DOCSLIB.ORG

Generated by SRI International Pathway Tools Version 25.0, Authors S

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Generated by SRI International Pathway Tools Version 25.0, Authors S An online version of this diagram is available at BioCyc.org. Biosynthetic pathways are positioned in the left of the cytoplasm, degradative pathways on the right, and reactions not assigned to any pathway are in the far right of the cytoplasm. Transporters and membrane proteins are shown on the membrane. Periplasmic (where appropriate) and extracellular reactions and proteins may also be shown. Pathways are colored according to their cellular function. Ecoo157Cyc: Escherichia coli O157:H7 str. EDL933 Cellular Overview Connections between pathways are omitted for legibility. Author: Jonathan Wagg, SRI 4-amino-4- an oxidized phosphate deoxy-α-L- an oxidized c-type an oxidized an apo-[c-type arabinopyranosyl partially c-type cytochrome c-type cys selenite cytochrome] selenite ditrans,octacis deacetylated cytochrome cytochrome L,L-homocystine lys ethidium D-mannopyranose 6-phosphate phosphate selenate a reduced glutathione D-glucosamine glu selenate arg magnesium hydrogenphosphate with reduced L,L-homocystine β putrescine nalidixate γ-butyrobetaine putrescine L-ornithine sulfadiazine uridine D-fructofuranose 6-phosphate sulfate antimonous acid agmatine nitrate nitrate glycine inosine lipid II (meso -undecaprenyl poly-β-1,6- poly- -1,6- a reduced c-type a reduced an D-cystine O-acetyl-L-serine putrescine N-acetyl-D-glucosamine asp sn-glycerol sn-glycerol D-sorbitol D-mannitol sulfate L-cysteine an glutathione cob(I)alamin spermidine spermidine L-ornithine a glycerophosphodiester a drug xanthine cytidine phosphate L-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate D-mannitol hypoxanthine hypoxanthine DL-glyceraldehyde antimonous acid arg arg betaine calcium hydrogenphosphate guanosine diaminopimelate 2-dehydro- cystine phosphate D-cystine N-acetyl-D- N-acetyl-D- c-type cytochrome c-type oligopeptide L-ascorbate 4-hydroxybenzoate lanthionine cys L-carnitine enterobactin adenine D-glucopyranose glu phosphate 3-phosphate thiosulfate nitrite nitrite maltotriose residues oligopeptide (R)- uracil inosine D-glucopyranose maltose 3-phosphate D-sorbitol guanine guanine urate thiosulfate non-specific ion/solute a sugar alcohol arsenite L-canavanine arg glycine zinc hydrogenphosphate 3-deoxy-D- 2+ L-cystine glucosamine shikimate L-galactonate [+ 3 more] ethanolamine [+ 2 more] D-glucopyranose 6-phosphate D-glucopyranose choline asp N-acetylneuraminate N-acetylneuraminate D-mannitol sulfate xanthine xanthine nitrite containing) maltotetraose D-fructuronate L-fucose Mo glucosamine H O cytochrome cytochrome pantothenate [+ 6 more] D-glucopyranose uracil xanthine maltose [+ 3 more] arg betaine [+ 3 more] S-sulfo-L-cysteine 2 thymine lysine / gluconate glutathione spermidine lysine / glutamate / predicted mannitol- sulfate/ glycine putative thiosulfate/ arginine / L-arginine undecaprenyl- putative oligopeptide L-ascorbate / L-cysteine glutathione vitamin cystine ABC preferential multidrug/ arginine / putrescine sn-glycerol 3-phosphate phosphate mannose- glucose- aspartate sn-glycerol 3-phosphate sorbitol- transporter specific thiosulfate betaine ABC maltose ABC Sec