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Table 1 List of category “A” articles Aerial Photogrammetry for Glacial Monitoring Hydropower: Hydroelectric Power Generation from Alpine Alaskan Melt Albedo Age Antarctica Cycles: Data, Models, and Uncertainties Atmosphere-/Ice Interactions Automated Glacier Mapping Iceland Glaciers Catastrophic Rock Slope Failures and Glaciers Impacts of Snow and Glaciers on Runoff Characteristics of Snow and Glacier Fed Rivers in Mountainous Isotope Analysis Regions with Special Reference to Himalayan Basins Kilimanjaro Climate Change and Glaciers LIDAR in Dating Glacial Landforms Digital Elevation Model Generation over Glacierized Region Natural Hazards Associated with Glaciers and Digital Image Information Extraction Techniques for Snow Cover Optical Remote Sensing of Alpine Glaciers Mapping from Remote Sensing Data Periglacial Dynamics of Glaciers Permafrost Epiglacial Morphology Permafrost and Climate Interactions Equilibrium-Line Altitude (ELA) Quaternary Glaciation Estuary Ice Cover Radar Application in Snow, Ice, and Glaciers Frozen Soil Hydrology Radiative Transfer Modeling Geochemistry of Snow and Ice Reconstruction of the Last Glaciations in the Whole of Asia Glacial Retreat/Advance of Glaciers Glacial and Landforms Evolution Rock Glaciers Glacial/ Cycles Sediment Entrainment, Transport, and Deposition Glaciation During Times of Enhanced/Reduced Atmospheric SEM Analysis of Glacial Sediments Carbon Dioxide Snow Hydrology Glacier Lake Outburst Floods Surface Energy Balance Suspended Sediment Dynamics Glacier Motion/Ice Velocity Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Interferometry for Glacier Glacier Surging Movement Studies Glaciers of the Karakoram Himalaya Lapse Rates in Glacierized Basins Glaciotectonic Structures, Landforms, and Processes Till Global Outlook of Snowcover, , and Glaciers Topographic Normalization of Multispectral Satellite Imagery Greenland Glaciers Outside the Ice Sheet Transformations of Snow at the Earth’s Surface and its Climatic and Ground Penetrating Radar Measurements over Glaciers Environmental Consequences Himalaya Urban Snow 1234 LIST OF ARTICLES

Table 2 List of category “B” articles Depression Hydrochemical Characteristics of Snow, Ice, and Glaciers Alps Hydrographs Altai-Sayan Glaciers Hydrologic Cycle and Snow Andean Glaciers Hydrological Response in Glacierized Basins Anisotropic Ice Flow Hydrology of Jökulhlaups Appalachian Glacier Complex in Maritime Canada Hypsometry Hydroclimatology Ice Artificial Production of Snow Ice Age Development Theory Atmospheric Circulation and Glaciochemical Records Ice Caves Basal Sediment Evacuation by Subglacial Drainage Systems Base Flow/Groundwater Flow Ice Covered Lakes Benchmark Glacier Ice Dams Biogeochemistry of Sea Ice Ice Sheet Mass Balance Calving Glaciers Ice Shelf Canadian Rockies and Coast of Canada Ice-Cored Caucasus Mountains Ice-Dammed Lakes Chemical Composition of Snow, Ice, and Glaciers Ice-Marginal Deposition Chemical and Microbe Records in Snow and Ice Ice-Marginal Processes Chemical Processes in Snow and Ice Ice-Volcano Interactions Circulation and Mixing in Ice-Covered Lakes ICESat Data in Glaciological Studies Glaciers International Polar Year 2007–2008 Climate Variability and High Altitude Temperature and Inventory of Glaciers Precipitation Inverse Methods in Glaciology Cold-Based Glaciers Isotopic Characteristics of Ice, Snow, and Glaciers Creep Isotopic Fractionation of Kunlun Mountains Cryoconite Lake Ellsworth Debris Lake Vostok Debris Thermal Properties and Impact on Ice Ablation Landforms of Glacial Deposition Debris-Covered Glaciers Landforms of Glacial Erosion Deglaciation Landforms of Glacial Transportation Degree-Days Landscapes of Glacial Erosion Depletion of Snow Cover Glaciation (LGM/LGP) in High Asia (Tibet Direct Surface Runoff and Surrounding Mountains) Discharge/Streamflow Lateroglacial Landform Systems Diurnal Cycle of Runoff Dry and Wet Snow Line/Zone Mapping of Internal Glacial Layers Dye Tracer Investigations of Glacier Hydrology Mediterranean Glaciers and Glaciation Englacial Processes Melt Runoff Modeling Estimation of Glacier Volume and Volume Change by Scaling Melting Processes Methods Meltwater Channels Meltwater Erosion Meltwater Storage Formation and Deformation of Basal Ice Microorganisms Associated with Glaciers Frequency Analysis of Snow Storms Monitoring and Warning Systems Monsoonal Records Observed from Snow/Ice/Glacier GIS in Glaciology Mount Everest Glacial Drainage Characteristics Mount Kenya Glacial Ecosystems Mountain Geomorphology Glaciations and Groundwater Flow Systems New Zealand Glaciers Glacier Field Studies: Important Things to Notice Normalized-Difference Snow Index (NDSI) Glacier Hydrology Orographic Precipitation Glaciohydraulic Palaeo Glaciofluvial Sediment Systems Glaciology Palaeo- Global Climate Modeling in Cryospheric Assessment Palaeoclimate and Past Glaciations Global Warming and its Effect on Snow/Ice/Glaciers Pamirs GPS in Glaciology, Applications Papua GRACE in Glaciology Paraglacial Landscape Transformations Greenland Ice Sheet Patagonia Heat and Mass Transfer in Sea Ice Permafrost on Asteroids High Elevation Glacio-Climatology Permafrost Modeling Himalayan Glaciers in 2010 and 2035 Physical Properties of Snow Hindu Kush Polythermal Glaciers Holocene Glacier Fluctuations Precipitation LIST OF ARTICLES 1235

Table 2 (Continued) Proglacial Lakes Rain-Induced Snowmelt Solute in Glacial Meltwaters Rating Curve Stage-Discharge Relationship Recession of Discharge Stratigraphy of Snowpacks River Ice Hydrology Streamflow Trends in Mountainous Regions Rocky Mountains Structural Glaciology Runoff Generation Subglacial Borehole Instrumentation Runoff Observations Subglacial Drainage System Scandinavian Glaciers Subglacial Lakes, Antarctic Sea Ice Subglacial Processes Sea-Level Summer Accumulation Type Glaciers Sediment Budgets Super Cooling Sediment Core and Glacial Environment Reconstruction Supercooled Water Sediment Flux Source-To-Sink Surface Temperature of Snow and Ice Sediment Gravity Flow Suspended Sediment Concentration Sediment Transfer Modeling Sediment Yield Temperature Profile of Snowpack Thermal Regime of Ice-Covered Lakes Snow Cover and Snowmelt in Forest Regions Snow Cover Changes in the Alps Thinning of Arctic Sea Ice Snow Crystal Structure Thinning of Glaciers Snow Deformation Tibetan Plateau Snow Depth Tidewater Glaciers Snow Gauge Tien Shan Glaciers Snow Grains Tree-Ring Indicators of Glacier Fluctuations Snow Microstructure Water Balance in the Glacierized Region Snow Pit Westerlies and their Effects on Maritime Ice Caps and Glaciers Snow and Interaction Snow Water Equivalent 1236 LIST OF ARTICLES

Table 3 List of category “C” articles Ablatometer Geocryology Acidity of Glacier Ice Active Glacial Grooves Adfreeze Glacial Anabatic : In Relation with Snow/Glacier Basin Glacial Striations Glacial Trough Anti-Icing Glacier Anti-Syngenetic Ice Wedge Glacier Bird of the Andes Artificial Ground Freezing Bed (Bottom) Topography Glacier Pothole Bed Forms (Fluvial) Glacier Sliding Bed Roughness Glacier System Bed Strength Glacier Toe Glacieret Bottom Melting or Undermelt (Ice Shelf) Glacierization Brash Ice Glacioeustasy Cascade Mountains, USA Glaciofluvial Cascade System Glaciogenic Deposits Catastrophic Flooding Glacioisostasy Catchment Glacier Glaciolacustrine Cloudburst Glaciomarine Cohesion Glaciostatic Pressure/Stress Nuclei Granulometry Confluence of Rivers Gravel Sheet Gravitational Mass Movement Deposits Crack Gravity Flow (Mass Flow) Critical Temperature Gray-White Ice Crush Ground Ice Crust Horizontal Component of Ablation Cryodessication Horizontal Component of Velocity Cryofront Hummocks () Cryogenesis Hydrogen Isotopes Cryogenic Aquiclude Hysteresis Cryogenic Fabric Ice Apron Cryolithology Ice Caps Cryopeg Cryosol Cryostatic Pressure Icing Cryostructure Interception of Snow Interflow Dead Ice Interstitial Ice Deposition from Debris-Rich Ice Intrusive Ice Distributary Channels Inversion Layers Diverging Ice Flow Inverted Cup Crystals Drift Glacier/Ice/Snow Irreducible Water Dry Snow Isotopic Signatures Elongation Ratio and Topography Englacial Conduit Katabatic : In Relation with Snow and Glaciers Environmental Isotopes Lake Ice Epigenetic Ice Laminated Sediments Erosion of Hard Rock Bed Latent Heat of Condensation Erosion Rate Latent Heat of Fusion/Freezing Fast Ice Latent Heat of Sublimation Finger Rafting Latent Heat of Vaporization/Condensation Foliation Lateroglacial Forbes Band Layering of Snow Frazil Freezing Bottom (Ice Shelf) Lobe Freezing Meltwater Marginal Channel (Lateral Meltwater Channel) Freezing and Thawing Index Marginal Ice Zones Fresh Water Storage Marine Glaciers Frictional Melting Marine Ice Sheet Frozen Toe (Outer Zone of Glacier Snout) Mechanical Weathering Median Elevation of Glaciers LIST OF ARTICLES 1237

Table 3 (Continued) Meltwater Conduit Seasonal Frost Meltwater Pressure Seasonal Snow Cover Moulins Sediment Routing Negative Temperature Gradient (in Ice) Septa of Englacial Debris Neoglaciation Network of Stakes and Sleet of Snow Niche Glacier Snow Novaya Zemlya Snow Bed/Snow Bed Vegetation Nye (N) Channels Snow Course Ogives Snow Density Outlet Glacier Snow Drift Overburden Pressure Snow Layer Oxygen Isotopes Snow Load Palaeo-Channel Snow Metamorphism Palaeohydrology Snow Pellet Pancake Ice Snow Pillow Paternoster Lakes Snow Ripening Peak Flood Glacier Discharge Snow Skating Percolation Zone Snow Skiing Perennially Frozen Ground Snow Storm Permacrete Snowboard Permanent/Perpetual Snow Line Solutes in Glacier Ice Piedmont Glaciers Specific Melt Rate Stable Isotopes Plastic Deformation Stationary Glacier Plastic Flow Subglacial Volcanism Epoch Subglacial Weathering Sublimation from Snow and Ice Radioactive Fallout Supra-Glacial Debris Entrainments Radioactive Isotopes Suspended Sediment Load Radioactivity Ram Resistance Temperate Glaciers Recession Coefficient Terminus Recrystallization of Ice Terraces Refreezing of Meltwater Thaw Weakening Regelation Thermal Infrared Sensors Remobilization (of Debris) Transient Snowline Resedimentation Tributary Glaciers U-Shape Roche Moutonnees Vein Ice Röthlisberger (R)-Channels V-Shaped Valley Runoff Coefficient WGMS (World Glacier Monitoring Service) Runout Distance Winter Accumulation Glacier Salinity Year-Round Ablation Pattern Saltation

