, ara ZaliT, aramed codniT, the “normal rate of unemployment” (i.e. the lowest possible rate of use of aid, raising competitiveness, maintaining and developing the da friqciuli­ umuSevrobaa, magram xSirad, Se­saZloa, mecnierebis ganviTare­ ­biT, umaRlesi teqnologiebis unemployment). There are many examples of how technological in- best national and cultural traditions. Otherwise, the country faces the struq­turuli da friq­ci­uli umuSevrobis done ar SeqmniT, kulturis srulyo­fiT, inteleqtis amaR- novations triggered unemployment, yet innovations also reduce the threat of economic collapse followed by a loss of education, culture, emTxveodes umuSevrobis­ bunebriv dones (anu umuSev- lebiT da a.S. marTalia, globaliza­ ­­ciis pirobebSi rate of unemployment, even under conditions of significant growth traditions, etc. robis maqsi­ malurad­ SesaZ­ ­lo dabal dones), anu meti saxelmwifos zogierTi funqcia izR­u­­de­ba, magram igi of the population, by increasing the marginal products of labor. In- Globalization can permit countries to use the wealth of other coun- iyo masze. marTalia, rig SemTxvevaSi inovaciebi iwvevs iZens ufro did, saerTaSoriso funqcias,­ romelic novation should be accompanied by the expansion of production that tries. National identity (language, traditions, religion, territory, etc.) umuSevrobas, magram istoriul WrilSi swored inova- mimarTuli unda iyos globalizaciis negati­ ­uri zemo- can be achieved through innovations that result from expanding old should be preserved. Launching wars to capture foreign territories ciebis meSveobiT xdeba umuSevrobis donis Semcireba, qmedebis ganeitralebis,­ daxmarebebis efeq­ ­­ti­ani gamo- spheres of production and utilizing new ones. would have no place, and economic inequality between the countries mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani zrdis pirobebSic ki, zr- yenebis, konkurentunarianobis ama­Rle­bi­s, saukeTeso At the current stage, poverty has become a criteria of economic de- would decrease gradually. Fair global interests should stand above velopment. If the poor stratum of the population fails to enjoy the national interests. Through a uniform economic space, new traditions dis ra igi Sromis zRvrul produqts. inovacias Tan erovnuli tradiciebis SenarCu­ ­ne­bisa da misi Semdgomi fruits of economic development and the gap between rich and poor will emerge and some national traditions may disappear, yet it is es- unda mo­h­y­ves warmoebis gafar­Toeba, rac isev inova- srulyofisaken. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi­ qveyana Sesa- increases, we can say that there is no economic development even sential to maintain fundamental national values, precious for every ciebis gziT miiRweva, iwvevs ra warmoebis Zveli sfer- Zlebelia aRmoCndes ekonomikuri­ kolafsis saSiSro­ ­ though progressive changes might be taking place in some sectors of country. This can be achieved when violence is ruled out and all the oebis gafarToebas da axlis aTvisebas, moTxovnis gaz- ebis winaSe, rasac aseve mohyve­ba mecnierebis, kultu­ the economic system. Thus, the problem of distribution of wealth be- decisions will be adopted on the basis of a consensus. Other direc- rdas da a. S. ris, tradiciebisa da a.S. degra­da­cia. globalizaciis comes a major criterion for economic development. While research- tions for globalization may result in disaster. Tanamedrove etapze ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Sedegad yvela qveyanas unda hqondes saSualeba isarge- ing the aspects of economic growth, Simon Kuznets concluded that Research also addresses the economic development of Georgia. erT-erTi kri­teriumi xdeba siRaribe. Tu ganviTarebis blos sxva qveynis sikeTiT. amave dros SenarCunebuli initially economic growth takes place while income is unequally dis- Professor Abesadze focuses on the stages of post-communist trans- nayofiT ver sargeblobs mosaxleobis Raribi fene- iyos erovnuli TviTmyofadoba (ena, tradiciebi, sar- tributed, but that at a certain point incomes start leveling. The author formation in Georgia: economic collapse; stabilization and launch bi, Tu gansxvaveba (anu uTanabroba) mdidar da Rarib wmunoeba, teritoria da a. S.). aseT pirobebSi saWiro supposes that alt hough such a phenomenon is actually observable of economic growth; accelerated economic growth; slowed rates of nawils Soris izrdeba, maSin, SeiZleba iTqvas, ekonomi- aRar iqneba omebi, sxvisi teritoriebis miTviseba. in developing countries, it is not in the interest of economic devel- economic growth and aggravation of social conditions; acquiring the opment. On the contrary, a reduction of unequal incomes (the Gini function of a transit country; improvement of social conditions and kur ganviTarebas adgili ar aqvs, miuxedavad imisa, rom TandaTan unda Semcirdes qveynebs Soris ekonomikuri coefficient) actually promotes economic growth. The diagram below acceleration of economic growth rates; strengthening of the function progresuli cvli­lebebi ekonomikuri sistemis el- uTanasworoba. saWiroa yvelam gaiazros, rom dedamiwa shows that the reduction of the Gini coefficient to the optimal K0 of a transit country; slowing down the rates of economic growth and ementebSi SeiZleba xor­cieldebodes. maSasadame, war- Cveni saerTo saxlia, rom Cven yvela erT “qveyanaSi” _ level promotes economic growth, then--as a result of reduced eco- economic collapse; and overcoming economic backwardness and re- moebuli simdidris ganawilebis problema ekono­ ­mi­kuri vcxovrobT da erTad unda mivxedoT mas. samarTliani nomic incentives—economic reduction. Thus, the optimal distribu- storing a tendency towards growth. He studies the reasons for the ganviTarebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi kriteriumi globaluri interesebi unda dadges erovnul intere- tion of incomes is one of the major factors of economic development successes and failures that have taken place while implementing re- xdeba. ikvlevda ra istoriul WrilSi ekonomikuri zr- sebze maRla. marTalia, warmoiSoba erTiani ekonomi- and economic growth. The study provides more detailed analyses of forms, and offers recommendations.

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2013 2013 July Tsu science 100 101 aleqsandre The Alexander naTiSvilis Natishvili morfologiis Institute of instituti Morphology

