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View of Theoretical Approaches 51
University of Alberta Caribou Hunting at Ice Patches: Seasonal Mobility and Long-term Land-Use in the Southwest Yukon By Vandy E. Bowyer A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Anthropology © Vandy E. Bowyer Spring 2011 Edmonton, Alberta Permission is hereby granted to the University of Alberta Libraries to reproduce single copies of this thesis and to lend or sell such copies for private, scholarly or scientific research purposes only. Where the thesis is converted to, or otherwise made available in digital form, the University of Alberta will advise potential users of the thesis of these terms. The author reserves all other publication and other rights in association with the copyright in the thesis and, except as herein before provided, neither the thesis nor any substantial portion thereof may be printed or otherwise reproduced in any material form whatsoever without the author's prior written permission. In memory of Tagish ABSTRACT Recently documented ice patch sites in the southwest Yukon are ideal for evaluating precontact hunter-gatherer land-use patterns in the western subarctic. Located in the alpine of the mountainous regions of the boreal forest, ice patches are associated with well preserved hunting equipment, caribou (Rangifer tarandus) dung and an abundance of faunal remains dating to over 8000 years ago. However, current models are inadequate for explaining caribou hunting at ice patches as they tend to emphasize large-scale communal hunts associated with latitudinal movements of caribou. Much less is known about the alititudinal movment of caribou and the associated hunting forays to ice patches in the alpine. -
Annual Report of the State Geologist for the Year 1877
NEW JERSEY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEOLOGICALSURVEYOF IN:LWJERSELz r ANNUAL REPORT OF TIIE STATEGEOLOGIST FOB TH-EYEAR IS77. TREe's'TON..N'. J, : _AAR. DAy & _'AAR, PRINTERS. NEW JERSEY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY NEW JERSEY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BOARD OF MANAGERS. His Excellency, JOSEPH D. BEDLE, Governor, and ex-off_eio Presi- dent of the Board ............................................................ Trenton. L CONGRES_SIO_AL DISTRICT. CIIXRL_S E. ELm:R, Esq ........................................................ Bridgeton. ItoN. ANDREW K, HAY .......................................................... Winslow. II. CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT. I'[ON. "_VILLIAM PARRY ........................................................... Cinnamiuson. ' HON, H. S, LITTLE ................................................................. Trenton. 1II. CONGRESSlONAI_DISTRICT. HENRY AITKIN, Esq .............................................................. Elizabetll. ] JoHs VOUGI_T, M. D ............................................................. Freehold. IV. CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT. SELDE._ T. SORA_'TO.'_, Esq ..................................................... Oxford. TtlO.MAS LAWRE_CE_ Esq...'. .................................................... Hamburg. v. CO._GRF._IO.'CAL DISTRICT. HO.N'. AUGUSTUS W. CUTLER ................................................... Morristown. (_OL. BENJA,'III_ _-YCRIGG ....................................................... Pf189aic. VI, CO_GRF_SIONAL DISTRICT. WILLIAM M. FORCg_ Esq ...................................................... -
A New Ice Accretion Model for Aircraft Icing Based on Phase-Field Method
applied sciences Article A New Ice Accretion Model for Aircraft Icing Based on Phase-Field Method Hao Dai 1, Chunling Zhu 1,*, Huanyu Zhao 2 and Senyun Liu 3 1 College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China; [email protected] 2 Key Laboratory of Aircraft Icing and Ice Protection, AVIC Aerodynamics Research Institute, Shenyang 110034, China; [email protected] 3 Key Laboratory of Icing and Anti/De-Icing, China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Aircraft icing presents a serious threat to the aerodynamic performance and safety of aircraft. The numerical simulation method for the accurate prediction of icing shape is an important method to evaluate icing hazards and develop