SAFETY 101: Highlights from an Introductory Safety Course

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May 17, 2016 Wisconsin Safety Council Conference

T.W. Loushine, PhD, PE, CSP, CIH Assoc. Prof. of Occ. & Env. Safety & Health University of Wisconsin-Whitewater

Purpose of this Session

• Review topics atypical of “fundamental” safety seminars… • foundational vs. applied/practical • Talk about ideas and concepts that will help you better frame your perspective and approach to OSH issues • Share some online resources that you can use for self- study • Answer your questions

• Note: Format follows my 5-module course

From Module 1: Review the history of work, roles/responsibilities of the safety professional, websites of NSC, BCSP, and ASSE, and watching two documentaries (McWane Corp. and 1911 Triangle fire). • OSH is a field, not a profession (by definition) • Ferguson, LH & Ramsay, JD (2010) Development of a Profession, Professional Safety, October issue • Less than 50% of OSH “professionals” do not have a safety degree (Brauer 2006) • All practitioners should be familiar with OSH professional organizations

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ASSE Code of Professional Conduct

In the fulfillment of my duties as a safety professional and as a member of the Society, I shall: 1. Inform the public, employers, employees, clients and appropriate authorities when professional judgment indicates that there is an unacceptable level of risk . 2. Improve knowledge and skills through training, education and networking. 3. Perform professional services only in the area of competence. 4. Issue public statements in a truthful manner, and only within the parameters of authority granted. 5. Serve as an agent and trustee, avoiding any appearance of conflict of interest. 6. Assure equal opportunity to all.

Functions of the Safety Professional (Based on ANSI Z590)

• Anticipate, identify and evaluate hazardous conditions and practices • Develop hazard control designs, methods, procedures, and programs • Implement, administer and advise other on hazard controls and hazard control programs • Measure, audit and evaluate the effectiveness of hazard controls and hazard control programs

Major Figures & Events of OSH History • Industrial Revolution (1760-1840) • Scientific Management (F.W. Taylor) • Industrial Accident Prevention (H.W. Heinrich) HIGHLY RECOMMEND YOU WATCH THESE VIDEOS: • Triangle Shirtwaist Fire (1911) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/triangle/player/ • “A Dangerous Business” (The McWane Story) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/mcwane/

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Industrial Revolution (late 1700s-early 1800s)

F.W. Taylor’s Scientific Management • “Father of industrial engineering” • First to bring time study into the workplace • Tool specification • Piece-rate pay scale to motivate production • Monotonous tasks (efficient) with performance standards (motivation) and management control

Heinrich’s Industrial Accident Prevention (1931)

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From Module 2: Search, read/interpret, and properly cite OSHA standards, and understand the OSHA inspection process.

Breaking Down the Standards

• The CFR is first broken down into Titles • There are 50 Titles covering a wide range of regulations • The OSHA regulations are found in Title 29 • Titles are divided into Parts • Parts represent the rules on a single program or function • Parts include 1900s (1904, 1910 ,1926) • Parts are further broken down into Sections which appear as decimal numbers after the Part number • For example 29 CFR 1904.2 • Sometimes in legal writing as §1904.2 • Sections are divided into Paragraphs and sub-paragraphs

Top 10 most frequently cited standards (Oct. 1, 2013, to Sept. 30, 2014) 1. 1926.501 - Fall Protection 2. 1910.1200 - Hazard Communication 3. 1926.451 - Scaffolding 4. 1910.134 - Respiratory Protection 5. 1910.178 - Powered Industrial Trucks 6. 1910.147 - Lockout/Tagout 7. 1926.1053 - Ladders 8. 1910.305 - Electrical, Wiring Methods 9. 1910.212 - Machine Guarding 10. 1910.303 - Electrical, General Requirements

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Top 10 Highest Penalties cited standards (October 1, 2010 through September 30, 2011):

1. Fall protection, construction ( 29 CFR 1926.501 ) 2. Scaffolding, general requirements, construction ( 29 CFR 1926.451 ) 3. Control of hazardous energy (lockout/tagout), general industry ( 29 CFR 1910.147 ) 4. Machines, general requirements, general industry ( 29 CFR 1910.212 ) 5. Ladders, construction ( 29 CFR 1926.1053 ) 6. Excavations, requirements for protective systems ( 29 CFR 1926.652 ) 7. Powered industrial trucks, general industry ( 29 CFR 1910.178 ) 8. General duty clause ( Section 5(a)(1) of the OSH Act ) 9. Electrical, wiring methods, components and equipment, general industry ( 29 CFR 1910.305 ) 10. Electrical systems design, general requirements, general industry ( 29 CFR 1910.303 )

