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THE KOREAN PRESS in JAPAN AFTER WORLD WAR II and ITS CENSORSHIP by OCCUPATION AUTHORITIES Hee Sa

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THE KOREAN PRESS in JAPAN AFTER WORLD WAR II and ITS CENSORSHIP by OCCUPATION AUTHORITIES Hee Sa ABSTRACT Title of dissertation: THE KOREAN PRESS IN JAPAN AFTER WORLD WAR II AND ITS CENSORSHIP BY OCCUPATION AUTHORITIES Hee Sang Yoon, Doctor of Philosophy, 2004 Dissertation directed by: Professor Maurine H. Beasley Philip Merrill College of Journalism University of Maryland, College Park This study deals with censorship of the Korean language press in Japan by the American occupation after World War II. It focuses on the social roles of mass media in a minority community when there were harsh media controls such as discriminatory printing paper allocation as well as censorship. It finds that, in spite of the government control, the press continued to play social roles such as community integration, identity formation, and agenda setting. The dissertation represents the first scholarly examination of 19 Korean newspapers, including one for women, and 14 magazines published by Koreans in Japan during the occupation. It is based on previously unavailable material recently opened to researchers as part of the Gordon W. Prange Collection at the University of Maryland. Therefore, the entire dissertation is the only study to date of Korean publications in Japan during the occupation. This study reveals the contents of articles scheduled to appear in Korean publications that were suppressed by censors. Through this study, the voices of suppressed Korean speakers have been revived and can, for the first time, be heard in on an open forum. Even though the voices represent quite different ideological factions, those of the leftwing, rightwing, and mid -road, the study concludes that Korean publications in Japan, reflecting the yearnings of Koreans in Japan, zeroed in on a consensus: Korea is one; therefore, the homeland should overcome the division over North and South and develop a unified nation. This study shows how a marginalized ethnic minority group, the Koreans in Japan under the Japanese government and American occupation authorities, recognized themselves as members of the same comm unity belonging to one homeland in spite of their geographical distance from it. It demonstrates the fact that journalism under conditions of harsh control may negotiate with the authorities, or attempt to circumvent control. The study also brings out the fact that, from a freedom of the press view, controlling the physical media of communication [printing paper] may be more damaging than control of the contents of communication [censorship]. THE KOREAN PRESS IN JAP AN AFTER WORLD WAR II AND ITS CENSORSHIP BY OCCUPATION AUTHORITIES by Hee Sang Yoon Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2004 Advisory Committee: Professor Maurine H. Beasley, Chair Professor Ray E. Hiebert Professor Michael Gurevitch Professor Miranda Schreurs Professor Seung -Kyung Kim Copyright Hee Sang Yoon 2004 DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my beloved late father Mahn Young. He lived during the same period of time, as did the Koreans in Japan who are described in this dissertation. He was the best father I could ever have had, and he still lives in my mind and in my heart all the time. Mahn Young Yoon 1922 – 1986 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I want to extend my deepest heartfelt gratitude to my advisor and mentor, Dr. Maurine H. Beasley, who remained constantly confident and supportive of my work and of me over the past three and one half years. Without her careful attentive advising, I would never have finished this long march of seemingly endless work. I also owe gratitude to the rest of my committee: Professor Ray E. Hiebert, Professor Michael Gurevitch, Professor Seung-Kyung Kim, and Professor Miranda Schreurs. They each witnessed my struggle to succeed and overcome obstacles during the early phase of my Ph.D. work. I am particularly grateful for having received the Hi ebert International Travel Award (2002). This award enabled me to conduct the interviews in Japan, which were used in this dissertation. I want to express my tremendous love and gratitude for my wife Yongae Cho, my daughter Hosoo and my son Jeongsoo for th eir countless accomplishments during my absences from home while working on my Ph.D. I am honored to have William Daniel Newsome and his family as my friends in the United States. Dan carefully listened to my stories, reviewed my writing and checked my Eng lish while I have been studying here. He also helped translate the following poem that I wrote on 7 November 2001: Longing To Remember By Heesang Yoon Today I sit upon a wooden bench Watching and hearing the fallen leaves As they rustle in the wind and pass In front of the Tawes