Index (unpublished) by Helene S. Ferranti to: Bolles, Edmund Blair. The Ice Finders: How a Poet, a Professor, and a Politician Discovered the . Washington, DC: Counterpoint, 1999.

A Alps origin, 65, 73, 87, 217, 221 Adams, Henry, 214 Amazon River expedition, Agassiz's, 238-39 the Advance (ship) American Geographical and Statistical Society, 7 cannabalized for fuel, 132, 134, 169 anticatastrophism, Lyell's, 38, 51, 73, 115, 143, Melville Bay crossing by, 45-48 180-81 rat infestation of, 131-32 Association of German Naturalists, 107 retreat party's return trips to, 170-71, 176 Agassiz, Alexander, 52 B Agassiz, Cécile, 42, 51-52, 178 Baker, Jefferson, death of, 98 Agassiz, Louis Beaumont, Élie de, catastrophism and, 89-90, beliefs/opinions: on catastrophism, 71-73, 222 87, 179-83, 235; on Beechy Island escape party, 102 creation/extinction of species, 29, Ben Nevis, 120-21, 122, 234 71-72, 89, 179-83, 184, 215-16, 235, Bex potholes, 52-53, 59 237-38; on drift theory, 53-59, 66; Bible, 198, 203 on evolution, 29, 181; religious, 29, biblical flood, 40, 93, 108-9 214-17, 239, 241 blocks of Monthey, 59, 115 character/personality: as fact-lover, 69-70, See also erratic boulders 239; thin skin of, 151; work habits, Bonaparte, Charles-Lucien, 109 27, 41, 59, 113, 217, 239 boulders, erratic. See erratic boulders early years: background, 25-27; as Cuvier Braun, Cécile. See Agassiz, Cecile protegé, 14-15, 25, 38; fossil fish Brazilian theory, 239-40 investigations, 25, 28, 37-38, 40-41, Bridgewater treatise, 75, 107-9 51; marriage to Cécile (née Braun), British Association for the Advancement of 42, 51-52, 178; Neuchâtel Science, 117-19, 177, 179-81 appointment, 25-26; Neuchâtel Buch, Leopold von. See von Buch publishing house, 38, 41, 178; Buckland, William Neuchâtel Society of Natural Bridgewater treatise, 75, 107-9 Sciences, 27, 41; nicknamed "the diluvium and, 40, 108-9 Carp", 70 geological dating and, 39-40 expeditions/excursions: Alps, 51-59, 65-68, Ice Age theory and, 107-10, 129 106, 107-10, 148-51; Brazil, 238-40; Lyell and, 24, 124 Great Lakes, 192-98; Scottish Scottish glacier theory and, 119-23, 127-29 Highlands, 119-23 glacier/Ice Age theory: cessation of new C work on, 214-17; collaboration with Carozzi, Albert, 69 Schimper on, 59-60, 64-65, 68-74, catastrophism (catastrophe theory) 151; Études sur les , 113; Agassiz and, 71-73, 87, 179-83, 235 feud with James Forbes, 150-53, Cuvier and, 14-15 199, 203; later contributions to, 241; Élie de Beaumont and, 222 Neuchâtel Discourse, 83-90, 126, Leopold von Buch and, 65, 73, 84 235-36; Scottish glacier theory and, Lyell and, 25, 180-81, 217, 221-22, 235-37 119-23; Swiss glacier theory and, mountain building and, 65, 73, 87, 217, 221 44-45, 51-59, 66-68, 84-86, 103-5, See also anticatastrophism, Lyell's 152; Système glaciaire, 177-79 chain of being. See Great Chain of Being later years: 50th birthday dinner, 211-13; Charpentier, Jean de Boston visit, 183-86; death, 241-42; Agassiz and, 43, 45, 51-59, 66-68, 152 promotion of Kane's book, 211; background, 42 remarriage, 214 glacier theory of, 43-45, 105-6, 200-201 legacy: impact on scientific education, 214, Lyell and, 49-51, 218-19 242-44; on scientific practice, 107, response to Neuchâtel Discourse, 84-86 178-79, 186, 238 Christian, Hans, 16-17, 36, 61-63, 100-101, relationship with Lyell, 38, 180-83 135-36 creation/extinction of species on Lake Superior shores, 195-96 Agassiz's views on, 29, 71-72, 89, 179-83, at Niagara Falls, 142-43 184, 215-16, 235, 237-38 in Rhone , 52-53 Bridgewater treatise and, 75 Schimper's studies of, 69 Cuvier's lecture on, 13-15 von Buch and, 65, 84, 92 Edward Forbes' fossil