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Information to Users INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter 6ce, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely afreet reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back o f the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 POLITICS OF DEMOCRATIZATION IN SOUTH KOREA; SOCIAL MOVEMENTS AND THEIR POLITICAL OPPORTUNITY STRUCTURES DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Seongyi Yun, B.A, M.A ***** The Ohio State University 1997 Dissertation Committee: proved by Professor R. William Liddle, Adviser Professor Bradley Richardson Adviser Professor Anthony Mughan Department of Political Science UMI Number: 9731753 Copyright 1997 by Yun, Seongyi All rights reserved. UMI Microform 9731753 Copyright 1997, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Copyright by Seongyi Yun 1997 ABSTRACT This dissertation analyzes the efforts and roles of social movements in South Korean democratization from 1980 to 1987. The basic assumption of this study is that civil society’s preparedness was more critical than any other factors in the success or failure of democratization in South Korea. This study refutes a basic assumption of elite- focused theories of democratization, which argue that no transition to democracy is possible without significant divisions within the authoritarian regime itself. The democratic transition in South Korea in 1987 did not follow the process of the splits within the ruling bloc. Rather, it occurred without elite fragmentation. It was pressure from the below, led by active social movement organizations, that forced the cohesive regime to comply with the people’s demands for democratization. The preparedness of civil society for democracy is explained by two factors: the resources of social movement organizations, and alliances of diverse social sectors, including student, labor, dissident groups, and the urban poor. The amount of resources and the relative success of alliance were influenced by four aspects of the political opportunity structure: repression of the state, elite fragmentation, external support, and the overall power configuration in the political society. Substantively, this study examines not only state-society relations, but also the horizontal relations of the civil society with itself . Most earlier studies on democratization put their focus on the state or interactions between the state and one of the social sectors. Theoretically, this study accentuates the concept of “political opportunity structure,” which was developed by sociologists, in the study of transitions to democracy. m Dedicated to my mother IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I express deep appreciation to my adviser. Professor R. William Liddle, for his endless support and encouragement for all of my days at the Ohio State University. His warm care made it possible for me to survive in the program and finish my dissertation. I also wish to thank my other committee members. Professor Bradley Richardson and Professor Anthony Mughan for their academic guidance and instruction. My appreciation also goes to Professor Shin, Myung Soon at Yonsei University. Since my college days, he has shown constant affection and encouragement to me. I appreciate Father Na Jin Hum and other members of the Korean Catholic Church in Columbus who have prayed for me and my family. My days in Columbus have been enriched by my seniors and fiiends including Sohn Sangmin, Kim Moonkyung, Lee Choongmook, Kim Yongcheol, Lee Myonwoo, Kim Youngho, Roh Kisuk, David Han, Jo Junhyung, Han Heechul, Min Byungwon, and Hong Wootaek. I appreciate their care and affections. My thanks also go to my colleague, Laura Luehrmann. She spared invaluable time to proofi-ead the final draft of my dissertation. I cannot thank my mother enough. She is a woman who has sacrificed all her life for her dull son. I hope now that I am able to return even a small portion of her sacrifice and love. I have always been grateful for my wonderful parents-in-law. I will never forget their love and support. I deeply appreciate the other members of my family for their love and support. I must thank Jaehyun, my wife and lifetime partner, for her patience and trust in me. My lovely son and daughter, Donghyun and Suyoung, have been very understanding of their father who could not share enough time with them. VI VITA November 11, 1963 ..................................................Bom-Taegu, South Korea 1986...........................................................................B.A. Yonsie University 1988......................................................................... M.A. Yonsie University 1993-1994................................................................ Graduate Teaching and Research Associate, The Ohio State University 1995-1996 ................................................................Graduate Teaching and Research Associate, The Ohio State University PUBLICATIONS 1. Seongyi, Yun, “A Comparative Study of Party Faction in Japan and Korea,” Korea Observer, 25:4, (Winter 1994). 2. Seongyi Yun, “Behavior and Characteristics of Korean Party Factions,” in Yoon Hyung Sup and Shin Myung Soon, eds., A Study o f Korean Political Process (in Korean) (Seoul: Bupmoonsa, 1988). FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Political Science 1. Studies in Comparative Politics Political Development Democratization Party Politics vii Japanese Politics Southeast Asian Politics 2. Political Theory Political Philosophy Philosophy of Science VIU TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract ........................................................................................................................... ii Dedication........................................................................................................................ iv Acknowledgments........................................................................................................... v Vita................................................................................................................................. vi List of Tables................................................................................................................... x List of Figures................................................................................................................ xi Chapters: 1. Introduction...................................................................................................................1 1.1. Problématique........................................................................................................ 1 1.2. Trends of the previous studies on democratization in South Korea....................... 7 1.3. Social Movements and the political opportunity structure..................................... 11 1.4. Periods and Materials ...........................................................................................28 2. Aborted democratization and shrunken social movements, October 1979-December 1983 ........................................................................................................................... 31 2.1. Introduction.........................................................................................................31 2.2. Changes in the political opportunity structure......................................................33 2.2.1 Political vacuum and elite fragmentation.................................................... 33 2.2.2 Aborted liberalization and retreat to harsh repression.................................38 2.2.3 Absence of external supporters....................................................................51 2.2.4 Power configuration in the political society.................................................. 55 2.3. Shrunken social movements................................................................................. 59 2.3.1 Student movements .................................................................................. 59 ix 2.3.2 Labor movements........................................................................................67 2.3.3 Religious community...................................................................................76
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