10 most accessed GI standards (www.osha.gov)

1. Bloodborne Pathogens – 1910.1030 2. Hazard Communication – 1910.1200 3. Respiratory Protection – 1910.134 4. Occupational Noise Exposure – 1910.95 5. Powered Industrial Trucks – 1910.178 6. Permit-required Confined Spaces – 1910.146 7. Lockout/Tagout – 1910.147 8. Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response – 1910.120 9. Guarding Floor and Wall Openings and Holes – 1910.23 10. Personal Protective Equipment – 1910.132

Researching Standards

• Given a situation/hazard, you should be able to find, cite, & interpret OSHA requirements • Go to http://www.osha.gov/ and click on “ regulations ” tab • Begin by locating the section (19XX) by “subject” • Then look at Part number for the proper designated topic within the subject • Then look at paragraph and subparagraph for final statement/application of rule • As a beginner, you can also start at the Safety and Health Topics Pages, and look at the links to regulations or PDF handouts

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Example of Search & Cite • 6 foot high open edge work surface. Does it require railings or protection from falls? • Look at subjects (general industry, 1910)…Subpart D “walking working surfaces” • Read the sections under subpart D • .21, “Definitions”? No. • .22, “General requirements”? No. • .23, “Guarding floor/wall openings”? Yes! • Read the standard, based on paragraph • (a) “protection for floor openings”? No. • (b) “protection for wall openings and holes”? No. • (c) “protection of open-sided floors, platforms”? Yes. • Read/interpret sub-paragraphs, items, sub-items • (1) “4 feet or more… shall be guarded by standard rail (e)(3)” • Note requirements under (e) • Cited Std: 29 CFR 1910.23(c)(1) and 29 CFR 1910.23(e)

From Module 3: The basis/beginning for any safety and health program is injury/illness reports and databases and data collected from audits/inspections and incident investigations reports. The results of data collection goes into OSHA recordkeeping, workers compensation, and to improve the safety program. • There are other sessions at this conference addressing: • OSHA Recordkeeping • Workers Compensation • Injury and Accident Data Analysis • Hazard Identification and Workplace Auditing Techniques • Workplace safety is a continuously evolving picture • Requires multiple forms of assessment to clarify • Let’s take a look at the Bureau of Labor Statistics…

Bureau of Labor Statistics

• Go to: www.bls.gov • Under “subject areas” tab, select “workplace injuries” • Two Important Reports: • Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI) • Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (SOII) • Some results displayed on the right-hand side • We will discuss “OSHA recordables” in later • Delay in reports due to time needed for collection/verification/analysis • 2013 revised CFOI, 2014 prelims due in August 2015 • 2013 SOII, 2014 SOII due in December 2015

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Incidence Rates • BLS “How to” calculate incidence rates: http://www.bls.gov/iif/osheval.htm • Total Case IR = total number of OSHA recordable cases per 100 FTE • Days Away, Restricted, Transfer IR = number of DA or T/R recordable cases per 100 FTE • IR = (# cases) x 200,000/(hours worked) • # workers x 2,000 hrs/yr can replace (hours worked) • “200,000” represents 100 FTE working 2,000 hrs/yr

U.S. Workplace Fatalities

“Dangerous” Industries (by rate)

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Causes of Fatal Injuries

Highest Non-Fatal by Industry

Causes of Non-Fatal Injuries

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From Module 4: Expose the student to a wide-range of technology, tools, and machinery that contain hazards that need to be assessed and controlled to prevent injuries and illnesses; as part of an effective safety and health program.

• Building from Module 3’s auditing, JHA, and hazard inspection techniques, this module explores the Hierarchy of Controls and applies to: • Overexertion, Ergonomics, and Material Handling • Falls, Slips, Trips, Walking/Working Surfaces, and Ladder Safety • Struck-by/Caught-in (machine safeguarding and robot safety) • Electrical and Fire Safety

• Let’s take a look at the Hierarchy of Controls…

Safeguarding (and Machine Guarding)

• Prevent human contact with machine energy while working with or around machines • OSHA’s S&H Topic (29 CFR 1910.211-.219) : • http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/machineguarding/index.html • NIOSH Machine Safety webpage: • http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/machine/ • Manufacturers provide only a minimum level of guarding, and companies tend to customize machines to their production needs, therefore guards should be custom-made.

