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3. Celtic Languages Freie Universität Berlin Fachbereich Philosophie und Geisteswissenschaften Appropriating New Technology for Minority Language Revitalization: The Welsh Case DISSERTATION zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) Vorgestellt von Mourad Ben Slimane Appropriating New Technology for Minority Language Revitalization Gutachter: 1. Prof. Dr. Gerhard Leitner 2. Prof. Dr. Carol W. Pfaff Disputation: Berlin, den 27.06.2008 2 Appropriating New Technology for Minority Language Revitalization Acknowledgments This dissertation would not have been written without the continuous support as well as great help of my dear Professor Gerhard Leitner. His expertise, understanding, and patience added considerably to my research experience. I would like to express my deep gratitude for him because it was his persistence and direction that encouraged me to complete my Ph.D. My special thanks goes out to Professor Carol W. Pfaff for giving me the opportunity to do a seminar on endangered languages at the John F. Kennedy Institute, which has been very useful for my thesis and professional experience. Thanks to Professor Peter Kunsmann, PD Dr.Volker Gast, and Dr. Florian Haas for kindly accepting to serve on my defense committee. I would also like to thank the Freie University of Berlin for the financial support that it provided me with to finish my research. The Welsh Language Board has also been very supportive in offering me recent literature on the development of Information Technology during my visit to Wales. Thanks to Grahame Davies from BBC Wales who provided me with many insights at different points in time with regard to Welsh new media and related matters. Last but not least, I would like to thank my family for its moral support during the different phases of writing my dissertation. 3 Appropriating New Technology for Minority Language Revitalization Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................................... 4 NOTATIONAL CONVENTIONS ................................................................................................................................ 8 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................... 11 1.1. PLAN AND INTEREST .............................................................................................................................................. 11 1.2. DEFINING SOME TERMS ......................................................................................................................................... 13 1.3. MODELS ..................................................................................................................................................................23 2. LANGUAGE ENDANGERMENT AND LANGUAGE REVITALIZATION.................................................... 29 2.1. OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................................................................... 29 2.2. CAUSES OF LANGUAGE ENDANGERMENT ............................................................................................................... 29 2.3. WHY CARE ? .......................................................................................................................................................... 34 2.4. TYPES OF LANGUAGE REVITALIZATION PROGRAMS ............................................................................................... 40 3. CELTIC LANGUAGES........................................................................................................................................... 50 3.1. OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................................................................... 50 3.2. APPROACHES ......................................................................................................................................................... 50 3.3. PERSPECTIVES ON CELTIC LANGUAGES AND ENGLISHES ....................................................................................... 58 4. MINORITY LANGUAGES AND LANGUAGE POLICIES IN THE UK.......................................................... 62 4.1. OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................................................................... 62 4.2. THE WELSH LANGUAGE ........................................................................................................................................ 63 4.3. THE CORNISH LANGUAGE ..................................................................................................................................... 70 4.4. THE MANX LANGUAGE ......................................................................................................................................... 75 4.5. THE GAELIC LANGUAGE ........................................................................................................................................ 78 4.6. THE ULSTER SCOTS LANGUAGE ............................................................................................................................ 81 4.7. THE IRISH GAELIC LANGUAGE .............................................................................................................................. 84 5. ISSUES IN LANGUAGE PLANNING AND POLICY......................................................................................... 92 5.1. OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................................................................... 92 5.2. IMAGE AND PRESTIGE PLANNING ........................................................................................................................... 92 5.3. INITIATIVES IN INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSMISSION ............................................................................................ 96 6. FOCUS ON TECHNOLOGY................................................................................................................................ 102 6.1. OVERVIEW ......................................................................................................................................................... 102 6.2. DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY ........................................................................................................................ 102 6.3. MINORITY LANGUAGE MEDIA .............................................................................................................................. 107 6.4. ISSUES SURROUNDING TECHNOLOGIES ................................................................................................................ 115 4 Appropriating New Technology for Minority Language Revitalization 7. STUDY OF SOME EXAMPLES OF TECHNOLOGY FORMS....................................................................... 122 7.1. OVERVIEW ......................................................................................................................................................... 122 7.2. THE LUSHOOTSEED CASE .................................................................................................................................... 122 7.3. THE MAORI CASE ................................................................................................................................................ 126 7.4. THE BASQUE CASE .............................................................................................................................................. 131 7.5. THE MOHAWK CASE ............................................................................................................................................ 136 7.6. THE WARLPIRI CASE ........................................................................................................................................... 140 7.7. THE KHASI CASE ................................................................................................................................................. 145 7.8. ASSESSMENT ....................................................................................................................................................... 148 8. TECHNOLOGIES APPROPRIATED BY THE WELSH COMMUNITY....................................................... 151 8.1. OVERVIEW ......................................................................................................................................................... 151 8.2. BILINGUAL WEBSITES ......................................................................................................................................... 151 8.3. DIGITAL LIBRARY ................................................................................................................................................ 158 8.4. DIGITAL COLLEGE ............................................................................................................................................... 162 8.5. DIGITAL TELEVISION : S4C .................................................................................................................................. 164 8.6. INTERNET RADIOS ..............................................................................................................................................
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