evidence and, 179-83 Eskimos, 99, 112, 132, 173-75 Lamarck and, 14 Etah glacier, 173 Lyell's views on, 180-81, 235-36 Études sur les glaciers (Agassiz), 113 shift of focus regarding, 76-77 evolution See also evolution Agassiz and, 29, 181 the Creator Cuvier and, 14-15 Agassiz's views on, 29, 71, 89, 215, 237, Darwin and, 11, 238 239 the Great Chain of Being and, 12-14 Bridgewater treatise and, 75 Lamarck's theory of, 14 vs. a Destroyer, 76-77 Lyell and, 181 Cuvier, Georges, 10-15, 25 as progress, 11-12, 71 See also creation/extinction of species D extinction of species. See creation/extinction of Darwin, Charles species evolution and, 11, 238 Lyell's influence on, 10, 50 F philosophical difference with pre- Faith (boat), rescue of, 207 Darwinians, 11 flood, Noah's, 40, 93, 108-9 De Haven, Edwin, 6 Forbes, Edward De Haven expedition (1850), 6, 7 Channel dredge investigations with Agassiz the Deluge, 40, 93, 108-9 and Lyell, 181-83 Desor, Edouard, 179, 186 fossil evidence paper, 177, 179-81 diluvium, 40, 93, 108-9 migration of species and, 179-81, 235-36 Dinkel, Joseph, 28 Forbes, James drift theory British founder, 199-200 Agassiz's rejection of, 53-59, 66 feud with Agassiz, 150-53, 199, 203 Lyell's acceptance of, 44, 91-93, 115-16, glacier entry in Encyclopedia Britannica, 143-44 210 Lyell's rejection of, 220-21 health, 198 Roderick Murchison and, 118-19 Ice Age theory and, 199-203 Scottish glacier theory and, 201-3 E Swiss glacier theory and, 22-24, 123, Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, 126 149-51, 200-201 Eiszeit, as new term, 65 fossil fish "Die Eiszeit" ode (Schimper), 64, 74 Agassiz investigations of, 25, 28, 37-38, Emerson, Ralph Waldo, comment on Agassiz's 40-41, 51 theology, 215-16 Agassiz's reputation in England and, 117 England Bridgewater treatise and, 107 Agassiz's reputation in, 117, 152-53 fossil research, 38-41, 75 opposition to Ice Age theory in, 162 Fox, Henry (Lord Holland), 74-77 English Lake District, 202 Fox, Margaret, 20-21 erratic boulders Franklin, Sir John, 6-7 Agassiz's Lake Huron lecture on, 197-98 Franklin expedition, 157-58, 209-10 catastrophism and, 65 Frederick William III (King of Prussia), 41 in England's Lake District, 202 French Geological Society, 103-4 as glacial action evidence, 66, 104, 118 icebergs as transporters of, 44, 53, 66, G 91-93, 115-16, 142-43, 148 genius heroes, 139-40 Jean-Pierre Perraudin and, 44 geological change in Jura Mountains, 65-66, 73, 85-86, as demonstration of God's plan, 75-77 220-21 as result of present causes, 8-24-25, 113, 116, 234-35 in temperate climates, 4 See also anticatastrophism, Lyell's; understood by Kane, 97-98, 153-57 catastrophism See also Greenland ; Swiss ice geological dating, and fossil research, 39-41 sheet The Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Great Lakes expedition, Agassiz's, 192-98 Man (Lyell), 232-36 Greenland ice sheet Geological Society of Edinburgh, 127-29 Agassiz's and Schimper's ignorance of, 68 Geological Society of London Henry Rink's report on, 230-32 1834 award to Agassiz, 37-38 importance to Ice Age imagery, 157, 188, Agassiz's loss of reputation with, 152 232 Lyell's dismissal of glacier theory at, 49-51 seen by Kane scouts, 62-63 Murchison anti-glacier paper presented at, Gressly, Amanz, 83, 89 162 grooved and polished rocks geology as evidence of glacial action, 104 growing respectability of, 22, 24 icebergs as cause of, 148 Lyell's letter on status of, 74-77 in Jura Mountains, 66-68 philosophic, 8-9, 24-25, 113, 116, 233-36 on Lake Superior shores, 195-96 Geology and Minerology, Considered with at Niagara Falls, 142 Reference to Natural Theology in