saTaveebTan Background

saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiaSi, aleqsan- dre naTiSvilis iniciativiT, 1946 wlis 1 aprils daars- The Institute of Experimental Morphology, the first scientific research da morfologiis dargSi pirveli samecniero kvleviTi center in the field of morphology, was established at the Academy of centri – eqsperimentuli morfologiis instituti, Sciences of Soviet Georgia on April 1, 1946 at the initiative of Al- romlis direqtoradac Tavad aleqsandre naTiSvili exander Natishvili, who was appointed the Director of the Institute. dainiSna. A solid and well-equipped research base was created at the Institute, instiutis saxiT Seiqmna saTanadod aRWurvili Zlieri where it became possible to carry out high-technology experimental kvleviTi baza, sadac SesaZlebeli gaxda maRalteqnolo- research and connect a theoretical discipline—morphology-- with giuri eqsperimentuli gamokvlevebis Catareba da Teo- practical medicine. Upon his death in 1959 the Institute of Morphol- riuli disciplinis – morfologiis – praqtikul medici- ogy was named after Alexander Natishvili. nasTan mWidrod dakavSireba. 1959 wels, al. naTiSvilis Since the day it was founded, there were two departments at the In- gardacvalebis Semdeg, instituts misi saxeli mieniWa. stitute, one for experimental anatomy and another for experimental Ddaarsebis dRidan institutSi arsebobda ori gan- histology. In 1948 an Office of Anthropology was created, which was yofileba: eqsperimentuli anatomiisa da eqsperimen- later transformed into a Department. Initially, the Institute’s scien- tuli histologiis. 1948 w. Seiqmna anTropologiis tific board consisted of a Chairman, Academician Alexander Natish- kabineti, romelic Semdgom ganyofilebad gadakeTda. vili; Deputy Chairman, Academician Vladimer Zhgenti; members, institutis samecniero sabWos pirvel SemadgenlobaSi Professors N. Demetradze, D. Gedevanishvili, M. Komakhidze, N. Sediodnen: Tavmjdomare: akad. al. naTiSvili; Tavmj- Javakhsivhili, Al. Lezhava, M. Tatishvili; a scientific secretary, J. domaris moadgile: akad. vl. JRenti; sabWos wevrebi: Malayev; and later it also included M. Tatishvili, T. Akhmeteli, M profesorebi: n. demetraZe, d. gedevaniSvili, m. komax- iZe, n. javaxiSvili, al. leJava, m. tatiSvili; swavluli Chichinadze, I. Gachechiladze. mdivani: j. malaevi, Semdgom wlebSi ki: m. tatiSvili, T. In 1959 Academician Nino Javakhsivhili was appointed Head of the axmeteli, m. WiWinaZe, i. gaCeCilaZe. Institute of Morphology and she remained in this position for half a 1959 wlidan morfologiis instituts saTaveSi century. N. Javakhishvili’s scientific research mostly concerned ner- Caudga da naxevari saukunis manZilze xelmZRvanelob- vous and vascular systems. A joint review of works implemented in da akademikosi nino javaxiSvili. n. javaxiSvilis samec- this direction was included in a collection dedicated to the 9th In- niero gamokvlevebi ZiriTadad nervul da sisxlZarRv- ternational Congress of Anatomists, Histologists and Embryologists Ta sistemebs eZRvneba. am mimarTulebiT Sesrulebuli (Recent Advances in Anatomical Research in USSR, 1970). Signifi- Sromebis gaerTianebuli mimoxilva Sesulia anatomTa, cant research was dedicated to plastic vascular surgery. histologTa da embriologTa me–9 saerTaSoriso New departments were opened subsequently, increasing the Insti- kongresisadmi miZRvnil krebulSi (`Resent Adwances in tute’s scientific and technical potential, where research was con- Anatomical Research in USSR”, 1970 w.). mravalricxovani ducted on pathomorphology, cytology, andrology, gerontology, im- gamokvlevebi mieZRvna sisxlZarRvebis plastikur op- munology and virusology. A library containing approximately 30,000 eraciebs. Georgian and foreign books, a photo laboratory and a vivarium were institutis samecniero da materialur-teqnikuri all created at the Institute. Unique experiments are still underway at Tsu morfologiis institutSi potencialis zrdis Sesabamisad ixsneboda axali gan- In the TSU Institute of Morphology the surgical premises created in the 1960s and 70s. yofilebebi, sadac mimdinareobda kvleva paTomor- The Institute of Medical Biotechnology was established at the Insti- fologiis, citologiis, andrologiis, gerontolo- tute of Morphology in 1978, and then it was separated in 1991 as an giis, imunologiis da virusologiis sakiTxebze. independent institute. institutSi Seiqmna biblioTeka, romelic 30000-mde The Pathomorphology Department opened at the Institute in 1957, qarTul da ucxour erTeuls moicavda, fotolabora- led by one of the founders of pathological anatomy in Georgia, the toria, vivariumi. Aamave periodSi Seqmnil saoperacio blokSi dRemde tardeba unikaluri eqsperimentebi. Academician Vladimer Zhgenti. For many years Department scien- morfologiis institutSi 1978 wels Camoyalibda, tists have carried out research on the early detection of malignant 1991 wels ki damoukidebel institutad gamoiyo saqa- tumors in a cell and tumor stroma, as well as in vessels. rTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis samedicino bioteqni- In 1969 the Department of Cytology was established (led by Profes- kis instituti. sor Z. Tsagareli), that began studying the changes of blood capillaries 1957 wels institutSi gaixsna paTomorfologiuri in various organs using electro-microscopic and immunohistochemi- ganyofileba, romelsac saqarTveloSi paTologiuri cal methods. Fundamental work was carried out on the reactions anatomiis erT–erTi fuZemdebeli, akademikosi vl. of histo-hemic barriers of the vascular and central nervous systems JRenti xelmZRvanelobda. ganyofilebis TanamSrom- under conditions of influence of extreme environmental factors (in-