Holo- oligopeptide ShiA ABC ABC AaeAB LgoT NarX PqiA HflD YgjV ZipA ElyC DnaA TrxA MinE DnaK B ABC PanF EamB SohB PspA SafA RcsD UspB LetB spermidine CaiT EntS PotE ornithine ABC EutH / glycerophosphodiester EmrE AdeP RutG NupC ABC specific PTS specific PTS UhpT MalX GalP BetT GltP UraA YjbB NanT NanC / glycerophosphodiester GlpT specific PTS MtlA CysZ GhxQ GhxP UacT XanQ XanP sulfate ABC LamB GlpF ArsB ArgO TatABC ornithine AdiC ABC NarK NarK NarU ProP PitA NepI MurJ GntP KdgT FucP ModD YijE CsrD DjlA Psd FetA FtsA phosphate-α-L- HtpX PspD TcyP YdfJ DgcF OpgC RmuC YabI UhpB YnaI YagU NfrB PgaCD PgaA YhjD NtrB Syd NarQ DgcQ UbiB YqjA AqpZ YgbE cytochrome YfeH ABC specific PTS 12 transporter ABC ABC complex of PTS enzyme ABC transporter, non- transporter Translocon ABC transporter ABC transporter Ara4N flippase oxidase transporter enzyme II exporter transporter transporter transporter efflux pump ABC exporter ABC transporter transporter enzyme II enzyme II transporter ABC transporter enzyme II SORBITOL II CmtBA transporter osmoregulatory transporter CydDC transporter transporter ethidium antimonous acid lipid II (meso poly-β-1,6- partially 4-hydroxybenzoate O-acetyl-L-serine enterobactin an apo-[c-type (R)- sulfadiazine xanthine uridine D-mannopyranose 6-phosphate maltose uracil phosphate D-mannitol urate non-specific ion/solute antimonous acid L-canavanine glycine magnesium hydrogenphosphate inosine diaminopimelate 2-dehydro- cystine L,L-homocystine N-acetyl-D- deacetylated shikimate L-galactonate L,L-homocystine nalidixate L-carnitine ethanolamine D-glucopyranose choline glu N-acetylneuraminate N-acetylneuraminate sn-glycerol sulfate xanthine xanthine arsenite nitrite nitrite nitrite maltotriose D-fructuronate L-fucose Mo 2+ 4-amino-4- H O H O H O cys uracil hypoxanthine hypoxanthine arg arg 3-deoxy-D- cytochrome] 2 2 2 pantothenate L-ornithine putrescine a drug adenine cytidine D-glucosamine 6-phosphate D-glucopyranose D-fructofuranose 6-phosphate D-glucopyranose 3-phosphate D-mannitol 1-phosphate 1-phosphate xanthine selenite maltose DL-glyceraldehyde arg betaine calcium hydrogenphosphate guanosine containing) deoxy-α-L- D-cystine glucosamine poly-β-1,6- an L-ascorbate glutathione cob(I)alamin D-cystine putrescine spermidine γ a glycerophosphodiester asp sn-glycerol D-sorbitol D-mannitol selenite glycine maltotetraose with reduced H O an cys -butyrobetaine putrescine thymine inosine phosphate N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate L-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate guanine guanine a sugar alcohol agmatine arg nitrate nitrate zinc hydrogenphosphate gluconate L-cystine O 2 O [+ 2 more] 6-phosphate glu 3-phosphate D-sorbitol 6-phosphate selenate arabinopyranosyl N-acetyl-D- 2 2 oligopeptide 6-phosphate glutathione lanthionine spermidine lys [+ 6 more] D-glucopyranose 6-phosphate 6-phosphate 1-phosphate selenate betaine L-cysteine O oligopeptide D-glucopyranose 6-phosphate asp phosphate sulfate [+ 3 more] arg [+ 3 more] S-sulfo-L-cysteine glucosamine 2 [+ 3 more] L-ornithine sulfate ditrans,octacis thiosulfate residues thiosulfate -undecaprenyl phosphate phosphate an osmoregulated a phosphatidylglycerol periplasmic glucan Cofactor, Carrier, and Vitamin Biosynthesis Cell Structure Other Biosynthesis 6 