Author Index

A Clague, J.J., 106, 113 Grannas, A.M., 133, 138 Aber, J.S., 444 Cogley, J.G., 520 Grenfell, T.C., 23 Aizen, V., 38, 507, 813, 1179 Colby, J.D., 1187 Gudmundsson, G.H., 653 Allison, I., 647, 815 Cook, S.J., 297, 1108 Gupta, R.P., 213, 240, 241 Andrews, J.T., 708 Copland, L., 733, 934 Arora, M., 377, 799, 827, 859, 863 Crucifix, M., 359 H Arora, M.K., 213 Haeberli, W., 399, 1227 Atkins, C., 735 D Hall, B.L., 870 Daanen, R.P., 90, 234, 306, 538, 953, 955, 1158 Hall, D.K., 779, 1123 B Datt, P., 702, 703, 799, 827, 917 Hambrey, M.J., 984, 1089 Bahr, D.B., 278 de Jong, C., 61 Harbor, J., 332 Baker, I., 290 Delaloye, R., 163 Hardy, D.R., 377, 672 Bakke, J., 268, 979 Deline, P., 113 Hardy, S.P., 377 Bengtsson, L., 139, 232, 589, 1157, 2111 Demuth, M.N., 713 Hariprasad, C., 103, 262, 478, 649, 815, Beniston, M., 35 Déry, S.J., 468 974, 1219 Bennett, M.R., 623 Diolaiuti, G., 262 Haritashya, U.K., 39, 293, 756, 826 Ber, A., 444 Dobhal, D.P., 40, 127, 186, 257, 277, 289, 341, Harrison, S., 824 Berthier, E., 1169 358, 359, 376, 477, 489, 726, 738, 779, 781, Hewitt, K., 113, 429 Bertler, N.A.N., 584 1112 Hiemstra, C.A., 1067 Beylich, A.A., 1003 Domine, F., 859, 1197 Hodgkins, R., 1010 Bhutiyani, M.R., 581–583, 590, 621, 628, Dudeja, D., 313, 443, 783, 1155 Hubbard, B., 1095 656, 657 Durand, M., 1070 Hughes, P.D., 726, 808 Bintanja, R., 102, 1048 Hughes, T., 408 Birajdar, F.S., 201, 239, 240, 301 E Bishop, M.P., 783, 1187 Ehlers, J., 873 I Bolch, T., 95, 186 Escher-Vetter, H., 1221 Iturrizaga, L., 1, 381, 704, 817 Boon, S., 640, 1053 Essery, R., 1033 Braaten, D.A., 723 J Braithwaite, R.J., 196 F Jain, C.K., 959 Bravo, C., 551 Fassnacht, S., 1045 Jain, M.K., 922 Brierley, G.J., 975 Fengqing, J., 301 Jain, S.K., 200 Briner, J.P., 175 Fettweis, X., 1112 Jenkins, A., 613 Burgess, M.M., 852 Fierz, C., 1151 Jiskoot, H., 245, 415, 1209 Burlando, P., 1084 Fitzsimons, S.J., 157, 1101 Johnson, J.B., 1041 Burles, K., 1053 Fountain, A.G., 258, 1145 Jonas, T., 1033 Bush, A.B.G., 366 French, H.M., 827 Jorgenson, M.T., 841 Butler, D.R., 761 Fu, P., 332 Furukawa, Y., 557 K C Kääb, A., 763 Campbell, F., 1081 G Kanevskiy, M.Z., 841 Catto, N.R., 801 Gagliardini, O., 44 Kang, S., 75, 746 Cawkwell, F., 551 Gärtner-Roer, I., 163 Kappas, M., 4 Cazenave, A., 969 Giardino, J.R., 943 Kayastha, R.B., 3, 54, 61, 111, 112, 529, 530, Changnon, S.A., 302 Gibbard, P., 873 756, 1229 Chaturvedi, A., 45 Gillespie, A.R., 341 King, M.A., 471 Chaudhary, A., 161, 236, 1156 Glasser, N.F., 865, 984 Kirkbride, M.P., 190, 694 Cheng, J., 903 Goel, M.K., 646, 647, 922, 952 Knight, P.G., 440 Cherry, J.E., 58 Gong, G., 1045 Koch, J., 525 Christoffersen, P., 484 Graham, A.G.C., 592 Koehler, L., 1205 1240 AUTHOR INDEX

Konz, M., 744, 1027, 1106, 1204 P Stea, R.R., 54 Konz, N., 1032 Paasche, Ø., 141, 979 Stokes, C.R., 127, 781, 803 Krishna, A.P., 128 Painter, T.H., 1050 Stott, T., 1126 Kuhle, M., 560, 576, 697, 924 Pandey, P., 54, 163, 168, 173, 303, 311 Sudicky, E.A., 372 Kumar, A., 324, 436, 439, 443, 477, 671, 724, Panthri, H., 440, 863, 942, 1144 Suzuki, K., 1028 865, 974, 1071, 1079, 1132, 1154, 1155, Paul, F., 76, 650 Suzuki, R., 188 1217, 1219, 1227 Pellicciotti, F., 1084 Swift, D.A., 85, 237 Kumar, B., 261, 533, 669, 799, 913, 914, 1078 Pelto, M.S., 461, 546 Kumar, R., 414, 415, 428, 429, 436, 437, 477, Pielmeier, C., 1061 T 686, 690, 713, 722, 724, 725, 738, 739, 775 Piotrowski, J.A., 1181 Takeuchi, N., 168, 330 Kumar, V., 93, 94, 156, 257, 554, 803, 812 Porter, P.R., 178, 1091 Thayyen, R.J., 933, 939, 952, 1077, 1081 Postma, G., 1005 L – Thoma, M., 687 Pradeep Kumar, P., 157, 161, 171 173, 640, Thomas, D.N., 98 Lambiel, C., 163 649, 1108 Thompson, A.M., 90, 234, 306, 538, 953, Lawson, W., 775 Pringle, D.J., 505 955, 1158 Leathers, D.J., 915 Priscu, J.C., 1099 Toutin, T., 202 Lemieux, J.-M., 372 Q Tranter, M., 668, 1074 Leonard, E.M., 948 Tucker, D.F., 867 Leppäranta, M., 964 Quincey, D.J., 783 Tuffen, H., 625, 1105 Levia, D.F., 915 Tweed, F., 112, 438, 544, 619 Liang, S., 903 R Libbrecht, K.G., 1038 Rada, C., 551 V Lindsay, R., 1166 Rao, Y.S., 1133 Liston, G.E., 1067 Rapp, D., 565 Van den Broeke, M., 1112 Liu, J., 679 Ravindra, R., 45 van der Veen, C.J., 165 Liu, Y., 135, 313, 657, 1172 Regmi, N.R., 943 Vanacker, V., 1125 Lloyd, C., 358 Reid, H.E., 975 Vella, D., 289 Lomonaco, R.W., 290 Rempel, A.W., 303 Venkataraman, G., 883 Lorrain, R.D., 157, 1101 Ridley, J., 458 Verma, A.K., 103, 841, 932, 933, 1062, Losic, M., 1145 Riggs, G.A., 779 1064, 1066 Lukas, S., 616, 1229 Rignot, E., 608 Vieli, A., 1175 Lunkka, J.P., 960 Rinterknecht, V., 192 Vihma, T., 66 Riseborough, D., 858 Vitek, J.D., 943 M Rivera, A., 551 Vuille, M., 40, 153 MacGregor, K., 1014 Roe, G.H., 794 Mahaney, W.C., 758, 848, 1016 Ross, N., 683 W Marshall, S.J., 1145 Wahr, J., 474 Marston, R.A., 328 S Walsh, S.J., 1071 Marty, C., 1036 Schomacker, A., 747 Warren, C.R., 105 McCulloch, R.D., 1224 Schutz, B.E., 636 Weiss, D.J., 1071 Menounos, B., 106, 109 Semádeni-Davies, A., 1211 Wettlaufer, J., 289 Minder, J.R., 794 Shen, H.T., 939 Wheate, R., 106 Misra, D., 90, 234, 306, 538, 953, 955, 1158 Shrestha, A.B., 145 Willis, I.C., 534, 541, 918 Miteva, V.I., 741 Shroder, J.F., 378, 510, 523, 690, 692, 693 Woodward, J., 683 Mölg, T., 1112 Shukla, A., 213 Molnar, P., 1084 Shur, Y., 841 X Molnia, B.F., 16 Siegert, M., 683 Xiao, C., 3 Morse, B., 281 Sigurðsson, O., 630 Singh, A.K., 864, 957, 1031, 1032, 1049, 1059, N 1060, 1062–1064, 1067, 1106 Y Naito, N., 1107 Singh, G., 201, 239, 240, 296, 300, 301, 883 Yanwei, Z., 301 Napieralski, J., 325 Singh, P., 39, 293, 379, 730, 739, 756, 775, Yao, T., 313, 657, 1172 Nesje, A., 268 826, 1078 Yde, J.C., 478, 530 Neumann, T.A., 636 Singh, V.P., 39, 293, 756, 826 Yu, W., 313, 657, 1172 Nienow, P.W., 1081 Sinha, S., 277, 530, 933, 1010, 1027 Nobes, D.C., 490 Smiraglia, C., 262 Z Smith, A.M., 683 Zhang, T., 1143 O Smith, D.J., 1205 Zhao, H., 313, 657, 1172 Obbard, R.W., 290 Smith, S.L., 852 Zwally, H.J., 636 Subject Index

A Air-sea heat fluxes, 968 Antarctic coastal regions, 1168 Ablation, 145, 260, 268, 343, 377, 411, 432, 530, Air temperature, 1185 Antarctic continent, 1167 681, 1107, 1169, 1175, 1184, 1204, 1214, Air thawing index, 1156 Antarctic Holocene optimum, 1226 1223, 1227 Alaska, 210, 508, 1176, 1202 Antarctic ice sheets, 648, 687, 711 stakes, 95, 401 Albedo, 25, 188, 197, 366, 460, 463, 540, 571, Antarctic Peninsula, 1169 surface, 3 789, 1149, 1151, 1197, 1198, 1202, 1211, Antarctic tills, 1022 tills, 691 1213, 1216 Anthropogenic changes, 971 valley, 1 Alluvial fans, 671 Anthropogenic contributions, 316 zone, 124, 151, 158, 193, 865 Alpine climate, 508 Anthropogenic disturbances, 1163 Ablation-dominant, 191 Alpine glaciation, 1023 Anthropogenic emissions, 320 medial moraines, 750 Alpine glaciers, 106, 113, 118, 252, 260, 318, Anthropogenic pollution, 531 Abrasion, 692, 725, 1161, 1182, 1184 345, 371, 464, 525, 546, 1179 Antifreeze, 100 Absorbed organic matter, 1074 Alpine hydrology, 508 solution, 869 Absorption, 1146, 1167, 1213 Alpine landscapes, 695, 1190 Appalachian Glacier Complex, 54 Acceleration, 1169, 1175, 1177, 1181 Alpine Moraine, 360 Aquatic ecosystems, 1159 Accumulation, 51, 115, 117, 134, 145, 148, 150, Alpine permafrost, 679, 680 Arabian Sea, 1174 186, 268, 343, 377, 667, 1107, 1149, Alpine snowpack, 547 Aralo-Caspian, 1179 1170, 1180, 1204, 1208 Alpine topography, 1212 Archipelago, 18 period, 1223 Alpine , 154 Arctic, 58, 1163, 1167 zones, 151, 975, 1078 Alps, 36, 121, 155, 267, 316, 470, 1221 Arctic Ocean, 281, 458, 540, 1166, 1167 Altimeters, 600 Arctic oscillation (AO), 60, 643, 1166, 1168 Accumulation-area ratio (AAR), 149, 790 – Acidic layers, 51 Altimetry, 459, 610 611 Arctic sea, 1167 Acidity, 3 Altitude distribution, 1188 Arctic sea ice, 639, 1166 Active-ice till facies, 1184 Altitude variations, 1187 coverage, 1202 , 843, 858 Altitudinal gradients, 1147 Arctic tundra, 307, 1201, 1213 Active method, 848 Anabatic winds, 40, 672 Area-altitude balance ratio (AABR), 982 Adhesion, 864 Analysis of variance, 1194 , 351 Adiabatic compression, 1147 Analytical solutions, 903 Argentera glaciers, 727 Adjacent-terrain irradiance, 1192 Analytic models, 71 Arid, 318 Adjoint methods, 653 Anastomosing, 345, 352 continental climate, 1181 Adsorption of liquid water, particle, 1110 shears, 989 Aridity, 1226 Advanced spaceborne thermal emission Anchor ice, 40, 438 Artificial vegetation, 1144 radiometers (ASTER), 824 Andean Cordillera, 1226 Association for the Study of Snow and Ice, 440 Advance/retreat patterns of glacier, 938 Andean glaciers, 155 ASTER, 1172 Advection, 460, 1212, 1213 Andean mountains, 1226 Ataxitic/suspended cryostructure, 845 Aerhchin, 1173 Andes, 142, 266, 1224 Atmosphere, 1146 Aerial photographs, 1169 Anisotropic reflectance, 1187, 1188, 1192 Atmosphere-ice interface, 258 Aerosols, 23, 161, 314, 331, 568 Anisotropic reflectance correction (ARC), 1187 Atmosphere-ocean model, 368 formation, 1203 Anisotropic reflection, 1195 Atmosphere-topographic coupling, 1192 Afghanistan, 514, 523 Annual cycle, 1167 Atmospheric attenuation, 1187, 1188 Agassiz, Louis, 408, 441, 566 Annual precipitation, 1180 Atmospheric carbon dioxide, 366, 485 Age leap, 701 Annual ring counts of trees, 1208 Atmospheric circulation, 318, 643, 1230 Airborne electromagnetic instruments, 1167 Annual runoff, 1211 Atmospheric-correction models, 1190 Airborne laser, 1169 Antarctic, 194, 1168, 1170 Atmospheric methane, 1144 Airborne pollutants, 1213 Antarctic Circle, 45 Atmospheric temperature, 1203 Air circulation, 1224 Antarctic , 45 Atmospheric thermodynamics, 70, 1146 Airflow dynamics, 795 Antarctica, 23, 45, 193, 1148 Atmospheric transmission, 1194 Air mass advection, 1146 Antarctica ice sheet, east, 735 At-sensor spectral radiance, 1187 Air masses, 1230 Antarctic and greenland ice sheets, 741 , 350 1242 SUBJECT INDEX