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lebis mier wlebis ganmavlobaSi Seiswavleba avTvisebiani simsivnis cluding oxygen insufficiency) and major pathological processes. For the first time in zrdis adreuli gamovlineba rogorc TviT ujredSi, ise simsivnis the former Soviet Union, fundamental systemic research on the influence of general stromaSi, sisxlisZarRvebSi. ganyofilebaSi ikvlevdnen aseve regen- hypoxia (oxygen insufficiency) on the human organism was initiated. It was the first eraciis stimulirebis sakiTxebs. experience of electro-microscopic research in clinical and experimental medicine in 1969 w. daarsda citologiis ganyofileba (xelmZRvaneli prof. Georgia. z. cagareli), romelic eleqtronul–mikroskopuli da imunohisto- One of the major scientific directions was to research cardiac muscle and the endocrine qimiuri meTodebis gamoyenebiT swavlobda sxvadasxva organoebSi system during acute myocardial infarction or cardiogenic shock. Anti-shock effects sisxlis kapilarebis cvlilebebs. Ffundamenturi naSromebi Seiqmna of various medications were substantiated morphologically and experiments carried sisxlZarRvTa da centraluri nervuli sistemis histo–hemuri out on vessel transplantation using various prostheses. Structural transformations in barierebis reaqciaTa Taobaze garemos eqstremaluri faqtorebis transplanted vessel walls were studied and the causes of early thrombosis of various zemoqmedebis (maT Soris Jangbadis ukmarisobis) da ZiriTadi pa- vascular prostheses were identified by electronic microscope. Tologiuri procesebis pirobebSi. yofil ssrk-Si pirvelad aq The Department of Gerontology was established in 1970, the first-ever structural unit daiwyo organizmze zogadi hipoqsiis (Jangbadis naklebobis) zemo- in the system of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, led by Professor S. Dalakishvili. qmedebis fundamenturi, sistemuri kvleva morfo-fiziologiuri The department studied the morpho-functional issues of various systems of the human mimarTulebiT. am laboratoriaSi saqarTvelos samedicino sivrce- organism, as well as the comparative longevity phenomena and medical as well as Si pirvelad dainerga eleqtronul-mikroskopuli kvlevebi klini- social-economic issues of the population’s demographic aging. In 1973 the Coordinat- manana kakabaZe Manana Kakabadze kur da eqsperimentul medicinaSi. ing Council of Gerontology and Geriatrics under the Presidium of the Georgian Acad- liana gogiaSvili Liana Gogiashvili erT-erT wamyvan samecniero mimarTulebas warmoadgenda mio- emy of Sciences began working under the auspices of this Department and the social- medicinis doqtori, Tsu aleqsandre kardiumis infarqtis mZime garTulebis - kardiogenuli Sokis dros hygienic laboratory of the Department of Gerontology was created in Sokhumi in 1974. medicinis mecnierebaTa doqtori, pro- naTiSvilis morfologiis institutis fesori, Tsu al. naTiSvilis morfolo- gulis kunTisa da endokrinuli sistemis Seswavla eqsperimentSi. An electronic stand with full database showing the administrative distribution of oldest direqtori. misi kvlevis sferoebia pa- xdeboda sxvadasxva preparatis Sokis sawinaaRmdego efeqtis mor- giis institutis samecniero sabWos Tomorfologia, andrologia, endokri- people living in Georgia was created at the department in 1973, then in 1976 the same Tavmjdomare, klinikuri da eqsperi- nologia, transplantologia. aris 26 fologiuri dasabuTeba. department developed a complex program on research into the longevity phenomenon, mentuli paTologiis departamentis samecniero naSromis avtori, 2010-2012 mimdinareobda eqsperimentebi sisxlZarRvTa gadanergvaze sx- which laid the foundation for implementation of joint comparative population research xelmZRvaneli. samecniero kvlevis pri- wlebSi monawileobda diabetis kvle- vadasxva proTezebis gamoyenebiT. Seiswavleboda gadanergili with the participation of the scientific centers from the United States (New York Per- oritetebia: gul-filtvis sindromi, vis evropuli centris (EFSD)-is gran- sisxlZarRvTa restruqturizacia, me- sisxlZarRvis kedlis struqturuli gardaqmnebi. eleqtronuli sonality Institute; Houston Medical Center; Anthropology Departments of Columbia, tSi „saerTo saZile arteriis plastika mikroskopiis saSualebiT dadgenili iyo sisxlZarRvTa sxvadasxva taboluri sindromis ultrastruqtu- autoimunuri transplantantiT”. 1994 Kentucky and Kansas States), Ukraine (Institute of Gerontology), Russia (Institute of ruli safuZvlebi; aris 4 wignis da 200-ze wlidan eweva pedagogiur muSaobas. 2010 saxis proTezis adreuli Trombirebis mizezebi. Ethnography), England, Wales (Cardiff University) and Japan (Association of Natural meti samecniero naSromis avtori. wlidan muSaobs Tsu medicinis fakulte- 1970 w. daarsda gerontologiis ganyofileba – pirveli aseTi Medicine, Shimane University). In 1982, by decision of the All-Union Academy of saqarTvelos paTologanatomTa da tis adamianis anatomiis, operaciuli struqturuli erTeuli sabWoTa kavSiris mecnirebaTa akademiis Medical Sciences, the Institute of Morphology became the leading institution in re- citopaTologTa asociaciis wevri, anatomiis da operaciuli qirurgiis de- sistemaSi (xelmZRvaneli prof. s. dalaqiSvili). aq Seiswavleboda evropis eleqtronuli mikroskopiis search on longevity partamentSi asistent-profesorad, mi- adamianis organizmis sxvadasxva sistemis morfo-funqciuri, dRe- sazogadoebis wevri; Jurnal “Georgian At the initiative of the department, Georgia hosted the All-Union Congress of Geron- hyavs klinikuri anatomiis kursi. grZelobis fenomenis SedarebiTi populaciuri da mosaxleobis Medical News” saredaqcio kolegiis da tologists, as well as a number of conferences and international symposiums on aging Jurnal “eqsperimentuli da klinikuri demografiuli daberebis samedicino da socialur-ekonomikuri biology, social gerontology and longevity. In 1985-1986, on invitation of the World medicinis”-is saredaqcio sabWos wevri; sakiTxebi. MD, Assistant Professor at the Department of Hu- Health Organization, the Department of Gerontology participated in the work of the sistematurad monawileobs moxsenebebi- man Anatomy, Operative Anatomy and Operative 1973 wels ganyofilebis bazaze muSoba daiwyo saqarTvelos mec- Ta da saleqcio kursebiT saerTaSoriso Cardiac program implemented in 32 countries of the world. Surgery of the TSU Faculty of Medicine, lecturing nierebaTa akademiis prezidiumTan arsebulma gerontologiisa da profesiul triningebisa da seminarebis In 1985, 1989 and 2005 the department led the Georgian delegations of oldest people in in Clinical Anatomy;Director of the Alexander Na- geriatriis sakoordinacio sabWom. 1974 wels qalaq soxumSi Seiqmna muSaobaSi; aris araerTi saerTaSoriso tishvili Institute of Morphology, TSU, her fields of Tokyo, Rome and Nagoya. After the United Nations General Assembly declared 1999 da regionuli sagranto proeqtis xelmZ- gerontologiis ganyofilebis soc-higienuri laboratoria. research include pathomorphology, andrology, en- as the International Year of Older Persons, UN Secretary General Kofi Annan marked Rvaneli da koordinatori. kiTxulobs 1973 wels ganyofilebaSi Seiqmna saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi dRe- docrinology, transplantology. She is the author of the cooperation with the Department of Gerontology with a Certificate of Appreciation. specialur kurss Tsu rezidentebTan da 26 scientific works and in 2010-2012 participated grZeli mosaxleobis administraciuli ganawilebis eleqtronuli doqtorantebTan embriologiasa da nei- in a study financed by the European Foundation stendi – monacemTa sruli baziT. 1976 wels aqve SemuSavda dRegrZ- In 1976 Professor Nodar Chichinadze established the Department of Andrology, which romecnierebaSi. for the Study of Diabetes (EFSD) - Carotid Artery elobis fenomenis kompleqsuri kvlevis programa, romelic safuZ- studied and confirmed the possibility of stimulation of restoration process insemi- dajildoebulia Rirsebis ordeniT. Plastic Surgery with Autoimmune Implants. She vlad daedo erToblivi SedarebiT populaciuri kvlevebis ganx- nal glands, the existence of androgen-dependent receptors, changes of sexual and go- has been involved in pedagogical activities since orcielebasA aSS-is (niu-iorkis pirovnebis instituti, hiustonis nadotropic hormones in experimental male animals during experimental diabetes. The 1994. methodology of andrology (the medical specialty that deals with male health) was de- DMSC and Professor, Chairperson of the Scientific samedicino centri, kolumbiis, kentukisa da kanzasis Statis uni- Board of the A. Natishvili Institute of Morphology, versitetebis anTropologiis departamentebi), ukrainis (geron- veloped and the psycho-social peculiarities of “benefit-seeking” man, or “Conceptual TSU, she is Head of the Department of Clinical tologiis instituti), ruseTis (eTnografiis instituti), inglisis Scoundrel” were studied. and Experimental Pathology at the same institute. (uelsi-kardifis universiteti), iaponiis (naturaluri medicinis As a result of cooperation of N. Chichinadze and her employees with the Scientific- Key research priorities include cardiopulmonary syndrome, blood vessel restructuring, ultrastruc- asociacia, Simanes universiteti) samecniero centrebis monawile- Research Institute of Medical Appliances, radioimmunology research equipment was created for research on hormones and biologically active substances. tural bases of metabolic syndrome. She is the au- obiT. thor of four monographs and over 200 scientific 1982 wels sakavSiro samedicino mecnierebaTa akademiis gadaw- The Alexander Natishvili Institute of Morphology has organized local, regional and articles, a member of the Georgian Association of yvetilebiT morfologiis instituti gaxda meTauri dawesebuleba international conferences, and in 1966 Tbilisi hosted the 7th Congress of Anatomists, Pathologists and Cytopathologists, member of the dRegrZelobis fenomenis Seswavlis sakiTxebSi. Histologists and Embryologists at the Institute. Over the years partners of the Institute European Microscopy Society, member of the edi- ganyofilebis iniciativiT saqarTveloSi Catarebulia geron- have included the Houston Medical Center; Kentucky, Seattle and Kansas Universi- torial boards of journals Georgian Medical News ties; Baltimore Institute of Gerontology; New York Personality Institute; Westphalia and Clinical and Experimental Medicine. She has tologTa sakavSiro yriloba, ara erTi konferencia da saerTaSor- been Scientific leader and coordinator of many in- iso simpoziumi daberebis biologiis, socialuri gerontologiis Wilhelm University (USA); Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf (Germany); Society ternational and regional grants, regularly delivers da dRegrZelobis sakiTxebze. 1985-86 wlebSi msoflio jandacvis of Cardiologists of Spain; Association of Natural Medicine of Japan; Wales University lectures at international professional trainings and oranizaciis miwveviT gerontologiis ganyofileba monawileobda (Great Britain); Geriatric Clinic of Rome (Italy); Institute of Surgery of the Slova- seminars and delivers special courses for TSU resi- programa `kardiakis~ muSaobaSi, romelic ganxorcielda msoflios kian Academy of Sciences; Institute of Gerontology of Bratislava; Institute of Human dents and PhD students in embryology and neuro- science. She has been awarded the Order of Honor. 32 qveyanaSi. Morphology of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences; A. Vishnevsky Institute of 1985, 1989 da 2005 wlebSi ganyofileba xelmZRvanelobda saqrT- Surgery; A. Akulev Institute of Cardio-Vascular Surgery; First Medical Academy of velos dRegrZelTa delegaciebs tokioSi, romSi da nagoiaSi. 1999 Moscow; Institute of Medical Radiology of Obninsk (Russia); Institute of Gerontol- wlis moxucTa saerTaSoriso wlad gamocxadebasTan dakavSire- ogy of the Ukrainian Academy of Medical Sciences and the State Medical Institute of biT gaeros generalurma mdivanma kofi ananma gerontologiis gan- Kiev; State Medical Institute of Baku (Azerbaijan); State Medical Institute of Yerevan yofilebasTan TanamSromloba madlobis sertifikaTiT aRniSna. (Armenia); and the Scientific-Research Institute of Morphology and Anthropology of 1976 wels profesorma nodar WiWinaZem Camoayaliba androlo- the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. giis ganyofileba. aAq Seswavlili da dadasturebulia dazianebul A college and a medical institute called “Clinical Physician” functioned under the In-

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2013 2013 July Tsu science 104 105