4-deoxy-4-formamido- poly-β-1,6- a (3R,6Z)-3- a [glutamine 1-deoxy- Fermentation glycerol degradation to butanol superpathway of pyrimidine Nucleoside and Nucleotide Degradation an inactive a peptidoglycan a nascent peptidoglycan a peptidoglycan a nascent peptidoglycan a peptidoglycan dimer an O - a [protein]- UDP-N-acetyl- methyl β-D-glucoside 3-oxo-(5Z)- 4-hydroxy- a (7Z)-3- a reduced meso- a (7Z)-hexacos- a (5Z)-tetracos- sn-glycerol a (3Z)-docos- an N-modified an unsulfurated ATP molybdopterin RX glutathione glutathione 34 a decanoyl-[acyl- biotin biosynthesis I adenosine inosine 5'- Detoxification ribonucleoside SAM with (L-alanyl-γ-D- with (L-alanyl-γ-D- γ γ with pentapeptide methylguanine α-D-muramoyl-L- α-L-arabinopyranosyl a malonyl-[acp] a malonyl-[acp] a myristoyl-[acp] a malonyl-[acp] cys N-acetyl-D- a type IV prepilin triphosphate a cytidine lys hydroxyoctadec- synthetase]-O glu oxohexacos- D-xylulose glu superpathway of ubiquinol-8 superpathway of thiamine diphosphate biosynthesis I guanylyl molybdenum flavin biosynthesis I (bacteria and plants) superpathway of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate biosynthesis and salvage lipoate biosynthesis molybdopterin biosynthesis thiamine diphosphate salvage II Secondary Metabolite Biosynthesis malate/L-aspartate deoxyribonucleosides degradation superpathway of purine deoxyribonucleosides degradation guanosine superoxide with (L-alanyl- -D- with (L-alanyl- -D- L-cysteine aminoacyl-[tRNA] 6-phosphate dodecenoyl-CoA 2-nonenal GMP putrescine carrier protein] ITP glutathionylspermidine Kdo transfer to arsenate flavodoxin diaminopimelate 7-enoyl-[acp] 5-enoyl-[acp] 3-phosphate 3-enoyl-[acp] [sulfur carrier] Ile2 4 1-deoxy- 2+ 2+ nucleotides nucleotides phosphate radicals triphosphate glutamyl-meso-2,6- glutamyl-meso-2,6- glutamyl-meso-2,6- glutamyl-meso-2,6- stems (meso- in DNA alanyl-D-glutamate ditrans,octacis- glucosamine in tRNA 6-enoyl-[acp] -(5'-adenylyl) 7-enoyl-[acp]3-oxoacyl- Co Co biosynthesis (early decarboxylation) cofactor biosynthesis and incorporation I biosynthesis lipid IV I (E. coli) glycerol shuttle pathway detoxification (3R)-3- putative glutamate A homolactic fermentation 2'-deoxycytidine degradation II degradation reductase diaminopimeloyl-D- diaminopimeloyl- diaminopimelate undecaprenyl phosphate -L-tyrosine D-xylulose Cd 2+ Cd 2+ a malonyl-[acp] D-erythrose 4-amino-2-methyl-5- enterobactin biosynthesis glycerol degradation III degradation diaminopimeloyl-D- diaminopimeloyl-D- hydroxyacyl- [ACP] beta- racemase: MoO - II (glutaredoxin) molybdopterin putative 6- acetyl-CoA C- glutathionine putative kinase: ITPase: 2+ ZupT 2+ an osmoregulated cys 2 cys alanine) tetrapeptide D-alanyl-D-alanine) containing) 6 β inorganic Ile Zn Zn malonyl-CoA IPP 4-phosphate pyrimidinemethanol glutathione spermidine CMP-Kdo lipid IV (E. coli) vibriobactin biosynthesis dehydrogenase: 2'-deoxyguanosine AMP alanine) tetrapeptide alanine) tetrapeptide O -alkylguanine- UDP-N- putative beta- putative beta- acyl-acp:sn- putative beta- peptidyl- L-cysteine poly- -1,6- putative tRNA - [acyl-carrier glutamate- reductase: ketoacyl- murI a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol molybdopterin GTP an octanoyl-[acp] A asp superoxide adenylyltransferase: phospho-beta- acyltransferase: S-transferase: glutathione-S-
