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AFRICAN Research Journal in African Languages LANGUAGES AFRICAN Research Journal in African Languages https://royalliteglobal.com LANGUAGES The Position of Bono Dialect in Presumable Future in Atebubu Municipality in Ghana Adu David Tuffour Department of Languages, Atebubu College of Education This article is published by Royallite Email: [email protected] Global, P. O. Box 26454-Nairobi 00504 Kenya in the: Abstract Research Journal in This paper is a study into the position of Bono African Languages language in Atebubu community. The purpose was to find out the domains in which Bono dialect is used and Volume 1, Issue 1, 2020 also based on it to identify the phase in which the © 2020 The Author(s) language can be placed, as far as the marked This open access article is bilingualism model is concerned. Data collected for distributed under a Creative this study was analyzed using both quantitative and Commons Attribution (CC-BY) qualitative methods. The results proved that mostly 4.0 license. the youth, aged between eighteen and forty five and Article Information children between the ages of eleven and seventeen do Submitted: 20th September 2019 not speak the language in various domains. This is Accepted: 5th October 2019 Published: 24th January 2020 because, they see more prestige in speaking Asante Conflict of Interest: No potential Twi than Bono which is their local dialect. The conflict of interest was reported theoretical framework used for the analysis were by the author causality theory. Finally, based on the findings, it was Funding: None identified that Bono dialect can be placed in phase Additional information is three of the five phases that show the extinction available at the end of the article processes and based on this, it was declared that the Bono dialect is gradually being abandoned in favour of Asante Twi. https://creativecommons.org/lice nses/by/4.0/ Keywords: Bono language, language, Twi Research Journal in African Languages Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at: https://royalliteglobal.com/index.php/african-languages P a g e | 4 Volume 1 (No 1), 2020 AFRICAN Research Journal in African Languages https://royalliteglobal.com LANGUAGES 1.0 Introduction Since creation, language has always been a medium of communication is a code that one cannot do way with; Apart from being a means of communicating our thoughts and feelings language frames friendships, cultural ties and economic relationships of communities, nations and even human beings as well. (Baker, 2008; Brokhorst-Heng, 1999 & Fishman, 1994) Atebubu is one of the Municipal capital of Bono East Region. The town occupied by three different tribes; the Bono who are the natives, the Asante and Hausa. The Bono’s in Atebubu have their own unique culture that makes them different from any other tribe in Ghana. They practice by using their Bono dialect, while the Asante’s also practice theirs usually using Asante Twi. However, Asante Twi has become the lingua franca of the entire municipality because of that is the medium through which all socioeconomic activities are undertaken. Most of the villages that surrounding the town are occupied by Konkonbas and Dagaabas who are in the Zongo community. Hence, the language choice used for trade at the market is Asante Twi. Also, at churches, funerals and other public places and social gatherings it is the use of Asante Twi is common denominator. Since Bono language is not documented and hence not studied in school, children from that community go to school to study Asante Twi. Also, children from the Asante community have been enrolled in schools in the Bono community, and they make friends with them, so they all use Asante Twi to interact with one another, during recreation. As a result of these factors, the Bono community has now become diaglossic. Apart from home and making of libation or deep cultural practice, all other activities been education commerce and polities all is done by Asante Twi. As children from Bono grow, they adopt the Asante Twi as their second language. Another factor is inter- tribal marriages, higher education and some economic factors have caused most of the youth to either move from Bono community to stay among the Asantes within the town or have migrated entirely from Atebubu to different districts nearby or to other regions. As the Marked bilingualism mode’ propounded by Batibo (1992, 1997) makes an assumption that language shift can take place when there is a state of bilingualism; and also, Kulick (1997) suggests that daily interactions attitude towards language and change can contribute to a shift in language and culture, the factors enumerated above shows that there is the possibility that the position of Bono dialect in Atebubu may face some threats or may endanger. This is because, most of the indigenous or natives have become bilingual with Bono being their first language and Asante their second language. In view of this, I have taken it upon myself to investigate the situation to find out the position of P a g e | 5 Volume 1 (No 1), 2020 AFRICAN Research Journal in African Languages https://royalliteglobal.com LANGUAGES the Bono language; whether it is been maintained or is progressively being abandoned by the people themselves. 