saTesle jirkvalSi aRdgeniTi procesis stimulaciis nierebis saministros daqvemdebarebaSi gadavida. 2011 stitute from 1995 to 2008, mainly staffed by Institute personnel. Over SesaZlebloba, androgendamokidebuli receptorebis wlis 1 ianvridan instituti SeuerTda iv. javaxiSvilis 600 qualification works have been implemented at the Institute- car arseboba, eqsperimentuli mamri cxovelis organizmSi Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitets. ried out by many highly skilled specialists who are now working and sasqeso da gonadotropuli hormonebis cvlilebebi amJamad institutSi funqcionirebs: klinikuri da carrying out pedagogical activities in various regions of Georgia and eqsperimentuli diabetis dros. SemuSavebulia mamak- eqsperimentuli paTologiis, biosamedicino trans- abroad. They have been selected as members of scientific academies acTa Semswavleli mecnierebis - andrologiis meTodo- laciuri kvlevebis, paliatiuri mzrunvelobis, klini- and institutions in different countries. In 1973 and 1975 Academician logia, Seswavlilia mamakacis angarebiTi socialuri kuri anatomiis da gerontologiis departamentebi. M. Komakhidze was awarded with the Tarkhnishvili and State awards. tipis – „koncefciuri aramzadis“ fsiqologiuri sta- 2006 wlidan dRemde morfologiis institutis Professor Gibradze was awarded the State prize in 1980, and Acade- tusi. TanamSromlebs mogebuli aqvT SoTa rusTavelis n. WiWinaZisa da misi TanamSromlebis mier ssrk medi- mician Javakhishvili received the Alexander Natishvili award in 2008. erovnuli samecniero fondis 6 granti – fundamentu- cinis xelsawyoTamSeneblobis samecniero–kvleviT in- ri da gamoyenebiTi kvlevebisTvis, kibos kvlevis saer- stitutTan TanamSromlobis Sedegad, pirvelad Seiqmna TaSoriso saagentos (IARC, lioni, safrangeTi), gaeros Today radioimunologiuri kvlevis aparatura hormonebisa adamianuri resursebis fondis, fond „Ria sazoga- da biologiurad aqtiuri nivTierebebis kvlevisTvis. al. naTiSvilis morfologiis instituti iyo ro- doeba – saqarTvelos“ da „Ria sazogadoebis fonde- In 1946-2005 the Institute was a part of the Academy of Sciences, then gorc adgilobrivi da regionuli, ise saerTaSoriso bis“ grantebi; amasTanave, institutis TanamSromlebi in 2006 it was transformed into a legal entity of public law. In 2007 it konferenciebis organizatori. gansakuTrebiT aR- monawileobdnen saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier moved into the Ministry of Education and Science and since January 1, dafinansebul kidev 3 proeqtSi. al. naTiSvilis mor- saniSnavia 1966 wels TbilisSi Catarebuli sakavSiro 2013 the Institute has been integrated into Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi fologiis institutis TanamSromlebi CarTulni arian anatomTa, histologTa da embriologTa me-7 yriloba, State University. romelic Catarda eqsperimentuli morfologiis in- umaRlesi ganaTlebis samive safexuris swavlebaSi. in- Today the following departments function at the Institute: Clinical and stitutis bazaze. stitutis bazaze xorcieldeba ramdenime sadoqtoro sxvadasxva dros institutis partniorebi iyvnen: programa. Experimental Pathology; Biomedical Translational Research; Palliative hiustonis samedicino centri, kentukis, sietlis, kan- institutSi, 2007 wels Camoyalibda eqsperimentu- Care; Clinical Anatomy and Gerontology. zasis universitetebi, baltimoris gerontologiis li qirurgiis saswavlo–samecniero centri da klini- Since 2006 the researchers of the Institute of Morphology have re- instituti, niu-iorkis pirovnebis instituti; vest- kuri paTologiis diagnostikuri centri, romelic ceived six grants from the Shota Rustaveli National Science Founda- faliis vilhelmis universiteti (aSS), diuseldorfis histopaTologiuri diagnostikis erT-erTi TvalsaC- tion for fundamental and applied research. The institute has received henrix haines universiteti (germania); espaneTis kar- ino instituciaa Cvens qveyanaSi. grants from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC); diologTa sazogadoeba; iaponiis naturaluri medici- 2005 wels institutis direqtorad arCeul iqna UN Human Resources Foundation; and Open Society – Georgia Foun- nis asociacia, uelsis universiteti (didi britaneTi); medicinis mecn. doqtori, prof. dimitri korZaia, dation and Open Society Foundations. They have participated in three romis geriatriuli klinika (italia); slovakiis mec- romelic instituts xelmZRvanelobda 2012 wlis bo- nierebaTa akademiis qirurgiis instituti, bratisla- more projects financed by international organizations. The staff of the lomde. 2012 wels direqtorad arCeuli iqna medicinis Alexander Natishvili Institute of Morphology are involved in all three vis gerontologiis instituti; ruseTis medicinis doqtori manana kakabaZe. mecnierebaTa akademiis adamianis morfologiis in- stages of higher education and several doctoral programs are being stituti; a. viSnevskis sax. qirurgiis instituti; a. implemented at the Institute. Bakulevis saxelobis gul–sisxlZarRvTa qirurgiis misia da gamowveva In 2007, the Educational-Scientific Center for Experimental Surgery as instituti; moskovis pirveli samedicino akademia; q. well as the Center for Clinical Pathology Diagnostics, one of the most Obninskis samedicino radiologiis instituti (ruse- remarkable institutions of histopathological diagnostics in our coun- Ti); ukrainis medicinis mecnierebaTa akademiis geron- 2006 wlidan dRemde institutis TanamSromelTa try, was established at the Institute of Morphology. In 2005 Professor tologiis instituti da kievis saxelmwifo samedicino mier gamoqveynebulia 100–ze meti samecniero naSromi, instituti; baqos saxelmwifo samedicino instituti maT Soris, ocamde naSromi impaqt-faqtoris mqone da Dimitri Kordzaia,M D, was elected Director of the Institute. He held (azarbaijani); erevnis saxelmwifo samedicino insti- saerTaSoriso periodul gamocemebSi. gamoica 3 mono- the post until late 2012 when he was replaced by Doctor of Medicine, tuti (somxeTi); bulgareTis mecnierebaTa akademiis grafia, sami mzaddeba dasabeWdad. Manana Kakabadze. morfologiisa da antropologiis samecniero kvlevi- ganxorcielebuli reorganizaciis Sedegad prior- Ti instituti. itetad ganisazRvra: ZuZus kibosa da farisebri jirkv- Mission and Challenge institutis bazaze 1995 –2008 ww arsebobda koleji lis daavadebaTa morfoepidemiologiuri kvlevebi; da umaRlesi samedicino profilis instituti „klini- paliatiuri mzrunvelobis, rogorc qveynis samedi- Over the last five years the Institute staff has published over 100 sci- cisti“, romlis profesor-maswavlebelTa ZiriTadi cino da socialuri sferos axali mimarTulebis Seqm- entific works, including about 20 works in periodicals and academic kontigenti dakompleqtebuli iyo institutis Tanam- nis meToduri da mecnieruli xelSewyoba; adaptaci- journals with impact factor. Three monographs have been published, SromlebiT. uri, kompensaciuri da regeneraciuli procesebis while three more are being prepared for publishing. institutSi Sesrulebulia 600-ze meti sakvali- qsovilovani, ujreduli da molekuluri meqanizmebis As a result of reorganization, the Institute has set as its priority to con- fikacio naSromi. instituti warmoadgens mZlavr kvleva – simsivnur, naRvlis Segubebis da organoTa duct morpho-epidemiological research on breast cancer and thyroid mecnierul keras, sadac aRizarda mravali maR- transplantaciis modelebSi; sisxlis xelovnuri gland diseases; to ensure methodical and scientific promotion of pallia- alkvalificiuri specialisti, romlebic moRvaweo- cirkulaciisaTvis axali teqnologiebis (turboe- tive care, a new field in the country’s medical and social sphere; to re- ben saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxesa da ucxoeTSi, bis) SemuSaveba da danergva. EdReisaTvis mimdinare kv- ewevian pedagogiur. arCeuli arian mravali qveynis search tissue, cell and molecular mechanisms of adaptation, compensa- levebis ganxorcielebas instituti samomavlod ufro mecnierebaTa akademiis wevrebad. Aakademikos m. kom- tion and regeneration processes of cancer; bile duct diseases and organ didi masStabiT da saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis gan- axiZes 1973 da 1975 wlebSi mieniWa i. TarxniSvilis da transplantation; and to develop and introduce new turbo technologies viTarebiT gegmvas. saxelmwifo premiebi, profesor T. RibraZes - 1980 for artificial blood circulation. The Institute plans to expand the scale iv. javaxiSvilis Tbilisis saxelmwifo univer- wels mieniWa saxelmwifo premia, xolo akad. n. javax- of ongoing research through the development of international coopera- iSvils – 2008 wels al. naTiSvilis saxelobis premia. sitetTan integraciis Semdeg, moxerxda institutis ZiriTadi korpusis nawilobriv ganaxleba. aqve daigeg- tion. ma ori saerTaSoriso laboratoriis Seqmna, rac 2014 After integration into the Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, dRes wlis bolosTvis unda dasruldes. 2013 wels insti- the Institute managed to partially renovate its main building, including tutis 3 TanamSromeli: medicinis mecnierebaTa doq- two international laboratories that should be completed by late 2014. In 1946-2005 ww. instituti mecnierebaTa akademiis tori Tamar RvamiCava, medicinis doqtori, profesori 2013 the Orders of Honor were awarded to three researchers at the In- SemadgenlobaSi iyo. 2006 wels sajaro samarTlis simon dalaqiSvili da mecnier TanamSromeli vaJa lob- stitute –Tamar Gvamichava, MsD; Professor Simon Dalakishvili, MD, iuridiul pirad gadakeTda da ganaTlebisa da mec- JaniZe dajildovdnen Rirsebis ordenebiT. and researcher Vazha Lobzhanidze.