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Forms of Machine Hazards • Rotating, reciprocating, and transverse motions • In-running nip points • Cutting actions • Punching, shearing, and bending actions

• All forms of machine (kinetic and force) energy require special attention to the design of effective guarding

Point-of-Operation Protection Devices

• Guarding attempts to prevent hand access (typically 3/8 inch) to point of operation, but allow for feed of product • NOTE: OSHA has an Amputation National Emphasis Program (NEP) right now

Photo from http://www.ohscanada.com/news/a-miller-s-tale/1000157959/

Point of Operation Safeguards

• Barriers or devices that (attempt) to keep hands/body parts away from point of operation while in operation • Built-in safeguards (considered to design-out the hazard) • Barrier guards • Interlocking barrier guards • Automatic safeguarding devices • Light-beam or light-curtain, and two- handed actuators are common

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Administrative Controls • Job Rotation • Moving workers from task to task (limit “too much”) • Work Hardening • Make workers more “fit” for job by easing them in • Fit for Duty • Pre-screening for workers with certain attributes • Training • Education and skill development

Control of Hazardous Energy (LOTO) • For maintenance, inspection, or servicing, all forms of machine energy needs to be isolated and released prior to work • OSHA’s Lock-out Tag-out (29 CFR 1910.147) • http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/controlhazardou senergy/index.html • Employer is responsible for evaluating each machine and developing procedures, training, and equipment for shutdown and start-up

Safety Training • Training on how to do the job safely vs. just doing the job • Identification of hazards, hazard controls, and other forms of protection • Tools and procedures to use • When to ask for help/assistance • What to do if you are injured • OSHA Stds require training

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Warning Signage

• Notification/reminder of hazards and what to avoid • ANSI Z535.2, Safety Signs

Personal Protective Equipment

• When sources of injury or illness cannot be controlled at its source, protection against exposure can be placed on the work • PPE H&S Topics (29 CFR 1910.95, .132-.138) • http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/personalprotectiveequipment/ • PPE Program • Policy on usage (workers and visitors) • Evaluation and selection of proper types of PPE • Training program (use, inspection, storage, etc.) • Enforcement of use

Forms of PPE

• Eye/Face • Hand/arm • Head/Feet • Body • Respiratory • Hearing • Fall prevent

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Selection and Training • Employer must document the process for selecting appropriate proper PPE (JHA) • Employer must purchase, or make suitable funds available to employees for purchase • Limitation of PPE: improper use, damaged, not used • Training should focus on: • Hazards and why PPE is needed • Selection, proper usage, and limitations of PPE • Demonstration of use, adjustment, or fit • Policies on use, storage, inspection, replacement, and emergencies

From Module 5: Extending beyond the safety program elements and hazard identification/assessment/control, today's safety professionals are expected to have expertise/knowledge in health, worker behavior, and business.

• Honestly, this module was meant to be a “catch-all” for the remaining OSH issues. • Industrial Hygiene, Health Standards, NIOSH website • Hazard Communication (and GHS), reading SDS/MSDS • Elements of Respiratory Protection and Hearing Conservation Programs • Purpose of Behavioral-Based Safety initiatives

OSH Trends

• OSHA NEP’s – Recordkeeping, Underserved Workers, Amputation hazards, Comprehensive S&H Programs, etc. • LEAN safety (quality management) • Systems & Risk-based safety (ISO & ANSI) • Cost/benefit justified safety (business case)

• Professionalization of the OSH Practice • Accreditation of degrees and licensure • Recognition of Valid and Reliable sources and organizations

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Final Exam

• Demonstrate what you learned in the course. • Post 10 items with 4 parts each. • You will be provided 10 accident video links: 1. Watch the video and identify the hazard(s) 2. Use BLS, OSHA, NIOSH to cite fatality/injury data on that type of hazard 3. Properly cite the OSHA standard for the accident 4. Make recommendations for controls (using course materials, OSHA, etc. and consider the hazard control hierarchy) • Each response will be graded on a scale of 0 -10. Total of 100 pts

Time Permitting… Hazard ID Photos

• The following 17 slides contain photos of OSH issues used for class discussion and training students to properly identify, assess, and research safety and health issues

Hazard Identification

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Hazard Identification

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Hazard Identification

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Hazard Identification

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Hazard Identification

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Hazard Identification

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What is he doing?!?

Thank you for attending. Let me know if you want a copy of this presentation. Or Email me at [email protected]

Any Questions??