Rhone Valley, 57-58 (Buckland), 75, 107-9 Guyot, Arnold, 107, 150, 179 "glacial," historical meaning of, 144-45, 177 glacial action as geological mechanism H Agassiz's evidence for, 52-59, 66-68, 104 Hall, James, 141, 145 Charpentier's acceptance of, 43-45 Hayes, Isaac, 46, 61-64, 112 Lyell's dismissal of, 49-51, 114-17 high mountain theory of glaciers, 200-202 Venetz' evidence for, 23, 44-45 Holland, Lord (Henry Fox), 74-77 von Buch's rejection of, 65, 84, 87 human origins glacial erratics. See erratic boulders Ice Age and, 235-36 glacier banding The Geological Evidences of the Antiquity Forbes and Agassiz feud regarding, 150-53 of Man and, 233-34 Guyot's report on, 150, 152 The Principles of Geology and, 233 and, 199 Humboldt, Alexander von glacier mechanics, 199-201 Cuvier and, 11, 13-14 glacier movement Ice Age theory and, 163 Agassiz's discussion of at Glasgow, 117-18 support of Agassiz, 26, 41 Forbes' interest in, 199 Humboldt Glacier Kane's study of, 156-57 Henry Rink's criticism of Kane's account Lyell's ignorance of, 116-17 of, 227, 229-30 glaciers importance to Ice Age theory, 154-57 compared to névé (snowfields), 56 as Kane expedition's most important at Melville Bay, 47-48 discovery, 153-54 See also glacier banding; glacier Kane's study of, 97-98, 155-57 mechanics; glacier movement observed by scouting party, 78-79 Glen Roy, parallel roads of, 121-22 search for passage beyond, 99-101 God. See the Creator Goodfellow, Henry, 34 I Great Chain of Being, 12-14 Ice Age Great Glen (Scotland), 24 Agassiz-Schimper rivalry regarding idea of, great ice 69 accepted as geological mechanism, 217 as new term, 65 becomes stock image, 211 Ice Age imagining glacier movement and, 118 Charles Maclaren's success at, 158-59, 161 ignorance of, 8, 29-30, 36, 154 by continental geologists, 163 imagining of, 7, 48, 85, 88, 127-28, 154 by English geologists, 162 at Melville Bay, 47-48 Kane's importance to, 16, 97-98, 129-30, sea level and, 158-59 188, 210, 211, 232-33 and need for poet's language, 128 background, 7, 18-19 by the public, 216-17 celebrity status, 19-21, 228 Ice Age theory Christmas vision, 133-34 Agassiz-Schimper generation of, 59-60, death of, 230-31 64-65, 68-74 dogsled driving, 61-62, 63, 64, 170, 171, Agassiz's later contributions to, 241 174 in Agassiz's Neuchâtel Discourse, 83-90 Etah glacier study, 173 Agassiz's theological problems with, feeding on rats, 131-32 214-17, 235, 237 geological observations, 36, 176 Alexander von Humboldt and, 163 great ice understood by, 97-98, 153-57 British rejection of, 152-53, 162 health, 17, 34, 99 Buckland and, 107-10, 121, 127-29 Henry Rink's criticism of, 229-30 Charles Maclaren's support of, 126, 128-29, Humboldt Glacier study, 97-98, 155-57 158-59, 162 iceberg tow plan, 46-48 Charpentier's objections to, 105-6 importance to Ice Age imagining, 16, continental rejection of, 163 97-98, 188, 210-11, 232-33 drift theory as counter to, 93 as leader, 33-34, 37, 110-11, 130, 170-71, Edward Forbes evidence supporting, 205-6 179-82 lecture at American Geographical and glacier mechanics and, 200-201 Statistical Society, 7 glacier motion and, 117-18 letter to Agassiz, 155-56 James Forbes and, 199-203 Margaret Fox and, 20-21 Kane expedition and, 154-57, 232-33 Northumberland glaciers study, 187-88 Lyell's response to, 142-43, 146-47, 217-23 Open Polar Sea theory and, 7, 20, 60, 82, philosopical implications, 71, 76-78, 89, 131, 153 215, 235-37 persistance in observation, 187-88 sea level and, 158-59 publication of book, 228-29 icebergs response to the "deserters", 130, 133 Kane's description of, 156-57 Roderick Murchison's defense of, 229-30 in Melville Bay, 36-37, 