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Comparative Analysis on DDR Post-War Reconstruction Processes

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Comparative Analysis on DDR Post-War Reconstruction Processes ON THE WAY TO A NEW LIFE Comparative analysis on DDR post-war reconstruction processes Dissertation submitted for the degree of Doctor of Social Sciences (Dr. rer. soc.) Presented by Aurelio Tassi at the Faculty of Sciences Department of Psychology Date of the oral examination: February 2nd, 2015 First referee: Herr Prof. Dr. Thomas Elbert Second referee: Herr Prof. Dr. Gerald Schneider Third referee: Dame Prof. Dr. Brigitte Rockstroh Konstanzer Online-Publikations-System (KOPS) URL: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-0-297955 ii T ABLE OF C ONTENTS Summary ............................................................................................................................. vi Zusammenfassung ........................................................................................................... viii 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Research metodology............................................................................................... 2 1.2. Civil society, reconstruction and reconciliation: the methodological framework ... 3 1.2.1 Defining the context. ...................................................................................... 3 1.2.2 Definition of stakeholder. ............................................................................... 4 1.2.3 Area of investigation. ..................................................................................... 4 1.3. Disarmament, demobilisation and reinsertion: the methodological framework ...... 7 1.4. Data collection ........................................................................................................ 9 1.5. Missions ................................................................................................................... 9 Case Studies ....................................................................................................................... 11 2. Mozambique .................................................................................................................. 12 2.1. Historical background ............................................................................................ 12 2.2. Overview of the political context .......................................................................... 16 2.3. Overview of the form of government, civil liberties and human rights ................ 17 2.4. International context .............................................................................................. 21 2.5. Economic context .................................................................................................. 24 2.6. Security .................................................................................................................. 30 2.7. Civil society ........................................................................................................... 31 2.8. Disarmament, Demobilization and Reinsertion: the analysis ................................ 43 2.9. Major findings ....................................................................................................... 61 2.10. Bibliography ........................................................................................................ 63 3. Kosovo ........................................................................................................................... 65 3.1. Historical background ............................................................................................ 65 3.2. Overview of the political context .......................................................................... 67 3.3. Overview of the form of government, civil liberties and human rights ................ 70 3.4. International context .............................................................................................. 76 3.5. Economic context .................................................................................................. 78 3.6. Security .................................................................................................................. 82 3.7. Civil society ........................................................................................................... 89 3.8. Disarmament, Demobilization and Reinsertion: the analysis .............................. 102 3.9. Major findings ..................................................................................................... 113 3.10. Bibliography ...................................................................................................... 116 4. Afghanistan .................................................................................................................. 119 4.1. Historical background .......................................................................................... 119 4.2. Overview of the political context ........................................................................ 122 4.3. Overview of the form of government, civil liberties and human rights .............. 126 4.4. International context ............................................................................................ 129 4.5. Economic context ................................................................................................ 135 4.6. Security ................................................................................................................ 138 4.7. Civil society ......................................................................................................... 140 4.8. Disarmament, Demobilization and Reinsertion: the analysis .............................. 152 4.9. Major findings ..................................................................................................... 170 4.10. Bibliography ...................................................................................................... 172 5. Conclusions and Recommendations ............................................................................ 176 5.1. Reconstruction and civil society .......................................................................... 176 5.2. Disarmament, Demobilization and Reinsertion of Armed Forces and Police ..... 185 5.3. UN considerations ............................................................................................... 187 5.4. NATO considerations .......................................................................................... 189 iii Author Aurelio Tassi With contributions from Thomas Elbert, Maggie Schauer vivo international & University of Konstanz, Germany, Departments of Clinical Psychology and Political Science iv v Summary The end of armed conflict presents an array of complex challenges for those working to develop a lasting peace. It can be relatively simple to conceptualize the importance of negotiations, troop deployments, and peace accords when seeking to end violence and achieve cold peace. Much more difficult is the process of working toward long-term peace, or warm peace which involves the complex task of rebuilding society, healing the wounds of war, and creating the conditions necessary for a sustainable peace. The changes in the international system and the nature of contemporary conflict, including global terrorism, have fragmented the traditional boundaries that defined the post-World War II system. In this senario, peace is not just the process of restoring relationships between states, but also the mainstream to properly address specific related issues such as physical infrastructures, political systems, economic markets, social tissues and psychological wounds at the sub-national, even individual level. Peace must also address the global and regional dynamics that have an impact on the conflict: global terrorism is often founded in the perceived antagonism or incompatibility between religious and/or cultural values that span across borders. Some have argued that the inequities of the global economic system pushes the disenfranchised to terrorism and violence. The focus on democratic reforms, Human Rights, and free trade, key elements of U.S. foreign policy, is one way of addressing peace at the sub-national level while recognizing the global dimensions of the sources of conflict, but at the same time, failure or disruption of the process can have a negative impact on the regional stability of the region. Ten years from the signature of the Dayton Agreement and thirteen years after the end of the conflict in Mozambique, the first “complex emergency” in history, reflection on the process of post-war reconstruction and peace-building in the wake of international peace missions has become a necessity. The crises of the last fifteen years clearly show the enormous human, physical and political costs of stabilisation and reconstruction processes, borne by the International Community and especially by the war-affected people. The most recent one in Syria brings into sharp focus such consequences, while we are still waiting for consistency over the last 12 years effort spent by the International Community and the International NATO Coalition Forces in rebuilding the political, economic, social and security structure of the post-anti-terror war in Afghanistan. The reconstruction process aims both towards physical reconstruction and the promotion of regional and national capacity for conflict resolution, and frequently, these initiatives lack a strategy. Accordingly, a detailed evaluation of post-war reconstruction
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