Automated mapping of glaciers, 650 Brash ice, 48 Climate-glacier relations, 400 Automated weather station, 672 BRDF geometry variations, 1190 Climatic regime, 1226 Avalanche-glacier interactions, 124 Bridging of surface ice, 940 Climatic zones, 1226 Avalanche-nourished glaciers, 432 Brine, 99, 498, 505 Climatology, 1156 Avalanches, 61, 72, 113, 115, 268, 348, 378, 1059 Britain, 1181 Clinometry, 206 rock, 766 British Antarctic Survey, 685 Cloudbursts, 156 rock/ice, 767 British Columbia, 108 condensation nuclei (CCN), 161 Average temperature gradients, 1149 Brittle deformations, 445 Cloudiness, 542 Axial tilt, 146 Buddhist pilgrims, 1173 Cloud shadows, 14 Bulk density, 1164 Coalescence, 345 B Bulk sediment composition, 981 Coarse-grained till, 1184 Backscattering coefficient, 883 Bulk sediment density (BSD), 980 Coarse silts, 1156 Backscattering intensity, 892 Bummock, 48 Coastal erosion, 283 Backwater effect, 940 Buoyancy forces, 1177 Cold air drainage, 1147 Bacterial carbon, 1099 Buoyancy-induced calving model, 1176 Cold-based glaciers, 157, 159, 342, 490 Baffin Island, 285 Burma, 1174 Cold-based ice, 337 Balkhash, 1179 Buttress, 410 Cold glaciers, 150, 318, 986 Band ratioing, 216 Byrd Polar Research Center, 1174 Cold recrystallization, 1180 Barents Sea, 1166 Cold weather systems, 1147 Baroclinic instability, 1224 C Columbia Glacier, 1176, 1178 Basal adfreezing, 298 Calving, 46, 105, 149, 193, 246, 393, 399, 443, Comminution till, 1184 Basal clasts, 335 465, 613, 1177, 1178 Compensating effect, 541 Basal contacts, 1183 dynamics, 1178 Complex refractive index, 904 Basal debris, 159, 1182 rate, 1178 Concave spots, 1197 Basal heating, 157 Canadian Archipelago, 1166 Concentration of light-absorbing impurities, 1198 Basal hydrology, 260 Canadian Arctic, 1175 Condensation, 702, 867 Basal ice, 159, 160, 297, 332, 334, 340 Canadian glaciers, 108 of water vapor, 1146 Basal melting, 48, 86, 382 Canadian high Arctic, 1148 Conduit-dominated system, 425 Basal melt rate, 336 Canadian Rockies, 108 Confluence of rivers, 161 Basal meltwater, 734 Canadian Rocky Mountains, 708 Confluent glaciers, 1209 Basal motion, 654, 1175 Carbon-cycle dynamics, 363 Congelation, 163 Basal sediment, 85, 1176 Carbon dioxide, 605 Congelation ice, 964 Basal shear stress, 158, 250 Cascades, 154 Consolidation, 1182 , 52, 159, 238, 246–248, 264, 337, Catastrophic dam failure, 381 Continental dust, 136 342, 344, 627, 1092 Catastrophic flooding, 112, 770, 917 Continental glaciation, 1022 Basal temperature of snow (BTS), 859 Catastrophic rock slope failures, 434 Continental glaciers, 253, 338 Basal thermal regime, 338 Catastrophic settling, 1159 Continental ice, 46 Basal water pressure, 694, 1177 Caves, 583, 1158 Continental ice sheets, 23, 368, 451 Basin precipitation, 1223 Cell development, 1205 Continental scale, 1181 Bayesian inference, 653 Change detection, 216 Continental-scale debris, 1182 Beaufort, 1166 Channel morphology, 112 Continental-scale ice sheet dynamics, 1185 Beaufort Gyre, 1166 Chattermarks, 334 Convection, 1158 Bedload flux, 1014 Chemical analysis of glacier water, 1106 Convective heating, 39 Bed-rock, 1145 Chemical composition Coral terraces, 361 Bellinghausen-Amundsen Sea region, 464 of glacial runoff, 1074 , 120 Benchmark Glacier, 20 of snow, 860 Coriolis force, 71, 459 Benthic d18O, 574 Chemical erosion, 739 Correlation analysis, 1194 , 263 Chemical weathering, 531 Corriolis force, 1166 Bergy bits, 48 Chemistry-climate interactions, 1203 Cosine-correction, 1194 Bering Glacier, 18 Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1174 Cosine-law correction, 1191 Bering Sea, 1166 Chinese glacier inventory, 1173 Cosmogenic isotopes, 181, 914 Bernoulli's equation, 477 Chronology, 325, 1205 Cosmogenic surface exposure dating, 1231 Bidirectional reflectance, 907 Chukchi, 1166 Crack, 333 Bidirectional reflectance distribution function Cirque glaciers, 21, 481 , 340, 347 (BRDF), 28, 214, 1187 , 142, 269, 338, 350, 632, 692 Creep, 163, 246, 250, 344, 410, 539 Bifurcations, 513 Clapeyron equation, 307 diffusional creep, 44 Bio-geochemical cycles, 1174 Clast, 336 fills, 802 Biogeochemical processes, 98, 100 Clay, 1181 Crevasses, 23, 27, 31, 47, 165, 166, 259, 262, Biological markers, 281 Clay fraction, 1182 263, 326, 328, 421, 429, 628, 767, Biological organisms, 26 Clean-ice glaciers, 272 1090, 1178 Biological processes, 310 Cliffs, 347 Cross-dating, 1205, 1207, 1208 Biology in sea ice, 99 CLIMAP (Climate: Long-range Investigation, Crushed quartz grains, 1183 Bird, 377 Mapping, and Prediction), 412 Crushing and fracture, 692 , 589 Climate, 1197, 1219 Cryconites, 265 Blue Glacier, 166 fluctuations, 874, 1170, 1229, 1230 Cryoconite, 168, 169, 330, 741 Bond strength, 1197 forcing, 149, 252, 505 Cryoconite holes, 3 Boreal forest, 1201 model, 973 Cryogenic, 172 Boreal peatlands, 530 science, 1167 Cryogenic piping, 1162 Bottom temperature, 1151 variability, 36, 149, 155, 1204, 1207 surfaces, 353–354 Boudinage, 1090 Climate change, 52, 62, 64, 105, 129, 144, 145, CryoSat–2, 1172 Boulder, 1182 149, 151, 155, 194, 246, 316, 373, Cryosol, 172 trains, 693 487–488, 554, 572, 649, 744, 770, 1169, Cryosphere, 37, 431, 441, 468, 559, 974 Boulton's model, 336 1195, 1203, 1205, 1229, 1231 Cryospheric systems, 35 Brackish water, 959 impacts, 644 Cryoturbation, 347, 348, 530 SUBJECT INDEX 1243

Crystal deformation, 44 Diamictic matrix, 1185 Electromagnetic waves, 883 Crystal lattice, 292 Diamictons, 605, 1181, 1185 Ellesmere Island, 1149 Crystal matrix, 337 Diamicts, 1184 El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), 60, Crystal structure and impurities, 964 Diapirs, 450 108–110, 539, 643, 798, 948 Cumulonimbus clouds, 156 Differential digital elevation models, 1169 Elongated particles, 1184 Cupola-hill, 446, 454 Differential GPS (dGPS), 472 Elongated stones, 1185 Cyanobacteria, 330 Differential illumination, 1187 Elongation ratio, 257 Diffuse-skylight irradiance, 1189, 1192 Emissivity, 903, 1055, 1190 D Diffusion, 1157 Empirical models, 858 d18O, 659–662 Diffusion-like models, 349 Energy balance, 189, 197, 198, 505, 508, 676, Damage, 1156 Digital elevation model (DEM), 78, 202, 1146–1148, 1151, 1164, 1212, 1214, Darcy's law, 506 325, 406, 513, 519, 792, 884, 1216, 1222 Dasuopu ice core, 1175 901, 1191 Energy balance models, 36, 403, 485, 1215 Data acquisition techniques, 327 Digital image classification, 217 Energy budget models, 731 Dating, 667 Digital terrain model (DTM), 81 Energy-delivering mechanisms, 1151 absolute-dating methods, 177 Diluvium, 560 Energy dispersive spectrometry, 1017 cosmogenic, 194 Dip angles, 1185 Energy exchange, 1156 cosmogenic-exposure, 179, 181 Direct-beam irradiance, 1189 Energy flux, 308 cosmogenic nuclides, 355 Direct runoff, 42 Energy loss, 1212 dendrochronology, 526 Discharge, 65, 130, 380, 535 Energy sinks, 1151 glacial landforms, 175 Dispersal fans, 693 Energy transfer processes, 731 glacial sediments, 175 Displacement, 7 Engineered structures, 1164 lichenometry, 177, 526 Dissolved organic carbon, 1164 Englacial, 186, 259, 261, 534 methods, 1230 Dissolved , 959 channels, 738 potassium-argon dating, 178 Distance-decay function, 523 lakes, 816 radiocarbon, 179, 481, 526, 666 Distributed drainage, 88 melt water, 257 relative-dating techniques, 177 Distributed hydrological modeling, 112 processes, 258 Davis Strait, 1166 Distribution of strain, 1183 transport, 116, 1184 Dead-ice melting, 752 Diurnal runoff, 1222 Englacial debris, 1184 Debris, 117, 186, 1182, 1184, 1213 Diurnal , 35 septa, 616 Debris-covered glaciers, 95, 189, 265, 392 rise, 1155 Englacial drainage Debris-covered glacier tongues, 78 DLR, 1172 channels, 390 Debris covers, 149, 378 Doppler weather radar, 157 system, 244, 671 Debris entrainment, 297 Dorje Phamo, 1173 Environment, 1197 Debris-free glacier, 616 Downwasting, 392, 554 Environmental Programme of the United Nations Debris-rich glacier Downwelling radiation, 27 (UNEP), 382 ice, 1184 Dragometer, 1094 Epigenetic, 262 Decade-to-century timescales, 1207 Drainage, 1156 Epiglacial, 262 Décollements, 446 conduit, 1214 Equatorial glaciers, 815 Deep ice cores, 1174 network, 264, 380, 739 Equilibrium line altitude (ELA), 36, 37, 42, 143, Deep ocean fjords, 1177 system, 541 148, 193, 197, 268, 343, 403, 432, 552, Deep-sea cores, 568 Drift, 437 595, 699, 789, 1177, 1181 Deflation surfaces and ventifacts, 996 , 966 regional, 270 Deformation, 1167 , 340, 423, 453, 562, 622, 691, 1183 Equilibrium lines, 331, 378, 580, 1204 rate, 1092 Dry-based glaciers, 157 Equi-temperature, 1197 signatures, 1184 Dry snow, 241, 269, 885 Erosion, 1104, 1158, 1161 tills, 1182–1184 Dry-snow zone, 897 rates, 186, 277, 332, 920 Deglaciated valley floor, 1155 Dunes, 1230 resistance, 94 Deglaciation, 182, 193, 348, 359, 362, 478, 532, Dust, 26 Erratics, 55, 341, 347, 567 605, 820 Dust plumes, 318 , 193, 201, 329, 562, 622 Degradation, 1162, 1163 Dye solution, 919 Estuary, 281 Degree-day approach, 1216 Dye trace, 419, 543 mesotidal Churchill Estuary, 282 Degree-day factor, 732 Dye tracers, 242 Russian Arctic estuaries, 282 Degree-day melt-rate factor, 1215 Dynamics of glaciers, 246, 438 ET metamorphism, 1061 Degree-day method, 731, 1215 European Programme for Ice Coring in Antarctica Degree-days, 196, 283, 301, 589 E (EPICA), 584 Degree of compaction, 1181 Earth Quake Advance Theory, 424 European Space Agency, 1172 De-icing processes, 617–618 Earth's precession, 146 Evapotranspiration, 1222 DEM, 269 Earth's surface, 1219 Evolution, 1184 DEM resolution, 1193 Earth system Models of Intermediate Complexity Evolution of snow, 1198 Dendrochronologic methods, 1205 (EMICs), 368 Exfoliation, 725 Dendroglaciological dating, 1207 East China Sea, 1174 Exo-atmospheric irradiance, 1188 Dendroglaciology, 1205, 1206 East Greenland, 1177 External forcings, 1169 Densification, 1197 East Rongbuk, 319 Extinction coefficient, 909 Density, 1198 East Siberian, 1166 Extraglacial sediment, 144 Density of the flow, 1008 Eat losses, 1157 Extraterrestrial impact, 1231 Denudation, 434 Eccentricity, 146, 572 Extratropical glaciers, 43 Denudation rates, 190, 355 Ecological interactions, 98 Deposition, 1181, 1185 Economic zones, 1167 F Depth, 1202 Ecosystems, 129, 135, 549, 1159, 1164 Fabric signature, 1183 Depth hoar, 1201 Effective permittivity, 909 Fast sliding, 425 Desiccation, 307 Effective pressure, 333–334 Feedback loops, 1197 Detachment, 1183 Electrical resistivity, 803 Feedback mechanisms, 1168 Dew point temperatures, 917 Electromagnetic potential, 803 Fennoscandian, 960 1244 SUBJECT INDEX