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Nutrition and Food Web Archive Medical Terminology Book
    The Nutrition and Food Web Archive Medical Terminology Book www.nafwa.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Study of Purinoceptors in Some Invertebrates and Vertebrates
    A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PURINOCEPTORS IN SOME INVERTEBRATES AND VERTEBRATES by Gillian Elizabeth Knight G.l.Biol Department Of Anatomy and Centre for Neuroscience, University College London, Gower Street, London WCIE 6BT Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of London ProQuest Number: 10017490 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest 10017490 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ABSTRACT The main objective of this thesis has been to identify and characterise responses to purine compounds in a variety of invertebrates and lower vertebrates, and to examine whether they act on receptors that resemble the purinoceptor subtypes established in mammals. Tissues were chosen largely from the gastrointestinal or cardiovascular systems. In mammalian systems adenosine and adenosine 5 ’-triphosphate (ATP) activate separate classes of purinoceptors; this also appears to be true for tissues in most invertebrate groups, but there are exceptions, for instance the hearts of the snail Helix aspeTsa, and slug Avion atev, and the snail rectum all possess purinoceptors that do not appear to distinguish the purine nucleosides from nucleotides.
    [Show full text]
  • Variations in Bacterial Adenosine Triphosphate Values Due to Genus and Environmental Conditions
    VARIATIONS IN BACTERIAL ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE VALUES DUE TO GENUS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS by Ruann Knox Hampson Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Food Science and Technology APPROVED: M. D. Pierson, Chairman J. K. Palmer A. A. Yousten December, 1986 Blacksburg, Virginia VARIATIONS IN BACTERIAL ADENOSINE TRIPOSPHATE VALUES DUE TO GENUS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS by Ruann Knox Hampson Committee Chairman: Merle D. Pierson Food Science and Technology (ABSTRACT) Variations in ATP content in three ground beef spoilage bacteria, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus jensenii, and Pseudomonas sp. were investigated using the bioluminescence (luciferin-luciferase) assay. Environmental factors (temperature, atmosphere, pH, aeration, and phase of growth), as well as differences among genera and species, were studied in relation to their effect on cellular ATP. Variations for each of the environmental factors and bacteria were shown statistically to be significantly different at the 0.05 level. The mean ATP/cell for each of the bacteria was 2.71 fg/cell (1..:_ brevis), 2.20 fg/cell (1..:_ jensenii), and 1.36 fg/cell (Pseudomonas sp.). For all three bacteria, ATP/cell was lower and more stable throughout the culture's growth cycle at 3°c or in N2 . In general, ATP/cell increases from a lowest value in lag phase to a highest value in stationary phase. The effect of sonication on ATP/cell was tested for each bacterium at one set of factors. Sonication studies showed that L. brevis cells were clumping, especially in aged cultures.