aircraft icing protection systems. Referring to the phase-field method, a new ice accretion mathematical model is developed to predict the ice shape. The mass fraction of ice in the mixture is selected as the phase parameter, and the phase equation is established with a freezing coefficient. Meanwhile, the mixture thickness and temperature are determined by combining mass conservation and energy balance. Ice accretions are simulated under typical ice conditions, including rime ice, glaze ice and mixed ice, and the ice shape and its characteristics are analyzed and compared with those provided by experiments and LEWICE. The results show that the phase-field ice accretion model can predict the ice shape under different icing conditions, especially reflecting some main characteristics of glaze ice. Keywords: numerical simulation; phase-field method; aircraft icing; ice accretion model Citation: Dai, H.; Zhu, C.; Zhao, H.; Liu, S. -
GENESIS of the HONDSRUG a SAALIAN MEGAFLUTE, Drenthe, the Netherlands
GENESIS OF THE HONDSRUG A SAALIAN MEGAFLUTE, Drenthe, the Netherlands ASPIRING EUROPEAN GEOPARK September 2012 E.P.H.Bregman F.W.H.Smit PROVINCE OF DRENTHE UTRECHT UNIVERSITY THE NETHERLANDS www. Geoparkdehondsrug.nl 1 Colophon E.P.H. Bregman, MSc, Province of Drenthe, Utrecht University. Adress: Province of Drenthe, Westerbrink 1, 9400 AC Assen. E-mail: [email protected] F.W.H. Smit, BSc Utrecht University, MSc Århus University (Denmark) E-mail: [email protected] This report is published by the Steering Group aspiring EUROPEAN GEOPARK de Hondsrug and will (partly or modified) be published as part of a Ph-D thesis of E.P.H.Bregman. Reprodution of this study (text and figures) at any way, or using data for presentations, lectures or publications is only allowed with permission of the main author, E.P.H.Bregman. © (2012) Steering Group aspiring EUROPEAN GEOPARK de HONDSRUG/E.P.H.Bregman This study is ordered by the Province of Drenthe and study is done under auspiciën of the Utrecht University, Faculty Geoscience, department Physical Geography. The Netherlands 2 Contents List of figures............................................................................................................................ 6 A proposed European Geopark................................................................................................ 8 1. Introduction.....................................................................................................................11 1.1 Framework of the research............................................................................................. -
FAA Advisory Circular AC 91-74B
U.S. Department Advisory of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration Circular Subject: Pilot Guide: Flight in Icing Conditions Date:10/8/15 AC No: 91-74B Initiated by: AFS-800 Change: This advisory circular (AC) contains updated and additional information for the pilots of airplanes under Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) parts 91, 121, 125, and 135. The purpose of this AC is to provide pilots with a convenient reference guide on the principal factors related to flight in icing conditions and the location of additional information in related publications. As a result of these updates and consolidating of information, AC 91-74A, Pilot Guide: Flight in Icing Conditions, dated December 31, 2007, and AC 91-51A, Effect of Icing on Aircraft Control and Airplane Deice and Anti-Ice Systems, dated July 19, 1996, are cancelled. This AC does not authorize deviations from established company procedures or regulatory requirements. John Barbagallo Deputy Director, Flight Standards Service 10/8/15 AC 91-74B CONTENTS Paragraph Page CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1-1. Purpose ..............................................................................................................................1 1-2. Cancellation ......................................................................................................................1 1-3. Definitions.........................................................................................................................1 1-4. Discussion .........................................................................................................................6 -