Ferromagnet, 981 Geographic Information System (GIS), 325 Glacier-climate change response system, 145, 150 Field surveys, 1169 Geological record, 960 Glacier-climate fluctuations, 1206 Finno-Scandian Ice Sheet, 354 Geological setting, 686 Glacier-climate models, 42, 149 Fiords, 120 Geometric stress concentrating factors, 1024 Glacier-cover mapping, 219 Firn, 290, 314, 345, 567 Geomorphic mapping, 184 Glacier-dammed lakes, 384, 395 grain boundary diffusion, 291 Geomorphic processes, 761 Glacier-fed drainage basins, 682 line, 1204 Geomorphological features, 849 Glacier-fed lakes, 273 Firn-ice transition, 290, 584, 586 Geomorphological models, 694 Glacier-fed rivers, 128 , 1176 Geomorphometric analysis, 80 Glacierets, 436 Fjords, 179, 293, 339, 560, 1176 Geomorphometry, 1193 Glacierization, 436 Flash floods, 157 Geophysical, 21 Glacierization versus glaciation, 378 Flat-topped eskers, 752 investigations, 771 Glacierized areas, 1169 Floating glacier tongues, 40 Geospatial Analysis of Glaciated Environments Glacierized catchments, 1145, 1223 Floating ice tongues, 1177 (GAGE), 326 Glacierized drainage basins, 1221 Floating tongue, 1177, 1178 Geothermal, 298, 301, 344, 389, 412, 677, 768 Glacier lake out-burst floods (GLOFs), 13, 265, Floes, 48 activity, 1170 381, 542, 590, 745 Flood, 542, 555 cauldrons, 634 Glacier mass balance, 1145, 1154, 1204, Flood forecasting, 955 Geothermal heat, 583, 689, 735 1222, 1227 Floodwaters, 1143 flux, 328, 412, 653, 655, 1170 Glacier Mass Balance Bulletin, 399, 402, 745 Flow law, 409 German Aerospace Center, 1172 Glacier-melt, 128, 129 Flow regime, 1209 Gilbert-type deltas, 379 Glaciers, 2, 30–31 Flow transformations, 1006 GIS-based solar radiation models, 1192 ablation, 1180, 1208 Fluctuation of glaciers, 745, 963 Glacial abrasion, 987 advances, 2, 16, 117, 175, 182, 384, 525, 772 Fluvial cavitation, 987 Glacial advances, 1205 Alaskan glaciers, 13, 16 Fluvial transport, 349 Glacial buzzsaw, 143 albedo, 30 Fluvio-glacial, 130 Glacial calving, 1155 alpine glaciers, 36 Fluvio-thermal erosion, 1163 Glacial continuum, 1182 Andean glaciers, 40 Folds, 1090 Glacial debris, 996, 1184 benchmark, 1169 Foliation, 1090 Glacial deposits, 694, 729, 1024, 1224 boundary layer, 1147–1149 Food and Agricultural Organization of the United tillites, 985 coastal glaciers, 12 Nations (FAO), 1227 Glacial drainage, 243, 244, 536 debris, 77 Forest-snow-ground system, 69 Glacial drift, 996 debris-covered, 2, 936 Fourier's law, 189 Glacial erosion, 85, 182, 294, 332, 554, 690, 692, Duofeng, 1173 Fourier transform, 536 693, 695 dynamics, 157, 187, 1226 Fractography, 1023–1025 abrasion, 334, 340 ecosystems, 330, 331 Fracture faces, 1017 Boulton's model, 335 elevation change, 21 Fram Strait, 1167 carbonation, 337 erosion, 1217 Franz Josef Glacier, 496 cation exchange, 337 Evans, 1149 Frazil, 284 cavitation, 336–337 fluctuation, 1207, 1227 , 300, 438, 964 chemical erosion, 337 forefield, 180, 394 Freeze-thaw cycles, 304, 681 crushing, 336 fragmentation, 1210 Freezing, 1151 dissolution, 337 geomorphology, 786 index, 1156 glacier taxonomy, 344–345 grooves, 358 temperature, 1156 Hallet's model, 335–336 Haig, 1149 Freezing point of water, 1109 plucking, 332, 340 hanging glaciers, 390 French Alps, 1169 Glacial geology, 408 Hubbard, 16 Fresh snow, 1199 Glacial geomorphology, 341, 1227 hydraulic system, 336 Freshwater, 303 Glacial grains, 1017 hydrology, 242, 379, 482–483, 739, 987 Frost, 304 Glacial hazard, 394 identification code, 478 heave, 308, 310 Glacial horns, 928 inventory, 77, 478, 650, 813, 1227 mounds, 838 Glacial-interglacial cycles, 570, 572, 605, 1226 karst, 267 susceptibility, 308 Glacial-interglacial oscillation, 360 Kyagqen, 1173 Frost-heaved sediments, 304 Glacial/interglacial time scale, 585 lakes, 382 Frost-susceptible soils, 1155 Glacial-isostatic, 700 Langtang, 1173 Froude number, 940 Glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA), 475 latitude, 1149 Frozen ground, 311 out-burst floods (GLOFs), 130, 191 mapping, 76 Frozen soil, 307, 311, 1214 Glacial landforms, 130, 175, 176 marine, 725 Fuzzy c-means clustering (FCM), 228 Glacial mass balance, 1207 maritime, 963 Glacial meltwater, 336 melting, 1154 G Glacial meltwater erosion, 987 morphology, 143 Galaxy, 1156 Glacial plucking, 987 motion, 297 Gangdisi, 1173 Glacial polish, 334 mountain, 47, 170, 1170 Gangotri glacier, 128, 1217 Glacial sediments, 985 Ngozumpa, 1173 Gas bubbles, 336, 586 Glacial sequences, 1181 niche, 779 Gaseous absorption, 1189 Glacial systems, 1208 Opabin, 1148 , 348 Glacial theory, 441, 1181 outlet, 799 , 313 Glacial transport and deposition, 985 piedmont, 863 General circulation models, 363, 370 Glacial trough lakes, 692 pothole, 414 Geochemistry, 372 Glacial valley, 1217 recession, 1180 Geochronology, 184, 355–356 Glacially sculpted, 352 region, 1221 Geocryology, 324, 441 Glaciations, 175, 484, 1182 response, 1205 Geodetic approach, 790 and climate change, 145–146 retreat, 16, 109, 113, 118, 145, 352, 354, 464, Geodetic method, 96, 401, 472 in South Africa, 879 523, 525, 530, 546, 767, 938 Geodynamics, 1172 of Tibet, 879 rheology, 187 SUBJECT INDEX 1245

rock, 943 Global warming, 56, 130, 150, 193, 236, 463, High-discharge floods, 692 Rongbuk, 1173 468, 488, 672, 725, 946, 1144, 1163, High latitudes, 342, 542 Scandinavian glaciers, 963 1167, 1168, 1170 High mountain terrain, 14 shrinkage, 3, 37, 147, 523 Gobi Desert, 350 High pressure zones, 1224 sliding, 415 Grain growth, 1198 High-resolution numerical models, 71 stagnation, 17 Grain-size, 889, 1181, 1198 Hill-hole pair, 446 structure, 986 distribution, 1182 Himalayan, 169 summit glaciers, 18 modification, 1183 catchment, 1223 surface, 1169, 1175, 1176 Grain-size analysis (GSA), 980 Mountains, 1172 surging, 149, 781, 935 Grand Dixence Dam, 548 Himalayas, 75, 80, 95, 128, 142, 189, 190, 267, temperate, 726, 982, 1145 Granular structure of the ice, 103 379, 508, 510, 708, 1173, 1217 terminus, 6, 145 Gravel, 1181 Hindcasting, 1207 thickening, 16, 158 Gravitational drainage, 1147 Hinduism, 1173 thickness, 522, 1169 Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Hindu Kush, 513, 523 thinning, 17, 118, 158 (GRACE), 21, 475, 486, 610 Hindu pilgrims, 1173 tidewater glaciers, 935–936 Gravity wind, 46 Hindu Raj, 514 tongue, 47, 186, 1169 Great lakes, 302, 539 Hinning, 1169 tributary, 382, 386 Greenhouse effect, 593 Hoar crystals, 1201 tropical glaciers, 41 Greenhouse gas concentrations, 360, 1174 Hoar formation, 1202 warm, 1145 Greenhouse gases, 839 Holocene, 122, 147, 411, 431, 525, 526, 566, , 237, 259, 937, 1178, 1210 Greenland, 194, 1148, 1166, 1175, 1178 674, 1226 snout, 1154 Greenland ice-core project (GRIP), 485 glacial records, 1208 Glacier volume, 278 Greenland ice cores, 1230 glacier fluctuations, 526 volume-area scaling, 278, 279 Greenland ice sheet, 23, 88, 161, 168, 169, moraine formation, 179 Glacigenic sediment, 996 412, 478, 484, 594, 711, 1147, 1170, paleoclimatic trends, 982–984 Glaciochemical records, 75 1177, 1230 warming, 1229 Glaciochemistry, 75, 320 Greenland ice sheet project (GISP), 485 Honeycombed network, 329 Glacio-climatology, 508, 509 Greenland , 1229 Horns, 693 Glacioeustasy, 436 Ground-based observations, 911 Hot-water drilling, 1091 Glaciofluvial, 247, 437 Ground freezing, 61 Hubbard Glacier, 526 environment, 801 Ground heat fluxes, 1151 Hudson Bay, 1166 grains, 1017 Grounding line, 603, 609 Human infrastructure, 1144 landforms, 671 Grounding zone, 47, 638 Humid-maritime regions, 402 sediments, 705, 711, 1207 Ground penetrating radar (GPR), 258, 278, 329, Hummocks, 48, 530, 838 Glaciohydraulic supercooling (qv), 298, 438, 490, 977 Hummocky, 176 442, 1109 bistatic, 494 Hunza, 516 Glacio-isostatic, 562 monostatic, 494 Hurricane, 1160 Glacioisostatic rebound effects, 822 Ground surface temperature, 1151 Hydraulic conductivity, 307 Glaciolacustrine, 247, 440, 802, 1017 Ground temperature, 1200, 1203 Hydraulic gradient, 1159 Glaciological modeling, 655, 1226 Ground thermal regime, 835 Hydraulic siphon techniques, 395 Glaciological models, 1145 Groundwater, 373, 1144, 1161 Hydrochemical characteristics, 530 Glaciology, 408, 440, 653, 1145, 1227 flow, 372, 764, 1181 Hydrochemical modeling, 532 Glaciomarine, 443 flow in permafrost, 90 Hydroclimatology, 58 Glacio-meteorological, 508 hydrology, 1144 Hydrodynamic force, 1160, 1162, 1164 Glaciospeleology, 264, 378 movement, 1144 Hydrofracture, 536 Glaciotectonics, 445, 624 recharge, 1214 Hydrograph, 257, 534, 642, 1214 deformation, 994 static level, 1161 Hydrological basins, 37 landforms, 326 Gulf of Bothnia, 1166 Hydrological cycle, 261, 1226 model, 453 Guliya , 1175 Hydrological models, 731, 1204, 1227 Glaciotectonism, 311, 423 Guliya ice core, 1175 Hydrological processes, 1159 Glen's flow law, 164, 247, 278, 409 Gully, 1161 Hydrological response, 541 Glen's law, 160 evolution, 1162 Hydrologic cycle, 41, 90, 131, 149, 533, 538, 730 Global climate, 51, 1167 formation, 1162 Hydrologic simulation models, 733 Global climate model (GCM), 37, 458, 468, Hydrology, 1145, 1159 509, 611 H Hydrometeorology, 58 Global climatic Half-bowl-shaped basin, 692 Hydropower, 379, 464, 509, 546 change, 1172 Hallet's model, 336 generation, 236 Global cooling, 531 Hanging glaciers, 394, 399 microhydropower, 550 Global Land Ice Measurements from Space Hanging troughs, 692 production, 42 (GLIMS), 76, 202, 326, 650, 745, 1227 Hanging valleys, 692, 1210 Hydrostatic flotation, 389 Global Laser Altimeter System (GLAS), 714 Hardness, 335, 1198 Hydrostatic head, 1160 Global Meteoric Water Line (GMWL), 669 Haut Glacier d'Arolla, 238 Hydrostatic pressure, 329, 1177 Global Positioning System (GPS), 325, Heat advection, 1157 Hydrothermal energy, 689 405, 471 Heat conduction, 1146, 1199 HYMET model, 543 Global recession, 1206 Heat diffusion, 1151 Hypersaline lakes, 959 Global sea-level rise, 955 Heat pump effect, 298, 334 Hypsometry, 271, 272, 403, 534 Global spectral variance, 1189 Heat sinks, 1154 curve, 551 Global synchroneity, 1231 Heat transfer, 1199 Hysteresis, 87, 554 Global Terrestrial/Climate Observing System Helheim Glacier, 1177 (GTOS/GCOS), 1227 Hemisphere, 1189 I Global Terrestrial Network for Glaciers (GTN-G), Hemispherical reflectance distribution Ice, 3, 44 95, 399, 1227 function, 28 ablation, 265 Global trigger, 1231 Hengduan Mountains, 1173 algae, 101 Global vegetation models, 363 High density snow, 1198 anisotropy, 44 1246 SUBJECT INDEX

