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Ince the Turn of the Century Nd the Influence of Ornelia Lã¼deck

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Ince the Turn of the Century Nd the Influence of Ornelia Lã¼deck ince the turn of the century nd the influence of ornelia Lüdeck Ber. Polarforsch. 158 (1995) ISSN 01 76 - 5027 Cornelia Lüdeck Institut fŸ Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften Museumsinsel 1; D-80306 MünchenBundesrepublik Deutschland Die nachfolgende Arbeit ist die inhaltlich unverändertFassung einer Dissertation, die im Oktober 1993 dem Fachbereich Mathematik der Ludwig-Maxirnilians-Universitäzu Münche vorgelegt wurde. Erich von Drygalski (1 865- 1949), im Alter von etwa 3 1 Jahren, aus dem Fotoalbum zum 70. Geburtstag von Georg von Neumayer (1896) 0 Georg-voii-Nenmayer-Polararcliiv,Pfalzinuseum füNaturkunde, Bad Diirkheim Zusammenfassung/Summary........................................................................................... V Vorwort und Danksagung ...........................................................................................VIII Quellenlage ....................................................................................................................X Erläuterungezum . Text. ................................................................................................XI Abkürzungsverzeichm................................................................................................ XI11 1. Einleitung .............................................................................................................1 2. Geschichtliche Einordnung der deutschen Polarforschung ................................4 2.1 Erste Entdeckungsreisen .......................................................................................4 2.1.1 Arktis ................................................................................................................4 2.1.1.1 Wirtschaftliche Interessen ...............................................................................4 2.1.1.2 Wissenschaftliche Interessen ...........................................................................6 2.1.2 Antarktis ...........................................................................................................9 2 1.2.1 Wirtschaftliche Interessen ...............................................................................9 2.1.2.2 Wissenschaftliche Interessen .........................................................................10 2.2 Expeditionsperioden seit der Jahrhundertwende.................................................. 12 Abbildungen ........................................................................................................17 Tabellen.............................................................................................................. 19 FörderndPersönlichkeite ............................................................................... 21 Georg von Neumayer .........................................................................................21 Ferdinand Frhr . von Richthofen ..........................................................................23 Albrecht Penck ...................................................................................................26 . Friedrich. Schmidt-Ott .........................................................................................28 Fridtjof Nansen ...................................................................................................32 Erich von Drygalski ............................................................................................34 Alfred Wegener ..................................................................................................40 Max Grotewahl ..................................................................................................42 Kontakte der deutschen Polarforscher untereinander........................................... 44 Tabellen............................................................................................................... 48 4 . Aufgaben der Polarforschung aus der Sicht verschiedener Forscher und Gruppen ..............................................................................................................51 4.1 Arktis .................................................................................................................51 4.1.1 Drygalski .........................................................................................................51 4.1.2 Zeppelin ..........................................................................................................52 4.1.3 Schröder-Stran ..............................................................................................53 4.1.4 Wegener ..........................................................................................................53 4.1.5 Aeroarctic .......................................................................................................55 4.1.6 I1. Internationales Polarjahr ..............................................................................56 4.2 Antarktis ............................................................................................................56 4.2.1 Drygalski .........................................................................................................56 4.2.2 Wegener .......................................................................................................... 58 4.2.3 Filchner ...........................................................................................................58 4.2.4 Ritscher ...........................................................................................................59 4.3 Diskussion ..........................................................................................................60 4.3.1 Arktis .............................................................................................................. 60 4.3.2 Antarktis ......................................................................................................... 61 Abbildungen ....................................................................................................... 63 5 . Forschungsdisziplinen und ihre Methoden ....................................................... 70 5.1 Allgemeine Methoden .........................................................................................70 5.2 Geographie .........................................................................................................73 5.2.1 Erkundung ....................................................................................................... 73 5.2.1.1 Erkundungstouren von einer Station .............................................................73 5.2.1.2 Durchquerung ...............................................................................................74 5.2.1.3 FlächenhaftErkundung . ............................................................................... 75 Vermessung ..................................................................................................... 76 Biologie .............................................................................................................. 77 Geologie ............................................................................................................. 79 Ozeanographie ................................................................................................... 80 Stationsmessungen .......................................................................................... 81 Ozeanographischer Schnitt .............................................................................. 81 FlächenhaftMessungen ..................................................................................82 Glaziologie ......................................................................................................... 82 Punkt- und Schnittmessungen ..........................................................................82 FlächenhaftMessungen .................................................................................. 83 Meteorologie ...................................................................................................... 84 Klimamessungen .............................................................................................. 84 Aerologische Messungen ................................................................................. 86 Flächenhaftund räumlichErfassung ..............................................................88 Magnetik. ............................................................................................................ 89 Zeitliche hderung .......................................................................................... 89 RäumlichÄnderun entlang der Reiseroute .................................................... 90 FlächenhaftÄnderun ....................................................................................91 Diskussion .......................................................................................................... 92 Entwicklung der Expeditionsform .................................................................... 92 Entwicklung der wissenschaftlichen Forschungsmethoden ................................ 93 Abbildung ...........................................................................................................95 6 . Plän nicht durchgeführteExpeditionen ......................................................... 96 6.1 Grönlan ............................................................................................................. 96 6.1.1 Georgi-Expedition ..........................................................................................
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