Cold-Climate Landform Patterns in the Sudetes. Effects of Lithology, Relief and Glacial History
ACTA UNIVERSITATIS CAROLINAE 2000 GEOGRAPHICA, XXXV, SUPPLEMENTUM, PAG. 185–210 Cold-climate landform patterns in the Sudetes. Effects of lithology, relief and glacial history ANDRZEJ TRACZYK, PIOTR MIGOŃ University of Wrocław, Department of Geography, Wrocław, Poland ABSTRACT The Sudetes have the whole range of landforms and deposits, traditionally described as periglacial. These include blockfields and blockslopes, frost-riven cliffs, tors and cryoplanation terraces, solifluction mantles, rock glaciers, talus slopes and patterned ground and loess covers. This paper examines the influence, which lithology and structure, inherited relief and time may have had on their development. It appears that different rock types support different associations of cold climate landforms. Rock glaciers, blockfields and blockstreams develop on massive, well-jointed rocks. Cryogenic terraces, rock steps, patterned ground and heterogenic solifluction mantles are typical for most metamorphic rocks. No distinctive landforms occur on rocks breaking down through microgelivation. The variety of slope form is largely inherited from pre- Pleistocene times and includes convex-concave, stepped, pediment-like, gravitational rectilinear and concave free face-talus slopes. In spite of ubiquitous solifluction and permafrost creep no uniform characteristic ‘periglacial’ slope profile has been created. Mid-Pleistocene trimline has been identified on nunataks in the formerly glaciated part of the Sudetes and in their foreland. Hence it is proposed that rock-cut periglacial relief of the Sudetes is the cumulative effect of many successive cold periods during the Pleistocene and the last glacial period alone was of relatively minor importance. By contrast, slope cover deposits are usually of the Last Glacial age. Key words: cold-climate landforms, the Sudetes 1. -
Of International Palaeoseismological Field Workshop
Soft-sediment deformation structures and palaeoseismic phenomena in the South-eastern Baltic Region EXCURSION GUIDE & ABSTRACTS of International Palaeoseismological Field Workshop 17–21st September 2018 Lithuania–Latvia Vilnius, 2018 Soft-sediment deformation structures and palaeoseismic phenomena in the South-eastern Baltic Region. Excursion guide of International Palaeoseismological Field Workshop, 17–21st September 2018, Vilnius, Lithuania / Eds: M. Pisarska-Jamroży and A. Bitinas. Lithuanian Geological Survey, Lithuanian Geological Society, Vilnius, 2018. Publications. The papers prepared on the basis of oral and poster presentations may be printed in the international peer-reviewed journal Baltica (http://www.gamtostyrimai.lt/en/publications/ listingCategory/category.1020) Organizing Committee. Jolanta Čyžienė, Jonas Satkūnas, Aldona Damušytė (Lithuanian Geological Survey, Lithuanian Geological Society), Małgorzata Pisarska-Jamroży (Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań), Albertas Bitinas (Nature Research Centre), Maris Nartišs (University of Latvia) Organizers Lithuanian Geological Survey, Lithuania Lithuanian Geological Society, Lithuania Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland Nature Research Centre, Vilnius University of Latvia, Riga Sponsors The workshop has been financially supported by a grant for the GREBAL project (No. 2015/19/B/ST10/00661) from the National Science Centre Poland Private sponsor JSC Geobaltic Layout and cover design: Ieva Antušienė Cover photo: Baltic Sea bluff near Jūrkalne, Latvia (S. Belzyt, 2018) © Lithuanian Geological Survey © Lithuanian Geological Society ISBN 978-9986-623-54-0 2 SYMPOSIUM PROGRAMME 17 September (Monday) Registration, introduction and key lectures in the Lithuanian Geological Survey (Vilnius). Field trip: Laiciškėnai quarry. Accommodation in the Vila Bisena (www.vilaBisena.lt). Ice Break party. 18 September (Tuesday) Field trip: Kumečiai quarry and Slinktis outcrop on the Dubysa River. -
Rocky Mountain National Park Lawn Lake Flood Interpretive Area (Elevation 8,640 Ft)