Fine Arts building iii Perhaps one day I will remember And miss this wooden bench And these fallen leaves I am longing to relive a face, some Words, a gesture, some tears from my past As life has continued to flow, I have Accumulate d so many life images Finally on one moment of one day The endless accumulation will stop There will be silence and I will perish But still, I yearn to hold on To all of these things and faces To relive them, to remember them Before I am finally gone Wit h all the other pictures I am positive I will remember this bench As well as the torment and hope of great decisions As I entered my forties When the time comes, in my last moments I want to be able to say with certainty of myself “Yes, I lived my life wi th passion!” (Translated by Heesang Yoon and Dan Newsome 28 January 2002) The names that I long to remember: In the United States: Susan Chung, Esook Yoon, Seonghun Yun, Na -young Lee, Myungkeun Shin, Youngjin Kang, Ben Holman, James Grunig, Sungeun Chung, Jungnam Kim, Sungwoon Yang, Minjung Kang, Chunying Cai, Penny Fuchs, Clint Bucco, Arlene Gonsales, Bican Sahin, Jared Ball, John Kirch, Sarah Manchester, Raina Morgan Newsome, William Roy Newsome, Mary Grace Newsome, Hoseok Kang, Brecken Chinn Swartz, Paul Herrnson, Jaehwan Lim, Hoi-Seong Chung, Sangsun Shim, Denise Cross, Sakaguchi Eiko, and Amy Wasserstrom. In Korea: Ilnam Lee, Keonsang Yoon, Hyekyung Yoon, Byunglae Cho, Hyungkeun Cha, Namgi Park, Taewan Chun, Jaekook Kim, Jongsun Lee, Sungkeun Kim, Soonjik Kwon, Kiejung Park, Kieman Kim, Sangyoung Kim, Sunghee Chung, Younghoon Choi, Heesung Lee, Youngmook Choi, Youngrok Choi, Jaehan Shim, Kieok Maeng, Yeosook Hwang, Eunjoo Yang, Myungjae Lee and Sehjong Hwang. In Japan: Youngee Lee, Choongsik Kim, Heonjoo Cho, Eunjik Rhee, Hooshik Kim, Woonyong Huh, Virginie Schmitt, Hwahae Kim, and Weehwa Jie. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables……………………………………………………………….ix Chapter I: Introduction.…………………………………………………1 1. Historical development and research questi ons…………………..1 2. Terms and definitions. …………………………………………….7 A. The Korean press in Japan under the American occupation …………………………………………………...7 B. Censorship by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP) …………………………………..9 Chapter II: Theoretical Framework ….………………………….………16 1. Literature review and theoretical considerations………...………20 A. Social roles of the press .……………………………………21 The role of social integration.………………………………22 The role of identity formation.……………………………...24 The role of agenda setting ………………………………….26 B. Censorship and freedom of the press ………………………... 28 Controversy over freedom of the press and censorship ……28 Previous discussions on censorship in occupied Japan …….32 Circumvention of censorship by the Korean press in Japan .……………………………………………………37 C. A consensus of journalists and the press …………………...39 A consensus and the social roles of the press ……………...40 A consensus within Korean community in Japan ………….41 2. Important circumstantial facto rs of the Korean press in Japan……………………………………………….43 Chapter III: Methodology………………………………………………..45 1. The appropriateness of qualitative methodology… ……………...45 2. Methods of data collection, reduction and analysis Partial triangulation…………………………………………48 A. Archival research and thematic analysis…… ………………49 Major themes and the archival data .…………………………..49 Gordon W. Prange collection……………………………….51 B. Qualitative interviewing… .….……………………………...53 Preparing for interviews and research tri ps....…………….….54 Interview protocol………………...………………...………55 The interview experience ………...………………...………56 Data preservation and analysis ………...………………...…59 C. Ethical considerations in the research process …...………...61 Approaching subjects ………………...……………..…...…61 Unexpected difficulty in qualitative interviewing ….…..….63 v Chapter IV: Korean Leftwing Oriented Press in Japan ………....……….68 1. Korean leftwing newspapers and magazines preserved in the Prange collection………..…...………………...…………69 Haebang Shinmun (Liberation Newspaper ). .…...………….69 Minjung Shinmun (People’s Newspaper ) …....…………….74 Daejung Shinmun (The Newspaper for the Masses ) ……….76 Choryon Joongang Sibo (The Central News of League of Koreans in Japan )....…...……...……..…78 Choryon Munwha (Choryon Culture ) ..…...…...………..…83 Bongwha (Watch Fire ). ...…...………………...…...……….84 Other leftist leaning newspapers and magazines ..…...……..85 2. Major social roles pursued by the Korean leftist press in Japan ………...……………..…..…...……………..…....……88 Social integrat ive role ……….. ….. …... …………….. ….. .. …... ……89 Identity formation role ……….. ….. …... …………….. ….. .. …... …... 92 Agenda setting role ……… .. …... …... ……………..…... …... ……….98 3. Censorship and the Korean leftwing press in Japan .. ….…..……... 103 A. Censorship process ……….. ….. …... …………….. ….. .. …... ……... 104 Censors, co -censors, and
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