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2013 2013 July Tsu science 106 107 Tsu petre meliqiSvilis fizikuri da TSU Petre Melikishvili Institute of Physical and organuli qimiis instituti Organic Chemistry

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis petre meliqiSvilis saxelobis fizikuri da organuli qimiis The Petre Melikishvili Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry instituti qimiuri profilis uZvelesi samecniero-kvleviTi centria saqarTveloSi. wels mas at Tbilisi State University is the oldest scientific research center daarsebidan 84 weli usruldeba. Kjer kidev sabWoTa periodidan erT-erTi cnobili, warmatebuli da in Georgia--in 2013 it will celebrate its 84th anniversary! This samecniero kvlevebiT aRiarebuli instituti mravali premiisa da jildos mflobelia. instituts Institute is one of the most famous and successful of those mniSvnelovani wvlili aqvs Setanili saqarTveloSi bunebrivi nedleulis qimiur–teqnologiuri founded during the Soviet period, and it is still widely recognized da qimiuri ekologiis problemebis SeswavlaSi. 2010 wels instituti saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa for its scientific research. The Institute has significantly erovnuli akademiis mier qimiisa da qimiuri teqnologiebis dargSi wlis saukeTeso samecniero– contributed to research on chemical-technological and chemical- kvleviT dawesebulebad dasaxelda. ecological issues related to Georgian natural resources. Over the years, the Institute of Physical and Organic chemistry has received countless awards, and in 2010 the Georgian Academy of Sciences saTaveebTan gaxangrZlivebuli moqmedebis kafsulirebuli sasuqi (samuSao dafinansebulia ISTC-s mier) rated the Institute as the best Georgian research institution in the Prolonged effect of encapsulated fertilizers fields of chemistry and chemical technologies. institutis daarsebamde samecniero–kvleviTi (Work funded by STCU)) muSaoba qimiis dargSi Tsu pedagogiuri da agroq- imiis fakultetebis kaTedrebze, gamoCenili mec- nier-qimikosis, universitetis pirveli reqtoris, profesor petre meliqiSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT mim- dinareobda. 1929 wels ganaTlebis saxalxo komisari- Background atis mier ukrainidan mowveuli gamoCenili mecnieri akad. Llev pisarJevski, romelic meliqiSvilis mowafe Before the Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry was founded, there were already scientific activities in the field of chemistry carried outat iyo, saqarTveloSi qimiis pirveli samecniero-kvlevi- euTo-s dafinansebiT Sesrulebuli samuSao the TSU Faculties in of Pedagogy and Agro-Chemistry under the guidance Research carried out through OSCE funding Ti centris Seqmnas Seudga. Ainstitutis pirvel direq- of a famous chemist and first rector of TSU, Professor Petre Melikishvili. torad swored l. pirsaJevski dainiSna. In 1928, the Soviet People’s Commissariat for Education invited Meliki- instituts sxvadasxva dros xelmZRvanelobdnen shvili’s colleague, Academician Lev Pisarzhevsky from Ukraine. Profes- saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikose- sor Pisarzhevsky helped establish the first research center for chemistry in bi, mecnierebis damsaxurebuli moRvaweebi: 1947-89 w _ Georgia and was appointed first Director of the Institute. giorgi ciciSvili; 1989-2006 ww Teimuraz andronikaS- Over the years the Institute was led by academicians and honorary scien- vili. 2006 wlidan misi xelmZRvaneli aris saqarTvelos tists from the Georgian Academy of Sciences including Giorgi Tsitsishvili mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis wevr-korespondenti rad mimdinareobda aseve qarTuli navTobebis Seswavla from 1947 to 1989 and Teimuraz Andronikashvili from 1989 to 2006. Since that year the Institute has been led by Vladimer Tsitsishvili, corresponding vladimer ciciSvili. da samuSaoebi sasargeblo produqtebis misaRebad. liTonis detalebis luminescenturi defeqtoskopi- member of the Georgian Academy of Sciences. Other scientists who have institutis ganviTarebaSi udidesi wvlili Seitanes bioliTonebisa da bunebrivi ceoliTebis Semcveli axali isTvis SemuSavda sxvadasxva luminoforebis miRebis carried out significant research and development include: I. Tananayev, M. mecnierebma, romlebic uSualod uZRvebodnen samec- Taobis premiqsebi (samuSao dafinansebulia STCU-s mier) Rozenberg, O. Zvyagintsev, I. Zalkind and V. Roiter. Other famous Geor- teqnologiebi (1960 w. ssrk saxalxo meurneobis miRw- niero-kvleviT samuSaoebs: i. tananaevma, m. rozenbergma, A new generation of premixes substituting bio-metals and natural gian scientists have included K. Areshidze, L. Melikadze, R. Lagidze, G. zeolites (Work funded by National Scientific Foundation) o. zviagincevma, i. zalkindma, v. roiterma. institutSi evaTa gamofena, pirveli xarisxis premia). mcenareTa Chivadze, A. Shvelashvili, P. Gogorishvili, M. Shinshiashvili, E. Davitash- moRvaweobdnen cnobili qarTveli mecnierebi: qriste- dacvis institutTan erTad Seiqmna naZvis didi lafan- vili and P. Tsiskarishvili. fore areSiZe, leonide meliqaZe, ramaz laRiZe, givi Wamiis da fiWvis Reros aluras (mavnebeli mwerebis) During the Soviet period the Institute carried out joint activities with sci- CivaZe, arsen SvelaSvili, p. gogoriSvili, m. SiSniaSvili, sawinaaRmdego preparati `plk~ (1972 w. saqarTvelos entists from “the Socialist camp” including Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, e. daviTaSvili, p. ciskariSvili da mravali sxva. ssr ministrTa sabWos saxelmwifo premia). SemuSavda Vietnam, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, etc. and other countries of the world such as the USA, Japan, Great Britain and Italy. Naturally, joint activities were ssrk-s periodSi instituti monawileobda rogorc citrusebis mavneblebTan brZolis preparati “keimi”, ongoing with the other Soviet Academies of Science and with scientific “socialisturi banakis” (bulgareTi, ungreTi, polo- romelic q. baTumis qimiur qarxanaSi 1978 wlidan iwar- research and higher educational institutions. moeboda. neTi, vietnami, kuba, Cexoslovakia da sxv.), ise msofli- The Institute was a leading organization in the Soviet Union for research os sxva qveynebis (aSS, iaponia, didi britaneTi, italia institutSi SemuSavebuli navTobidan da navTob- and use on synthetic and natural zeolites (aluminosilicate minerals), led da sxv.) mecnierebTan erTobliv samuSaoebSi. srulde- produqtebidan mikroelementebis gamoyofis fotoqi- by Academician Giorgi Tsitsishvili. Based on their results, Georgian tufa boda samuSaoebi aseve sakavSiro da respublikebis mec- miuri meTodi dainerga sxvadasxva samecniero daweseb- (a type of limestone) with a high content of zeolites, was used in industry nierebaTa akademiebTan, samecniero-kvleviT daweseb- ulebasa da warmoebaSi. tyibulis qvanaxSiris sabados and agriculture. Intensive research was carried out on extracted products ulebebsa da umaRles saswavleblebTan erTad. fisovani naxSiris – rabdopisitis safuZvelze Seiqmna such as oil and other useful products. Technology to obtain luminophores instituti kavSiris masStabiT lideri organizacia unikaluri Tvisebebis mqone tropikomedegi fenovani was developed for the luminescent defectoscopy of metal parts. The First Category Prize was awarded to the Institute in 1960 at the Exhibition of iyo sinTezuri da bunebrivi ceoliTebis (alumosi- plastikuri masala – getinaqi (ssrk saxalxo meurneo- Achievements of the USSR’s National Economy. A preparation “PLK” was likaturi minerali) kvlevisa da gamoyenebis dargSi, bis miRwevaTa gamofenis didi vercxlis medali). created jointly with the Institute of Plant Protection against pests such as romelsac akademikosi giorgi ciciSvili xelmZRvan- Ddiatomitis (forovani qanis saxeoba) safuZvelze the great spruce bark beetle (dendroctonus micans) and the New Pine Knot- samuSao dafinansebulia erovnuli samecniero fondis mier elobda. miRebuli Sedegebis safuZvelze saqarTveloSi damuSavda axali saxis plastikuri masalebis – diato- horn moth (dioryctria sylvestrella) for which the State Price of the Coun- The work is financed by National Scientific Foundation gavrcelebuli ceoliTSemcveli tufebi gamoyenebuli plastebis miRebis teqnologia (mecnierebaTa akademi- cil of Ministers of the Georgian SSR was awarded in 1972. A preparation iyo mrewvelobasa da soflis meurneobaSi. intensiu- is specialuri premia). called “Keimi” against citrus pests was developed and produced in 1978 at

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2013 2013 July Tsu science 108 109