    [Show full text]
  • Probing the Base Stacking Contributions During
    PROBING THE BASE STACKING CONTRIBUTIONS DURING TRANSLESION DNA SYNTHESIS by BABHO DEVADOSS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Thesis Adviser: Dr. Irene Lee Department of Chemistry CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY January, 2009 CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES We hereby approve the thesis/dissertation of _____________________________________________________ candidate for the ______________________degree *. (signed)_______________________________________________ (chair of the committee) ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ (date) _______________________ *We also certify that written approval has been obtained for any proprietary material contained therein. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page…………………………………………………………………………………..i Committee Sign-off Sheet………………………………………………………………...ii Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………………iii List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………….vii List of Figures…………………………………………………………………….………ix Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………….………..xiv List of Abbreviations…………………………………………………………….………xv Abstract………………………………………………………………………………….xix CHAPTER 1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………1 1.1 The Chemistry and Biology of DNA…………………………………………2 1.2 DNA Synthesis……………………………………………………………….6 1.3 Structural Features of DNA Polymerases…………………………………...11
    [Show full text]
  • ASM Abbreviations
    The words, abbreviations, and designations that follow are commonly encountered in ASM manuscripts. An asterisk (*) indicates that the abbreviation may be used (without introduction) with or without a numeral; however, the term should always be abbreviated in the bodies of tables. A double asterisk (**) indicates that the abbreviation must be used without introduction. “Need not be defined” means that the abbreviation does not have to be introduced, but it may be. “Hyphenated as unit modifier” means that the phrase is hyphenated when it is used adjectivally and precedes the noun it modifies; when it follows the noun, it should not be hyphenated: Gram-positive cells, BUT the cells were Gram positive. “Follow au.” means that ASM copy editors follow the author if one of the alternative forms is used consistently throughout the manuscript; otherwise, the copy editor will choose one form and be consistent. At times, your definition for an abbreviation may vary significantly from the one given here. Generally, ASM copy editors will follow the author, especially if the term is a chemical name that can be verified. If the variation is slight, however (e.g., hyphens, spacing), the copy editor will follow this manual. You may find helpful medical acronym websites like https://www.medindia.net/medical-abbreviations-and- acronyms/index.asp and https://www.medilexicon.com/abbreviations. As a general rule, use the specific abbreviations given in this list: PFU, NOT pfu; i.p., NOT IP; cpm, NOT CPM; IFN, NOT IF. For abbreviations that do not appear in this manual, periods and all-lowercase abbreviations should be avoided.
    [Show full text]
  • New Insights Into Marine Group III Euryarchaeota, from Dark to Light
    The ISME Journal (2017), 1–16 © 2017 International Society for Microbial Ecology All rights reserved 1751-7362/17 www.nature.com/ismej ORIGINAL ARTICLE New insights into marine group III Euryarchaeota, from dark to light Jose M Haro-Moreno1,3, Francisco Rodriguez-Valera1, Purificación López-García2, David Moreira2 and Ana-Belen Martin-Cuadrado1,3 1Evolutionary Genomics Group, Departamento de Producción Vegetal y Microbiología, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain and 2Unité d’Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, UMR CNRS 8079, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay Cedex, France Marine Euryarchaeota remain among the least understood major components of marine microbial communities. Marine group II Euryarchaeota (MG-II) are more abundant in surface waters (4–20% of the total prokaryotic community), whereas marine group III Euryarchaeota (MG-III) are generally considered low-abundance members of deep mesopelagic and bathypelagic communities. Using genome assembly from direct metagenome reads and metagenomic fosmid clones, we have identified six novel MG-III genome sequence bins from the photic zone (Epi1–6) and two novel bins from deep-sea samples (Bathy1–2). Genome completeness in those genome bins varies from 44% to 85%. Photic-zone MG-III bins corresponded to novel groups with no similarity, and significantly lower GC content, when compared with previously described deep-MG-III genome bins. As found in many other epipelagic microorganisms, photic-zone MG-III bins contained numerous photolyase and rhodopsin genes, as well as genes for peptide and lipid uptake and degradation, suggesting a photoheterotrophic lifestyle. Phylogenetic analysis of these photolyases and rhodopsins as well as their genomic context suggests that these genes are of bacterial origin, supporting the hypothesis of an MG-III ancestor that lived in the dark ocean.