Ice (Continued) Ice-dammed lakes, 17, 1210, 1230 Intergranular bonds, 1200 aprons, 581 Ice-disintegration landforms, 1184 Intergranular collisions, 1183 Bernal-Fowler rules, 557 Ice drainage basins, 597 Intermediate layer, 845 breccia, 48 Ice dynamics, 117, 554 Internal deformation, 985 cakes, 48 Ice-faceted spurs, 692 Internal deformation of ice, 654 crystal lattice, 557, 558 Ice-free lake, 140 Internal energy, 1151, 1212 crystalline structure, 557 Ice-induced extreme flow events, 939 Internal forcings, 1169 crystals, 44, 99, 558 Iceland, 80, 438, 630, 1170 Internal ice deformation, 1175 dams, 536, 590 Ice-marginal, 88 Internal stratification, 51 debris flow, 127 dynamics, 618 International Centre of Integrated Mountain deformation, 44, 534, 582, 1145 lakes, 160, 395, 542 Development (ICIMOD), 382 deformation rate, 249 landforms, 998 International Classification of Seasonal Snow on density, 265, 345, 410 processes, 623 the Ground (ICSSG), 1050 disintegration, 1185 river, 355 International Commission of Snow and Ice falls, 263 Ice melt, 198, 237, 954 (ICSI), 520 fields, 49, 345 Ice melt rate, 188 International Council for Science (ICSU), 1227 floes, 286, 289 Ice-ocean-atmosphere circulation system, 594 International Geological Congress, 1227 flow, 54, 56, 247, 251, 410 Ice-ocean interface, 294 International Geophysical Year, 687 dynamics, 416 Icepack deformation, 1202 International Glacier Commission, 1227 perturbations, 486 Icequakes, 419 International Glaciological Society, 440 fringe, 49 Ice-rafted debris (IRD), 708 International Partnerships on Ice Coring Sciences jams, 285 Ice-rich permafrost, 1158, 1160 (IPICS), 587 kinematics, 967 ICESat-based ice freeboard measurements, 1167 International Permafrost Association (IPA), 1144 lens, 305 ICESat laser profiles, 1172 International polar year (IPY), 647 lobes, 410 Ice-sheet-carbon-cycle-ocean models, 363 International Space Station (ISS), 559 margin, 1185 Ice sheets, 46, 106, 161, 184, 193, 194, 197, 247, International Trans Antarctic Scientific mass, 1145 258, 268, 300, 338, 345, 408, 413, 566, Expedition (ITASE), 585 matrix, 99 592, 1175 Interstitial air, 1199 molecular-level, 557 decay, 574 Inverse methods, 653 movement, 1182 drainage, 1178 Inversion model, 885, 887 pancake ice, 48 drivers, 601–602 Ion, 321 patch, 49 dynamics, 363 Irradiance, 1187, 1191, 1193, 1195 retreat, 676 flow lines, 373 IR-thermometers, 1153 ridged ice, 49 Inland, 597–598 Isochrones, 584 rinds, 49 instability, 1177 Isoclinal folding, 989 segregation, 313 margins, 1176 Isostatic adjustment, 194 streams, 47, 246, 345, 408, 413, 613 marine, 595–596 Isostatic balance, 440 surface, 1185 mass balance, 608 Isothermal conditions, 1197 terrestrial ice, 44 models, 249, 368, 488 Isothermal snowpack, 1151 terrestrial-level, 557 terrestial, 595–596 Isotope ratios, 567 thickness, 248, 316, 429, 460, 589, 609 thinning, 184 Isotopes, 261 thinning, 1167 Ice shelf, 47, 48, 300, 408, 599, 613–615 fractionation, 668–669 tongue, 1177 mass balance, 613–614 of hydrogen and atmospheric oxygen, 567 velocity, 325, 408–414, 472, 609, 624 Ice shelf water (ISW), 614 radioactive environmental, 261 volume, 361, 410 Ice-stream boundary ridge, 1000 Isotopic ratios, 292 white ice, 49 Ice thermal regime, 338 Isotropic diffuse-skylight, 1192 Ice age, 360, 362–363, 408, 441, 528, 566, 579 Ice-volcano interactions, 625 Isotropic reflectance, 1190 causes, 570–571 Ice-water interfacial tension, 1110 Issik Kul, 1179 experiment, 573–574 Ice wedges, 54, 310 theory, 573–574, 576–581 , 640, 677 J Würm ice age, 560, 562 Icidence angle of illumination, 1189 Jakobshavn Isbrae, 1177, 1178 Ice Age Theory, 985 Icing, 350 Jamming of surface ice, 940 Ice-albedo, 23 IFSAR, 9 Jet stream, 1224 feedback, 1167 Image preprocessing, 1187 Jiang, 1174 Ice-bed coupling, 412 Image ratioing, 1195 Jinsha, 1174 Ice-bed decoupling, 1184 Image spectral variability, 1187 Jökulhlaups, 17, 355, 394, 535, 544, 692, Ice/bed interface, 1185 Imaging interferometric SAR (InSAR), 208 736, 1096 , 46, 47, 268, 413, 423, 603 Impurities, 1211 Juneau Icefield, 18 turbates, 1000 in snow, 34 Ice caps, 206, 345, 479, 554, 582, 674 Indian monsoon, 1175 K Ice caves, 377 Indian Ocean, 525 Kailas, 1173 Ice cliffs, 421 Industrial variability, 150 Kalixpinmo hills, 691 Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat), Infiltration Kame-and-kettle topography, 1000 208, 325, 609, 636 capacity, 953, 1214 , 562, 671, 691 Ice-Cored Moraine, 1231 congelation, 1180 Kame terraces, 691, 1000 Ice cores, 49, 53, 134, 137, 244, 291, 313, 314, excess, 953 Kame topography, 691 361, 393, 461, 485, 568, 569, 584, 605, Information extraction technology, 1187 Kara, 1166 649, 658, 662, 675 Infrared photon, 1198 Kara ice sheet, 560 dating, 587 Interception, 646 Karakoram, 1, 113, 115, 117, 190, 267, 429, dust, 586 Interfacial curvature, 1110 514, 548 Ice-covered lakes, 140, 589, 1158 Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar Karakorum, 1173 Ice-crater, 47 (InSAR), 638 Karakorum Mountains, 1172 , 40, 246, 258, 298 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Karst, 1158 lattice, 314, 1202 (IPCC), 60, 145, 488, 520, 593 Katabatic, 838 SUBJECT INDEX 1247

Katabatic forcing, 1116 Laurentide ice sheet (LIS), 54, 353, 354, 368, 373, net-mass balance, 963 Katabatic winds, 40, 46, 70, 195, 509, 561, 708 numerical mass balance models, 405 671, 1147 Least-squares regression, 1192 positive, 776 Kazakhstan, 1179 Lichens, 175, 313 positive mass balance, 985 Kettle, 671, 691 LIDAR, 9, 93, 473 response, 1208 Kettle holes, 998 Lidar, 203, 210 snow, 72 Khan-Tengri glacierized massif, 1179 Liestol-equation, 271 Mass movement, 624 Khumbu Glacier, 189, 628 Limestone, 1158 , 267, 348–349 Kilimanjaro, 148, 672 Linear balance model, 404 Matter-energy interactions, 1188 Kinematic waves, 252 Linear regression models, 1011 Mean annual lapse rate, 1148 Kunlun, 1173 Linear reservoir, 1222 Mean annual near-surface temperature lapse Mountains, 679, 1172 Linear transformation, 1191 rates, 1146 Kyrgyzstan, 1179 Linear-viscous Navier-Stokes equations, 279 Meandering, 345 Lion Fountain, 1174 Measurement of snow, 1033 L Liquid water Mechanical attrition, 1182 Lacustrine, 802 content, 885 Mechanical breakup, 941 Lahars, 626 deficiency, 955 Mechanical erosion, 769 , 147, 354 Lithological composition, 1181 Mechanical strength, 1197, 1198 Lake-calving, 105 Lithology, 1219 Medial moraines, 31 Lake-effect, 354 Lithosphere, 1181 Median elevation, 726 snowfall, 539 Little ice age, 17, 41, 96, 118, 127, 147, 271, 275, Medieval Warm Period, 408 Lake ice, 24, 1157 294, 390, 423, 431, 481, 528, 536, 587, Mediterranean glaciers, 728, 729 Lake outbursts, 772 630, 705, 720 Megascale glacial lineations, 1183 Lake Vostok, 598 Lodgement, 1182, 1184 Melt energy, 1146 Lambertian assumption, 1191, 1192, 1195 tills, 691 Melt-freeze (MF) Lambertian reflectance, 1189, 1192 , 353, 580 crusts, 861, 1198 Land-cover structure, 1187 Longitudinal profiles, 1169 layers, 1198 Landforms, 1161, 1183, 1224, 1231 Long-term volume loss, 18 process, 1061 degradation, 175 Longwave radiation, 1146, 1211, 1213, 1215 Melting glaciers, 130 stabilization, 1231 fluxes, 1114–1115 Melting point, 157, 1147, 1149 Landsat Thematic Mapper Data, 1190 Low-amplitude diurnal cycles, 1151 Melting processes, 2 Landscape Low latitude glaciers, 541–542 Melting season, 1204 complexity, 1194 Low pressure storm cells, 1224 Melt-out tills, 1184 evolution, 341 Melt period, 1212 systems, 977 M Melt rate, 191 Landslide, 115, 117 Macro-pores, 1214 Melt-rate factor, 1215 Land-surface composition, 1187 Macroscopically massive tills, 1182 Melt season, 740 Land-surface temperature (LST), 1124 Macroscopic scale, 1197 Meltwater, 264, 1155, 1214 Land-terminating glaciers, 486 Magdalen Shelf, 56 conduit, 438, 738 Land use change, 328 Magma-ice interaction at stratovolcanoes, 1105 erosion, 739 La Niña, 108 Mapping of glacier, 76 flows, 297 Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and March-type rotation models, 1183 release, 1215 Geocryology, 1174 Margin ablation, 677 runoff modeling, 229 Lapse rates, 154, 1146, 1149 Marginal channels storage characteristics, 740 Laptev, 1166 ice, 724 washing, 1185 Larsen-A and Larsen-B Ice Shelf, 466 meltwater, 724 Meltwater channels, 735 Laser altimeter, 1167 Marginal ice zone (MIZ), 724 intraglacial channels, 765 Laser altimetry, 552 Marine ice sheets, 408, 409 lateral, 736 Laser profiling, 1169 Marine isotope stage (MIS), 360, 709, 874 proglacial, 736–737 Last glacial maximum (LGM), 46, 54, 294, Marine organisms, 175 subglacial, 736 314, 326, 368, 384, 411, 526, 528, 554, Marine oxygen isotope stages (MIS), 342 Meridional moisture flux, 73 879, 1224 Marine sediment cores, 601, 1229 Meridional overturning circulation, 1230 Last glacial maximum glaciation Marine water, 1176 Mesoscale topographic shielding, 1189 (LGM/LGP), 579 Maritime, 54 Mesotopographic gradient, 1069 (LGP), 699 glaciers, 253, 275 Metamorphic regime, 1199 Last Ice Age, 930 ice fields, 1226 Metamorphism, 1041, 1061, 1198–1200, 1202 Lateglacial, 1229 Maritime Alps, 726 Meteorological fields, 1145 Lateglacial-Holocene transition, 143 Maritime Canada, 54 Methane, 1144 Latent and sensible heat, 641 Markers, 568 Miage Glacier, 191 Latent energy release, 1146 Mars, 500 Microbes, 136, 169, 330, 331 Latent fluxes, 1212 Martime climates, 328 Microbial, 98 Latent heat, 734 Mass and energy processes, 95 Microbial diversity, 742–743 of condensation, 702 Mass balance, 18, 43, 52, 56, 95, 96, 109, 113, Microbial processes, 532 flux, 402, 1116–1117, 1212 144, 145, 148, 149, 188, 190, 193, 198, Micrometeorology, 539 of freezing, 70 250, 252, 268, 269, 378, 399, 403, 411, Micromorphological features, 1183 of fusion, 1156 416, 431, 459, 464, 522, 525, 531, 594, Micromorphology, 1185 of melting, 70 633–634, 674, 789–790, 900, 1107, 1148, Microorganisms, 507 of sublimation, 703 1169, 1170, 1175, 1176, 1207, 1221, 1222 Microshears, 1184 of vaporization, 703 fluctuations, 1207 Microstructures, 1183 Lateral moraine valley, 704 ice sheets, 485 Microwave emission models, 908 Lateroglacial, 1, 384 linear balance model, 403 Microwave measurements, 1166 glacier-dammed lakes, 389 mass-balance modeling, 150 Microwave region, 1166 landforms, 704 models, 271, 1150 Mid-and high-latitude glaciers, 42, 43 sandar, 707 negative, 777 Middle Pleistocene glaciation, 878 1248 SUBJECT INDEX