organuli qimiis dargSi institutSi sinTezirebuli aTasze meti the chemical plant of Batumi. In 1991 sex pheromones against agricultural pests were axali naerTi gamoiyeneba Sualeduri produqtebis saxiT hormonuli produced at the Institute. nivTierebebis axali analogebis misaRebad. bunebriv naerTTa safuZ- A photochemical method to separate microelements from oils and oil products was de- velze mimdinareobda xelaturi (organuli da mineraluri mJaveebis) veloped at the Institute and used in scientific institutions and manufacturing. A unique tropics-resistant plastic material called “getinack” was created from coal tar from naerTebis sinTezi soflis meurneobaSi gamosayeneblad; saqarTvelos the Tkibuli coal deposits. The Grand Silver Medal was awarded at the Exhibition of mTavrobis dadgenilebiT, institutis lilos bazaze aSenebuli xe- Achievements of the USSR’s National Economy. Other technology to obtain new types latebis mosamzadebeli mcire sawarmo 90-ian wlebamde funqcionireb- of plastic materials, or diatoplasts, was developed from the mineral diatomite and re- da. ceived a Special Prize from the Academy of Sciences. SemuSavda avtoklavuri meTodi, romelic safuZvlad daedo saqa- Over a thousand new compounds synthesized in the field of organic chemistry and de- rTveloSi sabadoebis kompleqsuri gadamuSavebis teqnologiur sqemas veloped at the Institute are used to obtain new analogs of hormone substances in a (saqarTvelos saxelmwifo premia). damuSavebulia madnebSi element- form of intermediary products. Based on natural compounds, the synthesis of chelate ebis gansazRvris axali, swrafi qimiuri meTodebi, romlebic uzrun- compounds (organic and mineral acids) was carried out for further use in agriculture. velyofen sawarmoo procesis uwyvet kontrols. Catarda WiaTuris A small enterprise was built at the Institute’s Lilo base to produce chelates and worked until the 1990s. manganumis madnebis maRaroebis qimiur-analizuri daxasiaTeba maTi An autoclave method was developed that later became the basis for complex processing pasportizaciisTvis. gamoqveynda madneulis madnis analizis saxelmZR- vladimer ciciSvili of deposits in Georgia, and received the Georgian State Prize. New and faster meth- avTandil doliZe Avtandil Dolidze Vladimer Tsitsishvili vanelo. institutSi Seiqmna sasoflo–sameurneo mavneblebis sawinaaR- ods to define ore elements were developed in 1980 to provide the continuous control Tsu petre meliqiSvilis fizikuri da mdego sqesis feromonebis preparatebis sacdeli warmoeba, riTac dak- of industrial processes. The chemical characterization of Chiatura manganese ore was organuli qimiis institutis samecniero petre meliqiSvilis fizikuri da or- mayofilda soflis meurneobis moTxovnebi. registered, and a textbook containing the analysis of ore minerals was published. On sabWos Tavmjdomare, mTavari mecnier– ganuli qimiis institutis direqtori, e.w. „qarTuli modelis“ safuZvelze ukanasknel wlebSi euTo-s da- the basis of the “Georgian model” and with financial support from OSCE, about 1000 TanamSromeli, qimiis mecnierebaTa doq- qimiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, saqarT- tori, profesori. muSaobs qimiisa da velos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis finansebiT 1000 tonamde Txevadi raketuli sawvavis komponentebis tons of liquid rocket fuel components - mélange and samin – underwent chemical neu- qimiuri teqnologiis, organuli qimiis, wevr-korespondenti. 2013 wels vladi- „melanJisa“ da „saminis“ qimiurad ganeitraleba moxda. samuSaoTa tralization. bioorganuli qimiis, qimiuri ekologiis, mer ciciSvili dajildovda “Rirsebis” samxedro qimiisa da sxva mimarTulebe- ordeniT. xelmZRvaneli, institutis mecnier-TanamSromeli prof. avTandil biT. aqtiurad monawileobs sxvadasxva v.ciciSvili aris saqarTvelos garemosa doliZe dajildovda vaxtang gorgasalis me-III xarisxis ordeniT. misi Research Today saerTaSoriso forumebSi, aris euTos da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saminis- xelmZRvanelobiT saqarTvelos demilitarizaciis programaSi aqtiu- saerTaSoriso teqnikuri eqspert/kon- tros da saerTaSoriso damfinansebeli sultanti, Sesrulebuli aqvs 8 spe- organizaciebis (msoflio banki, evropis rad monawile institutis mecnierTa jgufs Sesrulebuli aqvs euTo-s Since September 2010 the Institute has been integrated into TSU and presently there cialuri samuSoebis kontraqti, xelmZ- rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis banki) 8 proeqti. are six laboratories in addition to the scientific organization department. These include Rvanelobda saerTaSoriso grantul samuSoebs, aseve ganxorcielebuli aqvs oficialuri eqsperti. oTxenovani (ru- institutis kvlevebis Sedegebze publikaciebi gamoqveynebulia re- laboratories of physical-chemical processes; organic synthesis; high molecular com- sul–qarTul–inglisur–germanul) qi- mravaltonaJiani samuSoebi saxifaTo pounds; oil chemistry; agrarian chemistry; and chemical ecology. The Institute is most- samxedro narCenebis gauvnebelyofis miuri leqsikonis gamocemis erT-erTi itingul JurnalebSi: Journal of Chromatography (holandia); Chromatographia dargSi, organizebuli aqvs ekologiu- Tanaavtori. aris saqarTvelos mecniere- (germania); Chem. Anal. (poloneTi); Chemical and Environmetal Research (indoe- ly engaged in the chemical-technological research of Georgia’s raw materials, research on chemical ecology problems, and the development and disposal of hazardous waste. rad usafrTxo sasoflo–sameurneo baTa erovnuli akademiis akademiur sab- Ti); Доклады АН CССР (ruseTi); Жунал физической химии (ruseTi); Журнал preparatebis sacdeli warmoeba. amJa- WosTan arsebuli ekologiuri komisiis The 2013 budget will permit the Institute to work on over 20 scientific projects. The прикладной химии (ruseTi); Журнал аналитической химии (ruseTi); Журнал mad aqtiurad muSaobs sxvadasxva saxi- wevri, qimiisa da qimiuri teqnologiebis Institute has also received six grants from the Shota Rustaveli National Science Founda- faTo narCenebis dafiqsirebis, gauvnebe- ganyofilebaSi ekologiis komisiis Tavm- хроматографiчного товариства; Хiмiя, фiзика та технологiя поверхнi (ukraina); tion and one from Science and Technology Center of Ukraine. lyofisa da saimedo ganTavsebis dargSi. jdomare. Журнал химические проблемы; Азербайджанский химический журнал; (azerbai- Chromatography. Principle projects include the separation of polycyclic aromatic hy- aris saqarTvelos profesional qimikos- v. ciciSvili aris saqarTvelos mec- Ta asociaciis, saqarTvelos qimiur– nierebaTa erovnuli akademiis Jurnal jani); Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Handbook of Condensad Phase drocarbons; definition of some toxic admixtures in alcoholic beverages; analysis of oil ekologiur problemaTa Semswavleli ka- “macnes”, qimiis seriis redaqtori. Chemistry; Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (USA); Journal of Balkan products. In the direction of utilization of Georgia’s natural zeolites: obtaining nanodi- vSiris wevri, saerTaSoriso tenderebis misi xelmZRvanelobiT daculia mravali Tribological association (poloneTi) da sxv. mensional zeolite materials; Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC) production teqnikuri komisiis wevri Semfasebeli. sakandidato da sadoqtoro disertacia. technology; protection of ambient air against harmful emissions; materials to accelerate gamoqveynebuli aqvs 300-mde samecniero aris mravali samecniero naSromis av- akademikosebis g. ciciSvilis da T. andronikaSvilis monografia, naSromi da 22 patenti, aris 29 diserta- tori. `bunebrivi ceoliTebi~, romlis Tanaavtorebi arian bulgareli ko- the restoration processes of damaged bone tissue. ciis xelmZRvaneli. dajildoebulia Fertilizers and Feed. On the basis of nitric fertilizers, the technologies of obtaining vaxtang gorgaslis III xarisxis ordeniT legebi, 1990 wels gamoica poloneTSi, 1992 wels inglisSi. capsule and prolonged-action structural nitric fertilizers have been developed. Compo- (2002), marSal bagramianis 100 wlisTavis Doctor of Chemical Sciences and Director of the instituts miRebuli aqvs erovnuli samecniero fondis 20-mde gran- saiubileo jildoTi (2006), saqarTvelos sitions of chelate fertilizers from metals are synthesized and used for raising agricultural mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis petre Petre Melikishvili Institute of Physical and Organic ti. 2000 wlidan dRemde institutis TanamSromleba monawileoba miiRes productivity; new generation premixes have been created and tested for further use in meliqiSvilis saxelobiTi premiiT (2007). Chemistry, TSU, he is a corresponding member 20-ze met saerTaSoriso sagranto proeqtSi, mopovebuli aqvT: sorosis of the Georgian Academy of Sciences. In 2013 he poultry and animal feed (financed by the European Union and STCU grant); saxelobiTi da inglisis samefo akademiis grantebi; jorj sorosis da Radioactive waste. Research is underway on technology for receiving anti-radiation Doctor of Chemical Sciences; Professor, Chairman was awarded the Order of Honor, and is an official of the Scientific Council of the TSU Petre Melikish- expert for the Ministry of Environmental Protec- prezidentis stipendiebi. polymeric materials to enable the transportation and long-term storage of radioactive vili Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, he tion and Natural Resources and for international waste (STCU). Research is underway to develop rational methods for fixing radionu- is Chief Fellow. Main fields include chemistry and financial organizations (World Bank, European clides in the land and the reliable placement of radioactive materials. chemical technologies, organic chemistry, bioorganic Bank for Reconstruction and Development). He dRes chemistry, chemical ecology, military chemistry. He is a member of the Ecology Commission under Water. Electro-membrane technological processes designed to extract drinking water participates in international forums and is; he is an the Academic Council of the Georgian National from mineralized waters has been developed and full-capacity operating electrodialysis international technical expert/consultant for OSCE. Academy of Sciences; Chairman of the Ecology 2010 wlis seqtembridan instituti Tsu SemadgenlobaSia. amJamad in- equipment has been produced (ISTC). He has implemented eight special contracts, led inter- Commission at the Department of Chemical Tech- stitutSi 6 laboratoria da 1 ganyofilebaa. fizikur-qimiuri proces- Health and Environmental Protection. Iron-deficiency anemia prevention and their national grant activities and has implemented works in the field of military waste disposal. He hasde- nologies. Tsitsishvili is the editor of the chemical ebis kvlevis; organuli sinTezis; maRalmolekulur naerTTa; navTobis composition injection preparations are tested to further put them in practice; the project part of a journal Matsne published by the Georgian veloped the experimental production of agricultural National Academy of Sciences. He is a co-author qimiis; agraruli qimiis problemaTa; qimiuri ekologiis problemaTa on preparation and testing of drugs for treating plant diseases (fungus) on the basis of preparations and presently works in the treatment of a four-language (Russian-Georgian-English- laboratoriebi da samecniero-saorganizacio ganyofileba. phosphate compositions is coming to an end. Research has started in the field of extrac- and disposal of hazardous waste. He is a member of German) chemical dictionary. He was Professor at tion of oils and biofuel from plant raw materials to obtain petroleum solvents from local the Georgian Association of Professional Chemists institutis ZiriTadi prioritetuli mimarTulebebia: saqarTvelos and the Union for Research on Chemical-Ecological the TSU Department of Physical Chemistry and is raw materials and protect the environment from pollution with oil and oil products. Problems, a member of the technical commission of a member of the scientific-attestation council grant- bunebrivi nedleulis qimiur-teqnologiuri Seswavla da saqarTvelo- Education. A scientific-technical program “Chemical Ecology – XXI Century” has been international tenders. His publication sinclude 300 ing scientific degrees in chemical sciences. Si qimiuri ekologiis problemebis Seswavla, saxifaTo narCenebis uti- prepared; it also involves a commercialization program “Small-Scale Chemistry”. scientific works and 22 patents. He was awardedthe lizaciis meTodebis SemuSaveba da gamoyeneba. Foreign partners of the Institute are the Kuliev Institute of Chemistry of Additives of Vakhtang Gorgasali Order (class III, in 2002); the commemorative 100th Anniversary of Marshal Ba- 2013 wels sabiujeto dafinansebiT mimdinareobs muSaoba 20 samec- Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences; U.S. National Institute of Standards and gramyan medal (2006) and the Petre Melikishvili niero proeqtze, institutma miiRo erovnuli samecniero fondis 6 da Technology (NIST). Joint works are planned with the Montana Technical University’s Prize of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences. 1 STCU-s granti. Center for Advanced Mineral and Metallurgical Processing (CAMP).