45-49 romanticism of, 33, 97-98, 110-11 as transporters of erratic boulders, 44, 53, self-criticism of, 133-36 66, 91-93, 115-16, 142-43, 147 sketches by, 36, 187-88 ice foot, 78, 82 sources of inspiration, 17-18 ice sheet. See Greenland ice sheet; Swiss ice Kane expedition sheet as big news, 228 ice-water theory. See drift theory cairn message, 130-31 ideal forms, 11-12, 71 crew: attitude towards Kane, 34, 170; deaths in, 98, 99, 176; debilitation J of, 98-99, 111, 133, 172, 176-77, James, William, 69-70, 214, 238 189, 207-8; "deserters", 110-12, Jameson, Robert, 4, 126 130, 132-33; desperation of, 131-32, Jura Mountains 134; motivation, 33; resolution of, Buckland's observation of glacial evidence 170, 175, 206, 208 in, 109-10 dogs: acquisition of, 33-34, 36; hunger of, erratic boulders in, 65-66, 85-86, 115-16, 60, 63; indispensability of, 61, 220-21 81-82; problems in controlling, 62, French Geological Society persuaded by 63; provided by Etah eskimos, 174, glacial evidence in, 104-5 175; retreat party's use of, 171-72, grooved and polished rocks in, 66-68 174, 175, 186; sickness of, 79-81, Swiss Society outing in, 90 134 von Buch's studies of, 65 escape parties, 102, 110-12, 130, 132-33 farthest north reached by, 99-100 K Humboldt Glacier as most important Kalutunah, 112 discovery by, 153-54 Kane, Elisha Kent retreat party: from base camp to ice edge, ambition of, 17-19, 33, 135, 155-56 169-76; from Cape Alexander to Melville Bay, 186-91; Melville Bay See also erratic boulders crossing, 203-9; rescue of, 209-10 scouting parties, 61-64, 78-79, 98-101 in England's Lake District, 202 as evidence of Ice Age, 118 L as evidence of Swiss ice sheet, 104 Lake Superior Ice Age evidence, 195-97 at Mer de Glace, 55, 56 Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, 14, 29 at Niagara Falls, 142 laves, 67, 97 in Rhone Valley, 57, 85-86, 165 See also grooved and polished rocks Morton, William, 100-101, 229-30 Lomonosov, Mikhail, 39 mountain building, catastrophism and, 65, 73, Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 212, 216 87, 217, 221 Lowell Institute, 238 Murchison, Roderick Lyell, Charles alpine excursion with von Buch, 166 anticatastrophism of, 38, 51, 73, 115, 143, drift theory and, 118-19 180-81 opposition to Agassiz, 118-19, 122-23, 162 award letter to Agassiz, 37-38, 40 support of Kane, 227, 229-30 creation/extinction of species and, 180-81, 235-36 N Cuvier's attitude towards, 10 National Academy of Sciences, response to Darwin and, 10, 50 Brazilian glacier theory, 239-40 drift theory and, 44, 91-93, 115-16, 143-45, "natural theology", 75 220-21 Naturphilosophie, 71 1837 letter on status of geology, 74-77 Neuchâtel evolution and, 181 as Agassiz's home base, 26-27 The Geological Evidences of the Antiquity Schimper's 1837 visit to, 64-65, 68-74 of Man, 232-36 Neuchâtel Discourse geological theory of, 8-9, 24-25, 113, 116, Agassiz's presentation of, 83-90 233-36 Lyell's rejection of, 235-36 habit of revision, 113-14 Robert Jameson's English text of, 126 Ice Age theory and, 118, 142-43, 146-47, Neuchâtel Society of Natural Sciences, 27.41 217-23, 235-36 névé (snowfields) vs. glaciers, 56, 116-17 misunderstanding of glaciers, 116-17 Niagara Falls Niagara Falls investigations, 140-48 Agassiz visit to, 191-92 The Principles of Geology, 8-10, 24-25, Lyell's visits to, 140-48 113-16, 233-34 Noah's flood, 40, 93, 108-9 relationship with Agassiz, 38, 180-81 Northumberland Island, Kane's study of glaciers response to Agassiz's Brazilian glacier of, 187-88 paper, 239 Nova Scotia, grooved and polished rock in, 183 response to Bridgewater treatise, 75 Scottish glacier theory and, 8, 124, 