Middle Würm-Ice Age, 924 Caucasus, 127 Numerical simulations, 280 Mid-Holocene expansion, 1226 European Alps, 36, 150 Nunatak mountain, 694 Midlatitude glaciers, 516, 519, 1223 Hindu Raj ranges, 122 Nunataks, 46, 169, 345, 353, 582 Mid-latitudes, 541 Mongolian Altai, 272 Nuussuaq Peninsula, 482 Mid-Pleistocene transition, 363 Rocky Mountains, 107, 109, 527 Nyainqentanglha, 1173 Milankovitch, 367 Russian Caucasus, 115 Nye channels, 737, 781 cycles, 146, 602 Sierra Nevada, USA, 176 forcing, 368 St. Elias Mountains, 109 O theory, 362, 363 Swiss Alps, 36 16O/18O-relation, 562 Mineral debris, 1193 Switzerland, 35 18Oto16O, 665 Mineralized groundwater, 1144 Tibetan Plateau, 95, 154 Obliquity, 363, 572, 1188 Minnaert coefficient, 1192, 1193 Zanskar range, 516 Ocean-atmosphere circulation, 1224 Minnaert-correction procedure, 1192 Mountain region, 1172 Ocean-atmosphere interactions, 571 Mobile layer, 1182 Mountain systems, 1172 Ocean circulation, 807 Mobilization, 1183 Mountain uplift, 696 Ocean clouds, 1156 Modeling catchment, 537 Mount Everest, 263, 628, 756 Ocean sediment, 569 Modeling ice dynamics, 253 Mount Kenya, 527, 758 data, 568–569 Modified temperature index model, 1215 Mount Kilimanjaro, 878 Ocean warming, 970 MODIS, 228 Mount Qomolangma, 1173 Ogives, 296, 783 Mohr-Coulomb yield strength, 251 Mt. Kailas, 1173 Optical-depth variations, 1190 Molecular and aerosol scattering, 1189 Mt. Kunlun Goddess, 1173 Optical remote sensing, 784 Monsoon, 130, 136, 319, 338, 510, 525, 534, 548, Mt. Namcha Barwa, 1173 Orbital variations, 361, 571 577, 660, 663 Müller, Fritz, 650 Ordovician/Silurian glaciation, 367, 563 Mont Blanc massif, 116, 316, 548 Mullins-Sekerka instability, 1039 Organisms, 330 Morainal bank, 1176 Multiple regressions, 1167 Orography, 154, 510, 513, 1204 Moraine-dammed lakes, 191, 381, 382, 543, 544 Multispectral satellite imagery, 1187 precipitation, 794 Moraines, 14, 47, 115, 116, 175, 176, 179, 201, Multitemporal, 14 Orthography, 7 266, 344, 345, 393, 408, 437, 449, Multivariate approaches, 1012 Orthorectification, 78 528, 747 Oscillating currents, 140 controlled, 752 N Outburst floods, 827 debris, 1210 Nakaya diagram, 559 Outlet glaciers, 18, 329, 345, 466, 483, 599, 609 De Geer, 691, 752 Namche Barwa, 519 Outwash deposits, 179 dump, 117 Nam Co, 1174 Outwash plains, 691 end/terminal, 748, 691 Nanga Parbat, 510, 514, 1173 Outwash sediments, 1185 fluted, 691 Narrow rings, 1208 Outwash terraces, 348 ground, 691, 749–750 National Snow and Ice Data Centre (NSIDC), 96, Overburden pressure, 438, 799 hummocky, 752 204, 440, 745, 1227 Overcorrection, 1194 ice-cored, 616 Natural environment, 1185 Overdeepened basins, 352 ice-marginally formed, 748 N-channel, 781 Overdeepenings, 88, 358, 438 inner moraine, 158 Near-surface boundary layer, 1147 Overland flow, 1214 interlobate, 622 Neoglacial Age, 705 Oxidative capacity, 1203 lateral, 47, 122, 186, 271, 526, 691, 750 Neoglacial period, 275 looped medial, 751 Neoglacial Times, 390 P medial, 47, 187, 266 Neoglaciation, 775 Pacemaker model, 363 push, 294, 691 New crystal formation, 932 Pacific Decadal Oscillation, 60, 108, 110 ribbed/Rogen, 752, 691 New Zealand, 136, 267 Pacific North American Pattern, 108, 110 ring-shaped, 753 Nighttime, 740 Pacific Ocean, 1174 rogen, 752–753 Nitrogen mineralization, 1203 Palaeoclimatic reconstructions, 270 -type medial moraines, 421 Nival, 536 Palaeoglacier reconstruction, 273 terminal, 47, 143, 748 Nival catchments, 642 Palaeo-glaciofluvial erosional features, 802 thrust-block moraines, 159 Nival rivers, 131 Palaeo-glaciofluvial kame complexes, 801 Morainic material, 1185 , 350 Palaeo-glaciofluvial sediment systems, 801 Morpho-dynamic system, 262 Nonlinear processes, 1160 Paleo-channel, 803 Morphology, 1159 Non-sorted circles, 310 Paleo-chemical investigations, 316 of ice mass, 692 Normalized difference glacier index (NDGI), 217 Paleoclimates, 667 Morphometric, 327, 358 Normalized difference snow index (NDSI), 78, Paleoclimatic reconstruction, 567 Moulins, 117, 238, 257, 259, 260, 264, 328, 543, 217, 227, 780 Paleoenvironmental indicators, 360 583, 756 Normalized difference vegetation index Paleoglaciers, 143 Mountain environments, 1146 (NDVI), 780 Paleohydrology, 812 Mountain glaciations, 342, 880 North American Cordillera, 468 Paleo-ice sheet, 327 Mountain glacier, 21, 181, 331, 337, 408, 508 North American Rockies, 1147 Paleo-ice streams, 803, 807 basin, 1221 North Atlantic Oscillation, 154, 459 Paleomagnetic reconstructions, 366 Mountain hazards, 1195 North Cascade Glaciers, 549 Paleo-wind, 1230 Mountainous crest, 1224 Northern hemisphere, 1144, 1181, 1224 Pamir, 508 Mountain ranges, 11, 96 Northern (NIF), 673 Pamir Mountains, 813 Alps, 35 Northern Tajikistan, 1179 Pancake ice, 815 Altai Mountains, 383 North Greenland Ice Drilling Project Pancakes, 284 Altai-Sayan, 38 (NEEM), 485 Papua New Guinea, 342 Andes, 42 North Greenland Ice Core Project (NGRIP), 485 Paraglacial erosion, 342 Appalachian, 54 North Pole region, 1166 Paraglacial geomorphology, 817, 820–822 Appalachian Mountains, 302 Novaya Zemlya, 285 Paraglacial landforms, 817 Appalachians, 451 NSDIC, 326 Paraglacial landsystems, 820 Cascade Mountains, 111 NSIDC Sea Ice Index, 1166 Paraglacial period, 819 Cascade Range, 143 Numerical models, 150, 252, 356, 400, 441 Paraglacial processes, 347, 818, 819 SUBJECT INDEX 1249