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institutSi warmoebs samuSaoebi qromatografiis dridis (Animal Science Department Veterinary School Univer- The Institute laboratories have active relations with the Liverpool dargSi: policikluri aromatuli naxSirwyalbadis sity of Complutense Madrid), milanis (Universita’ degli Studi di and Los Alamos national laboratories; U.S., German and British sci- saerTaSoriso dayofa; spirtian sasmelebSi zogierTi toqsikuri min- Milano), kanadaSi halifaqsis (Saint Mary’s University, Hali- entific organizations; Animal Science Department Veterinary School arevis gansazRvra; navTobproduqtebis analizi; saqa- fax), aSS-Si nebraskas (Department of Agronomy and Horticul- University of Complutense Madrid); Universita’ degli Studi di Mila- konferenciebi rTvelos bunebrivi ceoliTebis gamoyenebis mimar- ture, University of Nebraska), kembrijis (Department of Earth no; Saint Mary’s University, Halifax; Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska; Department of Earth Sciences, TulebiT: nanoganzomilebiani ceoliTuri masalebis Sciences, University Of Cambridge) universitetebTan, bul- Tsu-Si - I-VI/2013 University Of Cambridge; Institute of Mineralogy and Crystallogra- miReba; ultramaRali Tvisebebis (UHPC) cementisa da gareTis akademiis mineralogiisa da kristalografiis phy, BAS, Bulgaria). The representatives from the scientific centers betonis damzadebis teqnologia; mavne gamonabolqvebi- institutTan (Institute of Mineralogy and Crystallography, BAS, sagan atmosferuli haeris dacva; masalebi dazianebu- of Canada (University of Guelph), France (University Montpellier) Bulgaria). saerTo samuSaoebSi monawileobas Rebuloben International li Zvlovani qsovilebis aRdgeniTi procesebis dasaC- and Finland (University of Helsinki, Department of Chemistry, Lab- kanadis (University of Guelph), safrangeTis (University Mont- qareblad da sxva. oratory of Polymer Chemistry) are participating in joint works. pellier) da fineTis (University of Helsinki, Department of Chem- Conferences at TSU damuSavda azotovani sasuqebis safuZvelze dra- istry, Laboratury of Polimer Chemistry) samecniero centrebis Jirebul-kafsulirebuli da gaxangrZlivebuli mo- warmomadgenlebi. Future Research and Challenges (I-VI 2013) qmedebis struqturirebuli azotovani sasuqebis miRebis teqnologiebi. mimdinareobs kvlevebi ra- diaciuli gamosxivebisagan damcavi polimeruli ma- misia da gamowveva In future, the Institute plans to expand research on local raw materi- als and resources in developing innovative technologies, ecology and ingliseli arqeologis pit riversis xsovnisadmi salebis miRebis teqnologiis dasamuSaveblad, rac miZRvnili student-arqeologTa mexuTe saerTaSor- agriculture, and to increase scientific contacts with foreign research radioaqtiuri narCenebis transportirebis da xan- samomavlod institutSi dagegmilia kvlevebis ga- iso konferencia varZiaSi. TariRi: 2013 wlis 14-15 institutes. More research will be carried out to develop existing tech- grZlivi droiT Senaxvis saSualebas iZleva (STCU). Se- farToveba adgilobrivi nedleulisa da resursebis aprili. RonisZiebis organizatori: Tsu humanitarul nologies on the neutralization of hazardous chemical substances and muSavda mineralizebuli wylebidan sasmeli wylis mis- gamoyenebiT axali masalebis da inovaciuri teqnolo- mecnierebaTa fakultetis arqeologiis saswavlo-sa- on the development of agricultural resources and small scale pro- aRebad eleqtromembranuli teqnologiuri procesi giebis, ekologiisa da soflis meurneobis mimarTule- mecniero instituti. monawileebi: saqarTvelo, didi da damzadda srulmasStaburi muSa eleqtrodializis duction. Plans are underway to produce biofuel from pyrolysis in britaneTi, irani, poloneTi, Sotlandia. bebiT; samecniero kontaqtebis gaRrmaveba ucxoel Georgia. danadgari (ISTC). mecnierebTan. birTvuli usafrTxoebis da qimiuri The Institute will study Georgian natural bitumen types and their Fifth International Conference of Students and Archaeologists dedi- xorcieldeba rkinadeficituri anemiis samkurna- iaraRis akrZalvis saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan conditions of formation, and register these for further utilization in cated to English archaeologist Pitt-Rivers in Vardzia lo-profilaqtikuri saSualebebisa da maTi kom- erTad saqarTveloSi arsebuli saxifaTo qimiuri local industry. Research will be conducted on the use of oil products Date: April 14-15, 2013 poziciuri saineqcio preparatebis miReba da ga- Organizer(s): Institute of Archaeology of the TSU Faculty of Hu- nivTierebebis neitralizaciis teqnologiebis da- in agriculture as well as new prolonged-action, non-traditional and mocda praqtikaSi dasanergad; metalTa xelaturi manities muSaveba. gagrZeldeba samuSaoebi sasoflo-sameurneo multiple use fertilizers produced on the basis of natural composites. sasuqebis kompoziciebis sinTezi da maTi gamoyeneba Participants: Georgia, Great Britain, Iran, Poland, and Scotland. saSualebebis SemuSavebisa da maTi mcire masStabiani A study will develop ecologically safe fertilizers for higher produc- sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis mosavlianobis asa- tivity of Chkhaveri vines in Adjara. warmoebisaTvis. dagegmilia biosawvavebis miReba pi- saerTaSoriso konferencia: “mimdinare kvlevebi maRleblad; Seqmnilia da gamocdilia axali Taobis Zeolite tufa will be studied to for Georgian architecture, and eco- premiqsebi (danamatebi) frinvelTa da cxovelTa kve- rolizis meSveobiT da saqarTveloSi maTi damzadebis da uaxlesi Sedegebi mcire kavkasionis regionuli ge- logical factors that affect tufa, to learn how to rehabilitate-restore ologiis, geodinamikisa da metalogeniis Seswavlis baSi gamosayeneblad (dafinansebulia evrokavSiris da RonisZiebebis SemuSaveba. edifices. Other plans include research on new materials--for example procesSi”. TariRi: 2013 wlis 16-18 aprili. organiza- STCU-s grantiT). sruldeba proeqti fosfaturi kom- ganxorcieldeba saqarTvelos bunebrivi bitumebis how to plaque micro and nano powders of hard melted and rocky torebi: iv. javaxiSvilis sax. zust da sabunebismetyve- tipebisa da formirebis pirobebis kvleva, maTi paspor- poziciebis bazaze mcenareTa daavadebaTa (sokovani) materials with various nano coatings in order to develop technologies lo mecnierebaTa fakultetis geologiis departa- samkurnalo preparatebis damzadeba-gamocda. tizacia da ranJireba adgilobriv mrewvelobaSi gamo- to produce electro-technical, ultramodern construction and radiation menti, Jenevis universiteti (Sveicaria). Mmonawileebi: momzadebulia samecniero teqnikuri programa „qi- sayeneblad. Catardeba kvlevebi navTobproduqtebis absorbing materials. Another study will develop technologies to pro- Sveicaria, serbeTi, bulgareTi, somxeTi, aAzerbaijani, miuri ekologia – XXI saukune“ da masSi Semavali ko- soflis meurneobaSi gamoyenebis mimarTulebiT. kv- duce a new type of quasi hybrid high-effective ion exchange systems TurqeTi, irani. mercializaciis programa „mcire qimia“. mimdinareobs levis sagani iqneba aseve: bunebrivi kompozitebis (ionites) for cleaning food, fresh and mineral water and medicines. Current research projects and latest results in studying the processes samuSaoebi, radionuklidebis niadagSi dafiqsirebis safuZvelze momzadebuli gaxangrZlivebuli moq- This will also be used for environmental protection from chemical of geology, geodynamics and metallogeny in the Lesser Caucasus da radiaqtiuli masalebis saimedo ganTavsebis ra- medebis axali aratradiciuli da mravaljeradi gam- and metallurgical plant discharges and from toxic gases. Date: 16-18 April, 2013 cionaluri meTodebis SesamuSaveblad. dawyebulia oyenebis sasuqebi; ceoliTuri tufebis gamoyeneba Organizer(s): Department of Geology of the Faculty of Exact and samuSaoebi mcenareuli nedleulidan zeTebisa da saqarTvelos arqiteqturaSi, maTze moqmedi ekolo- Natural Sciences of Tbilisi State University, University of Geneva biosawvavebis miRebis dargSi. garda amisa, periodu- giuri faqtorebi da dazianebuli nawilebis reabil- Publications (Switzerland) Participants: Switzerland, Serbia, Bulgaria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, lad sruldeba samuSaoebi saxifaTo nivTierebebis itacia-restavraciis SesaZleblobebi; ekologiurad ganeitralebis teqnologiebis SesamuSaveblad, ad- Turkey, and Iran usafrTxo sasuqebis gavlena aWaraSi gavrcelebuli Results of research carried out at the Institute were published in the gilobrivi nedleulis bazaze navToburi gamxsnelebis vazis _ Cxaveris produqtiulobaze. institutis samo- following highly ranked journals: Journal of Chromatography (Hol- misaRebad da navTobiT da navTobproduqtebiT dabin- interdisciplinuri sadoqtoro programis gan- mavlo gegmebSia: Zneladdnobadi da sali masalebis mi- land); Chromatographia (Germany); Chem. Anal. (Poland); Chemi- viTarebis Teoriuli da praqtikuli aspeqtebisadmi Zurebisgan garemos dasacavad da sxva. kro da nanofxvnilebis plakireba (dafarva) sxvadasxva cal and Environmental Research (CER) (India); Reports by the Acad- miZRvnili saerTaSoriso konferencia. TariRi: 2013 institutis ucxoeli partniorebi arian: azerbai- nanodanaferiT da maT safuZvelze eleqtroteqnikuri, emy of Sciences of USSR (Russia); Journal of Physical Chemistry wlis 1-2 maisi. Oorganizatori: ivane javaxiSvilis sax- janis erovnuli mecnierebaTa akademiis kulievis sax- ultraTanamedrove samSeneblo da radiaciis STan- (Russia); Journal of Applied Chemistry (Russia); Journal of Analyti- elobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis evro- elobis misarTebis instituti, aSS-is standartebis cal Chemistry (Russia); Журнал хроматографiчного товариства; puli kvlevebis instituti. monawileebi: saqarTvelo, mTqmeli masalebis miRebis inovaciuri teqnologiebis da teqnologiebis erovnuli instituti NIST/NIH/EPA. Хiмiя, фiзика та технологiя поверхнi (Ukraine); Journal of Chemi- avstria,Aazerbaijani, didi britaneTi, irlandia, slo- SemuSaveba. dagegmilia teqnologiebis SemuSaveba igegmeba erToblivi samuSaoebi aSS-is montanas teqni- cal Problems; Chemical Journal of Azerbaijan (Azerbaijan); Journal venia, somxeTi ungreTi. axali tipis kvazi hibriduli maRalefeqturi ionmi- kuri universitetis CAMP (Center for Advanced Mineral and of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Handbook of Condensed mocvliTi sistemebis (ionitebis) misaRebad, romlebic International Conference on Theoretical and Practical Issues for the Metallurgical Processing) centrTan. Phase Chemistry; Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Development of an Interdisciplinary PhD Program gamoiyeneba kvebis produqtebis, mtknari da mineral- QinstitutSi arsebul laboratoriebs Tavis mxriv (USA); Journal of Balkan Tribological Association (Poland), and Date: May 1-2, 2013 aqtiuri urTierToba aqvT: liverpulis da los–alamu- uri wylebis, medikamentebis gasufTavebaSi, qimiuri da others. A monograph “Natural Zeolites” prepared by Academicians Organizer(s): Institute of European Studies of Tbilisi State University sis nacionalur laboratoriebTan, aSS-is, germaniisa metalurgiuli warmoebis Camdinare wylebiT da toqsi- G. Tsitsishvili and T. Andronikashvili jointly with their Bulgarian Participants: Georgia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Great Britain, Ireland, da didi britaneTis samecniero organizaciebTan, ma- kuri airebiT garemos dabinZurebisagan dacvaSi da sxv. colleagues was published in Poland in 1990 and in England in 1992. Slovenia, Armenia, and Hungary.