    [Show full text]
  • Transcriptome Response of Lactobacillus Plantarum to Global Regulator Deficiency, Stress and Other Environmental Conditions
    Transcriptome Response of Lactobacillus plantarum to Global Regulator Deficiency, Stress and other Environmental Conditions Marc J.A. Stevens Promotoren: Prof. Dr. W. M. de Vos Hoogleraar Microbiologie Wageningen Universiteit Prof. Dr. M. Kleerebezem Hoogleraar Metagenomics Wageningen Universiteit Co-promotor: Dr. D. Molenaar Projectleider NIZO Food Research Promotiecommisie: Dr. J. Sikkema TI Food and Nutrition Prof. Dr. J. Kok Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Prof. Dr. P. Hols Université Louvain Prof. Dr. T. Abee Wageningen Universiteit Dit onderzoek is uitgevoerd binnen de onderzoeksschool VLAG Transcriptome Response of Lactobacillus plantarum to Global Regulator Deficiency, Stress and other Environmental Conditions Marc J. A. Stevens Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor op gezag van de rector magnificus van Wageningen Universiteit, Prof. Dr. M. J. Kropff, In het openbaar te verdedigen op vrijdag 11 januarie 2008 des namiddags om half twee in de aula Marc J. A. Stevens. Transcriptome Response of Lactobacillus plantarum to Global Regulator Deficiency, Stress and other Environmental Conditions. PhD Thesis. Wageningen University and Research Centre, The Netherlands, 2008. With Summary in Dutch ISBN: 978-90-8504-869-5 Abstract Lactobacillus plantarum is a lactic acid bacterium encountered in a variety of food and feed fermentations and as a natural inhabitant of human gastrointestinal tract. To survive in these niches and to maintain its capability, L. plantarum has to respond to numerous changing conditions and the cellular processes involved in these responses are frequently regulated at the transcriptional level. For this reason the transcriptome of a cell is of interest, as it contains information about the transcriptional response of individual genes. Transcriptomic approaches allow elucidation of transcriptional behaviour of all genes at once and are therefore a powerful tool to study all the transcriptional response of a bacterium to differential conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Conners, Shannon Burns. Carbohydrate Utilization Pathway Analysis in the Hyperthermophile Thermotoga Maritima
    Conners, Shannon Burns. Carbohydrate utilization pathway analysis in the hyperthermophile Thermotoga maritima. (Under the direction of Robert Kelly) Carbohydrate utilization and production pathways identified in Thermotoga species likely contribute to their ubiquity in hydrothermal environments. Many carbohydrate-active enzymes from Thermotoga maritima have been characterized biochemically; however, sugar uptake systems and regulatory mechanisms that control them have not been well defined. Transcriptional data from cDNA microarrays were examined using mixed effects statistical models to predict candidate sugar substrates for ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporters in T. maritima. Genes encoding proteins previously annotated as oligopeptide/dipeptide ABC transporters responded transcriptionally to various carbohydrates. This finding was consistent with protein sequence comparisons that revealed closer relationships to archaeal sugar transporters than to bacterial peptide transporters. In many cases, glycosyl hydrolases, co-localized with these transporters, also responded to the same sugars. Putative transcriptional repressors of the LacI, XylR, and DeoR families were likely involved in regulating genomic units for β-1,4-glucan, β- 1,3-glucan, β-1,4-mannan, ribose, and rhamnose metabolism and transport. Carbohydrate utilization pathways in T. maritima may be related to ecological interactions within cell communities. Exopolysaccharide-based biofilms composed primarily of β-linked glucose, with small amounts of mannose and ribose, formed under certain conditions in both pure T. maritima cultures and mixed cultures of T. maritima and M. jannaschii. Further examination of transcriptional differences between biofilm-bound sessile cells and planktonic cells revealed differential expression of β-glucan-specific degradation enzymes, even though maltose, an α-1,4 linked glucose disaccharide, was used as a growth substrate.