Paraglacial sediment, 817–819 Plastically molded surfaces, 692 Q Parameterization, 473 Plastic deformation, 163, 864 Qaidam Basin, 1173 schemes, 1193 Plastic flow, 864 Qilian, 1173 Particle concentration, 1009 and plastic deformation, 1094 Qilian Mountains, 1172, 1174 Passageways, 1145 Plastic-viscous sediment gravity flow, 1008 Qinghai lake, 1174 Passive method, 847–848 Plateau glaciers, 269 Quantitative mathematical models, 356 Patagonian ice fields, 1226 Plate-like crystals, 1031 Quaternary, 143, 341, 342, 434, 477, 560, 1230 Patagonian ice sheet, 1226 Pleistocene, 865, 1174 climate, 708 Patagonia/Patagonian, 527, 824 climatic cycles, 360 geology, 1227 Paternoster, 352 glaciations, 175, 366 glaciations, 818, 873–881, 1001 Pavements, 1156 ice barriers, 384 Quelccaya ice cap, 153 PDD-potential radiation melt model, 1145 moraines, 182 Quiescence, 416 Peak discharge estimation, 545 Plio-Pleistocene glaciation, 878 Penitentes, 266 Ploughmeter, 1094 R Percolation zone, 827, 897 Plucking/quarrying, 692 Radar altimeter, 1167 Perennially frozen ground, 827, 835 Plug flow, 424 Radar interferometry, 485 Perennial permafrost, 946 Pluvial systems, 640 Radar radiation pattern, 496 Perennial snow, 652 p-melting point, 1025 Radar stratigraphy, 493 Perennial snow cover, 33 Point-scale modeling, 675 Radial growth, 1208 Perennial snowfields, 143 Point-spread function, 1193 Radiance, 1190 Periglacial, 130, 221, 305, 325, 347, 349, 374, Polar, 345 Radiation, 35, 68, 1187 679, 827 convergence zone, 1224 balance, 1146, 1147, 1212 Periglacial climates, 830 fronts, 1224 budget, 1147 Periglacial debris flows, 772 glaciers, 343 longwave, 1034 Periglacial ecosystems, 830–832 Polar ice, 135, 314 longwave radiation, 68 Periglacial environments, 830 sheets, 1170 shortwave, 1034 Periglacial facies, 827 Polarimetric data, 895 shortwave radiation, 68 Periglacial geomorphology, 828 Polarimetric SAR data, 892 transfer, 1187, 1188, 1192 Periglacial lakes, 764 Polarized bidirectional reflection, 907 transport theory, 1193 Periglacial landscapes, 830, 832 Polar regions, 27, 33, 70, 146, 202, 290, Radiation-driven melt rates, 534 Periglacial processes, 836–839 316, 520 Radiative transfer (RT), 903, 1199 Periglacial zone, 827 Polar sea ice, 1226 models, 909 Periodicity, 362–363 Pollen profiles, 1229 Radioactive decay, 914–915 Permacrete, 841 Pollutants, 1212 Radioactive isotopes, 914 Permafrost, 4, 59, 164, 186, 301, 304, 310, 374, Pollution, 1158 Radiocarbon dating, 878, 1230 763, 1143, 1151, 1159, 1200 Polycrystal, 44 Radio-echo sounding (RES), 485, 490, 601, active layer, 508 Polycrystalline ice, 163, 249, 292, 864 683, 723 analytical model, 858 Polynas, 460 Radiometric calibration, 1187, 1188, 1194 anchors piles, 4 Polynya, 49, 283 Radiometric dating, 1205, 1208 degradation, 37, 1159 Polythermal, 158, 403, 426 Radionuclides, primordial, 914 distribution, 842 glaciers, 21, 157, 242, 297, 543 Rafting, 289 dynamics, 508 Pontic Mountains, 728 Rain-fed rivers, 128 layer, 945 Pore pressure, 1155 Rain heat flux, 916 lenses, 390 Porewater drainage, 1182 Rain-induced snowmelt, 915 modeling, 858 Porewater drains, 1184 Rainstorms, 535 numerical (geothermal) model, 858 Positive-degree-day (PDD) scheme, 1145 Ram resistance, 917–918 regions, 842, 1143 Postdepositional erosion, 1231 Rating curve, 918–919 subsea, 854 Postglacial, 562 Recession coefficient, 922 temperature, 855 rebound, 194 Recession curve, 922 thawing, 1159 times, 384 Recession of discharge, 922 thaws, 1158 Post-glaciation rise, 1217 Recharge, 1216 thermokarst lakes, 766 Potholes, 692 Recrystallizations, 932, 1032 Permanent lake, 1163 Precambrian granites and gneisses, 711 Redistribution, 1182 Permanently frozen soils, 37 Precession, 363 Reference glacier, 95 Permanent Service on Fluctuations of cycles, 362 Reflectance, 1190 Glaciers, 1227 Precipitation, 36, 90, 154, 867 Reflection, 1195 Permanent snow and ice, 950 Preferential thaw settlement, 1161 Refreezing, 4 Permanent snow cover, 700 Pressure-induced melting point, 699 of meltwater, 932 Permeability, 1156, 1202, 1203 Pressure melting, 1182 snowmelt, 507 Permeable surfaces, 1214 Pressure melting point, 345, 734 Regelation, 246, 297–298, 306, 310, 411, 558, 933 Petrographical and morphoscopical analyses, 928 Principle of equifinality, 1016 process, 735 PEV model, 1222 Private front gardens, 1212 water films, 933 Peyto glaciers, 109 Proglacial, 117, 273, 422 Regional Atmospheric Climate Model 2 P-forms, 692 environments, 1207 (RACMO2), 608 Phases, 1229 outwash, 449 Regional changes, 17 Phenomenology, 360–362 sedimentation, 114 Regional climate models, 37 Photogrammetric survey, 760 stream, 243, 542, 919 Regional frequency, 1164 Photogrammetry, 4 Proglacial lakes, 379, 393, 526, 870 Regional mass balance, 1208 Phycoshere, 330 sediments, 274 Regional observations, 400 Phytoplankton, 282 Psychrophilic bacteria, 330 Regional warming, 1178 Piedmont glaciers, 552 Pulsating continent, 45 Regolith, 349 , 305, 310, 864 Pulsating glaciers, 416 Regression, 543 Pir Panjal, 514 Pulse repetition frequency (PRF), 714 analysis, 1149, 1191 Pits, 1159 Pyranometers, 27 equation, 1192 1250 SUBJECT INDEX

Relict lateroglacial valleys, 708 Scandinavian ice sheet, 383 , 628 Remote sensing, 59, 96, 164, 328, 1179, 1190 Scandinavia/Scandinavian, 95, 194, 273, 508 Serling Co, 1174 microwave remote sensing, 883 Scanning electron microscope (SEM), 1015 Settlements, 1211 optical, 783 Scattering power decomposition model, 893 Sewer infiltration, 1216 techniques, 1204 Scottish country, 1181 Shafts, 1158 Repeat pass tracking, 485 Sea-floor pressure, 475 Shallow morainal bank, 1176 Reptation, 959 Sea-ice, 24, 53, 98, 289, 458–460, 498, 505, Shear, 1044 Residual storage, 923 665, 964 Shear planes, 1182 Response time, 252 desalination, 506 SHE model, 1216 Retreat, 1170, 1177 draft, 1167 Shielding coefficient, 1194 Retreating glaciers, 1205 drift, 968 Shorelines, 1161 Reynolds number, 506 freeboard, 1167 Short-wave infrared (SWIR), 779 Rheology, 251, 473, 655 growth, 1202, 1203 Shortwave radiation, 1055, 1147, 1151, 1212, of ice, 246 index, 1166 1213, 1215 Rhone river, 548 models, 459 fluxes, 1113–1114 Rill wash, 350 thickness, 636, 1202 Shuttle Radar Topography Mission Rime deposits, 939 warming, 506 (SRTM), 552 Rime ice, 939, 1111 Sea levels, 280, 341, 361, 382, 414, 436, 563, Siachen Glacier, 509, 516 Riparian vegetation, 1214 1168, 1178 Siberian Arctic region, 925 Ripening, 1053 change, 969 Siberian ice sheet, 925 River eustatic sea levels, 361, 372 Significance of trends, 1086 basins, 1215 Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level Silt, 1181 Brahmaputra, 1174 (PSMSL), 970 Silty-loam soil, 1160 Ganges, 1174 rise, 17, 193, 973 Single glaciation, 1185 Gyaring, 1174 Sea of Okhosk, 1166 Sinkholes, 633, 1158, 1162 hydrology, 129 Sea salt, 314 Skating, 1066 Indus, 1174 Seasonal cycle, 1148, 1222 Sleet, 1031 Kongque, 1174 Seasonal d-variations, 667 Sliding law, 409 Lancang, 1174 Seasonal dynamics, 1204 Sliding velocity, 530 Maquan, 1174 Seasonal forst, 974 Slope Mekong, 1174 Seasonal snow, 1203 denudation, 1219 Nujiang, 1174 cover, 200 glaciers, 676, 679 Qumar, 1174 pack, 911 Slope-parallel erosion, 349 Salween, 1174 Seasonal thawing of glaciers, 37 Slow sliding, 425 Tongtian, 1174 Sea-surface temperatures, 108, 154 Slush, 284, 589, 1031 Yangtze, 1174 Sediment, 85, 94, 273, 294, 1003, 1155, 1157, Small-scale structural diversity, 1185 Yellow, 1174 1164, 1181 Smudged contacts, 1183 Yoigilangleb, 1174 age, 977 Snow, 3 Zachu, 1174 budget, 975, 976 artificial snow crystals, 61, 63 Riverbed topography, 93 cohesive sediment, 94 bacteria, 136 Roche moutonnées, 193, 332, 693, 942, 1184 core, 979 blowing, 72 Rock avalanches, 767 deep-sea sediments, 145 bridges, 378 Rock glaciers, 163, 186, 347 dynamics, 919 chemical composition, 1203 Rockslides, 423 entrainment, 85, 692, 984, 1002 chemistry, 1203 Rocky Mountains, 948 evacuation, 85 course, 1032 Rooted structures, 1183 flux, 822 deformation, 1041 Ross Ice Shelf, 47, 300 glaciofluvial, 691 densification to firn and ice, 585 Ross Sea, 1168 grains, 94 density, 65, 861, 883, 1045, 1198 Röthlisberger/R-channels, 952 gravity flows, 1005, 1009 depletion curves, 201 Roughness length, 1213 heat flux, 1157 depth, 910, 1045 Routing, 545 laminated, 690 drifting, 72 Runaway effects, 403 liquefaction, 373 ecology, 136 Runoff, 1145, 1222, 1223 loads, 1161 gauge, 1049 coefficient, 953, 1088 marine sediments, 100 grains, 25, 1050, 1199 generation, 641 modeling sediment, 349–350 layer, 1059 measurement methods, 956 routing, 1010 load, 1060 ratio, 667 skeleton, 1184 mapping, 76, 891, 1195 Runout distance, 957 sorting, 1182 metamorphism, 860, 1151, 1170, 1197, 1198 Rural environment, 1211 strength, 1182 microstructure, 1043 successions, 1229 natural snow, 63 S transport, 85, 86 pellets, 1062 Salinity, 959 unconsolidated sediment, 94 pillow, 1062–1063 of meltwaters, 64 yields, 343, 921, 1012 pits, 401, 1063 Sand, 1181 Sedimentary processes, 93 skiing, 1066 Sandpaper model, 336 Sedimentary rocks, 690 surface temperature, 1153 Sastrugi, 27, 72 Sedimentation, 933, 1161, 1163 terrestrial snow, 73 Satellite Sedimentological proxies, 605 thermal conductivity, 1202 altimetry, 536 Sediment transport and deposition, 297 thermodynamics, 72 data, 1172, 1190 Seismic refraction, 803 wetness, 883 imagery, 1154, 1187, 1189, 1195 Seismic soundings, 687 Snow accumulation, 1169, 1212 record, 1166 Semiarid, 318 wind-driven, 962 Saturated soils, 1159 Semi-empirical modeling, 1191 Snow-albedo, 23, 862 Saturation excess, 953 Sensible heat, 734 feedback, 154 Saturation isothermal magnetization (sIRM), 981 flux, 1116, 1157, 1212 Snow algae, 169, 330 SUBJECT INDEX 1251

Snow-atmosphere interactions, 1151 Sorted circles, 310 erosion, 85 Snowball Earth glaciations, 366 Source-to-sink, 531 fracture, 332 Snowboard, 1071 South-east Alaska, 1170 frictional heating, 373 Snow-climate feedbacks, 1203 Southern hemisphere, 1167, 1224 hollows, 389 Snow-climate interactions, 1203 Southern Oscillation, 539 hydraulics, 261 Snow cover, 29, 974, 1033, 1222 South Inylchek, 1179 hydrologic system, 597 duration, 1032 Southwest monsoons, 1173 landforms, 998 fresh snow cover, 887 Spatial autocorrelations, 325 material, 1182 mapping, 214 Spatial complexity, 345 meltwaters, 131, 351, 373 seasonal, 1037 Spatial distribution of snow motion, 1177 Snow-covered surfaces, 1204, 1211 accumulation, 723 network, 689 Snow crystal, 868, 1038, 1197, 1198 Spatial interpolation, 1193 pathways, 258 growth rate, 1031 Spatial resolution, 1215 processes, 86, 299, 1091, 1101 Snowdrifts, 869, 1048 Spatial variability, 1195 storage, 643 Snowfall, 64, 673 Spatiotemporal variability, 1195 thermal regime, 597 Snow-firn-ice transition, 369 Spatiotemporal variations, 1190 till, 298 , 59, 291, 559, 1038 Specific , 69 traction, 1182 Snow-free surface, 1204 Specific melt rate, 1078 volcanic eruptions, 633 Snow grain size, 910, 1197 Specific surface area, 1197 volcanism, 536 and morphology, 1198 Spectral albedos, 28 water pressure, 530, 543 Snow hydrology, 538, 646, 1145, 1212 Spectral band ratioing, 1190 weathering, 131 Snow/ice albedo feedback, 369 Spectral feature extraction, 1190, 1191 Subglacial drainage, 238, 1097 Snowline, 64, 215, 271, 1204 Spectral reflectance, 1194 network, 1011 transient, 789 Spectral resolutions, 784, 792 systems, 238, 244, 246, 250, 425, 536, 685, SNOWMAP, 217, 228 Spectral-response function, 1193 920, 1096 Snowmelt, 36, 128, 131, 164, 509, 536, Spectral variability, 1187, 1192, 1194 Sub-glacial erosion, 351 1033, 1213 Spectral variance/variations, 1189, 1190, Subglacial flow, 147 models, 733, 1214 1194, 1195 pathways, 237 processes, 730 Spectra region, 907 Subglacial hydrology, 251, 253, 410, 637, 1096 rate, 1216 Spectrophotometers, 27 controls, 626 runoff, 196, 200, 539 Spherical-harmonic model, 907 Subglacial lake, 131, 247, 355, 381, 598, 683, 687 season, 955 Spillway channel, 394 tides, 472 Snowmelt-dominated streamflow, 956 SPOT stereo-images, 1172 Subglacial sediments, 334, 425, 993 Snowmelt runoff models (SRMs), 240 Spruce, 313 deformation, 987, 988 Snowpacks, 25, 34, 36, 138, 463, 470, 1151, SRTM, 9, 110 Subhorizontal layers, 1185 1154, 1199, 1201, 1211, 1212, Stable ice cover, 1157 Sublimation, 133, 266, 677, 1197, 1201 1214, 1216 Stable isotopes, 657, 1078 processes, 2 energy balance, 1216 Stable temperature gradient, 1148 Sublimation-condensation, 862, 1202 homogeneous, 1213 Stable termini, 522 Submarine, 1000 stratigraphy, 1081 Stack, 569 record, 1167 structure, 1083 Stadial, 1229 Sub-pixel mapping, 228 Snow-ripples, 46 Stage-discharge relationships, 1079 Subsidence, 1161 Snow runoff model (SRM), 196, 219 Stationary glacier, 1079 Subsurface, formations, 1161 Snow stakes Statistical-empirical approach, 1191 Subsurface (conductive) heat flux, 1122 network of stakes, 775 Statistical trends, 1194 Subtropical air, 1224 Snowstorm, 302, 1067 Steepest lapse rates, 1146 Subtropical high pressure, 1224 Snow telemetry (SNOTEL), 1070 Stereoscopic, 5 Sub-zero ice, 434 Snow temperatures, 1151, 1153, 1154 Sticky spots, 423 Summer distribution, 1118 Stochastic, 543 lapse rates, 1147 profiles, 1151 Stone-banked lobes, 850 melt, 1150 Snow water equivalent (SWE), 642, 883, Storage, 538 precipitation, 1158 1045, 1046 characteristics, 643 radiative warming, 1149 Soil Storglaciären, 95 Summer accumulation types, 271, 431, 542 and bioturbation processes, 183 Stratigraphic layers, 1084 glaciers, 1107 frost, 539 Stratigraphy of the snowpack, 794 Summit glaciers, 672, 674 moisture, 539, 555, 1159 Stratosphere, 1168 Supercooled, 614 thermal regime, 1158 Streambed topography, 93 Superimposed ice, 866 Solar activity, 1174 Stream behavior, 1210 zone, 897 Solar azimuth angle, 1189 Stress, 332, 411, 414, 417, 423, 443 Supersaturation, 1160, 1164 Solar diffuse irradiance, 1189 Striation, 334 Supervised Wishart classification technique, 896 Solar energy, 1167 Structural glaciology, 1089 Supraglacial, 117, 186, 325 Solar geometry, 1187, 1190, 1195 Subaerial breach-widening, 389 channels, 738 Solar insolation, 275, 723 Sub-Arctic, 1163 drainage system, 671 Solar irradiance variations, 1188 Subfossil wood, 1206 lakes, 267, 392, 765 Solar luminosity, 366 Subfreezing temperatures, 158, 744 lithologies, 790 Solar orbital forcing, 275 Subglacial, 85, 186, 260, 534, 694 load, 1020 Solar radiation, 141, 169, 542, 722, 1146, advection, 1184 melt water, 257 1213, 1215 bed, 1185 streams, 265, 734 Solifluction, 347, 349, 1071 calderas, 384 Supraglacial debris, 123, 190, 217, 265, 766, Solstice minima, 674 cavities, 583, 1185 985, 989 Solute flux, 531 channels, 336, 692, 738, 1182 entrainments, 1112 Solute rating curves, 921 continuum, 1184 mantles, 1027 Solutes, 1074 deformations, 444 Supraglacial meltwater, 677 Soot, 26 depositional landforms, 175 channels, 583 1252 SUBJECT INDEX

