aucasus Journal C of social sciences Volume 11 2018 Politics and International Relations Education History and Anthropology Humanities Law and Art Public Health and Psychology Business and Economics ISSN 1512-3677 www.ug.edu.ge Caucasus Journal of Social Sciences Volume 11 Issue 1 The University of Georgia Publishing House Tbilisi 2018 UDC(uak) 908 (479) (06) k144 Printed at The University of Georgia. Tbilisi, Georgia. Copyright © 2018. All rights reserved by the University of Georgia. Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage. No responsibility for the views expressed by authors in the Caucasus Journal of Social Sciences is assumed by the editors or the publisher. Caucasus Journal of Social Sciences The University of Georgia. Georgia, Tbilisi, 0175. M. Kostava Street 77, Building IV. Tel: (+995 32) 255 22 22 Email: [email protected] Copyright © 2018 Caucasus Journal of Social Sciences ISSN 1512-3677 Caucasus Journal of Social Sciences Editor-in-Chief Jeremiah Paul Johnson Managing Editor Julieta Andguladze Board of Editors Abuladze Konstantine Tbilisi Teaching University “Gorgasali” Alasania Giuli The University of Georgia Blauvelt Timothy American Councils Carper Mark The University of Alaska Anchorage Davies Janette Oxford University Dzebisashvili Lasha The University of Georgia Ghudushauri Tinatin The University of Georgia Gvelesiani Mariam The University of Georgia Kakachia Kornely Tbilisi State University Kaladze Natia The University of Georgia Kazakhashvili Nata The University of Georgia Licheli Vakhtang The University of Georgia Meparishvili Marina The University of Georgia Nadareishvili Mamuka Chachava Clinic Raupp Edward Stefano Moshi Memorial University College Reisner Oliver The Humboldt University Sanadze Manana The University of Georgia Söderlind Ulrica Stockholm University Tsiskadze Mariam The University of Georgia iii iv Contents History Alasania Giuli Tbilisi in the 20th Century 1 Berikashvili David Coupal Isabelle The First Evidence of Burials from Samshvilde A Preliminary Archaeological and Bioarchaeological Study 31 Gudushauri Tinatin Sanadze Manana Identity Markers in the Georgian Narrative Sources of the Middle Centuries (Historical-Anthropological Analysis) 50 Lekiashvili Tamriko The Issue of Georgia’s Borders in the Main and Additional Agreements of Bret-Litovsk 58 Natenadze Elena Georgian and Abkhaz Discourses about 1992-1993 Armed Conflict: Narrative Analyzes of Interviews of Eyewitnesses. 64 International Relations Freedman Eric Neuzil Mark Takahashi Bruno Western Press Coverage of Environmental Controversies in the Caucasus: Filling the News and Information Gap? 87 Kvamladze Tato Nuclear Proliferation of the Islamic Republic of Iran: Challenging the Balance of Power in the Middle East 104 v Culture Bujiashvili Nino Multiculturalism and Aspects of Intercultural education in Georgia 114 Law Loria Giorgi Problematic Issues with Hermeneutics in Law 126 Lursmanashvili Lasha Reasonable Time Requirement: ECtHR Approach 141 Mamikonyan Lena Determining Factors of Voters’ Participation in Local Elections of Community Head in Armenia 178 vi Caucasus Journal of Social Sciences – History History Alasania Giuli The University of Georgia, Georgia Tbilisi in the 20th Century After the annexation of Georgia by Russia in the early 19th century the term “Sakartvelo” (Georgia) disappeared. The country split into two parts: Tbilisi government (eastern Georgia) and Kutaisi government (western Georgia). Unification of the country was a challenge for the Georgians dwelling inside and outside Georgia. The term “Sakartvelo” emerged once again in times of the inde- pendent Republic of Georgia (1918-1921). The present paper considers the history of Tbilisi which was tra- ditionally a political, administrative and cultural center of united Georgia, of eastern Georgia, of Caucasus, of the Trans-Caucasian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic (Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia until 1936), of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Georgia (1936- 1991) and Georgia (after proclaiming independence) and reflected all changing political contexts. The following issues are introduced: the process of urbanization, the demographic situation and the migration processes, as well as coexistence in the multicultural and multi-religious milieu. Along with the constructing activities, industrial, cultural and education- al achievements within the frames of the USSR, the violation of human rights, restriction of the Georgian language, the Georgian church, purges, reprisals, civil unrest, nepotism, corruption, the protests of opposition and the suppression of these protests, and consequently the bleeding of the nation throughout the 20th centu- ry which is still in place, are studied. Keywords: Georgia, Russia, Trans-Caucasia, Azerbaijan, Arme- nia, Democracy, urbanization, migration, 20 century. 