    [Show full text]
  • U 1. Uracil. 2. Uridine. 3. Enzyme Unit. 4. Uranium. 5. Uniformly Labeled. Ul
    U U 1. Uracil. 2. Uridine. 3. Enzyme unit. 4. UEP Unit evolutionary period. Uranium. 5. Uniformly labeled. UFA Unesterified fatty acids. Ul One of a group of small nuclear UIBC Unsaturated iron-binding capacity. ribonucleoproteins (snRNP) that function in ultimate carcinogen The form of a carcinogen the splicing of nuclear pre-mRNA. Ul con- in which it ultimately reacts with cellular mac- sists of several polypeptides and an RNA romolecules; the reactive intermediate formed molecule (165 nucleotides) that contains a from a carcinogen that is inacitve per se. The segment that is complementary to the accep- ultimate carcinogen is believed to be a form tor and donor junctions of introns. Other that contains an electrophilic center (such as a members of the group that have been iden- carbonium ion, free radical, epoxide, or metal tified include U2, U4, U5, and U6. cation) that attacks electron-rich centers in Ubbelohde viscometer A capillary-type visco- proteins and nucleic acids. meter that permits the measurements of vis- ultimate precision See method of ultimate pre- cosity as a function of concentration, since the cision. solution can be diluted directly in the visco- ultra- 1. Prefix meaning excessive. 2. Prefix meter. meaning beyond the range of. ubiquinol Reduced coenzyme Q; CoQH2. ultracentrifugation Centrifugation, performed ubiquinol: cytochrome C oxidoreductase Com- in an ultracentrifuge, in which high centrifugal plex III. forces are used. ubiquinone Coenzyme Q. ultracentrifuge A high-speed centrifuge cap- ubiquitin A small, heat-stable, nonenzymatic able of generating speeds of approximately polypeptide of 76 amino acids that is widely 60,000 rpm and centrifugal forces of approx- distributed (as its name implies) in eukaryotic imately 500,000 x g.
    [Show full text]
  • Generated by SRI International Pathway Tools Version 25.0, Authors S
    An online version of this diagram is available at BioCyc.org. Biosynthetic pathways are positioned in the left of the cytoplasm, degradative pathways on the right, and reactions not assigned to any pathway are in the far right of the cytoplasm. Transporters and membrane proteins are shown on the membrane. Authors: Caroline Moore-Kochlacs, SRI International Periplasmic (where appropriate) and extracellular reactions and proteins may also be shown. Pathways are colored according to their cellular function. Ecol199310Cyc: Escherichia coli CFT073 Cellular Overview Connections between pathways are omitted for legibility. Peter D.
    [Show full text]
  • Nucleobase and Nucleoside Analogues: Resistance and Re-Sensitisation at the Level of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Metabolism
    cancers Review Nucleobase and Nucleoside Analogues: Resistance and Re-Sensitisation at the Level of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Metabolism Nikolaos Tsesmetzis 1, Cynthia B. J. Paulin 2, Sean G. Rudd 2,* ID and Nikolas Herold 1,3,* ID 1 Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; [email protected] 2 Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; [email protected] 3 Paediatric Oncology, Theme of Children’s and Women’s Health, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden * Correspondence: [email protected] (S.G.R.): [email protected] (N.H.) Received: 1 July 2018; Accepted: 20 July 2018; Published: 23 July 2018 Abstract: Antimetabolites, in particular nucleobase and nucleoside analogues, are cytotoxic drugs that, starting from the small field of paediatric oncology, in combination with other chemotherapeutics, have revolutionised clinical oncology and transformed cancer into a curable disease. However, even though combination chemotherapy, together with radiation, surgery and immunotherapy, can nowadays cure almost all types of cancer, we still fail to achieve this for a substantial proportion of patients. The understanding of differences in metabolism, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tumour biology between patients that can be cured and patients that cannot, builds the scientific basis for rational therapy improvements. Here, we summarise current knowledge of how tumour-specific and patient-specific factors can dictate resistance to nucleobase/nucleoside analogues, and which strategies of re-sensitisation exist. We revisit well-established hurdles to treatment efficacy, like the blood-brain barrier and reduced deoxycytidine kinase activity, but will also discuss the role of novel resistance factors, such as SAMHD1.
    [Show full text]
  • Generate Metabolic Map Poster
    Authors: Pallavi Subhraveti Ron Caspi Tomer Altman Quang Ong An online version of this diagram is available at BioCyc.org. Biosynthetic pathways are positioned in the left of the cytoplasm, degradative pathways on the right, and reactions not assigned to any pathway are in the far right of the cytoplasm. Transporters and membrane proteins are shown on the membrane. Ingrid Keseler Peter D Karp Periplasmic (where appropriate) and extracellular reactions and proteins may also be shown. Pathways are colored according to their cellular function. Ecol413997Cyc: Escherichia coli B str. REL606 Cellular Overview Connections between pathways are omitted for legibility.
    [Show full text]