Surface TCN-dating method, 700 Tidewater glaciers, 18, 246, 387, 406, 528, albedos, 28 Tectonic aneurysm model, 510 1175–1177 composition, 1187, 1190 Tehri Dam, 547 LeConte, 1178 correction factor, 1156 Temperate, 345 Tidewater outlet glaciers, 1178 energy, 1159, 1198 glaciers, 77, 258, 262, 290, 335, 402, 543, 736 Tien Shan, 509, 1179 irradiance, 1190 ice, 47 Till, 115, 201, 247, 251, 346, 425, 426, 566, 996 mass balances, 1169 thermal regime, 695 subglacial, 251 models, 14 warm glaciers, 986 Time of concentration, 953 radiance, 1190 Temperature Timing of glaciations, 360 reflectance, 1187, 1190, 1191, 1193, 1199 distribution, 1151, 1154, 1157 Tindar ridge-forming eruptions, 1105 spectral reflectance, 1187 gradients, 158, 1146, 1151, 1157, 1199, Topographic displacement, 6 spectral variability, 1194 1201, 1224 Topographic normalization, 1188, 1189, 1191, and volume loss, 41 lapse-rate method, 214 1193–1195 water, 1157 profiles, 1153 Topographic relief, 1189 Surface-atmosphere interface, 1146 Temperature-gradient snowpack Topographic variation, 1194 Surface energy-balance model, 23, 486 metamorphism, 950 Topography, 1187, 1190 Surface-matter mixtures, 1190 Temperature index Topp equation, 493 Surface temperature (T), 1123 methods, 1145 Total organic carbon, 134 Surge bulge, 416 models, 731–732 Tracking precision, 472 Surge cycle, 483 Temperature-precipitation relationship, 270 Traite de Glaciologie, 409 Surge-type, 633 Temporal Technical Secretary/World Glacier Transformation at the Earth's surface, 862 glaciers, 1096 Inventory, 1227 Transmissivity, 1158 Surging glacier, 86, 246, 296, 378, 386, 416, 528 Tephrostratigraphy, 178 Transpolar drift stream, 1166 mechanisms, 424–426 , 1176 Transportation, 1104 mini-surges, 417 Terminus, 117, 296, 377, 1154, 1175, 1177, Trapping radiation, 1212 slow surges, 420 1178 Tree-ring, 180, 409 stagnation and depletion phase, 417 Terraces, 353, 1155 cross dating, 179 surge cycle, 416 Terrain correction, 78 series, 1207 thermal instability, 424 Terrestrial heat flow, 1029 Trenches, 1159 three-phase surges, 419 Terrestrial ice sheet, 408 Trend-free prewhitening approach, 1086 two-phase surges, 419 Terrestrial permafrost, 842 Tributary glaciers, 434, 820, 1209 Suspended sediment, 243, 531, 1010, 1126 Texture, 1181 Tributary-trunk interaction, 1209 rating curve, 918 TG metamorphism, 1059 Trimlines, 420 yield, 483 Thalweg, 284 Tropics, 1146 Suspended sediment concentration (SSC), Thaw, 1156 Troposphere, 1146 920, 1010 lakes, 1158, 1163 Trough, 359 Suspended sediment load (SSL), 131, 920, 1010 Thawing temperature, 1156 Truncated spurs, 692 Svalbard, 136, 171, 425, 618, 1170 Thematic mapping, 1194 Trunk glacier, 1209 Switches to a subcritical flow, 1008 Thermal conductivity, 506, 1151, 1156, Tsho Rolpa, 391 Syndepositional glaciodynamic structures, 1182 1197–1199, 1201, 1203 Tundra depth, 1201 Synoptic variability, 1147, 1150 of snow, 862 Tundra snowpack, 1201 Synoptic weather systems, 1147 Thermal-contraction cracks, 836 Tuning, 568 Synthetic aperture radar (SAR), 15, 215, 473, Thermal dam, 543 Tunnels, 1158 824, 883, 1133–1141 Thermal diffusivity, 1151 valleys, 692, 1000 interferometry, 900 Thermal emissions, 1166 Turbidity sensors, 1127 Thermal energy, 1168 Turbulent air, 68 T Thermal expansion, 103, 970 Turbulent flux, 68 , 1201 Thermal gradient, 187 of sensible heat, 1116 snow, 1202 Thermal infrared (TIR) sensors, 1123, 1156 Turbulent heat, 542 snowpack, 1201, 1202 Thermally-induced stresses, 835 Turbulent heat flux (THF), 1034–1035, 1151 Taku Glacier, 1176 Thermal radiation, 1156 Turbulent latent heat flux density, 1212 Talik, 306, 310 Thermal regime, 1160, 1164 Turbulent sensible, 1212 artificial, 1144 of glaciers, 735 Turf-banked terraces, 1072 closed, 1143 Thermistors, 1154 Tuya-building eruptions, 1105 cryotic, 1143 Thermocouple, 1154 Type of glaciers geothermal, 1144 Thermodynamic interactions, 368 debris-covered glaciers, 936 hydrochemical, 1144 Thermodynamic processes, 66, 155 maritime glaciers, 963 hydrothermal, 1144 Thermodynamic sea ice formulation, 368 piedmont, 863 isolated, 1143 Thermoerosion, 1158 polythermal, 866 lake, 1143 Thermohaline circulation, 300, 571, 807 , 943 lateral, 1143 Thermokarst, 309, 355 Scandinavian glaciers, 963 noncryotic, 1143 lakes, 1159, 1163 surging glaciers, 935 open, 1143 Thermomechanical ice-sheet model, 412 temperate glaciers, 982 suprapermafrost, 1143 Thickening of ice sheets, 146 tidewater glaciers, 935–936 thermal, 1143 Thinner ice, 140 transient, 1143 Thinning, 392, 1170, 1177 U Tandem-X, 1172 Thin snow, 33 UBC model, 543 Tanggula, 1173 Third pole, 1172 Unabraded stones, 1184 pass, 1174 Three-dimensional flow estimation, 1135–1137 Unconsolidated sediment, 1182 range, 1174 Three-dimensional viscoplastic ice-sheet Undisturbed snow, 1212 Tangra Yumco, 1174 models, 363 Undulating ground moraines, 1182 Tarim hydrographic systems, 1179 Tibetan Buddhism, 1173 UNEP, and United Nations Educational, Tarn lake, 692 Tibetan plateau, 316, 319, 510, 513, 517, 580, Scientific, and Cultural Organization Tasman Glacier, 191 658, 662, 700, 746 (UNESCO), 1227 SUBJECT INDEX 1253

Unfrozen ground, 1143 Vienna standard mean ocean water (VSMOW), Water soluble component of organic carbon, 134 Unglaciated canyon, 350 657, 668–669 Water vapor, 1197 Uniaxial compression, 1043 Viscous flow, 166 transfer, 1201 Uniaxial tension, 1044 Viscous slurry flow, 1161 Wavelength, 1191, 1192, 1195 Uniform snowpack, 33 Viscous sublayer, 1157 Waxing-waning cycles, 359 United Nations Environment Programme Visible sensors, 1156 Weathering, 186, 333 (UNEP), 1227 Visible spectral range, 1197 Weather satellites, 1156 Upsala Glacier, 552 Volcanic activity, 1174 Weddell Sea, 47 Upwind, 269 Volcanic eruptions, 722, 969, 1170 Weighing gauge, 869 Ural Mountains, 781 Volcano, 18 West Kunlun Mountains, 1174 Urban environments, 1211 Volcano-glacier landforms, 179 Wetlands, 1214 Urban hydrology, 1211 Volume-area scaling, 522 Wet snow, 885 Urbanization, 1212 V-shaped cross section, 1219 WGMS, 96 Urban runoff, 1211 V-shaped glaciated valley, 349 Whalebacks, 340 Urban snow, 1211 V-shaped percussion, 1022 Whillans Ice Stream, 166 U-shaped trough, 695 V-shaped river valley, 1218 Windpacks, 1200, 1201 U-shaped valleys, 120, 332, 338, 359, 761, V-shaped valleys, 1219 Wind-sheltered lake, 1157 826, 1217 Winter accumulation, 431, 980 Uzbekistan, 1179 W glaciation, 1227 Wakhan Corridor, 524 type, 271, 541 V Warm-based, 344 Winter lapse rates, 1147 Valley evolution, 1219 ice, 338 Wisconsin-glaciation, 383 Valley glaciers, 121, 143, 248, 269, 345, 552, Warm infiltration-recrystallization, 1180 Wolverine, 12 561, 679 Warming climate, 37 World Data Centre for Glaciology, 440 Valley trains, 691 WARR variants, 495–496 World Glacier Inventory (WGI), 650 van Genuchten equation, 307 Wash load, 1125 World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS), 273, Variance compression, 1194 Water 399, 745, 936, 1227 Variance structure, 1194 balance, 1221, 1223 Variegated Glacier, 299, 420 budget, 1223 X Variogram analysis, 1194 cycle, 1221 Xinjiang, 1179 Variograms, 1194 flow, 1145 Vatnajökull ice cap, 627, 1170 intakes, 1158 Y Vegetation growth, 1201 mass exchange, 689 YD-Holocene transition, 1231 Vegetation impacts snowpack structure, 1203 quality, 1164, 1212 Year round ablation type, 542 Vegetative growth, 1144 reservoirs, 1144, 1223 Younger Dryas, 195, 271 Velocity gradient, 1133 resources, 1195 Yukon, 75 Vertical temperature tower, 1172 gradient, 859 Water-bearing rock characteristics, Z profiles, 157 803 Zhari Namco, 1174