127-29, O 222 "ogives", 199 speech at 1836 Geological Society meeting, Ohlsen, Christian, 170, 176 49-51 Oken, Lorenz, 71 Swiss glacier theory and, 49-51, 218-19 Open Polar Sea 19th century belief in, 5-7 M Christian-Morton scouting party's promise Mackenzie, George [Sir], 202 of, 101 Maclaren, Charles, 126, 128-29, 158-62 Kane's views on, 7, 20, 60, 82, 131, 153 Maury, Matthew Fontaine, 5, 6 Matthew Fontaine Maury and, 5-6 Maury Channel, 6-7 Mikhail Lomonosov and, 39 McGary, James, 100, 102, 205, 207 Melville Bay, 36-37, 45-49, 203-9 P Mer de Glace, 47, 53, 55, 56 parallel roads of Glen Roy, 121-22, 148, 234 migration of species, 179-81, 235-36 Perraudin, Jean-Pierre, 44 Mont Blanc, 47, 55, 65, 68, 73 Petersen, Carl, 37, 208 Monthey, blocks of, 59, 115 philosophic geology, 8-9, 24-25, 113, 116, 233-36 Smith Sound, 60, 102 Pierre-ê-bot, Lyell's comments on, 220 snowfields (névé) vs. glaciers, 56, 116-17 polished rocks. See grooved and polished rocks Société Géologique de France, 103-4 Pope, Alexander, 13 species creation. See creation/extinction of potholes of Bex, 52-53, 59 species Pound, Ezra, 242-43 species evolution. See evolution pre-Darwinians, and ideal forms, 11-12 species extinction. See creation/extinction of The Principles of Geology (Lyell), 8-10, 24-25, species 113-17, 233-34 species migration, 179-81, 235-36 species transformation. See evolution R spiritualism, 20 rats, infestation of the Advance by, 131-32 stratification Red Eric (boat), dismantling of, 206 as an expected sight, 55 Rensselaer Harbor in glaciers, 150-53 chosen as Kane's base camp, 61 Mikhail Lomonosov and, 39 environmental conditions at, 63, 78-79, 82, of Niagara gorge, 141-42, 145-46 101, 111, 129 significance of fossils in, 39-41 first winter at, 78-82 Swiss glacier theory rats at, 131-32 Agassiz and, 51-59, 68-69, 84-86, 103-6 retreat party's departure from, 169-70 continental acceptance of, 163 second winter at, 129-35 Ignace Venetz and, 23 rheumatic fever, 17 Jean de Charpentier and, 43-45, 105-6, Rhone Valley 200-201 Agassiz investigations of, 51-59 Jean-Pierre Perraudin and, 44 Forbe-Venetz meeting in, 22-24 Lyell and, 49-51, 218-19 von Buch excursion to, 164-65 Swiss ice sheet, 68-69, 86, 103-6 Rink, Henry See also Swiss glacier theory challenge to Kane, 227, 229-30 Swiss Society of Natural Sciences, 41-43, 83-90 influence on scientists, 231-33 Système glaciaire (Guyot), 177-79 roads of Glen Roy, parallel, 121-22, 148, 234 Rogers, William Barton, 17, 213 T romanticism, 71, 97-98, 110-11 Tennyson, Alfred, as inspiration to Kane, 17-18 Royal Geographic Society, 227, 228 "Traces of Glaciers Under the Tropics", 239-40 transformation of species. See evolution S Tyndall, John, 199-200 Saturday Club, 211-13 Saussure, Horace Bénédict de, 9, 104 U Schimper, Karl, 59-60, 64-65, 68-74, 151 Upernavik, 37, 209-10 Schubert, Peter, 99 The Scotsman, 122, 158-61 V Scottish glacier theory variation in species, 181-83, 215 Agassiz and Buckland find proof of, 119-23 See also evolution British geologists' rejection of, 162-63 Venetz, Ignace, 23, 43-45, 53, 57 Buckland's silence on after Edinburgh von Buch, Leopold meeting, 128-29 alpine excursion with Roderick Murchison, Geological Society of Edinburgh's reaction 166 to, 127-29 catastrophism and, 73, 84, 92, 222 James Forbes and, 201-3 erratics authority, 65, 84 Lyell and, 8, 124, 127-29, 222 Neuchâtel Discourse reponse, 84, 86-87, 90 scratched and polished rocks. See grooved and Rhone Valley excursion, 164-65 polished rocks wealth and importance, 42 scurvy, 111, 133 See also Kane expedition: crew W "séracs", 199 Whirlpool, 145-47 Shaler, Nathaniel, 242-43 Smith, William, 40