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Deg Xinag Oral Traditions: Reconnecting Indigenous

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Deg Xinag Oral Traditions: Reconnecting Indigenous DEG XINAG ORAL TRADITIONS: RECONNECTING INDIGENOUS LANGUAGE AND EDUCATION THROUGH TRADITIONAL NARRATIVES A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the University of Alaska Fairbanks in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By Beth R. Leonard, B.A., M.Ed. Fairbanks, Alaska May 2007 iii Abstract “Deg Xinag,” literally ‘local language’ is the westernmost of the Athabascan1 languages. The language area is also referred to as “Deg Hit’an,” literally, ‘local people’. The Deg Hit’an are often referred to inappropriately in anthropological and linguistic literature as “Ingalik,” a Yup’ik word meaning ‘lice-infested’. There are currently three villages in western, interior Alaska where this language is spoken and about 20 fluent speakers of this language remaining. As I proceeded through my graduate research I came to understand the significance of indigenous language revitalization in relation to its potential contributions to indigenous and cross-cultural education. These contributions include establishing and enhancing self-identity and self-esteem for indigenous students, as well as contributing in-depth knowledge about local environments thereby enhancing place-based and funds of knowledge educational models (Barnhardt and Kawagley 2005: 15; Moll 1990). This dissertation presents an interdisciplinary analysis of a complex, cosmological Deg Hit’an narrative entitled “Nij’oqay Ni’idaxin” or “The Man and Wife” told in the Deg Xinag language by the late Belle Deacon of Grayling Alaska (1987b). Deacon also told her own English version and titled this “The Old Man Who Came Down From Above the Second Layer of the World” (1987c). Underlying structures and meanings used in the contexts of Deg Xinag oral traditions are currently lacking in most published materials for this language, making it difficult to learn and consequently, develop 1 The term “Athabascan” has varied spellings within the literature, including “Athapaskan” and “Athabaskan.” In 1997, Tanana Chiefs Conference (TCC), the interior Alaska tribal consortium adopted a resolution stating their tribes’ preference of the spelling using “b” and “c.” iv culturally-appropriate language learning programs and curriculum. This analysis encompasses the fields of Alaska Native/indigenous studies, anthropology, and folklore/oral traditions using philosophical and pedagogical frameworks established by indigenous scholars including Gregory Cajete, Oscar Kawagley, and Greg Sarris. v Table of Contents Page Abstract......................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................v List Of Figures .............................................................................................................. ix List Of Tables................................................................................................................ ix Preface .......................................................................................................................... xi Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................... xiii CHAPTER 1....................................................................................................................1 Introduction to the Deg Hit’an Area .................................................................1 Deg Hit’an Resource Documents......................................................................5 Personal Introduction .......................................................................................7 Education, Literacy and Oral Traditions: Personal Reflections .......................11 Endangered Languages...................................................................................17 Learning Dinaxinag (Our Language): My Own Journey.................................20 Deg Xinag Language Materials ......................................................................21 Language Learning Methods and Challenges..................................................22 Language Documentation: Initial Methodologies ...........................................25 Chapter 1 Conclusion.....................................................................................29 CHAPTER 2..................................................................................................................31 Introduction to Athabascan Oral Traditions ....................................................31 Oral Traditions: Aspects of Documentation and Analysis...............................33 vi Page Indigenous Knowledge Systems: Subsistence Beliefs and Practices................36 Survey Of Selected Deg Hit’an Literature ......................................................42 Hunting Narratives.........................................................................................43 Hunting Narratives Summary.........................................................................48 Chel Xudhoy Narratives..................................................................................48 Chel Xudhoy Summary...................................................................................60 Creation Narrative: Q’idighidhilinh Axa Nixudhidhit Ts’in’ ...........................61 Summary of Selected Deg Hit’an Narratives ..................................................63 Translations From English To Deg Xinag: The Lord’s Prayer ........................64 Translations Summary....................................................................................67 Chapter 2 Conclusion.....................................................................................69 CHAPTER 3..................................................................................................................72 Introduction to “Engithidong Xugixudhoy: Their Stories of Long Ago”..........72 Overview of “Long Ago” or “Far Distant Time” Narratives ...........................75 Overview of the Recording Context ...............................................................79 Overview and Analysis of “Nij’oqay Ni’idaxin: The Man and Wife”..............82 Narrative Summary of “Nij’oqay Ni’idaxin: The Man and Wife”....................86 “The Old Man Who Came Down From Above the Second Layer of This World”...........................................................................................................90 Four Levels of the Deg Hit’an Universe .........................................................91 “The First Man and Woman” .........................................................................93 vii Page Epistemology and Ontology: Aspects of the Wife ..........................................96 Epistemology and Ontology: Aspects of the Pike .........................................102 The Pike’s Role in Subsistence Practices......................................................105 Vanhgiq: “Ice Cream” ..................................................................................106 Creation, Transformation, Symbolism, and Hierarchy ..................................109 Chapter 3 Conclusion...................................................................................110 CHAPTER 4................................................................................................................113 Introduction..................................................................................................113 The Roles of Oral Traditions in Traditional Education..................................116 The Reflection of Cultural Values in Traditional Narratives .........................120 Second Language Pedagogy.........................................................................130 Adult Indigenous Language Programs..........................................................132 Language Ideologies: Aspects of Indigenous Language Acquisition.............137 Traditional Narratives and Adult Second Language Learning.......................139 Chapter 4 Conclusion...................................................................................146 CHAPTER 5................................................................................................................149 Overview of Chapters 1-4 ............................................................................149 Data Collection and Compilation..................................................................150 Cultural and Intellectual Property Rights......................................................155 Research Issues in Postsecondary Institutions...............................................160 Conclusion ...................................................................................................161 viii Page REFERENCES CITED ...............................................................................................165 Appendix.....................................................................................................................184 ix List Of Figures Page Figure 1: Alaska Native Languages Map .........................................................................2 List Of Tables Page Table 1: Deg Xinag Introduction......................................................................................9 Table 2: Deg Xinag Terms for ‘Bear’ ............................................................................26 Table 3: Deg Xinag Terms for ‘Birds’ and ‘Plants’.......................................................27
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