2.0 Problem Statement A lot of studies have gone into language shift and language maintenance. J. N. Akpanglo- Nartey and R. A. Akapanglo-Nartey (2012) investigated some endangered languages, focusing on Efutu and Ga- Damgbe; Boafo (2002) did a study on sociolinguistics survey of the Awutu-Efutu language area while Agyekum (2010) worked on international Language Shift where people are abandoning their native language in favour of English Language and intra- national Language Shift where people are abandoning their indigenous or native languages in favour of another Ghanaian Language that is attaining a lingua franca status. Meanwhile, Bono community in Atebubu Municipality of the Bono East Region of Ghana, which has become a bilingual speech community, has not seen any similar research concerning the position of the Bono language. Whether the people are maintaining their language or abandoning it in favour of Asante Twi is not known. Hence this work to examine the position of Bono dialect in Atebubu Municipality. 3.0 Literature Review 3.1.1 Language maintenance “Language maintenance is a situation in which language maintains its vitality, even under pressure” (Batibo, 2004, p. 102). According to him, in a situation of language shift, there has been a strong resistance from the minor language to the pressures from the dominant language. This has been possible because, transmission of L1 to the children is active and perfect. There is a stable diglossic situation and the functions of L1 and L2 remain unchanged. Baker (2011), establishes that, in language maintenance, there is a relative language stability in the number and distribution of its speakers its proficient usage by children and adults and its retention in specific domains (for example, home, school, religious activities). Bernrabah, (2004) posits that language maintenance is continuous use of the mother tongue, regardless of the cultural pressures from a more prestigious or politically more dominant languages. This mean that language maintenance should be firmly positioned regardless of external, political, socio cultural, economical pressure. Auburgur (1990), based on the fact that language is said to be maintained when it is able to maintain its vitality even under pressure from a dominant language, and then comes out with models. He proposes five (5) factors that assist to maintain and sustain P a g e | 6 Volume 1 (No 1), 2020 AFRICAN Research Journal in African Languages https://royalliteglobal.com LANGUAGES proficiency in a minority language where speakers are confronted by dominant language. These are: . A strict diglossic use of both the minority and dominant language. There should be an emotional attachment to the minority language to its use. The orality of the minority language must be backed by a written mode. The minority language must be sustained through a successful learning level of proficiency. Reinforcement must be done by other speakers of the language from the main source. In reality, Auburgur is trying to maintain the fact that minority language needs constant speaking in all areas so as to maintain the language. It can be from the old to the new generation of backing it with written mode to enhance the maintenance of the language. Lucas (2002), attests to the fact that, efforts made by inside agents and outside institution as well as authorities to preserve a language or a dialect constituting a particular communities, depends on how often the local vernacular is used. He explains that there are factors which influence both language shift and maintenance and such is called, linguistic ideologies. According to him, speakers monitor their speech and their idea contact with each other by face- to- face interactions within a philosophical movement that describes the formal structure of their language. Fishman, (2007) states, that language maintenance and language shift is concerned with the relationship between change or stability in a habitual language use and ongoing psychological, social and culture processes. In reality, Fishman means that, if some speakers of a language stay in contact, and constantly use a language, it is most likely to maintain the language, however, when it deviates then a replacement sets in. Fasold, (1990) cited in Nigel that language maintenance and shift is said to be double sides and the stronger language is numerically stronger as speakers are concerned, but in some cases, the majority of languages are spoken by dominant elite, may in fact be the first of the minority. This power differential may be either perceived or real with regards to language group. Lee (2009), also claims that a community’s awareness of language and its responsible to its endangered language situation is a fundamental factor that will determine the future of its language.
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