1 Caucasus Journal of Social Sciences – History Tbilisi entered the 20th century as the center of Tbilisi province - one of the major administrative units of Russia and the residence of the Governor-General of the Cauca- sus. Along with its political-administrative function, Tbilisi also played a cultural and educational role, thus shaping both the political and cultural life of the region. At that time the world seemed to be a peaceful place. However, peace is not simply the absence of war. Europe had already been divided into opposing camps and the irrecon- cilable differences, which later led to World War I, were already obvious. The reasons that pitted these countries against each other are well-known. The main goals, namely to establish a new world order and re-distribute power were achieved to some extent. In 1901, Tbilisi celebrated the new century and the 100-year anniversary of becoming a part of Russia; however not everyone shared this “joy”. The advent of the new century made the population of Tbilisi forget their countless problems, the legacy of the preceding century only temporarily. It was a time when the name “Sakartvelo” (Georgia) was almost forgotten. The country was divided into provinces - Tbilisi province, Kutaisi province, etc. Georgians, both at home and abroad, dreamed of uniting these provinces into one country. However, only a few brave souls dared to speak about the political independence of the country. Political powers still tried to revert to the Georgievsk Treaty, which partially conceded the independence of the country and gave up the church’s autocephaly. While the Kutaisi province was fully populated by ethnic Georgians, they accounted for only three fifths of the population in Tbilisi province. In the second half of the 19th century, the population started to move from West Georgia to East Georgia. This significantly increased the population of Tbilisi. In 1865, according to official sources, there were 11 cities in Georgia. These were: Tbilisi, Kutaisi, Akhaltsikhe, Gori, Du- sheti, Akhalkalaki, Sokhumi, Telavi, Sighnaghi, Poti and Ozurgeti (Jaoshvili, 1984. pp. 106-107). In 1878, after the end of the Russian–Turkish war, Batumi was also in- cluded in the list of cities. More than half of Georgia’s urban population lived in Tbilisi (Jaoshvili, 1984. p.107). The growth of Tbilisi’s population in the 19th century, according to the calculation of I. D. Anchabadze and N. G. Volkova (Anchabadze, Volkova, 1990): 1811 – 8.2 thousand 1825 – 19.7 thousand 1864 – 60.1 thousand 2 Caucasus Journal of Social Sciences – History 1876 – 104.1 thousand 1897 – 168.8 thousand 1902 – 189.3 thousand (Anchabadze, Volkova, 1990, p. 24) Ethnic indicators for 1899 based on the research of the same authors (absolute and percentage): Armenians 63.0 thousand – 36.4%; Georgians 44.9 thousand – 26.0%; Russians 35.5 thousand – 21.1%; Persians 6.1 thousand – 3.5 %; Poles 4.6 thousand – 2.6%; “Tatars” 3.0 thousand – 1.7%; Germans 2.9 thousand -1.6%; Ossetians 2.0 thousand – 1.6%; Jews 2.4 thousand – 1.4%; Assyrians 1.6 thousand – 0.9 %; Greeks 1.0 thousand – 0.5%; French 0.4 thousand – 0.2%; Kurds 0.5 thousand – 0.2%; Lezgians 0.4 thousand – 0.2%; Turks 0.3 thousand – 0.1%; Chechens 0.4 thousand – 0.2%; Others 3.3 thousand -1.9% (Anchabadze, Volkova, 1990, p. 29). The total population amounted to 172.6 thousand. According to the data provided by V. Jaoshvili, the increase of Tbilisi population after the reform is set forth here: 1865 -71051, 1886 – 144822, 1897 – 159631, 1914 – 344629 (Jaoshvili, 1984, p. 108). In the ethnically diverse city, different religious confessions coexisted peacefully as in old times. In 19th-century Tbilisi, there were four major religious groups – the Ortho- dox, the Armenian-Gregorian, the Muslim, and the Catholic. According to the 1897 census, the Orthodox population totaled 83.7 thousand (Anchabadze, Volkova, 1980, p. 42.) and based on the same census the Armenian-Gregorian population amounted to 50.5 thousand ((Anchabadze, Volkova, 1980, p. 45). Muslims were represented in a 3 Caucasus Journal of Social Sciences – History relatively small number – 7.4 thousand (Anchabadze, Volkova, 1980, p. 46), consist- ing mainly of Shia Muslims. During the 19th-20th cc., this number increased at the expense of the Sunni Muslims, most of which were Tatars from Kazan. According to the same census, despite the persecution of Catholicism and the suppression of their activities in 1845, there were 7 thousand Catholics in Tbilisi (Anchabadze, Volkova, 1980, p. 47). There also were