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2013 2013 July Tsu science 112

prezident abraam linkolnis getisburgSi si- tyviT gamosvlis 150-e wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili amerikismcodneobis XIV yovelwliuri saerTaSoriso konferencia. TariRi: 2013 wlis 16 maisi. organiza- tori: Tsu humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis amerikismcodneobis saswavlo-samecniero instituti. Mmonawileebi: saqarTvelo, aSS, ruseTi.

14th Annual International Conference of American Studies dedicated to the 150th anniversary of Abraham Lincoln’s speech in Gettysburg Date: May 16, 2013 Organizer(s): Institute of American Studies of TSU Faculty of Hu- manities Participants: Georgia, USA, Russia.

qarTul-germanuli saerTaSoriso konferencia: „liberalizaciis tendenciebi saqarTvelos sisx- lis samarTlis kanonmdeblobaSi”. TariRi: 2013 wlis 16-17 maisi. Oorganizatorebi: ivane javaxiSvilis sax- elobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis iuridi- uli fakultetis sisxlis samarTlis mimarTuleba. monawileebi: saqarTvelo,G germania.

Tendencies of Liberalization in the Georgian Criminal Law, Geor- gian-German International Conference Date: May 16-17, 2013 Organizer(s): Direction of Criminal Law at the Faculty of Law, Tbili- si State University Participants: Georgia, Germany

saqarTvelos dermato-venerologTa asociaciis, iv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo univer- sitetis medicinis fakultetisa da Sps `kanisa da ven- sneulebaTa s/k erovnuli centris~ XXXVII konferen- cia. TariRi: 2013 wlis 18 ivnisi. Oorganizatori: saerTa- Soriso farmacevtuli kompania `sandozi~. Mmonawilee- bi: saqarTvelo, ruseTi.

37th Conference of the Georgian Association of Dermatologists and Venereologists, Faculty of Medicine, Tbilisi State University and Na- tional Center of Dermatological and Venereological diseases Date: June 18, 2013 Organizer(s): Sandoz, International pharmaceutical company Participants: Georgia, Russia.

profesor revaz gaCeCilaZis 70 wlis iubilesadmi miZRvnili saerTaSoriso samecniero konferencia „sivrce, sazogadoeba, politika“. TariRi: 2013 wlis 3-5 ivnisi. organizatorebi: Tsu socialur da poli- tikur mecnierebaTa fakulteti da saqarTvelos geo- grafiuli sazogadoeba. Mmonawileebi: saqarTvelo, aSS, bulgareTi, didi britaneTi, irlandia, italia, israe- li, moldova, niderlandebi, poloneTi, ruseTi.

Students’ Scientific Conference dedicated to the 70thanniversary of Professor Revaz Gachechiladzej: Space, Society, Politics Tsu bakalavrebis gamoSvebis ceremonia 2013 Date: June 1, 2013 Organizer(s): Faculty of Social and Political Sciences of Tbilisi State TSU Bachelor Graduation Ceremony 2013 University and Geographical Society of Georgia

Tsu mecniereba ivlisi 2013 ISSN 2233-3657

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