1 NCSS Conference 2001 Field Tour -- Colorado Rocky Mountains Wednesday, June 27, 2001 7:00 AM Depart Ft. Collins Marriott 8:30 Arrive Rocky Mountain National Park Lawn Lake Flood Interpretive Area (elevation 8,640 ft) 8:45 "Soil Survey of Rocky Mountain National Park" - Lee Neve, Soil Survey Project Leader, Natural Resources Conservation Service 9:00 "Correlation and Classification of the Soils" - Thomas Hahn, Soil Data Quality Specialist, MLRA Office 6, Natural Resources Conservation Service 9:15-9:30 "Interpretive Story of the Lawn Lake Flood" - Rocky Mountain National Park Interpretive Staff, National Park Service 10:00 Depart 10:45 Arrive Alpine Visitors Center (elevation 11,796 ft) 11:00 "Research Needs in the National Parks" - Pete Biggam, Soil Scientist, National Park Service 11:05 "Pedology and Biogeochemistry Research in Rocky Mountain National Park" - Dr. Eugene Kelly, Colorado State University 11:25 - 11:40 "Soil Features and Geologic Processes in the Alpine Tundra"- Mike Petersen and Tim Wheeler, Soil Scientists, Natural Resources Conservation Service Box Lunch 12:30 PM Depart 1:00 Arrive Many Parks Curve Interpretive Area (elevation 9,620 ft.) View of Valleys and Glacial Moraines, Photo Opportunity 1:30 Depart 3:00 Arrive Bobcat Gulch Fire Area, Arapaho-Roosevelt National Forest 3:10 "Fire History and Burned Area Emergency Rehabilitation Efforts" - Carl Chambers, U. S. Forest Service 3:40 "Involvement and Interaction With the Private Sector"- Todd Boldt; District Conservationist, Natural Resources Conservation Service 4:10 "Current Research on the Fire" - Colorado State University 4:45 Depart 6:00 Arrive Ft. Collins Marriott 2 3 Navigator’s Narrative Tim Wheeler Between the Fall River Visitors Center and the Lawn Lake Alluvial Debris Fan: This Park, or open grassy area, is called Horseshoe Park and is the tail end of the Park’s largest valley glacier. -
Glacial Processes and Landforms
Glacial Processes and Landforms I. INTRODUCTION A. Definitions 1. Glacier- a thick mass of flowing/moving ice a. glaciers originate on land from the compaction and recrystallization of snow, thus are generated in areas favored by a climate in which seasonal snow accumulation is greater than seasonal melting (1) polar regions (2) high altitude/mountainous regions 2. Snowfield- a region that displays a net annual accumulation of snow a. snowline- imaginary line defining the limits of snow accumulation in a snowfield. (1) above which continuous, positive snow cover 3. Water balance- in general the hydrologic cycle involves water evaporated from sea, carried to land, precipitation, water carried back to sea via rivers and underground a. water becomes locked up or frozen in glaciers, thus temporarily removed from the hydrologic cycle (1) thus in times of great accumulation of glacial ice, sea level would tend to be lower than in times of no glacial ice. II. FORMATION OF GLACIAL ICE A. Process: Formation of glacial ice: snow crystallizes from atmospheric moisture, accumulates on surface of earth. As snow is accumulated, snow crystals become compacted > in density, with air forced out of pack. 1. Snow accumulates seasonally: delicate frozen crystal structure a. Low density: ~0.1 gm/cu. cm b. Transformation: snow compaction, pressure solution of flakes, percolation of meltwater c. Freezing and recrystallization > density 2. Firn- compacted snow with D = 0.5D water a. With further compaction, D >, firn ---------ice. b. Crystal fabrics oriented and aligned under weight of compaction 3. Ice: compacted firn with density approaching 1 gm/cu. cm a. -
Overview of Icing Research at NASA Glenn
Overview of Icing Research at NASA Glenn Eric Kreeger NASA Glenn Research Center Icing Branch 25 February, 2013 Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field Outline • The Icing Problem • Types of Ice • Icing Effects on Aircraft Performance • Icing Research Facilities • Icing Codes Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field 2 Aircraft Icing Ground Icing Ice build-up results in significant changes to the aerodynamics of the vehicle This degrades the performance and controllability of the aircraft In-Flight Icing Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field 3 3 Aircraft Icing During an in-flight encounter with icing conditions, ice can build up on all unprotected surfaces. Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field 4 Recent Commercial Aircraft Accidents • ATR-72: Roselawn, IN; October 1994 – 68 fatalities, hull loss – NTSB findings: probable cause of accident was aileron hinge moment reversal due to an ice ridge that formed aft of the protected areas • EMB-120: Monroe, MI; January 1997 – 29 fatalities, hull loss – NTSB findings: probable cause of accident was loss-of-control due to ice contaminated wing stall • EMB-120: West Palm Beach, FL; March 2001 – 0 fatalities, no hull loss, significant damage to wing control surfaces – NTSB findings: probable cause was loss-of-control due to increased stall speeds while operating in icing conditions (8K feet altitude loss prior to recovery) • Bombardier DHC-8-400: Clarence Center, NY; February 2009 – 50 fatalities, hull loss – NTSB findings: probable cause was captain’s inappropriate response to icing condition 5 Glenn Research -
Guidelines for Meteorological Icing Models, Statistical Methods and Topographical Effects
291 GUIDELINES FOR METEOROLOGICAL ICING MODELS, STATISTICAL METHODS AND TOPOGRAPHICAL EFFECTS Working Group B2.16 Task Force 03 April 2006 GUIDELINES FOR METEOROLOGICAL ICING MODELS, STATISTICAL METHODS AND TOPOGRAPHICAL EFFECTS Task Force B2.16.03 Task Force Members: André Leblond – Canada (TF Leader) Svein M. Fikke – Norway (WG Convenor) Brian Wareing – United Kingdom (WG Secretary) Sergey Chereshnyuk – Russia Árni Jón Elíasson – Iceland Masoud Farzaneh – Canada Angel Gallego – Spain Asim Haldar – Canada Claude Hardy – Canada Henry Hawes – Australia Magdi Ishac – Canada Samy Krishnasamy – Canada Marc Le-Du – France Yukichi Sakamoto – Japan Konstantin Savadjiev – Canada Vladimir Shkaptsov – Russia Naohiko Sudo – Japan Sergey Turbin – Ukraine Other Working Group Members: Anand P. Goel – Canada Franc Jakl – Slovenia Leon Kempner – Canada Ruy Carlos Ramos de Menezes – Brasil Tihomir Popovic – Serbia Jan Rogier – Belgium Dario Ronzio – Italy Tapani Seppa – USA Noriyoshi Sugawara – Japan Copyright © 2006 “Ownership of a CIGRE publication, whether in paper form or on electronic support only infers right of use for personal purposes. Are prohibited, except if explicitly agreed by CIGRE, total or partial reproduction of the publication for use other than personal and transfer to a third party; hence circulation on any intranet or other company network is forbidden”. Disclaimer notice “CIGRE gives no warranty or assurance about the contents of this publication, nor does it accept any responsibility, as to the accuracy or exhaustiveness of the -
Periglacial Processes, Features & Landscape Development 3.1.4.3/4
Periglacial processes, features & landscape development 3.1.4.3/4 Glacial Systems and landscapes What you need to know Where periglacial landscapes are found and what their key characteristics are The range of processes operating in a periglacial landscape How a range of periglacial landforms develop and what their characteristics are The relationship between process, time, landforms and landscapes in periglacial settings Introduction A periglacial environment used to refer to places which were near to or at the edge of ice sheets and glaciers. However, this has now been changed and refers to areas with permafrost that also experience a seasonal change in temperature, occasionally rising above 0 degrees Celsius. But they are characterised by permanently low temperatures. Location of periglacial areas Due to periglacial environments now referring to places with permafrost as well as edges of glaciers, this can account for one third of the Earth’s surface. Far northern and southern hemisphere regions are classed as containing periglacial areas, particularly in the countries of Canada, USA (Alaska) and Russia. Permafrost is where the soil, rock and moisture content below the surface remains permanently frozen throughout the entire year. It can be subdivided into the following: • Continuous (unbroken stretches of permafrost) • extensive discontinuous (predominantly permafrost with localised melts) • sporadic discontinuous (largely thawed ground with permafrost zones) • isolated (discrete pockets of permafrost) • subsea (permafrost occupying sea bed) Whilst permafrost is not needed in the development of all periglacial landforms, most periglacial regions have permafrost beneath them and it can influence the processes that create the landforms. Many locations within SAMPLEextensive discontinuous and sporadic discontinuous permafrost will thaw in the summer months.